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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    14580 

(  716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  be;>^ 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Feature    of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  !ui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  hibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
I    Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 


Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag^e 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pelliculde 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  monquo 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleu/  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  otner  materja!/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 
n 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul^es 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d^color^es,  tachet^es  ou  piqu^es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  mat6riel  supplementaire 


/ 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  lonr*  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appe£«r  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
It  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  film6es. 


□    Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  d  nouveau  de  faqon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


□ 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

30X 

x/ 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

i 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National  Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grace  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

BibliothSque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibilily 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  M6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  r.oin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettet^  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont.  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  ei7  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derni6re  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ♦■  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symboie  — ^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  bs  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  etre 
film^s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film^  cl  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  h  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

i 


A 


'^^ 


NOE 


A  CONCISE  AC 
UNITE 


mi  THEIR 


fHE  STEPS  IN  TI^ 


Willi  Illuslralh 


THE  J. 


/ 


I 


f/p 


r 


ANNALS 


OF 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


BEING 


A  CONCISE  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  IMPORTANT  EVENTS  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES,  THE  BRITISH  PROVINCES, 
.     AND  MEXICO, 


From  their  Discovery  down  to  the  Present  Time, 


[1492-18T6.] 


SHOWING 


HE  STEPS  IN  THEIR  POLITICAL,  RELIGIOUS,  SOCIAL,  LEGISLATIVE, 
i'MM  AND  INDUSTRIAL  PROGRESS. 


BY 


EDWARD    HOWLAND 


With  Illuslrations,  and  a  Carefully  Prepared  Index  for  Reference. 


HARTFORD: 
THE  J.  B.  BURR  PUBLISHING  COMPANY. 

1877. 


^f 


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2408 


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OUJ 


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Copyrighted. 

The  J.  B.  Burr  Publishing  Co. 

1877. 


1 

.    Landinc 

2 

.    The  Coi 

3 

•    Death  c 

4 

The  Des 

S- 

First  Bl 

6. 

The  Dec 

7- 

Benjamin 

S. 

Washing 

9- 

The  Sur 

0CT( 

10. 

Martha  ) 

n. 

General  _ 

12. 

General  i 

13- 

Landing  i 

14. 

Signing  ti 

'S- 

Admiral  I 

16. 

Surrendei 

Aprii 

ILLUSTEATIOIS^S. 


1.  Landing  of  Columbus  in  America,  October  12,  1492,      .      Frontispiece. 

2.  The  Compact  in  the  Mayflower,  November  21,  1620,     ...  29 

3.  Death  of  General  Wolfe,  September  13,  1759,       ....  253 

4.  The  Destruction  of  Tea  in  Boston  Harbor,  December  16,  1773,  297 

5.  First  Blow  for  Liberty,  April  19,  1775, 320 

6.  The  Declaration  of  Independence,  July  4,  1776,    .       .       .       .332 

7.  Benjamin  Franklin  at  the  French  Court,  1776,      ....  356 

S.  Washington  Crossing  the  Delaware,  December  26,  1776,     .       .  360 

9.  The  Surrender  of  Cornwallis  at  Yorktown,  Va., 

October  19,  1781. 403 

10.  Martha  Washington's  Reception, 440 

11.  General  Jackson  at  the  Battle  of  New  Orleans,  January  8,  1815,  531 

12.  General  Scott  Entering  the  City  of  Mexico,  September  14,  1847,  598 

13.  Landing  the  First  Atlantic  Cable,  August,  1857 613 

14.  Signing  the  Emancipation  Proclamation,  January  i,  1863,  .       .  635 

15.  Admiral  Farragut  at  the  Battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  August  23,  1864,  648 

16.  Surrender  of  General  Lee  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  Va., 

April  9,  1865, 654 


The  value 
of  the   Uiiitec 
of  the  develoj 
by  even  the  . 

There  has 
cleared  and  br 
of  transportai 
tslegrajih,  the 
of  scientific  n 
their  applicaf 
occu^  ied  atteii 
as  a  whole,  ha 
liad  Ave  the  J 
seemed  to  s"va 
yesterday,  or 
interest  or  im 

The  advent 
birth  as  a  nal 
to  the  consid 
labors,  the  a^ 
generations  w 
to  us,  as  a  nt 

A  brief  cc 
made  upon  tl 
make  this  pla 
that  at  the  s 
known  as  feu 
ments.  The  : 
English  settle 
privilege,  by  • 


INTRODUCTORY. 


— H^S'i^fiB^-ex — 


The  value  of  the  history  of  iNmerica,  and  particularly  that 
of  the  United  States,  as  affording  an  epitome  of  the  history 
of  the  development  of  the  liuman  race,  is  hardly  yet  realized 
by  even  the  Americans  themselves.         — 

There  has  been  so  much  lo  be  done  —  a  continent  to  be 
cleared  and  brought  under  cidtivation  ;  while  the  ncAV  methods 
of  transportation  and  intercommunication — tlie  railroad,  the 
telegraph,  the  «team  printing-press,  and  the  marvellous  results 
of  scientific  methods  for  the  investigation  of  phenomena,  and 
their  application  to  industry  of  every  description,  have  so 
occii^  ied  attention,  that  the  leisure  to  calmly  review  our  history, 
as  a  whole,  has  been  scarcely  possible  ;  and  the  desire  to  do  so, 
had  Ave  the  leisure,  has  hardly  been  excited.  The  new  has 
seemed  to  swallow  up  the  old,  and  to-morrow,  rather  than 
yesterday,  or  even  to-day,  has  seemed  to  be  all  there  was  of 
interest  or  importance. 

The  advent,  therefore,  of  the  centennial  anniversary  of  our 
birth  as  a  nation,  as  it  serves  to  forcibly  recall  our  attention 
to  the  consideration  of  our  past,  to  the  recognition  of  the 
labors,  the  aspirations,  the  successes  and  tlie  failures  of  the 
generations  which  have  preceded  ours,  is  of  vast  importance 
to  us,  as  a  nation. 

A  brief  consideration  of  the  progress  which  socict}''  has 
made  upon  this  continent  during  the  past  two  centuries,  will 
make  this  plainly  evident  to  every  one.  It  is  hardly  realized 
that  at  the  settlement  of  this  country,  the  form  of  society 
known  as  feudalism  was  introduced  among  the  various  settle- 
ments. The  Dutch  and  the  French,  as  well  as  many  of  the 
English  settlements,  were  based  upon  this  system  of  class 
privilege,  by  which  an  aristocracy,  supported  by  the  taxation 


6 


INTRODUCTORY. 


of  labor,  was  to  have  the  entire  political  control  and  manage- 1 
ment. 

It  was  the  overthrow  of  this  system  which  occupied  the  I 
politiciil  attention  of  the  people  during  the  eiivly  colonial  timesj 
and  the  constant  discontent  they  manifested  through  their 
assemblies  and  in  other  ways,  can  be  intelligently  explained j 
only  b}^  keeping  constantly  in  mind  this  fact.  Unconsciously, 
in  a  great  measure,  but  none  the  less  persistently,  they  weiej 
tending  towards  political  independence. 

One  by  one,  in  some  colonies  more  rapidly  than  in  others,  the  I 
adventitious  distinctions  which,  socially  or  politically,  repressed, 
for  the   benefit   of  one    class,  the  development  in  freedom  of  | 
all  others,  were  removed  as  the  culture  of  the  people  led  theiiij 
to  respect  themselves  and  become  conscious  of   their  dignity  | 
as  members  of  the  body  politic.     The  measure  for  the  social 
and  political  culture  thus  reached  can  be  seen  by  a  comparison 
of  the  struggles  required  in  some  of  the  older  colonics  to  attain 
manhood  suffrage,  with  the  prompt  recognition  of  this  funda- 
mental principle  of  political  liberty  in  the  organization  of  the] 
more  recent  political  commouAvealths. 

Nor   was   political   liberty  the   only  liberty   sought  through! 
long  and  persistent  struggles   by  the   people   of    the   colonies. 
Religious   liberty,   as   now  understood,  was   equally   unknown  I 
to  them.     Though  the  first  settlers  in  several  of  the  colonies 
came   over   to   this    country  to   escai)e    persecution    for    their  j 
religious  opinions,  yet  in  none  of  them,  with  the  exception  of 
Rhode  Island,  was  the  samo  liberty  they  claimed  for  themselves  I 
accorded   to   all   others.     And  further,  though   the  separation 
of  church  and  state  has  been  frequently  claimed  as  the  merit 
of  the  settlers  in  Massachusetts,   yet   not   only   there,  but  in| 
the  majority   of    the    other    colonies,   a   church   establishment 
was  considered  absolutely  necessary,  and  that,  by  the  authority  j 
of  the  state,  taxes  should  be  raised  for  its  support.     That  men 
should  be  free  to  follow  their  own  convictions  of  duty  in  this 
respect,  even  though  their  opinions  should  seem  to  be  wrong 
to  those  who  differ  from   them,  we  can   receive   as   an  axiom 
to-day.     But  the  culture  by  which  we  of  this  generation  arc 
enabled   to   do   this,    as   the   simple   dictate   of  common   sense 
applied  to  the  organization  of  social  harmony,  has  been  gained 
through  a  long  and  arduous  struggle  by  the  generations  which 
have   preceded  ours.      That  the   state    is    stronger,   that    its 


INTRODUCTORY. 


3olitical  union  is  firmer,  and  that  the  interests  of  religion  are 
Strengthened  rather  than  weakened,  in  the  direet  ratio  in  which 
klie  individuals  of  the  community  comprising  the  state  are  them- 
selves strengthened  and  educated  b}^  the  culture  of  responsi- 
)ility  in  freedom,  has  been  so  manifestly  demonstrated  by  the 
experience  of  this  country,  that  to  deny  it  is  as  absurd  as  it 
rould  be  to  deny  at  mid-day  that  the  sunlight  was  about  us, 
md  to  justify  the  denial  by  closing  our  eyes. 

Industrially,  also,  the  power  developed  by  organized  coiJpera- 
[,ion  has  been  most  triumphantly  indicated  by  the  career  of  the 

lited  States.  From  such  feeble  beginnings  as  made  the 
Donstruction  of  a  grist-mill  the  great  event  of  the  year  for 
Isolated  communities,  who  depended  upon  pounding  in  mortars 
the  grain  they  had  raised  before  it  became  possible  to  use  it, 
lip  to  the  celebration  of  our  first  centennial  anniversary  by 
%n  mdustrial  exhibition  to  which  the  whole  world  gathers, 
the  progress  has  been  one  constant  series  of  demonstrations 
)f  the  possil>ilities  of  cooperation. 

But  this  end  was  not  reached  Avithout  strenuous  efforts  to 
Remove  the  obstacles  in  the  way.  Not  only  did  the  mother 
country,  by  restrictions,  injunctions,  duties,  and  all  the  appli- 
pices  of  the  red  tape  that  forms  so  important  a  part  in  Avhat 
las  been  called  "  the  science  of  government,"  attempt  to  repress 
Und  destroy  the  growing  enterprise  of  the  colonies ;  but  the 
[iolonics  themselves  were  jealoas  and  afraid  of  each  other, 
scattered  in  isolated  communities,  fringed  along  the  sea-coast, 
[he  various  settlements  made  up  of  different  nationalities,  and 
irequently  bringing  with  them  across  the  ocean  the  prejudices 
Ind  hatreds  of  each  other  resulting  from  the  wfirs  of  Europe, 
It  seemed  impossible  that  they  should  ever  unite  so  harmoni- 
|)usly  as  to  form  a  single  state. 

That  in  a  little  over  a  century  a  nation  shoidd  arise  from 
luch  iipparently  discordant  and  ill-assorted  materials,  is  an 
Ividcnce  that  the  progress  of  mankind  towards  the  organization 
|f  harmony  and  peace,  has  all  the  force  of  natural  law,  and  that 
[he  activity  of  national  life  depends  upon  the  atmosphere  of 
|berty  in  Avhich  that  life  is  passed. 

At  the  end  of  the  first  century  from  the  settlement  of  the 
lountry,  the  colonies,  having  achieved  their  political  indepen- 
lence,  met  to  organize  their  government,  and  in  the  preamble 
|f  the  constitution  then  formed  they  gave  to  the  world  their 


8 


INTRODUCTORY. 


conception  of  tlie  objects  and  purposes  of  government.  This 
matchless  statement  forms  an  era  in  the  history  of  mankind. 
For  the  first  tin7Q  the  ])eople  uttered  tlieir  conception  of  vvhat 
they  felt  was  needed  for  their  own  dcvch)pment  in  frce(h)in. 
Tliis  golden  sentence,  which  cannot  })e  too  often  r('])ealed,  read: 
*'  We,  the  people  of  tho  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more 
perfect  union,  establish  justice,  insure  domestic  trantpiillity, 
provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  general  welfare, 
and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and  our  pos- 
terity, do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  fen-  the  United 
States  of  America." 

A  century  has  passed  since  the  promulgation  of  this  docu- 
ment. Within  that  time  the  fringe  of  settlenu?nts  that  bordered 
the  Atlantic  has  become  a  series  of  settled  states  stretching  to 
the  Pacific.  A  population  of  not  quite  three  millions  has 
become  nearly  forty  millions.  The  railroad  and  the  telegraph 
have  stretclicd  across  the  continent,  and  a  distance  of  thousands 
of  miles  is  less  of  a  separation  than  a  few  hundreds  were  a 
century  ago.  What  shall  be  the  result  of  the  nation's  life  and 
labors  at  the  close  of  the  next  hundred  years? 

That  it  can  be  foretold  with  accuracy  is  manifestly  impos- 
sible. But,  judging  from  the  past,  it  can  with  confidence  be 
predicted,  that  the  immediate  task  within  this  century,  is  for 
America  to  illustrate  to  the  nations  the  need  and  the  method 
for  attaining  industrial  independence  from  the  domination  of 
the  money  power,  which  threatens  the  world  with  the  reestal> 
lishment  of  a  worse  feudalism  than  that  of  the  sword ;  and 
that  this  result  is  to  be  attained,  as  our  political  independence 
was  gained,  by  the  establishment  of  a  more  perfect  union  ;  by 
the  further  extension  of  justice  in  the  industrial  relations  of 
society ;  by  the  insurance  of  domestic  tranquillity,  and  the 
guaranty  of  the  common  defence,  so  that  the  general  welfare 
will  be  promoted  and  the  blessings  of  industrial  liberty  pre- 
served for  ourselves  and  our  posterity. 

E.  H. 

Hamhontok,  New  Jebset,  1876. 


AJ!fNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


►*«$««' 


TiiiJ  pre-historic  discovery  of  America  by  the  Northmen  of 
Europe  is  unquestioned,  but  the  details  of  their  voyages  are 
generally  considered  to  be  of  too  mythical  a  character  to  be  re- 
Hod  upon. 

Honry  Whoaton,  the  United  States  minister  to  Denmark,  consulted  tlic  docu- 
ments at  Copenhagen,  and  in  18;U  publislied  a  History  of  the  Northmen.  Pro- 
fuasor  Uafn's  Atittquitatea  Americanae,  1834,  contains  much  of  the  documentary 
evidence.  Tliere  are  various  other  publications  in  wliich  the  matter  is  treated, 
but  our  information  upon  the  subject  is  still  too  vague  to  be  called  history. 

The  history  of  the  original  settlers  of  the  American  continent 
is  purely  a  modern  subject  of  study,  and  even  the  methods  of 
investigation  are  hardly  yet  formulated  into  a  consistent  sys- 
tem. Tiiat  in  some  far  distant  past  the  continent  was  the  abode 
of  numerous  races,  wlio  have  left  their  only  records  in  their 
works,  we  kncnv,  but  of  the  details  of  their  history  wo  shall  prob- 
ably remain  ever  ignorant. 

In  his  Ancient  America,  J.  O.  Baldwin  has  given  a  condensed  account  of  the 
cliicf  remains  we  have  of  the  labors  of  tlie  lost  nations  who  lived  on  this  continent. 
Herbert  Howe  Bancroft,  in  his  work  The  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States,  still 
in  course  of  publication,  gives  the  fullest  and  completcst  account,  based  upon  a 
personal  examination,  of  the  ruins  themselves,  and  a  study  of  all  that  has  been 
written  about  them. 

The  European  settlers  of  this  country  found  it  in  possession  of 
various  races.  From  the  general  opinion  held  at  tlie  discovery  of 
the  country,  that  it  was  the  east  coast  of  Asia,  or  India,  they  wore 
called  Indians.  In  Mexico,  the  natives  found  in  possession  had 
made,  comparatively,  great  progress  in  political  and  industrial 
development,  being  in  many  respects  in  advance  of  their  Spanish 
conquerors.  In  North  America,  the  various  tribes  had  hardly 
emerged  from  the  condition  of  savages.  They  may  almost  bo 
said  to  have  had  neither  government  nor  law,  and  they  certainly 
had  no  settled  industry.  That  the  Mexicans  had  a  method  of 
recording  events,  we  know,  and  that  they  kept  such  records  is 

(9) 


10 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[U92-7. 


also  kno'^'n,  though  most  of  them  were  destroyed  by  the  Span- 
iards. The  Indians  of  North  America  had  made  the  first  step 
towards  recording  events,  but  only  the  first  step. 

Tlic  litoniturc  upon  this  subject,  liotli  for  Mexico  and  North  America,  is  very 
hir^jo.  lor  Mexico,  Prescott's  History,  Lord  Xingsborougli's  Antiquities,  Hum- 
boldt's works ;  and  for  the  North  American  Indians,  Schoolcraft's,  I'arkman's, 
and  Catlin's  works.     There  is  an  Indian  Bibliography  by  T.  W.  Field. 

1492,  October  12.  —  Christopher  Columbus  discovered  land,  in 
his  western  voyage  from  Pairs,  in  Spain. 

He  had  set  sail  Friday,  Auj^ust  3,  1492,  a  half  hour  before  midnight,  and 
discovered  hr.id  at  two  in  tlic  morriiiifj.  Palos  is  now  several  miles  from  the  sea- 
coast.  The  land  was  some  island,  whetiier  one  of  the  Turks  Islands,  or  Watlini( 
Ldand,  or  San  Salvador  Grande,  or  Cat  Island,  is  not  known.  Columbus  himself 
believed  it  to  bo  the  western  coast  of  China,  or  Cathay,  as  it  was  then  called. 
Having  also  discovered  Cuba  and  Ilayti,  he  set  sail  again  for  Spain,  and  arrived 
at  Palos  March  13,  1493. 

1493,  May  3.  — The  Pope  Alexander  VI.  granted  the  right  to 
Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  and  their  successors,  to  all  the  lands 
they  had  discovered  or  shouhl  discover. 

A  somewhat  similar  grant  having  been  made  to  the  Crown  of  Portugal,  th"^ 
Pope  ordered  an  imaginary  line  to  be  drawn  from  pole  to  pole,  one  hundred 
leagues  west  of  the  Azores.  All  eas-t  uf  this  line,  not  in  possession  of  a  Chris- 
tian prince,  to  belong  to  the  Portuguese,  and  all  west  to  the  Spaniards.  The 
Portuguese  and  Spaniards,  not  (;uite  satisfied  with  this,  referred  it  to  a  comr,)is- 
sion  of  three  from  each  nation,  who,  on  the  7th  of  June,  1493,  modified  it  l)y 
removing  the  imaginary  line  two  Imndred  and  twenty  leagues  fartln'r  to  the  west. 
The  king  of  Spain  signed  this  agreement  July  2,  1493,  and  the  kini,-  of  I'ortugid 
February  27,  1494. 

1403,  September  25.  —  Coiumbus  sailed  from  Cadiz,  in  his  spc- 
ond  voyage  to  the  Now  World. 

He  had  three  ships,  fourteen  caravels,  and  an  ample  supply  of  stores.  On 
this  voyage  ho  is  said  to  have  brought  the  first  domestic  cattle  to  the  New 
World.  He  nu'do  a  settlement  at  Isabella,  a  town  founded  by  him  in  Hayti,  or 
Hispaniola.  Tin;  natives  were  reduced  to  slavery,  and  exterminated  by  ilie 
enforced  labor  in  the  mines,  under  the  Spanish  rule. 

1497,  June  24.  —  John  Cabot,  and  his  son  Sebastian,  who  had 
sailed,  in  May,  from  Bristol,  England,  saw  land,  which  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  the  coast  of  Labrador. 

There  is  no  authentic  account  of  the  particulars  of  this  voyage,  in  which 
it  is  claimed  that  the  continent  of  America  was  for  the  first  time  scon  by 
modern  Europeans.  The  new  land  seen  by  the  Cabots  abounded  in  white 
be.ars,  and  deer  of  \inusual  size,  and  was  inhabited  by  savages,  clothed  in 
skins,  and  armed  with  spears,  clubs,  and  bows  and  arrows.  The  Cabots 
having  returned  to  England,  anotlier  '.xpeditlon,  under  Sebastian,  set  out  in 
May,  1498,  and  is  said  to  have  s.ailed  along  the  coast  as  far  south  as  Florida. 
They  attempted  no  settlement.     The  Cabots  were  Venetians  living  in  London, 


1498-1506.]  ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


u 


and  had  been  granted  hy  Henry  VII.,  on  the  Hth  of  March,  1400,  .a  commi.s- 
gion  to  discover  lands  unknown  to  Christians,  to  occupy  and  possess  such  as 
subject  to  the  Englisli  crown,  and  to  holil  jurisdiction  over  thcni,  on  con(htion 
of  paying  to  the  king  one  fifth  of  their  gains  from  tlieni.  In  this  voyage  ('al)ot 
found  tiie  ahundaf.ee  of  cod  upon  tlie  hanks  of  Newfoundland,  and  the  fisheries 
tiiorc,  soon  attracted  adventurers  from  various  countries  of  Europe. 

1498,  May  30.  —  Columbus  sailed  on  liis  third  voyage  of  dis- 
covery from  Spain,  and  on  the  31st  of  July  discovered  an  island 
he  called  Trinidad,  and  cruised  among  the  numerous  islands  lying 
off  the  coast  of  Central  Anierica. 

It  was  from  this  voyage  that  he  was  eventually  sent  home  to  Spain  in  chains, 
as  a  prisoner. 

1501.  —  Gaspar  Cortkreal,  under  the  authority  of  Emanuel, 
the  king  of  Portugal,  explored  the  coast  of  North  America  for 
several  hundred  miles. 

He  captured  many  of  the  natives,  and  carried  them  back  as  slaves.  Having 
returned  to  Portugal,  he  set  out  upon  a  second  voyage,  from  whicli  he  never 
returned,  nor  was  anything  heard  of  him. 

1501,  ^Iay  10.  —  Americus  Vespucciua,  for  the  king  of  Por- 
tugal, sailed  from  Lisbon,  and  in  August  reached  land. 

He  returned  to  Lisbon  in  1502.  At  what  point  he  touched  is  not  known.  There 
is  great  obscurity  concerning  the  voyages  of  Vespuccius.  Ho  has  the  credit  of 
liaving  made  four,  the  accounts  of  which  have  been  frequently  re])rinted,  and  are 
professedly  written  by  liimself,  though  his  authorship  of  tlieni  is  doubted,  it  has 
been  claimed  that  Vespuccius  by  subterfuge  gave  his  np.me  to  America,  but 
ovidontlv  he  had  notliing  to  do  with  tliis  accident.  The  name  was  first  suggested 
by  Martin  Waltzmuller,  or  Waldsee-muller,  a  native  of  Er  ib'-  g,  and  profe^.-or 
in  Lorraine,  who,  according  to  the  custom  of  the  time,  Gr^Mzed  his  name  into 
Ihlacomylus,  by  wliich  he  is  more  generally  known.  In  a  Latin  work  on  cos- 
ino;;raphj',  published  in  1507,  and  in  which  is  tiie  account  of  Vespuccius'  four 
voyages,  he  says,  speaking  of  the  lands  he  discovered:  "Hut  now  that  tliose 
parts  Jiave  been  more  extensively  examined  and  another  fourth  part  has  been 
disfovercd  by  Americus  (as  will  be  seen  in  the  sequel),  1  do  not  see  wliy  wo 
should  rightly  refuse  to  name  it  Anierica,  that  is,  the  land  of  Americus  or  Amer- 
ica, after  its  discoverer  Americus,  a  man  of  sagacious  mind,  since  both  Europe 
and  Asia  took  their  names  from  women."  The  date  of  Vespuccius'  death  is  vari- 
ously given  as  151(J  and  1518. 

1502,  ^Iay  11.  —  Columbus  sailed  on  his  fourth  and  last  voy- 
age from  Cadiz,  and  arrived  at  Hispaniola  on  the  29tli  of  Juno. 

In  150'),  May  20,  Columbus  having  returned,  died  at  Valhidolid,  in  the  69th 
year  of  his  age. 

1504.  —  Fishermen  from  Brittany  discovered  and  named  Cape 
Breton. 

1506.  —  Jean  Dennys,  of  Harfleur,  France,  is  said  to  have  drawn 
a  map  of  the  St.  liawrence,  for  the  use  of  the  French  fishermen 
frequenting  that  locality. 


la 


ANNALS      F  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1508-18. 


As  early  .as  1/504  the  Bretons,  the  Basques,  and  the  Normans  had  pursued  the 
codfishery  upon  the  banks  of  Ncwfoundhind. 

1508.  —  Thomas  Aubert  sailed  from  Dieppe  to  Newfoundland, 
and  thence  to  the  St.  Lawrence. 

He  was  the  first  to  explore  this  river, 
the  natives  with  him. 


On  his  return  he  carried  home  some  of 


1511.  —  The  Council  of  the  Indies,  having  control  over  the  af- 
fairs of  America,  was  constituted  by  Ferdinand  the  king  of  Spain. 

It  had  the  control  of  all  tlie  Indies,  made  all  laws,  appointed  all  officers,  and 
made  all  decisions.  The  consent  of  the  monarch  was  necessary,  but  was  always 
given.     It  appointed  the  viceroys  of  Mexiiio. 

1512,  April  2.  — Juan  Ponce  de  Loon  landed  on  the  coast  of 
Florida,  probably  near  the  site  of  St.  Augustine. 

He  had  boon  a  companion  of  Columbus,  and  liad  command  of  a  portion  of 
Ilispaniola,  and  afterwards  of  Puerto  Rico,  which  he  depopulated  by  the  savage 
cruelty  with  which  he  worked  the  natives  in  tlie  mines  and  on  the  plantations. 
Witli  the  wealth  he  thus  acquired  he  organized  an  exploring  expedition,  and 
landed  in  Florida,  which  ho  called  by  tl\is  name,  either  from  the  luxuriance  of  its 
vegetation,  or  from  the  fact  that  lie  landed  on  Palm  Sunday,  wliich  tlie  Siianiards 
call  Pa.tqua  de  Florcs.  Returning  to  Spain',  lie  obtained  permission  to  settle  or 
conquer  the  country,  and  came  back  with  an  expedition,  but  on  landing  was 
attacked  by  the  natives,  and  driven  away.  Ponce  de  Leon  was  mortally  wounded, 
and  died  in  Cuba. 

151.3.  —  A  DECREE  of  tlie  Spanish  privy  council,  issued  by  Fer- 
dinand, justified  the  slavery  of  the  Indians,  as  in  accord  with  the 
laws  of  God  and  man. 

It  was  claimed  that  otherwise  they  could  not  be  reclaimed  from  idolatry  and 
educated  to  Christianity. 

1517,  Fehruary  8.  —  Hernandez  de  Cordova  sailed  from  Cuba 
on  an  expedition  to  the  Bahamas. 

By  a  storm  he  was  driven  from  his  course,  and  landed  finally  at  Yucatan. 
Here  he  first  heard  of  Mexico. 

1518,  May  1. — Juan  de  Grijalva  loft  the  port  of  St.  Jago 
de  Cuba  in  search  of  the  new  lands  which  Hernandez  de  Cordova 
had  reported. 

He  was  sent  by  Don  Diego  Velasquez,  the  governor  of  Cuba,  to  whom  this 
position  had  been  given  as  a  reward  for  his  conquest  of  it. 

1518,  November  18.  —  An  expedition  under  Hernando  Cortez 
sailed  from  St.  Jago  de  Cuba  in  search  of  the  new  lands. 

Cortez  had  taken  part  in  the  conquest  of  Cuba,  and  is  said  to  have  himself  paid 
chiefly  for  the  expense  of  the  expedition.  Cortez  at  this  time  was  thirty-three 
years  old.  The  expedition  stopped  at  Macaca,  at  Trinidad,  and  then  at  Havana, 
all  small  towns  in  Cuba,  to  lay  in  supplies  and  obtain  recruits,  and  sailed  from 
Havana  February  10,  1510. 


1519-21.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


13 


1519,  April  21.  —  Cortez  landed  on  the  present  site  of  Vera 
Cruz. 

lie  had  landed  in  Yucatan,  and  there  obtained  a  Mexican  woman,  Marina,  who 
was  Riven  him  as  a  slave,  and  wlio  served  as  liis  interpreter  in  Mexico,  slie  soon 
learning  Spanish.  At  tiiis  spot  Cortez  miide  a  settlement,  calling  it  VMla  Rica  d-^ 
Vera  Cruz,  and  nominated  a  magistracy,  to  whom  he  resij^ned  his  office  of  captain- 
general,  and  was  by  them  reappointed  captain-general  and  chief  justice. 

1519,  August  16.  —  Cortez  commenced  his  march  towards 
the  Cii^jital  of  Mexico. 

Ho  liad  al'out  four  hundred  foot-soldiers,  fifteen  horses,  and  seven  pieces  of 
art  ill'  ry.  There  were  also  some  thirteen  hundred  friendly  Inilians,  and  a  thou- 
sand innianes,  or  porters,  to  drag  the  guns  and  carry  tlie  bagg.ige.  He  carried 
with  liiiii  iiNo  some  forty  Totonac  chiefs  as  hostages  and  guides.  They  belonged 
to  a  tribe  which  had  been  discontented  with  the  rule  of  Montezuma.  He  bad  dis- 
mantled his  tleet,  taking  the  vessels  to  pieces,  but  preserving  the  iron  work. 

1519,  November  8.  —  Cortez  and  his  army  entered  the  city  of 
Mexico. 

llis  entire  army  did  not  amount  to  seven  thousand  men,  of  whom  less  than  four 
hundred  were  Si)aniards.  The  balance  were  friendly  Indians,  who  joined  his 
expedition  after  severe  contests  with  him,  in  which  the  Spaniards  were  successful. 

1520,  July  8.  —  Cortez,  retreating  from  tlio  capital  of  Mexico, 
fought  the  buttle  of  Oturaba,  with  an  army  opposing  him,  and 
gained  a  decisive  victory. 

lie  had  been  reinforced  by  a  force  sent  from  Cuba  by  Velasquez  to  capture 
him,  and,  leaving  the  city  of  Mexico  with  a  portion  of  his  army,  had  defeated  these 
enemies,  and  returned  to  Mexico  with  many  of  them  as  recruits.  On  his  return 
he  was  attacked  by  the  Mexicans  in  his  quarters,  and  Montezuma  having  died 
from  wounds  received  from  his  subjects,  as  he  was  tiyingto  appeal  to  them  for 
peace,  it  was  resolved  to  retreat  from  the  city  of  Mexico.  This  retreat,  under- 
taken at  night,  was  more  disastrous  than  any  engagement  the  Spaniards  met  in 
their  entire  course  in  Mexico.  After  this  battle  he  took  refuge  with  the  Thas- 
culaiis,  his  allies. 

1520,  December  28.  —  Cortez  set  out  from  Thascala  with  his 
army  to  capture  the  city  of  Mexico. 

He  had  refitted  his  army,  reinforced  by  expeditions  which  had  been  sent 
against  him,  and  were  induced  to  take  part  with  him ;  so  that  he  had  about  six 
huiulred  men,  forty  of  whom  were  mounted,  and  eighty  with  arquebuses  or  cross- 
hows.  Besides  these  he  had  a  large  number  of  friendly  Indians,  from  the  several 
different  nations  in  Mexico,  who  were  desirous  of  throwing  off'  the  yoke  of  the 
Aztecs. 

1521.  —  Vasquez  de  Aillon,  a  Spanish  expkirer,  visited  the 
coast  of  North  America,  and  returned  to  Spain  to  obtain  per- 
mission to  conquer  it. 

He  is  supposed  to  have  landed  upon  the  coast  of  South  Carolina.  The  region 
he  called  Chicora.  Returning  in  1025  with  two  ships,  the  crews  were  driven 
away  by  the  natives,  the  majority  of  the  invaders  being  killed. 


14 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1521-4. 


1521,  April  11.  —  Christovfil  do  Tapia  was  sent  from  Spain 
with  a  warrant  from  the  regent  of  Castile  to  visit  Mexico,  in- 
quire into  the  conduct  of  Cortez,  suspend  him  from  oflice,  and,if 
nec.\^sary,  seize  him  until  the  pleasure  of  tl)o  Court  of  Castile 
was  known. 

Tapia  arrived  in  Vera  Cruz  in  December,  but  was  not  allowed  to  proceed 
farther,  and  returned  to  Cuba,  having  sold  his  horses  and  equipments  to  Cortez 
at  a  liiKli  price. 

1521,  April  28.  —  Cortez  launched  at  Tczcuco  his  fleet  of  ves- 
sels, which  had  been  built  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  transported  in 
pieces  over  the  country. 

The  fleet  was  intended  to  pive  him  command  of  the  lake  which  surrounded  the 
city  of  Mexico.  A  canal  had  been  du{^  for  tiie  jnirposc  of  introducinj^  them 
into  the  lake.  On  inusterinj?  liis  forces,  he  had  eighty-seven  horsemen,  eiglit 
hundred  and  eighteiii  footmen,  one  hundred  and  eighteen  of  whom  had  arquebuses 
or  crossbows.  He  had  also  three  iron  cannon,  and  fifteen  lighter  ones  of  brass. 
The  heavy  cannon  were  mounted  on  the  vessels,  one  to  each. 

1521,  August  13.  —  The  city  of  Mexico  surrendered. 

Guatemozin  attempting  to  escape  was  captured,  and  the  city  surrendered.  It 
had  been  almost  destroyed,  and  famine  and  'lestilenee  had  killed  thousands  of  its 
defenders.  It  was  estimated  that  seventy  thousand,  l)esides  women  and  cliildren, 
left  the  city  wh,  n  it  was  evacuated  by  order  of  the  conqueror.  Those  who 
perished  in  its  defence  are  variously  estimated  from  one  hundred  and  twenty 
thousand  to  twice  that  number.  The  city  of  Mexico  had  been  besieged  nearly 
three  months. 

1522,  October  15.  —  Charles  V.  issued  a  commission  to  Cor- 
tiir.,  making  him  governor,  captain-general,  and  chief  justice  of 
New  Spain. 

The  connnission  gave  him  power  to  appoint  all  offlcers,  civil  and  military. 
It  was  issued  in  accordance  with  the  decision  of  a  council  which  had  been  called 
to  consider  the  charges  against  Cortez,  which  justified  all  his  proceedings. 

1524.  —  Twelve  Franciscan  friars  arrived  in  Mexico. 

They  had  been  sent  by  request  of  Cortez,  who  asked  that  members  of  the  reli- 
gious fraternities  might  be  sent  out,  whose  lives  were  a  practical  commentary  on 
their  teachings,  instead  of  pampered  prelates  who  squandered  the  substance  of 
the  country  in  luxurious  living.  He  petitioned  also  that  "attorneys,  and  men 
learned  in  the  law,"  should  be  prohibited  from  landing  in  tiie  country,  since  "  ex- 
perience had  shown  that  they  would  bo  sure  by  their  evil  practices  to  disturb  the 
peace  of  the  community."  Ilis  petition  was  granted.  Tlie  priests  were  so  active 
in  the  work  of  conversion  that  in  twenty  years  from  their  advent  they  boasted  of 
liaving  made  nine  millions  of  converts,  more  tlian  the  whole  population,  and  also 
of  having  caused  so  complete  a  destruction  of  the  Aztec  tenqjles,  great  antl  small, 
"  that  not  a  vestige  of  tliem  remained."  Under  Cortez's  rule  the  settlement  of 
the  country  was  urged ;  slavery  was  established,  and  it  was  made  a  condition  of 
the  grants  of  land  that  they  njust  be  occupied  eight  years  before  the  title  was 
complete,  anil  that  a  certain  number  of  vines  should  be  planted.  All  vessels 
arriving  were  obliged  to  bring  a  certain  quantity  of  seeds  and  plants. 


reached  New 


1524-35.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


15 


152 1.  —  Verrazzani,  a  Florentine  in  the  employ  of  Francis  I. 
of  France,  coasted  alonp;  North  America  from  the  28th  to  the 
50th  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  called  the  country  New 
France. 

He  wrote  an  account  of  his  discoveries  to  Francis  I.,  dated  Dieppe,  July  8, 1524, 
and  wliicii  lias  been  often  reprinted.  His  di'scriptions  of  the  places  he  passed 
liiivc  been  thought  to  indicate  the  coast  of  New  Jersey,  and  the  harbors  of  New 
York  and  Newport,  while  either  Miirtha's  Vineyard  or  Nantucket  is  also  supjiosod 
to  have  been  described  by  him.  The  next  year  he  is  sa.'d  to  have  made  another 
voy.'ige,  from  which  he  never  returned. 

152G,  June.  —  Corte?:  re-entered  Mexico,  after  an  absence  of 
two  yeari^,  during  ^vhich  he  had  exi)lored  Central  America,  and 
claimed  it  for  the  Spanish  crown. 

Findinir  that  durinj^f  his  absence  complaints  had  been  made  of  his  conduct,  he 
resolvcl  to  return  to  Spain  to  justify  himself,  and  landed  at  I'alos  in  May, 
1528. 

1529,  JuiiY.  —  Cliarles  V.  gave  a  comniission  to  Cortoz,  who 
had  b(>en  made  Marquis  of  the  Valley  of  Oaxaca,  as  captain-gen- 
eral of  New  Spain,  and  of  the  coasts  t)f  the  South  Sea. 

The  civil  government  of  the  country  of  Mexico  was  not  intrusted  to  bun,  but 
to  other  officers  appointed  by  the  crown,  styled  the  Koyi;!  Audience,  of  which 
Nunez  de  Guzman  was  the  head,  and  one  of  whose  duties  was  to  investigate  the 
ehargi  s  against  Cortez.  The  aj)pointminl  of  this  bt.ird  was  one  t;i'  the  chief 
causes  of  Cortez's  return  to  Spain. 

1530,  July  15.  —  Cortez  landed  in  Mexico  on  his  return  from 

Spain. 

A  new  IJoyal  Audience  had  been  created.  The  report  of  the  first,  concerning 
the  charges  against  Coi'tez,  dois  not  seem  to  have  been  noticed  by  tiic  Spanish 
governuicnt.  The  new  Audience  was  given  an  equal  control  with  Cortez  of  the 
iiiilitavy  affairs  of  Mexico;  therefore  he  retired  from  public  life,  and  interested 
liiniself  with  the  cultivation  of  his  estates,  and  with  fitting  out  the  expedition 
vliieli  explored  the  Gulf  of  California. 

1534,  April  20.  —  Jaques  Carticr,  under  a  commission  from  the 
king  of  France,  sailed  irom  St.  Malo,  and  on  the  10th  of  May 
reached  Newfoimdland. 

He  almost  circumnavigated  Newfoundland,  and  crossed  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence. On  his  return  his  account  of  his  voyage  excited  great  attention,  as  did 
the  two  natives  he  brouglit  back  with  him. 

1535.  —  Jaques  Cartier  made  his  second  voyage,  accompanied 
with  a  large  company.  As  he  entered  the  (Julf  of  St.  Lawrence 
upon  the  day  ot  that  saint,  he  gave  liis  name  to  it,  which  eventu- 
ally extended  to  the  river.  lie  sailed  up  the  river,  built  a  fort, 
and  wintered  there. 

He  called  the  territory  New  France,  and  gave  the  name  Mont  Real  to  the  hill 
upon  the  island  on  which  Montreal  now  is. 


16 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1535-40. 


1535.  AunusT  15.  —  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoza  arrived  from 
Spain  as  viceroy  of  Mexico. 

This  was  the  commcncomont  of  the  Spanish  system  of  intnistinR  the  nd- 
ministration  of  the  eoh)nies  to  viceroys  of  s\i<:li  rank  tliat  thoy  wore  shj)- 
poscil  to  fitly  roprest'iit  royalty.  Tiiey  were  never  kept  long  in  their  positions. 
The  exact  date  of  his  arrival  is  questioned. 

1536. —  The  first  book  printed  in  America  was  issued  in  the 
city  of  Mexico. 

It  was  a  S])anish  translation  of  a  work  written  in  Greek,  and  entitled  in 
Spanish,  Escala  Espiritual  para  Ucgnr  nl  Cielo,  or  the  Spiritual  Ladder  of 
Heaven.  This  translation,  from  a  Latin  version,  was  made  by  Juan  de  Estrada, 
and  printed  by  .Tuan  Pal)los,  who  aj)i)ear8  to  have  been  hroupht  to  Mexico  by 
Mendoza,  and  pr()l)a)>ly  ])rinted  thii  little  volume  as  a  sort  of  manual  for  the 
novices  of  the  convent  of  St.  Dominic.  The  work  derives  its  name  from  its 
form,  it  being  thirty  stejjs  to  lead  to  ])erfection.  No  copy  of  the  work  is  known 
to  be  in  existence,  and  the  date  of  its  issue  is  problematical,  though  the  best 
authorities  agree  \\\}<m  this  date. 

1536.  —  A  COLONY  from  England,  under  the  direction  of  "one 
Master  ITore,''  attempted  a  settlement  in  Newfoundland,  but 
after  suH'ering  from  famine  they  returned. 

llakluyt  gives  an  account  of  the  enterprise,  which  he  had  from  "  Master 
Thomas  Butts,  one  of  the  gentlemen  adventurers."  They  were  nearly  starved, 
wlien  fortunately  a  French  fishing-vessel  appeared,  which  they  seized  to  return 
home  in. 

1537.  —  CoRTEZ  with  three  siiips  discovered  the  peninsula  of 
California. 

The  Gulf  of  California  was  explored  in  15.39  by  Francisco  de  Alloa,  who 
was  sent  by  Cortez.  Cortez  is  said  to  have  spent  two  hundred  thousand  ducats 
in  his  Californian  explorations. 

1539,  May  18.  —  Ferdinand  de  Soto,  the  governor  of  Cuba, 
sailed  from  Havana  on  an  expedition  to  Florida  for  the  purpose 
of  conquering  the  country. 

In  this  expedition  there  were  nine  vessels,  nine  hundred  men  besides  sailors, 
two  hundred  and  thirteen  horses,  and  a  herd  of  swine.  He  had  received  tlio 
title  of  Marquis  of  Florida  from  Charles  V.  The  expedition  landed  on  the 
west  side  of  Florida,  at  Tampa  Bay,  and,  constantly  fighting  witii  the  natives, 
penetrated  to  the  interior,  until,  in  June,  104',  they  reached  the  Mississippi. 
Here  De  Soto  died,  and  the  rest  of  the  adventurers,  building  boats,  floated 
down  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  and  landed  finally  at  a  Spanish  settlement, 
near  the  present  site  of  Tampico.  De  Soto  is  said  to  have  expended  one 
hundred  thousand  ducats  in  this  enterprise.  There  is  an  account  of  it,  written 
by  an  actor  in  it. 

1540.  —  Cortez  again  embarked  for  Spain. 

He  went  to  seek  redress  for  the  looses  he  had  suffbred  from  the  Royal 
Audience,  and  also  to  state  the  grounds  of  his  dispute  with  the  viceroy.  He 
«lied  in  Spain  in  1547,  aged  03,  and  was  buried  in  the  chapel  of  San  Isidro,  in 


15-10-G4.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


17 


Seville.  In  ir>()2,  the  body  was  removed  to  Mcx'co  nnd  buried  in  tlio  monnstory 
of  St.  Francis  in  Tezeuco,  imd  in  l(!2t)  again  removed  to  tlie  church  of  St.  Francis 
in  the  city  of  Mexico,  and  in  17'Ji  again  to  the  Hospital  of  Jesus,  and  is  now 
supposed  to  be  in  Falcrmo,  Italy. 

1540,  May  23.  —  Cat  tier  set  sail  from  Franco  with  five  sliips, 
to  mako  a  settlement  in  Canada. 

Cartier  was  appointed  by  Francis  I.  the  cai)tain-pcneral  of  the  ships,  and  John 
Francois  de  la  IJoclio,  lord  of  IJobertval,  in  I'icardy,  as  viceroy  and  lieutcnant- 
•jovernor  for  Canada,  llochalajia,  Saguenay,  Newfoundland,  Belle  Isle,  Capo 
Breton,  and  Labrador,  with  authority  to  nuiki-  furtlier  conquests.  Cartier 
ascended  the  St.  Lawrence,  built  a  fort  on  the  Island  of  Orleans,  and  remained 
there  that  winter.  The  next  spring  he  returned,  and  on  his  way  met  ]{obertval, 
wlio  had  delayed  starting.  Kobertval  proceeded  to  tiie  St,  Lawrence,  and  spent  u 
winter  there,  and  then  returned. 

1551.  —  TiTi']  emperor  Charles  Y.  chartered  a  royal  and  pontifi- 
cal university  in  Mexico. 

It  was  to  have  the  same  privileges  as  those  enjoye<l  by  Salamanca. 

The  chief  authorities  for  the  concpiest  of  Mexico  are  Cortez's  own  letters 
to  the  emperor  of  Si)ain.  They  have  been  translated  into  Englisl,.  Gomara, 
who  was  chaplain  to  Cortez  after  the  return  of  the  latter  to  Spain,  and 
afterwards  to  Cortez's  son,  wrote  a  Cronica  de  la  Xueva  Fspann  (Chronicle 
of  New  Spain),  which'  first  appeared  in  looO,  and  has  been  often  reprinted. 
Bernal  Diaz  del  Costillo,  who  served  with  Cortt'Z,  i)id)lished  a  lliatoria  Ycrda- 
dera  de  la  Coiiquista  de  la  Niteva  Espnna.  It  seeks  chiefly  to  give  the  credit, 
which  Gomara  had  not  given,  to  the  companions  of  Cortez  in  his  conquest  of 
Mexico.     It  was  iirst  published,  in  Spanish,  in  l(Io2. 

1562,  February,  —  A  colony  of  French  Protestants  sailed  from 
France  for  Florida. 

They  filled  two  vessels,  under  the  command  of  Jean  Ribaidt.  The  expedition 
was  oriirinated  Ivy  Admiral  do  Coligny.  A  settlement  was  made  at  Port  lloyal, 
and  a  fort  built  ujjon  an  island  and  called  Carolina,  after  Charles  IX.,  king  of 
France.  A  comi)any  was  left  in  the  settlement  while  Kibault  returned  for  sup- 
plies. They  mutinied,  killed  their  captain,  and,  having  built  a  vessel,  set  sail  for 
France.  Their  jirovisions  being  exhatisted,  they  were  obliged  to  eat  one  of  their 
number,  when  an  Hnglish  vessel  met  them  and  carried  them  to  England. 

15G3.  —  TiiK  English  slave-trade  to  the  West  Indies  began. 

John  Hawkins,  for  a  company,  went  with  three  ships  to  the  coast  of  Africa, 
and  brought  away  three  hmidred  negroes,  wiiom  he  sold  in  the  West  Indies, 
'■with  prosperous  successe  and  much  gaino  to  bimselfe   and    the  adventurers." 

15G4,  April  22.  —  Tliree  ships  sailed  from  France,  nnder  the 
command  of  Kcne  Laudonniere,  to  carry  supplies  to  the  colony  at 
Port  PoviU. 

They  landed  at  the  river  May,  after  finding  that  the  colony  had  abandoned 
Port  Royai,  and  built  a  fort.  The  next  year,  when  in  great  distress  for  want  of 
provisions,  they  were  succored  by  John  Hawkins,  returning  from  the  sale  of  hia 
second  cargo  of  slaves.  Soon  after,  Bibault  arrived  with  reinforcements.  The 
Spanish  court  being  informed  of  this   French  settlement,  sent  a  fleet  luidcr  Don 

2 


tt 


18 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1568-84. 


Pctlro  Menondcz  tigahist  tliom,  which  arrived  u  week  nft(T  Rihnult,  who  sniloil  out 
against  tlicni.  Both  fleets  were  scattered  by  a  storm ;  but  tlic  Spaniards,  landinj;, 
ftttaclied  and  carried  tlic  fort,  Laudonnicro  and  a  few  others  escaping,  and  finally 
reaching  the  French  ships.  On  tlie  return  to  France  the  ship  containing  Hihault 
was  wrecked,  and  he  and  his  company,  who  escaped  to  the  shore,  were  found  and 
kdled  by  the  Spaniards.  Laudonniere  arrived  finally  in  France.  Don  Pedro 
Mencndez  had  undertaken  at  his  own  expense  to  conquer  Florida,  and  Philip  II. 
liiid  nuidc  him  governor  for  life,  with  a  share  of  the  perquisites  belonging  to  the 
crown,  lie  landed  first  at  St.  Augustine,  which  ho  named  from  having  seen 
land  on  the  anniversary  of  that  saint,  and  founded  that  city,  which  is  the  oldest 
town  in  the  United  States.  By  Mencndez  cattle  were  introduced,  and  are  suj)- 
posed  to  liave  been  the  progenitors  of  the  wild  cattle  found  in  the  early  part  of 
this  centurj  m  the  Southwest. 

15G8.  —  Dominic  de  Gourges,  a  native  of  Cascony,  France, 
hearing  of  the  slaughter  of  his  countrymen  in  Florida,  sot  out 
on  an  expedition,  at  his  own  expense,  to  avenge  them,  and  captured 
Fort  Caroline,  hanged  the  occupants,  and  then  returned  to 
France. 

1570.  —  The  Inquisition  was  established  in  Mexico  by  Philip  II. 

1574.  —  The  first  auto-da-fe  was  celebrated  in  Mexico. 

A  Frenchman  and  an  Englishnum  were  burned  as  heretics,  and  eiglity  other 
persons  were  tortured. 

1578,  June  11.  —  A  patent  was  granted  by  Queen  Elizabeth  to 
Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  to  found  a  settlement  in  America  within 
six  years.  It  gave  him  jurisdiction  over  a  circle  of  six  Jiundrcd 
milcHi,  from  any  spot  as  a  centre,  "  not  actually  possessed  by  any 
Christian  prince  or  people." 

1583,  August.  —  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  reached  Newfound- 
land with  tln-ce  ships,  and  took  possession  of  it  under  his  charter 
from  Elizabeth. 

He  found  in  the  liarbor  of  St.  John's  thirty-six  vessels,  of  vari^  s  niitionalitic.«, 
engaged  in  the  fishery.  Collecting  a  contribution  from  them,  estal)lishing  the 
Church  of  England,  granting  titles  to  land,  and  declaring  all  attempts  to  weaken 
the  queen's  title  treason,  he  set  out  to  return,  and  was  drowned  by  the  founder- 
ing of  his  vessel  on  the  way  over. 

1584,  March  25. —  A  charter  was  granted  to  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh  by  Queen  Elizabeth. 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh  was  the  half-brother  of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  and  was 
most  probably  interefted  with  him  in  his  second  voyage.  The  terms  of  Raleigh's 
charter  were  nearly  tliose  granted  to  Gilbert,  any  interference  with  the  fishermen 
at  Newfoundland  being  forbidden. 

1584,  July  4.  —  An  exploring  company,  sent  out  by  Sir 
Walter  Raleigh,  under  the  command  of  Philip  Amadas  and 
Arthur  Burlow,  arrived  at  tlic  American  coast,  and  landed  at 
a  place  called  by  the  natives  Wococon,  and  afterwards  Roanoke, 


158r)-08.j 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


19 


an  it'land  in  the  passrvgo  from  the  Sound  of  Pamlico  to  Albemarle, 
where  was  an  Indian  village. 

On  their  return  two  natives  iioconipanied  tlicni,  nnd  the  nnnio  of  Virginia  was 
given  to  the  country,  oitlier  by  Elizabeth,  or  by  Raleigh  in  her  honor. 

1585,  June  26.  —  An  expedition  sent  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
landed  at  Roanoke  Island. 

Manteo,  one  of  the  natives,  was  with  the  expedition  as  interpreter.  Sir 
Ric'Iiard  Grenville,  tlie  general  of  the  expi-dition,  returned,  leaving  a  eolony  of 
one  huiulred  and  seven  persons  under  the  government  of  Mr.  Ralph  Lane.  This 
was  the  first  English  colony. 

158G,  June  18.  —  An  English  fleet,  under  Sir  Francis  Drake, 
on  its  way  to  England  from  the  West  Indies,  stopped  at  the  set> 
tleincnton  Roanoke  Island,  and  carried  the  one  hundred  and  three 
remaining  colonists  back  to  England. 

The  colony  had  been  in  danger  ot  starving,  and  were  saved  by  the  opportune 
arrival  of  Drake's  fleet.  A  few  days  after  the  departure  of  the  colony,  a  ship  with 
supplies,  sent  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  arrived,  and  not  finding  them,  returned.  Two 
or  three  weeks  after  this.  Sir  Richard  Grenville,  with  three  ships,  arrived,  and 
finding  the  settlement  at  Roanoke  deserted,  returned  to  England,  leaving  fifteen 
men  to  keep  possession  of  the  island. 

1587,  July  22. —  A  landing  was  made  at  Roanoke  by  a  second 
company  sent  over  by  Sir  W^altor  Raleigii  with  a  few  associates. 

The  colony  consisted  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen  persons  (ninety-one  men, 
seventeen  women,  and  nine  children),  who  were  incorporated  as  the  "Burrough 
of  Raleigh  in  Virginia,"  and  the  government  was  intrusted  to  John  White  as  gov- 
ernor, with  a  council  of  twelve  others.  The  colonists  were  men  with  families. 
They  found  that  the  fifteen  men  left  by  Grenville  had  quarrelled  with  the  Indians 
and  been  overcome  by  them.  On  the  18th  of  August,  Mrs.  Dare,  the  daughter  of 
Wiiite  the  governor,  gave  birth  to  a  daughter  who  was  named  Virginia.  She  was 
the  first  English  child  born  in  North  America.  On  the  27th  the  governor  sailed 
for  Engliind  to  bring  supplies. 

1589,  March  7.  —  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  assigned  his  patent  to 
Thomas  Smith  and  other  merchants  and  adventurers. 

lie  had  spent  forty  thousand  pounds  in  furthering  the  settlement  of  America. 

1590,  5Iarch  20.  —  An  expedition  to  carry  supplies  to  the 
colony  at  Roanoke  set  sail  from  Plymouth,  England,  under  the 
command  of  Governor  White. 

The  colony  could  not,  however,  be  found,  nor  was  anything  ever  learned  of 
them. 

1598,  January  12.  The  Marquis  de  la  Roche  was  given  a 
commission  by  Henry  IV.,  king  of  France,  to  conquer  Canada 
and  other  adjacent  countries  "  not  possessed  by  any  Christian 
prince." 

He  sailed  with  a  company  made  up  of  convicts  taken  from  prison,  left  forty  of 
them  on  the  Island  of  Sables,  visited  the  mainland,  and  then  returned  to  France. 


30 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMKHICA. 


[lGOO-3. 


Seven  years  ixftcrwards,  tlu-  twelve  survivors  of  the  bunil  left  on  the  Inluntl  of 
Sables  were  carried  to  France. 

IGOO.  —  On  tho  death  of  tho  Marquis  do  la  Roclio  his  patent 
was  renewed  in  liivor  uf  M.  do  Chauvin,  a  naval  oIKcer,  who  made 
a  connection  with  a  tiii'-(leah;r  of  rit.  Mah)  named  Tontgravc',  and 
made  a  voyage  up  tho  St.  Lawrence  to  Taduusac  at  tho  junction 
of  tho  Saguenay. 

lie  left  a  small  colony  there,  and  made  another  voyage,  but  died  before  making 
n  third. 

IGOl.  —  On  the  death  of  Cliauvin,  M.  do  Chatte,  tho  governor 
of  Dieppe,  (jbtaincd  a  commission  as  governoi  of  Canada,  and 
with  Pontgravo  and  otliers  carried  on  tho  trade  in  furs. 

1602,  March  20.  —  BarthoKimew  Goanohl  sailed  from  Fal- 
mouth, England,  for  tho  purpose  of  settling  a  colony  in  Virginia. 

Gosnold  was  in  the  employ  of  Kaleigli's  as-signces,  and  was  the  first  to  take  a 
direct  course,  instead  of  by  way  of  tlie  West  Indies.  His  company  consisted  of 
tliirty-two  persons,  of  wliom  twelve  purposed  "  to  remayne  tliere  for  population." 
lie  touched  the  nortlicrn  coast,  and,  sailing  south,  landed  on  and  named  Cape 
Cod.  Continuing  soutli,  he  discovered  and  named  Martha's  Vineyard,  landed  on 
an  island  he  called  Elizal)eth  Island,  in  lionor  of  t!ie  (pieen,  and  built  a  fort  and 
Storehouse.  Setting  out  to  return,  those  who  had  intended  to  remain  lost  heart, 
and  the  whole  company  returned  together. 

1G02,  March.  —  Samuel  !Mace  sailed  from  Weymouth,  England, 
in  a  ship  provided  ami  titted  out  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  and 
touched  on  the  American  coast  at  al)out  34°  north  latitude. 

He  sailed  some  distance  along  the  coast,  and  then  returned. 

1603,  April  10.  —  An  expedition  under  Martin  Pring  sailed 
from  Milford  Haven,  England,  for  North  America,  and  reached 
the  coast  between  ■43'^  and  -i^^  north  latitude. 

There  were  two  ships,  the  Speedwell  and  the  Discovers.  They  were  fitted 
out  by  merchants  of  Bristol  to  explore  and  to  collect  sassafras.  Turning  south, 
they  ranged  as  far  as  Martha's  Vineyard,  and  returned  laden  with  sassafras  and 
skins.     The  venture  proved  profitable  to  the  merchants. 

1603,  May  10.  —  Bartholomew  Gilbert  sailed  from  Plymouth, 
England,  for  Chesapeake  Bay  by  way  of  tho  West  Indies.  On 
the  29th  of  July  he  anciiored  about  a  mile  from  land  in  about  40" 
north  latitude,  and  landed  with  four  of  his  men. 

They  being  all  killed  by  the  natives,  the  rest  of  the  crew  set  sail  and  returned 
to  England. 

1603.  —  PoxTGRAVB,  under  the  auspices  of  the  company  in 
which  he  was  interested,  again  visited  the  St.  Lawrence  and 
ascended  it  as  high  as  Ilochalaga. 

In  this  voyage  ho  was  accompanied  by  Samuel  Champlain,  who  this  year,  after 
his  return,  publislied  a  map  of  Niagara. 


1603-G.] 


ANKALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


21 


1G03,  NovEMBFU  3.  —  ITonry  TV.  of  Franco  granted  to  Piorro 
(lu  (jlast,  Siour  do  MoutH,  all  that  part  of  tho  continent  i)ot\voon 
40^  and  4G'  nortii  latitude,  niakinfj^  liim  li(Mitonant-guneral  of  tho 
country  with  power  to  colonize  it.  On  December  18,  ho  waa 
lurthor  f;jranted  t*  monopidy  of  tho  fur  trado  in  this  territory 
called  Acadio. 

1004,  Mahch  7.  —  Do  Montfl  Hct  sail  with  four  sliips  from 
France  to  form  a  settlement  at  Acadio. 

Ono  of  the  vessi'ls  in  coniinand  of  ront(jriiv6  was  to  drive  nway  interloping 
traders;  anotlior  was  to  purclmsc  furs  at  tiie  St.  Lawrence;  tlie  otiiers,  coni- 
iimndi'il  l)y  hiniself,  liad  on  Ixmrd  Clianiplain  and  I'ontrincourt,  and  won;  to  select 
a  site  and  found  a  colony.  A  settlcnii'iit  was  made  and  a  fort  l)uilt  on  an  island 
in  I'as.saniaqnoddy  Bay,  which  he  called  St.  Croix  (this  name  hein;^  soon  yiven  to 
tho  adjaci'nt  river).  The  next  sprinj^,  the  colony  havinf^  suffered  from  their  con- 
fined position,  search  was  made  for  a  new  situation,  and  I)e  Monts  explored  tho 
coast  as  far  south  as  Capo  Cod,  where  he  landed,  hut  was  prevented  from  settling 
on  account  of  the  hostility  of  the  natives;  and  additional  settlers  Jiavinf^  arrived, 
the  whole  colony  was  removed  to  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis.  The  next  summer 
(.'ape  Cod  was  further  explored  for  settlement,  but  the  hostility  of  tho  natives 
ajiain  prevented  it,  and  the  next  winter  Port  lioyal,  the  first  settlement  in  Acadie, 
was  abandoned. 

IGOo,  March  31.  —  George  Weymouth,  sent  l)y  the  Earl  of 
Southampton  and  Lord  Arundel  to  seek  lor  tho  north-west  pas- 
sage, sailed  from  tho  Downs,  and  touched  land  about  4P  30' 
north  latitude. 


lie  is  thoutrlit  to  have  discovered  tho  Penobscot  River. 
ricd  with  hini  live  Indians. 


On  his  return  ho  car- 


IGOG,  April  10.  —  In  April,  James  I.  granted  %  charter  to  two 
comi)iinies  to  plant  colonies  in  America  between  34°  and  45" 
north  latitude. 

The  first  of  these,  the  London  Company,  wan  empowered  to  plant  colonies  be- 
tween ;U  and  41"'  north  latitude,  or  between  Cape  Fear  and  the  east  end  of  Long 
Island.  The  second  was  entitled  tho  Plymouth  Coini)any,  and  consisted  chief'iy 
of  person*  in  and  about  Plymouth  and  Rristol.  Its  settlement  was  to  be  called 
tho  Second  Colony  of  Virginia.  It  had  the  rii^ht  to  settle  colonies  between  38'-' 
and  45-'  north  latitude,  or  between  Delaware  Bay  and  Halifax.  Neither  of  tliem 
was  to  make  a  settlement  witliin  a  hundred  miles  of  one  previously  established 
by  the  otlier.  and  the  territory  of  each  colony  Avas  limited  to  fifty  miles  aloni,'  tho 
filiore,  on  either  side  of  the  spot  first  occupied,  and  one  hundred  miles  inland, 
and  the  same  distance  on  the  ocean,  embracing  all  islands  whieii  were  within  it. 
A  council  composed  of  thirteen  residents  in  each  colony,  nominated  by  the  king, 
was  to  regulate  local  matters.  A  council  of  Virginia,  resident  in  England,  and 
.tppoiiiti'd  iiy  the  king,  had  a  general  supervision  over  both  colonies.  Tlie  fifth 
of  all  <;old  and  silver  mines,  and  the  fifteenth  of  all  copper,  were  to  bo  paid  to  tho 
king.  The  companies  had  the  power  to  coin  money,  lay  duties  for  twenty-ono 
years,  and  import  goods  from  England  free  for  seven  years.  The  alleged  reason 
for  tlie  patent  was  tlie  advancement  of  tho  divine  glory  "  by  bringing  the  Indiana 
and  savages  resident  in  these  parts  to  human  civility  and  a  settled  and  quiet 


22 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G06-8. 


government."    Sir  Wiiltor  Rt  luigli'ii  cluirtor  wua  cunsidurud  forfuit,  ho  buing  in 
prison  on  a  clmrgo  of  lii(;li  truuson. 

1606,  NovKMiinrt  20. — Jumoa  I.  issued  "  luatructiuna  for  tho 
govoniinoiit  of  Virginia." 

In  tlu'so  lie  niipointi'il  a  council,  lu  bo  incrcaHeil  or  altered  at  tlio  kin^'H  pleas- 
nro,  and  aiithorizi'd  to  appoint  tlie  local  couneiIn,  which  were  reduced  to  Hevtn 
inemhiTH  eueii.  Tiie  local  council!)  were  to  choose  a  president  from  ainonK  them- 
selves, and  had  power  to  suHpend  him  or  any  other  member  for  good  ciiuhc,  and 
to  fill  viicaiiciea  till  new  ai»pointinciits  were  sent  from  England.  The  president 
had  a  doui)le  vote.  It  was  tiie  special  duly  of  the  councils  to  provide  that  "  tlio 
true  word  and  service  of  God,  according  to  the  rites  and  services  of  thc^Clmrcli 
of  England,  be  i)reaelu'd,  planted,  and  used  in  the  colonies  and  among  the  neigh- 
borin>r  savages."  Certain  ollences,  triable  by  jury,  were  made  capital,  others 
could  be  tried  by  tho  councils  and  punished  at  their  discretion.  Their  laws,  not 
touching  lite  or  limb,  were  to  retnain  unf  1  set  asiile  by  the  king  or  the  council 
for  Virginia.  Their  trade  and  industry  'lt  tho  first  five  years  were  to  renuvin 
common  stock,  or  "  two  or  three  stocks  at  most,"  to  bo  managed  by  a  factor 
selected  yearly  by  tlio  local  councils,  and  in  England  by  conunittees  appointed 
for  tluit  purpose. 

1G07.  —  PoNTRiNCOURT  established  at  Port  Royal  tho  fir. s  per- 
manont  French  settloinent  in  America. 

lie  had  received  a  confirmation  of  the  grant  ho  had  from  Do  Monts. 

1607.  —  In  February,  an  expedition  sent  out  by  tlie  Plymouth 
Company  made  a  settlement  ou  tho  coast  of  Maine  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Kennebec. 

This  expedition  was  under  the  command  of  George  Popham,  and  Raleigh 
Gilbert,  a  nepliew  of  Sir  Walter  Raleigli.  I'opliam  was  president  of  tlie  council, 
and  Gilbert  was  admiral.  Tlie  next  winter  P()j)luim  died,  and  news  having  arrived 
of  the  death  of  Sir  John  Gilbert,  Raleigh  Gilbert  returned  to  England,  and  tho 
settlement  was  abandoned. 

1607,  May  13.  —  A  settlement  was  made  at  Jamestown,  Vir- 
ginia,  by  an  expedition  sent  out  by  tho  London  Company. 

The  expeditior  jonsisted  of  one  hundred  and  five  men,  in  three  ships,  under  tho 
command  of  C  "'.topher  Newport.  They  ascended  the  Chesapeake  Bay  and  the 
James  River,  and  called  the  spot  Jamestown.  Bartholomew  Gosnold  and  Captain 
John  Smith  were  prominent  men  among  tho  colonists,  M'ho  suffered  greatly  tho 
first  season,  and  were  saved  from  destruction  by  Smith,  aided  by  roeahontas. 
The  encroachments  of  the  river  are  rai)id'.y  making  the  promontory  an  island, 
and  there  are  only  a  few  ruins  left  of  the  original  settlement,  the  major  part 
having  been  burned  to  the  ground  in  1G70  l)y  Nathaniel  Bacon  Uuring  the  insur- 
rection. 

1608.  —  A  SHIP  from  the  London  Company,  under  Captain  New- 
port, brought  a  crown  for  Powhatan,  with  orders  for  his  "  crown- 
ation,"  and  mechanics  to  make  pitch,  lar,  glass,  mills,  and  soap- 
ashes. 


iGoc-y.j 


ANNALS  OF  NOIITII  AMERICA. 


23 


The  council  coiupliiinin'^  that  no  j^oUl  or  silver  was  sent,  throntcncil  that  unU'sa 
the  expeiisi'H,  two  Ihouminil  pountls,  were  not  repiiitl  by  tlic  return  Ciirj^o,  tlio 
colony  wouhl  he  deserted.  Cuptain  Joim  Smith  returned  "  a  plain  and  scholarly 
auHWcr,"  and  sent  hy  tlie  ship  "trials  of  pitch,  tar,  ulass,  frankincense,  an<l  soap- 
u.shes,  witii  what  wain.cot  and  claphoard  could  l)e  provided."  The  ship  hrout^iit 
one  hnndnd  and  twenty  e(donibt8.  The  llr^t  luurriugu  ill  Virginia  wan  that  uf 
Joiin  Laydun  tu  Ann  Barras. 

1G08,  —  CiiAMi'LAiN  established  the  post  of  Quebec  on  the  St. 
Lawrence. 

lie  iiad  ohtained  an  outfit  from  Bomc  merchants  in  St.  Male  and  Dieppe. 

1G09,  May  23.  —  A  new  charter  was  granted  tlio  London  Com- 
pany, and  tlioy  wore  incorporated  with  tlio  titlo  "  Tlio  Treasurer 
and  Company  ot"  Adventurers  and  rianters  of"  the  City  of  London 
ior  the  First  Ct)lony  in  Virginia." 

By  the  new  ciiarter  the  treasurer  was  the  chief  executive  ofBcor,  and  he  was 
elected  i)y  the  stoekiiolders,  who  also  filled  vacancies  in  the  council.  Tiie  coun- 
cil was  named  in  the  elmrter.  The  local  council  was  replaced  hy  a  governor 
appointed  i>y  tlie  council  in  England;  the  council  was  empowered  to  make  laws 
for  tiie  colony,  to  conform  "as  near  as  mitfht  be  "  to  the  laws  of  England.  Lord 
Do  la  War  was  appointed  governor. 

1G09,  July  4.  —  Samuel  Champhiin  entered  Now  York  state 
from  the  sottlemont  in  C'anada. 

With  two  companions  ho  accompanied  a  party  of  Canadian  Indians  in  a  war 
expedition,  and  discovered  tlie  lake  whicli  is  named  after  him ;  and  on  tiie  30th 
of  tlie  same  montii,  fouglit  on  its  western  sliores  a  battle  wiili  a  conii)any  of 
Jloliawks  and  defeated  them.  This  laid  tiiC  f>)undation3  for  tlio  liatred  of  the 
Five  Nations  to  the  French,  wliicli  lasted  all  thmugli  tlie  years  tlic  Freneli  licld 
l)()wer  in  America.  The  Five  Nations  —  the  AIt)liawks,  tlie  Oneidas,  tlie  Onoiula- 
Kus,  the  Cayugas,  and  tlie  Senecas  —  had  previously  formed  an  alliance  ofl'ensivc 
and  defensive  against  the  other  savages  of  the  country. 

IGOn,  Septembkr  9.  —  Hendricli  Hudson,  in  the  service  of  the 
East  India  Company  of  nolland,  vii-ited  America,  and  sailed  up 
the  river,  called  the  Hudson,  I'roni  his  discovery  of  it. 

Ilia  vessel  was  called  the  Half  Moon,  and  lie  was  engaged  in  an  attempt  to  dis- 
cover the  north-west  passage  to  India. 

1G09,  October.  —  The  scttleniont  in  Virginia  is  said  to  have 
had  ncaily  five  hundred  persons,  five  or  six  hundred  liogs,  as 
nuuiy  fowls,  and  some  goats,  sheep,  and  horses,  and  about  thirty 
acres  under  cultivation. 

The  stock  was  all  destroyed  hy  the  Indians  and  by  the  colonists  for  food.  Dur- 
int;  tills  year  tliey  ni.ade  three  or  four  "  lasts  "  of  tar,  pitch,  soap-ashes,  and  made  a 
trial  of  glass ;  sunk  a  well  in  the  fort ;  built  twenty  houses ;  put  a  new  roof  to  the 
cimrcli ;  made  nets  and  seines  for  fishing ;  built  a  block-house  for  trading  with 
tlie  Indians ;  broke  up  and  planted  about  forty  acres  of  ground,  and  during  their 
leisure  made  clapboards  and  wainscoting. 


24 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[lGll-13.  ■  1613-14.] 


16X1,  August.  —  Sir  Thomas  Gates  arrived  at  Jamestown  with 
six  sliips,  three  hundred  colonists,  and  one  or  two  hundred  cows, 
some  swine,  and  an  ample  store  of  provisions. 

Another  sottleinont,  called  New  Bermuda,  was  made  at  the  jur  tion  of  the  Aj)- 
pomattox  and  the  James. 

1611.  —  The  use  of  the  spade  in  the  culture  of  tobacco  was 
begun  this  year  in  Virginia,  and  the  yield  greatly  increased  by 
this  improved  culture. 

ICll.  —  The  States  General  of  Holland  decreed  that  ?peciiil 
privileges  shouhl  b(i  granted  to  all  companies  who  would  maku 
settlements  in  the  New  Netherlands  (New  York),  and  open  trado 
with  the  natives. 

1612,  March  12.  —  A  supplementary  charter  vas  granted  tho 
London  Company. 

By  it  the  oontrol  of  affairs  was  taken  from  the  council  and  ^jivei.  to  the  hody  of 
the  stockholders.  Authority  was  also  given  the  Company  to  rai,-o  money  by 
lotteries.     Subsequently  about  thirty  thousand  pounds  were  raised  by  this  means. 

1612.  —  A  SAMPLE  of  wine  made  from  native  grapes  was  sent  tu 
England  from  Virginia. 

1612. — The  Urst  bricks  were  made  at  the  settlement  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

In  a  pamphlet  of  this  date,  entitled  The  New  Life  of  Virginia,  occurs  the  fol- 
lowing extract :  "  The  spade-men  fell  to  digging,  the  brick-men  burnt  their  bricks, 
the  company  cut  down  wood,  tlie  carpenters  fell  to  squaring,  the  sawyers  to  saw- 
ing, the  soldiers  to  fortiiying,  and  every  man  to  somewhiit.  And  to  answer  the 
first  objection  for  wholesome  lodging  here,  they  have  bu  competent  and  decent 
houses,  (lie  first  story  all  of  bricks,  that  every  man  may  have  his  lodging  and 
dwelling-place  apart  by  himselfo." 

1612.  —  Captain  Ai?(;ali,,  in  an  expedition  to  tho  Potomac  to 
obtain  corn,  Ibiind  Pocaliontas,  and,  enticing  her  on  his  vessel, 
carried  her  to  Jamestown. 

Her  father  claiming  her,  the  dispute  was  healed,  and  the  friendship  of  the 
Indians  strengthened  by  her  marriage,  the  next  year,  with  one  of  the  colonists, 
John  Kolfe.  From  a  son  born  of  this  marruige,  descendautJ  are  still  existing  in 
Virginia. 

1612.  —  The  earliest  coinage  for  America  is  said  to  have  been 
made  for  Virginia  at  Somers  Islands,  near  the  Bermudas. 

The  coin  was  of  br.ass,  having  on  one  side  the  words  "  Sonnner  Island"  and 
"a  hogge,  in  memory  of  the  abundance  of  hogges  which  were  found  on  their  first 
landing ;  "  on  the  reverse,  a  ship  under  sail  fi)  ing  a  gun. 

161.S. —  Captain  Arcall.  sailing  from  the  settlement  at  James- 
town, upon  an  ostensible  fishing  voyngo,  attacked  a  French  set- 
tlement called  St.  Savcur,  on  Mont  Desert,  an  island  near 
Penobscot  Bay,  which  had  just  been  established,  and  broke  it  up. 


Some  of  the  s( 
sent  Argall  to  de^ 
of  latitude.  Tiiis 
Port  Uoyal  is  sa 
crowns.  Returni 
Duteli  traders  luu 
English,  flag.  Aft 
to  Port  Royal. 

161.3.  —  Th 

coming  to  Vir 
to  tilty  aci  es. 

All  the  land  in 
each  hundred  ac 
Company,  and  a  j 
ernor.     Tobacco 

1G14.  — Th 
of  trade  with 

Tlie  company 
Island,  and  subs 
and  another  at  Ni 
Netlierland.  Tlu 
called  the  North 
the  .South  River. 

IGU.  — Ca: 
fire  the  ship 
the  ^lanliattai 
measuring  tlii 
in  length,  ele^ 
biu'den. 

In  this  small 
America,  a  voyag 
Block  Island,  off 
builder  of  the  ves 

IGU.  —  Ca 
Engliind,  saih 
Jamestown,  w 
experiments  i 

They  reached 
in  April,  visited  tl 
and  then,  buiUlin 
fishing  with  greu 
hundred  pounds. 
Prince  Charles,  ( 
given  to  this  sccti 

In  this  voyage 
ships,  enticed  twt 
thcni  to  Spain  an 


1613-14.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


25 


Some  of  tlio  settlors  were  carried  to  Jamestown,  and  the  governor  and  coiincil 
8cnt  ArgiiU  to  destroy  the  French  settlements  in  Acadio  to  the  forty-sixth  degveu 
of  liititudo.  This  he  did,  destroyinj?  the  huildinsj^s  at  St.  Croix  and  at  Tort  Royal. 
I'ort  Uoyal  is  said  to  have  cost  tlic  Frencli  more  tiian  one  liiiiidred  tiiousaiul 
crowns.  Returning  to  Jamestown,  Argall  stopped  at  Maniiattan,  wiiero  some 
Dutc'li  traders  liad  recently  e.stal)lish(ul  tliemselves,  and  ohligod  them  to  float  the 
En.yiisi!  flag.  After  his  departure  they  took  it  down,  and  the  Frencli  soon  returned 
to  Port  Royal. 

161.3.  —  The  hundred  acres  originally  allowed  to  all  persons 
coming  to  Virginia,  or  bringing  others  there,  Avero  now  reduced 
to  lif'ty  acres. 

Ali  the  land  in  Virginia  was  suhjcct  to  a  yearly  quit-rent  of  t:^'o  shillings  for 
oiich  luindred  acres.  The  workers  were  generally  the  indented  servants  of  the 
Company,  and  a  plantation  cultivated  l)y  one  hundred  of  tliese  supx)orted  the  gov- 
ernor.    Tobacco  sold  for  t-iree  sliillings  a  pound. 

1614.  —  The  States  General  of  Holland  granted  the  monopoly 
of  trade  with  the  lands  they  claimed  in  America,  to  a  company 

Tiio  conipaiiy  huilt  a  fort  at  Albany,  another  on  the  south-west  part  of  Long 
Island,  and  subsequently  one  on  tlie  Connecticut  River,  the  site  of  Hartford, 
anil  another  at  Nassau  on  the  Delaware  River.  The  territory  was  known  as  New 
Netherland.  The  Hudson  River  was  first  called  the  Mauritius,  and  came  to  bo 
called  the  North  River,  in  distinction  from  the  Delaware,  which  was  called 
tlie  South  River. 

1614.  —  Captain  Adrien  Block,  at  New  York,  having  lost  by 
firo  the  ship  which  he  had  brought  from  Amsterdam,  built  on 
the  Jihinhattan  River  the  "  Onrest,"  or  "  The  llestless,"  a  yacht 
niciipuring  thirty-eight  feet  in  the  keel,  forty-four  and  a  half  I'eet 
ill  length,  eleven  and  a  half  feet  in  breadth,  and  of  wixteen  tons 
biu'den. 

In  tliis  small  craft,  which  is  supposed  to  be  the  first  dti'^kod  vessel  built  in 
America,  a  voyage  of  discovery  was  made  through  Ilell  Gate  and  tne  Sound ;  and 
151ock  Isliind,  off  Newi)ort  harbor,  being  discovered,  was  named  in  honor  of  the 
builder  of  the  vessel. 

1614.  — Captain  John  Smith,  who  had  recently  returned  from 
Engliind,  sail(Ml  for  "  Xorth  Virginia"  from  tlic  settlement  at 
Jiuuestown,  with  two  sliifjs  and  Ibrty-five  men  and  boys,  to  make 
experiments  upon  a  gold  and  copper  mine. 

They  reached  tlie  Island  Monahigan,  on  the  coast  of  Maine,  latitude  13"  30', 
in  April,  visitv'd  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  made  an  xmsuceessful  attemi)t  at  whale-fisl\ing, 
and  tlien,  building  seven  small  boats,  tlurty-seven  men  of  tlie  party  engaged  hi 
fishing  with  great  success.  Rj'  this  voyage  Smith  is  said  to  have  made  fifteen 
liuiidred  jjounds.  The  map  he  drew  of  the  country  is  said  to  have  so  jdeased 
Prince  Charles,  on  his  return  to  England,  that  the  name  New  England  was  then 
given  to  tliis  section  of  North  America. 

In  this  voyage  Tlioi'ias  Hunt,  whom  Smith  left  bi'hind  in  command  of  one  of  his 
ships,  enticed  twenty-seven  of  the  natives  on  board,  and  capturing  tliem,  carried 
them  to  Spain  and  sold  them  as  slaves. 


26 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G15-19.  ■  1619-20.] 


1G15.  —  Jacob  Elkins,  sent  out  from  Holland,  ascended  tho 
Mauritius,  or  Hudson  River,  and  built  a  fort,  or  trading-house, 
near  tlio  present  site  of  Albany. 

It  was  built  .at  first  on  an  island,  and  in  a  year  or  two  was  moved  to  the  west 
bank  of  tlie  river.  From  this  point  the  IJuteli  came  into  relations  with  tho  Five 
Nations,  the  confederacy  among  the  Indians,  the  fear  of  which  extended  through  tho 
other  tilbes  even  to  the  extreme  south.  The  Dutch  from  this  point  are  said  to 
have  furnislied  tlio  Indians  with  flre-arins.  Tho  Five  Nations  were  liostilc  to  the 
French  from  the  fact  that  they  had  assisted  the  Hurons  and  otiier  northern  tribes 
dwelling  in  the  region  of  the  8t.  Lawrence,  between  whom  and  the  Five  Nations 
there  had  long  been  a  feud. 

1615.  —  The  Dutch  built  a  fort  or  trading- station  on  tho  Island 
of  Manhattan. 

It  was  built  by  Corstiaensen,  who  had  been  sent  out  as  chief  commander  by  the 
Holland  Company  to  explore  the  region. 

1615,  March.  • — The  Plymouth  Company  sent  out  an  expedi- 
tion to  begin  a  colony  iu  New  England. 

The  report  given  l>y  ('aptain  .John  Smith  of  the  country  was  the  cause  for  this. 
C.iptain  Sinitli  was  put  in  eonimand  of  the  expedition.  His  ship  was  dismasted 
and  had  to  put  back  to  Plymouth.  Starting  again,  ho  was  captured  by  a  French 
war-vessel  and  carried  to  llochelle.  The  other  vessel  of  the  expedition,  com. 
nianded  by  Thomas  Dernier,  continued  the  voyage,  and  returned  in  August  with  a 
profitable  freight. 

1615.  —  Philip  III.  gave  a  charter  to  now  Vera  Cruz. 

1616.  —  Captain  IIexorichson,  in  tho  "Onrest,"  explored  nearly 
the  whole  cotist  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  capos  of  Virginia,  and 
on  liis  return  to  Holland  presented  to  the  authorities  a  map  of 
tho  territory,  and  asked  for  a  grant  of  the  country,  which  was 
refused. 

During  this  year  eight  ships  were  engaged  in  trading  from  New  England. 
your  of  them  were  from  Lmidoii  and  four  from  I'lymoutli;  their  chief  cargor? 
were  fi.-^li  and  oil. 

1617.  —  Captain  Argall,  the  now  governor,  arriving  at  James- 
town, found  tho  colony  declining,  the  ])ublic  buildings  and  works 
fallen  into  decay,  and  only  live  houses  liabitable. 

Tobacco  was  planted  in  tlie  market-place,  tho  streets,  and  all  tho  vacant  spares. 
The  price  of  tobacco  was  fixed  this  jear,  by  an  edict  from  the  governor,  at  tlnvc 
shillings  a  pound,  under  penalty  of  tho  infringer  serving  as  a  slave  of  the  colony 
for  three  years. 

1610,  April  28.  —  Sir  Thomas  Smith  ended  his  administration 
as  treasurer  of  the  affairs  of  the  London  Company,  which  he  was 
charged  with  having  ruined. 

The  settlement  contained  six  hundred  persons,  and  tho  Company  had  spent 
eighty  thousand  pounds,  and  was  in  debt  four  thousand  more. 


1619.  — Thi 

I  among  other 
the  manufaotui 


1619--20.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


27 


Some  question  being  made  aa  to  his  vouchers,  lie  offered  his  resignation,  which 
was  accepted,  and  Sir  Edwin  Sandys  toolt  liis  place. 

IfilO,  May  20.  —  Thomas  Dormer,  '.vho  had  been  sent  out  from 
England,  by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  on  a  fishing-  voyage,  coasted 
from  the  Kennebec  to  Virginia,  passing  through  Long  Island 
Sound, 

He  was  probably  the  first  navigator  to  do  tliis.  On  his  way  he  stopped  at  Man- 
hattan, and  claimed  that  territory  as  being  English.  The  Dutch  traders  there 
replied  they  weie  the  fi.st  to  occupy  it. 

1619,  June  19.  —  The  representatives,  two  in  number,  from 
each  of  the  eleven  incorporations  and  plantations  of  Virginia, 
acting  as  burgesses,  assembled  at  Jamestown  in  the  church, 
being  called  together  by  the  governor. 

Ik'fore  this  the  settlement  had  been  ruled  by  authority  derived  from  the  crown. 
Tills  origin  of  tiie  house  of  burgesses  in  Virginia  was  the  inauguration  of  the 
principle  of  representation  on  this  continent.  Among  the  proceedings  of  the 
house,  measures  were  taken  towards  the  education  of  the  Indians,  and  tic  erec- 
tion of  a  "university  or  college."  The  governor  and  council  met  with  the 
burgesses.     There  is  no  record  extant  of  its  proceedings. 

In  tlie  election  of  the  first  repn  tentative  body  in  Virginia,  the  divison  of  the 
population  were  cities,  hundreds,  and  plantations.  Eventually  they  became  coun- 
ties and  parishes. 

In  105G  it  M'as  ordered  that  all  the  counties  not  yet  laid  out  into  p.  shcs 
should  be  so  laid  out. 

1G19. — The  London  Company  sent  to  the  colony  in  Virginia, 
i  among  other  colonists,  one  hundred  and  filty  persons  skilled  in 
the  manufacture  of  iron. 

The  design  was  to  erect  three  iron-works.  Works  for  smelting  the  ore  were 
elected  on  Falling  Creek,  a  bran^di  of  the  James,  not  far  from  Jamestown. 
Among  the  colonists  were  ninety  young  women,  "  pure  and  uncorrupt,"  wiio  were 
sold  as  wives  to  the  planters,  their  price  being  one  hundreil  pounds  of  tobacco. 
By  the  king's  special  order,  a  hundreil  "jail  birds"  from  the  prisons  were  also 
I  sent  over,  to  be  sold  as  servants.  In  August  of  this  year  twenty  negroes,  brought 
to  Jamestown  by  a  Dutch  trading-vessel,  were  sold  us  slaves. 


I(i20.  —  Before   this   date,  salt-making  was   begun   at   Cape 
Charles,  in  Virginia. 

Having  from  some  cause  ceased  this  year,  tlu  work  was  begun  again,  and  it 
[was  ordered  to  l>e  made  "  in  abundance,  and  alter  the  manner  of  those  hotter 
[climates,  which  may  i)rove  a  great  helpe  to  enrich  the  i)lantation."  To  supply 
|tlic  dtinand  of  the  "  great  fishing,"  on  the  coast,  was  one  of  the  motives. 

1620.  —  A  viNEYAUD  was  planted  in  Virginia  by  the  London 
I  Company. 

1620.  —  The  states  of  Holland  cliartorcd  the  West  India  Com- 
[pany,  and  granted  it  the  power  to  govern  their  possessions  in 
America. 


28 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1620. 


There  wore  never  nny  well-dofinetl  boundaries  to  the  Nethcrlnnds.  Its  interests 
were  confided  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  of  the  West  India  Company. 

1620.  —  The  cattle  of  the  colony  in  Virginia  had  increased  to 
about  five  hundred. 

A  declaration  of  the  State  of  Virginia  speaks  of  tliese  as  "much  bij^gcr  of 
body  tlian  tlie  breed  from  wliieli  tliey  eanio ;  tlio  liorses  also  more  beautiful  and 
fuller  of  courage." 

1620,  May  17.  —  At  a  meeting  of  the  London  Company,  held 
in  London,  many  fresh  accessions  of  persons  of  distinction  were 
made  lor  the  Virginia  enterprise. 

The  treasurer,  Sir  Edwin  Sandys,  resigned  his  position,  and  made  a  statement 
of  the  condition  of  aflairs.  A  hundred  and  fifty  persons  had  been  sent  out  to  erect 
tlirec  iron-works ;  instructions  had  been  {iiven  for  making  cordage,  of  both  hemp 
and  ihvx,  and  particuhuly  of  silk  grass,  which  was  a  native  plant  groM'ing  in  great 
abundance,  from  which  it  had  been  found  l)y  exju'rinient  that  the  best  cordage  in 
the  world  could  l)e  made.  That,  to  establish  this  industry,  every  family  wiu 
ordered  lo  set  out  one  hundred  of  the  plants,  and  the  governor  five  thousaml. 
Pitch,  tar,  pot  and  soap  aslies,  were  also  to  be  made,  together  with  timber  fur 
lumber  and  ship-building.  The  culture  of  the  mulberry-tree  and  the  raising  of 
silk  were  also  i;trongly  recommended,  and  the  king  had  for  the  second  time  fur- 
nished a  sujiply  of  silkworm  eggs  from  bis  own  store.  Grapes  were  also  rec- 
onmiended  tor  culture,  and  a  supply  of  cuttings  had  been  sent  out.  Salt  works 
were  also  to  be  built,  and  those  wliioh  had  fallen  into  disuse,  restored.  In  May 
of  the  same  year,  the  burgesses,  the  first  representative  assembly  which  ever  met 
in  America,  made  appropriations  for  the  establishment  of  salt  works  at  Cape 
Charles,  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  an  iron-work  at  Falling  Oeek,  in  Jamestown 
lliver. 

1620,  August  5.  —  The  Plymouth  colonists  set  sail  from  South- 
ampton, England,  for  this  country. 

Tins  expedition  was  brought  about  chiefly  ])y  the  exertions  of  Robert  Cushman, 
who  had  since  1017  been  trying,  in  the  interests  of  a  congregation  of  non-conform- 
ists, exiled  at  Leyden,  to  gain  leave  and  suffi(,'ient  funds  for  them  to  emigrate  to 
this  country.  After  three  efforts  he  finally  succeeded,  by  making  concessions  to 
the  "  Jlerchant  Adventurers  "  of  London,  in  securing  the  two  vessels  Mayflower 
and  Sjieeilwell.  The  latter  proving  nnseaworthy,  he  remained  behind  at  I'lym- 
outh,  where  the  vessel  had  put  in,  and  follo.i'cd  the  first  colonists  in  the  FortuiK', 
which  vessel  reached  New  I'lymouth  Novendier  9,  1(J2L  On  December  12,  Ik' 
preached  in  the  '"connnon  house"  the  first  sermon  in  America,  which  was  after- 
wards printed.  His  text  was,  "  On  the  sin  and  dnmjer  of  self-love."  He  soon 
returned  to  England,  and  published  there  a  namphlet  appealing  for  aid  for  tliu 
Plymouth  colony;  ho  remained  in  England  as  agent  for  the  settler.s  until  lOl'o, 
when,  having  procured  a  charter  for  the  settlement  at  Cape  Ann,  he  decided  to 
start  for  this  country  and  take  up  his  i)erinanent  residence,  but  died  before  his 
preparations  were  completed. 

1620,  November  3.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  was  super- 
seded  l)y  a  new  charter,  called  the  "  Groat  Patent." 

It  was  superseded  at  its  own  request.     The  new  charter  granted  by  King  .James 


t(l 

to 
,•111- 


1620-  21.] 


^ViW'.V;,, 


ii,^,;ijp_    :, 


W'^ 


i<*11 


i^^- 


r        '^v 


\  i,,      .Nwwl:'"''^'"'- 


■•«»i«  -f^; — -^ 


^^0 


^PWf' 


^^tWi^-' 


>^x 


in('or()oriito(]  as  n 
for  tiK'  iilantiug 
Tlicy  were  Kiven 
of  tlu'  counlry  b 
cxtciidinj,'  tVojii  8 
occu])it'(l  by  any  c 

1G20,  NovE) 

perniiiiient  sot 

I  cast  anchor  in 

After  sending  a 
JeoMijiany  ajrreed  t 
Ln'neral.iy  celebrate 
I  remained  on  boar. 
|iaM(iint{-])]ace,  liad 
Itlicre  called  Flynio 

1620,  NovEM 
[flower,  drew  up 

"In  the  name  c 
|«ui)jeets  of  our  (lr( 
jtlie  Klory  of  God,  a 
land  cdiintry,  a  voy 
ginia,  do,  by  these  ] 
one  another,  coven, 
[for  our  better  order 
nnd  by  virtue  herec 
brdinances,  acts,  co 
piost  meet  and  con 
promise  all  due  subi 
The  rilfri-itns  ha 
hnJ  exjieeted  to  Ian. 
till.'  C'()ini)any,  they 
London  (.'onii)any,  t. 
Pcrconal  service  of 
K'lnain  a  joint  stoel, 
fleeted  their  first  go 

1(521,  MAncn  1 
nade  u  treaty  ol 

Until  his  death  lie 
1.621,  OCTOMR 

piiia,  arrived  at 

'fs-'  came  with  nii 
N'ttcn  constitution  i\ 
[»n'|)any,  and  a  sp. 
"'''}'•  The  constit 
|ov(Tnor  and  counci 
'«Pn  I'y  the  people, 
K.  and   their  sepa 


1620-  21.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOKTII   AMEllICA. 


29 


incorpdratod  as  a  council  cstiiljlishctl  at  riymoutli,  an  asHociation  of  forty  persons, 
for  the-  planting,  rulin;?,  ordering,  and  governing  New  England,  in  America. 
They  were  given  exclusive  jurisdiction,  witii  the  right  of  a  seitlenient  and  IralHc 
of  the  country  between  the  fortieth  and  forty-eighth  degrees  of  north  latitude, 
extending  from  sea  to  sea,  witii  the  exception  of  such  places  as  were  actually 
I  occupied  hy  any  other  Christiiin  prince  or  people. 

1G20,  November  9.  —  The  Mayflower   from  Eiighinfl,  bringing 
periniincnt  settlors  to  New  p]ngland,  arrived,  and  the  next  day 
I  cast  anchor  in  Froviucetown  liarbor,  Cape  Cud. 

After  sending  a  boat's  crew  to  explore  the  coast,  and  receiving  their  report,  the 

Icoiiipanv  agreed  to  land  at  Ply  month,  arid  diil  so.     Tiie  22d  day  of  December  is 

gcneraUy  celei>rated  as  tin.'  anniversary  of  their  landing,  though  some  of  them 

reniiuned  on  board  the   ship  after  this    date.     The  port  cf   riymouth,  as    a   fit 

llaiuiiiig-pliU'e,  had  been  nnirked  on  John  Snnth's  map  of  New  England,  and  was 

[there  culled  Plymouth. 

1620,  NovKMBER  21.  —  The  Pilgrims,  in  the  cabin  of  the  May- 
jflower, drew  up  the  follov/ing  compact:  — 

"In  the  nnme  of  God,  Amen.     We,  whose  names  are  underwritten,  the  loyal 

bjcets  of  our  dread  Sovereign   lord.  King  .James,  &c.,  having  undertaken,  for 

the  glory  of  God,  and  advancement  of  the  Christian  faith  and  honor  of  our  king 

land  country,  a  voyage  to  plant   the    first   colony  in  the  northern  i)arts  of  Vir- 

iginiii,  do,  by  these  presents,  solenndy  and  mutually,  in  the  presence  ol'  (lod  and 

lone  another,  covenant  and  combine  ourselves  together  into  a  civil  hody  politiir, 

[for  our  better  ordering  and  ])rescrvation,  and  furtherance  of  the  ends  aforesaid; 

and  by  virtue  hereof  to  I'uact,  constitute,  and  frame  such  just  and  etpial  laws, 

nrdinimces,  acts,  constitutions,  and  ofiices,  from  time  to  time,  as  shall  be  thought 

most  meet  and  convenient  for  the  general  good  of  the  colony ;  unt(j  which  we 

promise  all  due  submission  and  obedience,     lu  witness  whereof." 

The  Pilgrims  had  come  over  under  an  agreenu'iit  with  the  London  Company, 
Bnil  exjiected  to  land  in  Virginia.  Finding  themselves  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of 
;lit'  (.'oinpimy,  they  made  the  above  agret'inent.  J}y  their  arrangement  with  the 
London  (,'ompany,  ten  jjounds  in  money  was  to  be  equal,  in  the  division,  to  the 
personal  service  of  an  abk'-bodied  enngrant,  and  the  whole  projjerty  was  to 
romain  a  joint  stock  for  seven  years,  and  then  to  be  divided.  John  Carver  was 
fleeted  their  first  governor. 

1621,  March  22.  —  Massasoit,  tlio  saclicm  of  the  Wampauoags, 
aado  a  treaty  of  peace  with  the  colony  of  Plymouth. 

Until  his  death  he  was  consistently  the  friend  of  the  colonists. 

1621,  October.  —  Sir  Francis  Wyatt,  the  new  governor  for  Vir- 
ginia, arrived  at  Jamestown. 

Ho  came  with  nine  vessels  and  nearly  seven  hundred  people,  and  brought  a 
Mttcn  constitution  for  tlie  colony,  wliich  liad  been  granted  them  liy  the  Virginia 
Company,  and  a  special  ordinance  confirunng  the  privilege  of  a  general  as- 
Icmbly.  The  constitution  was  modelled  after  that  of  the  mother  country.  The 
lov(>rnor  and  council,  appointed  by  the  Company,  together  witli  the  delegjites 
lliosen  l)y  the  people,  sat  together  as  a  general  asscnddy,  and  enacted  the  local 
aws,  and  their  separate  assent  was  required  for  their  passage.     The  Company 


30 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1621. 


ii    I 


could  set  aside  such  enactments.  The  governor  and  council  licld  quarterly 
sessions,  as  a  court  of  law,  from  which  appeals  lay  to  the  general  assembly,  and 
thence  to  tlie  Company.  I'arishes  were  instituted.  The  clergymen  were  sup- 
ported  hy  a  glebe  of  one  Imndred  acres,  cultivated  by  six  indented  tenants,  and  a  i 
salary  raised  by  taxation.  The  governor  was  to  uphold  the  forms  and  discipline 
of  the  Church  of  Kngland,  and  avoid  "  all  factions  and  needless  novelties." 

Three  of  tiie  chief  workmen  in  the  iron-works  in  Virginia  having  died,  twenty- 
two  more  skilled  workmen  were  sent  over  by  the  Company.  On  the  22d  of  March  | 
of  tlie  next  year,  the  Indians  massacred  the  entire  company,  with  the  exception 
of  one  boy  and  girl,  who  managed  to  conceal  themselves.  Tlirce  hundred  and 
forty-seven  persons  were  slaughtered,  and  the  works  destroyed,  so  that  the  proji-H 
was  abandoned,  and  the  manufacture  of  iron  not  resumed  here  for  nearly  a  j 
century. 

This  year  the  product  of  tobacco  was  so  large  in  Virginia  that  store-houses  | 
and  factories  were  establisiied  at  Middleburgh  and  Flushing,  and  fifty-five  thou- 
sand pounds  were  exported  to  Holland,  but  none  to  England. 

The  reason  why  no  tobacco  was  sent  to  England,  was  the  impost  which  had] 
been  laid  upon  it.     The  price  in  the  colony  Avas  limited  to  three  shillings,  and 
the  duty  upon  its  importation  into  England  was  the  same  as  that  laid  upon  Spanish  j 
tobacco,  which  it  is  said  sold  at  this  time  for  eighteen  shillings  a  pound. 

This  year,  the  instructions  brought  from  the  cotmcil  were  to  withdraw  attention  I 
from  tobacco,  and  apply  it  to  other  things.  A  fund  was  also  subscribed  fur  I 
beginning  the  manufacture  of  glass  beads,  which  passed  as  a  currency  withj 
the  Indians,  and  some  Italian  workmen  were  sent  over  to  the  colony  for  thej 
purpose. 

The  cultivation  of  cotton  began  this  year  in  America.    The  seeds  were  planted,  | 
and  their  plentiful  coming  up  was  a  matter  of  interest  both  to  the  colonists  ami 
their  friends  in  England.    The  price  of  "cotton  wool,"  this  year,  is  mentioned as| 
being  eight  pence  a  pound. 

1621. — Wives  were  sent  out  to  the  colonists  in  Virginia,  in | 
order  to  give  stability  to  the  settlement. 

In  this  and  the  following  year,  subscriptions  were  opened  for  the  purpose  of  mak- 
ing various  speculative  ventures  to  the  colony,  the  subscribers  to  which  werctnj 
share  in  the  profits.     The  speculation  in  wives  proved  tiie  most  successful;  the 
price  of  niaids,  it  is  said,  rose  from  one  hundred  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds 
of  tobacco,  and  the  supply  was  rapidly  exhausted. 

1621.  —  The  first  free  school  in  America  was  begun  at  Charles 
City,  Virginia. 

The  Company  gave  n  thousand  acres,  with  five  servants  and  an  overseer,  tij 
support  the  master  and  ushers.  It  was  intended  to  be  a  preparatory  school  fori 
a  projected  college  at  Henrico,  and  was  an  endowment  much  more  nearly  reseni-| 
bling  the  endowed  schools  of  England  than  the  free  schools  as  established  no«| 
in  this  country. 

1621.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  by  a  colony  of  Swedes  adj 
Finns,  who  established  themselves  ahing  Delaware  Bay. 

1621.  —  An  order  in  council  forbade  the  lotteries  in  England  inj 
favor  of  the  Virginia  Company. 


1G21-22.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


31 


Thcj'  were  stopped  as  being  an  illegal  method  of  raising  money  without  parlia- 
mentiiry  sanction. 

-[(521.  —  TiiK  Plymontli  Coinyiany  granted  to  John  Mason  a  tract 
ol'  land  between  Waleni  and  the  Merrimac  River. 
It  was  called  Mariana.     Mason  was  a  member  of  the  Company. 

1G21.  —  Tub  cohiny  at  Plymontli  received  from  the  council  a 
conveyance  for  the  land  they  occupied. 

It  was  made  out  in  trust  to  John  Pierce.  In  t'"'  ship  Fortune,  which  returned, 
the  first  fhiiiment  was  niiidi'  to  England.  It  (lonsisted  of  furs,  sassafras,  and  tiiuber, 
valued  at  five  hundred  pounds.  Passing  up  the  English  Cliannel,  the  I-'ortuno 
was  taken  by  a  French  cruiser. 

1621.  —  Jamks  I.,  as  king  of  Scotland,  and  under  the  Scotcli 
seal,  granted  all  the  territory  between  the  St.  Croi.x  Hivcr  and  tlie 
Gulf  of  St.  Liuvreuco  to  Sir  William  Alexander,  afterwards  the 
Earl  of  Sterling. 

The  territory  was  called  Nova  Scotia,  and  included  also  what  is  now  known  as 
New  Brunswick. 

1621. — William  Buadford  was  appointed  governor  of  the 
Plymouth  colony,  after  the  death  of  Carver. 

Bradford  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  England,  March,  1589;  died  May  f),  l(i57,  at 
Plymouth.  He  wrote  a  history  of  the  colony,  1G02  to  1047,  which  was  first 
printi'd  in  1S5G.  lie  was  annually  elected  governor  —  save  for  live  years,  when 
he  declined  to  servo  —  as  long  as  he  lived. 

1622.  —  The  colony  at  Plymouth  during  the  winter  were  forced 
to  live  on  half  rations,  and  in  spring  there  was  almost  a  iiunine. 

Tiicy  obtained  corn  from  the  fishing  stations  and  vessels  on  the  coast,  and  often 
paid  exorbitantly  for  it.  The  clams  on  the  shore  were  one  of  their  chief  de- 
pendencies. 

1622,  March  22.  —  A  preconcerted  attack  by  the  Indians  was 
made  upon  all  the  settlements  in  Virginia. 

Jamestown  and  a  few  of  the  neighboring  jilantations  received  warning  the  night 
before  from  a  converted  Indian,  and  pr(>pared  for  it.  Three  Inindri'd  and  fifty 
persons  perished.  A  war  followed,  in  which  the  colonists  were  successful,  slowly 
exterminating  the  native  population. 

1022.  —  The  settlement  at  Plymoutli  was  surrounded  with  a 
palisade  of  timbers  driven  into  the  ground,  enclosing  a  circuit  of 
u  inilo,  with  three  gates. 

News  having  been  received  of  the  massacre  in  Virginia,  a  fort  was  built,  which 
was  used  also  as  a  meeting-house. 

1622.  —  The  exportation  of  iron  from  Virginia  was  forbidden  by 
the  assembly,  under  a  penalty  of  ten  pounds  of  tobacco  for  each 
pound  of  iron. 

1622.  —  A  SAMPLE  of  wine  was  sent  to  England  from  Virginia. 


32 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[IG22-23.  ■  1G23-4.] 


1G22,  April  20.  —  ricrco  took  a  convoyanco  to  liinii^olf  from 
tho  council,  of  the  land  occupied  by  tlio  I'lynioutli  colony. 

1G22,  AiiouMT  10.  —  Tho  riynioutli  Company  mu\o  a  grant  to 
John  Mason  itnd  Sir  Fcrdinando  (iorgos  of  liuid  lying  botwi'cn  tho 
MerriiiKic  iuid  thu  Kcnncbuc  Rivers,  und  extending  back  to  tho 
river  in  Cunada. 

Tho  tract  wns  calktl  Laconia. 

1G23,  May  18. — Jolin  ricrco  transferred  tho  land  of  tho 
Plymouth  colony  to  the  adventurers  for  five  hundred  pounds. 

Ho  liad  also  obtained  another  grant  in  liis  own  name  of  a  larger  tract,  which  ho 
also  sold. 

1023,  ]\rAY.  —  Tlio  records  of  tho  Virginia  Compnny  were 
ordered  by  tho  king  to  bo  sei/.ed,  and  commissioners  a])pointod  to 
investigate  their  aiTaira. 

In  October,  commissioners  were  sent  to  Virginia  to  examine  matters  on  tlio 
spot.  The  war  with  tlie  Indians,  togetlier  with  tlic  massacre  and  tlie  failure  of 
pecuniary  returns  from  the  enterprise,  caused  great  dissensions  among  the  stock- 
holders. 

1G23,  Septemrer.  —  Tho  Plymoutli  colony  sent  Edward  Wins- 
low  to  England  in  the  Anne,  as  an  agent  to  obtain  supplies,  and 
report  the  progress  of  tho  settlement. 

Witli  R()l)ert  Cushman  as  an  associate,  he  obtained  a  charter  of  Cape  Ann  from 
Lord  Sliefheld,  wliose  proportion  ot  the  original  grant  to  the  riyniontli  council 
covered  it.  The  patent  was  to  run  seven  years,  and  conferred  full  autliority  to 
colonize  and  govern. 

1623,  September  10.  —  The  Anne,  Mr.  William  Pierce,  master, 
a  vessel  of  ono  hundred  and  forty  tons,  being  loaded  with  clap- 
boards, a  lew  beaver-skins  and  other  furs,  set  sail  from  Plymouth 
for  her  return  to  England. 

1023.  —  A  SEVERE  drought  cut  off  the  corn  and  vegetable  crops 
of  the  Plymouth  colony,  so  that  they  were  reduced  to  great 
straits. 

Tliey  managed  to  subsist  npon  clams,  shell-fish,  and  such  game  as  they  could 
capture.  In  winter  they  used  tlie  tubjrs  of  tlie  wild  articlioke,  making  a  bread 
of  it,  and  at  times  for  three  months  they  saw  no  other  kind.  At  one  time  it  is  said 
they  were  reduced  to  a  single  pint  of  corn,  wjiich,  as  was  their  custom,  they 
divided  equally  among  themselves,  giving  to  each  person  five  kernels.  Governor 
Brudford  says  that  this  year,  when  some  new-comers  arrived,  "  The  best  dish  we 
could  present  them  with  was  a  lobster  or  piece  of  fish,  without  bread  or  anything 
else  but  a  cup  of  fair  sjjring-water." 

Elder  Brewster  lived  for  months  without  bre.ad,  subsisting  on  clams  and  fish. 
Being  visited  once  by  a  person  whose  stock  of  provisions  was  entirely  exhausted, 
and  who  came  to  sec  him  for  consolation  in  his  despair,  his  visitor's  courage  was 
renewed  when  the  elder  invited  him  to  partake  of  his  store,  which  consisted  only 


wqqg^pp 


1G23-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


33 


of  clams,  over  wliich  liin  host  pronounced  n  grnco,  cxprossinR  his  thiinks  at  being 
piTinitted  "  to  suck  of  the  ubundiince  of  the  sea,  und  of  treasures  hid  in  tho 
Blind." 

1G23,  DiXKMHKU.  —  Tho  Plymoutli  Company  granted  to  Robert 
Ciorgos,  tho  sou  of  Sir  Fordinando  Gorges,  a  tract  of  land  in 
MudsachusotLs  JJay. 

Tlie  (Jtnint  wns  made  in  consideration  of  liis  fatlier's  services.  It  extended  ten 
miles  aloii},'  the  north-east  shore  of  Massachusetts  Ray,  and  inland  for  thirty  miles, 
emhracinj,'  all  islands,  not  previously  granted,  within  three  miles  of  tho  shore. 

1623.  —  TiiH  first  settlement  of  New  IlampHliire  was  made  this 
year  near  Dover,  by  tho  erection  of  a  fishing  station,  suit  works, 
imd  otiier  buildings. 

The  spot  was  called  Cockeco,  and  the  «ettlcment  was  mado  by  William  and 
Kdmond  Hilton,  fishmongers,  of  London.  A  settlement  was  made  also  at  tho 
iiKHitli  of  the  IMseataqua,  now  Portsmoutii,  l)y  the  "company  of  Laconin,"  asso- 
ciates of  ftovgcs  and  Mason,  to  whom  a  grant  had  been  mado  of  the  tract  called 
Liiconia,  embracing  the  territory  from  the  Merrimac  to  tho  Kennebec,  extending 
westward  to  the  river  of  Canada. 

I'ouTSMoi  Tii  is  the  only  seajiort  in  New  Hampshire,  and  M'as  incorporated  in 
Hi;!;].  The  harbor  is  fretpiented  as  a  place  of  refuge,  can  accommodate  two 
liundrcil  vessels,  and  the  rise  of  the  tide  and  tho  strength  of  the  current  keep  it 
free  from  ice  in  the  severest  veiither.  The  United  States  has  a  navy  yard,  built 
on  Navy  Island,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  I'lscataqua ;  the  town  is  on  the  penin- 
sula formed  by  the  river.  It  has  a  Inrge  shii)i)ing  interest,  and  many  of  the  ships 
owned  here  are  employed  in  trading  in  other  countries.  In  17!)9  a  company  began 
to  build  water  works,  bringing  the  water  a  distance  of  three  miles.  These  works 
are  still  used. 

1G23.  —  Albany,  on  the  Undson  River,  was  settled  by  the 
Dutch,  who  gave  it  the  name  of  Beaverwyck. 

In  KKU  it  capitulated  to  the  English,  and  was  named  Albany,  in  honor  of  tho 
Duke  of  York  and  Albany,  who  held  tho  grant  including  it.  It  was  not  incor- 
porated as  a  city  until  1G8C. 

1G23. —  A  DuTCir  company,  under  Cornelis  May  and  Adriaon 
j  Jorisz,  built  Fort  Nassau,  on  tho  east  sliore  of  the  Delaware,  a 
i  few  miles  beyond  the  present  site  of  Philadelphia. 

This,  with  a  colony  planted  at  Borgcn  by  tho  Dutch  of  Now  Amsterdam,  somo 
I  time  between  1G17  and  1023,  made  the  basis  of  the  Dutch  claim  of  tho  whole  of 
New  Jersey  as  a  part  of  tho  New  Netherlands. 

1623.  —  The  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  all  settlers  to  plant 
[mulberry-trees. 

1624.  —  A  SHIP-CARPENTER  and  a  salt-maker  arrived  at  the 
[Plymouth  colony,  and  began  to  work. 

Governor  Bradford  says  of  the  first:  "Ho  quickly  builds  two  very  good  and 
I  strong  shallops,  with  a  great  and  strong  lighter,  and  bad  hewn  timber  for  ketches, 
[but  this  spoilt ;  for  in  tho  heat  of  tho  season  ho  falls  into  a  fever  and  dies,  to  our 

3 


34 


ANNAL.«   OF  NORTH   AMEUICA. 


[1624. 


great  Ions  and  Borrow."  The  aiilt-uiakor  Hulcoteil  u  pliico  nt  Cupi;  Ann,  and  liad  a 
ImildinK  erected,  but  failed,  and  the  next  year  had  aiiotlier  erected  at  Capo  Cod, 
wlierc  he  was  ngain  uiiNueeessfiil.  He  liad  been  reconimiiiilfd  to  thiin  as  a 
"  tikilt'iil  and  imhiHtriouH  man,"  but  (iovernor  Itradtbrd  ealU  liini  "aniguurant, 
foolish,  self-willed  fellow,"  no  that  "  in  the  cnde  all  proved  valne." 

1G24.  —  At  tlio  end  of  its  fourth  year  of  sottletTiont,  Plymouth 
had  thirty-two  dwelling- houses  and  u  hundred  and  eighty-four 
inhabitants. 

The  whole  amount  invested,  eountinf?  in  the  estimated  value  of  personal  ser- 
vices, waH  seven  thousand  pounds.  This  year  they  loaded  a  ve8.sel  of  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  tons  for  Europe,  principally  with  fish. 

1624 — The  commissinncrs  sent  out  to  investigate  the  condi- 
tion of  the  Virginia  Company  reported  uidavoraltly,  and  a  writ 
of  quo  ivarranto  being  issued,  the  charter  of  the  Company  was 
declared  forfeit. 

The  stockholders  appealed  to  the  parliament  without  effect.  The  Company 
had  spent  one  hundred  and  flfty  thousand  pounds,  whleii  was  all  lost.  The  kinj{ 
continued  Governor  Wyatt  in  ofHee,  and  in  his  instructions  confined  him  and  tlui 
council  to  such  authority  as  they  had  exercised  for  the  past  five  years.  Tliu 
assembly  continued  to  meet  as  before. 

1624,  September  20.  —  King  James  issued  a  prodamatien 
restraining  the  culture  of  tobacco  to  Virginia  and  the  Somor 
Islands. 

1624.  —  The  first  list  of  laws  for  Virginia,  which  have  been 
preserved,  were  enacted  this  year. 

They  consist  of  thirty-five  acts.  Every  jdantat'.on  was  to  provide  a  place  of 
worship  and  burial,  and  non-attendance  on  :  ublic  worship  was  fined,  if  "without 
allowable  excuse."  The  forms  of  the  Eni^lish  Church  were  to  be  observed.  .\ 
minister  from  his  parish  two  months  forfeited  half  his  salary.  I>isj)arugin);  :i 
minister  without  proof  wad  fined  five  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco,  and  the  offender 
was  obliged  to  publicly  beg  the  minister's  pardon.  The  minister's  salary  was  to 
be  paid  first  out  of  the  best  tobacco  and  corn.  Churchwardens  were  to  present 
all  drunkards  and  swearers.  The  expenditure  and  levy  of  all  public  money  was 
the  function  of  the  assembly  alone.  The  burgesses  were  exemjjt  from  arrest  on 
their  way  to  and  from  the  session,  and  during  it.  New  courts,  for  "the  more 
distant  parts,"  were  established.  The  price  of  corn  was  unrestricted,  but  those 
of  other  commodities  were  to  remain  as  fixed  by  proclamations.  Each  planter 
was  yearly  to  bring  a  bushel  of  corn  for  the  public  granarj',  to  be  disposed  of  for 
the  public  benefit  by  the  majority  vote  of  the  freemen.  Trade  in  corn  with  the 
Indians  was  prohibited.  A  tax  of  ten  pounds  of  tobacco  on  each  person  was 
levied  for  the  expenses  of  the  war,  and  another  of  four  for  the  sending  an  agent 
to  England. 

1624.  —  Edward  Winslow  returned  to  the  Plymouth  colony, 
bringing  with  him  three  heifers  and  a  bull. 

This  was  the  introduction  of  cattle  in  New  England.  Winslow  had  also  suc- 
ceeded in  negotiating  a  loan  for  eighteen  hundred  pounds  for  the  colony,  and  had 
published  a  tract,  Good  Neicsfrom  Xew  Fngland,  during  his  stay  in  London. 


This  grant  was 


lG24-r).] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


8(t' 


1(524.  — An  iillotmont  of  an  acre  of  land,  in  fco,  wan  mado  to 
Civcli  i)or8on  in  tlic  Plymouth  colony. 

It  wiiH  made  in  onU-r  tliiit  I'licli  fimiily  should  plant  for  itself;  and  in  a  few  years 
tlie  colony  becaino  sfllcrB  in.stoud  of  buyers  of  corn. 

I(i24.  —  A  settlement  was  mado  by  the  Plymouth  colony  at 
Capo  Ann. 

A  frnine  liouso  was  erected,  and  some  flHliinpc  stages ;  but  the  loss  of  tbe  build- 
iiiK  l)y  fire,  and  oilier  disasters,  caused  tiiu  settlement  to  be  abandoned  almost 
entirely. 

1024. —  A  grant  v/aa  mado  by  the  Plymouth  Company  of 
tweiity-lbur  thousand  acres  on  York  River  to  Hir  Ferdinando 
Gorges. 

This  grant  was  called  Agamcnticus. 

1G24-5,  Fehruahy  3.  — The  patentees  of  tlic  Plymouth  coun- 
cil, in  the  presence  of  Kiiij:^  Jame.-!,  "  had  their  portion  assigned 
tliLin  by  lot,  with  his  Jlighncss'  appn' nation,  upon  the  sea-coast, 
hum  east  to  west,  some  eighty  aud  one  hundred  leagues  long." 

A  mn\)  by  Captain  Smifii,  published  in  1C21  in  I'urchas,  has  the  names  of  the 
jiidprietors  set  down  in  order  to  the  number  of  twenty. 

lG2a,  May  1.3.  —  Charles  I.,  who  had  just  nscendod  the  throne, 
issued  a  proclamation  "  lor  settling  tlie  plantation  of  Virginia." 

This  proclamation  contained  the  following  extract:  'Our  full  resolution  is, 
that  there  may  be  one  uniforme  course  of  government  in  and  through  our  whole 
iiionarchio ;  that  the  government  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  shall  ymniediately 
!  (Upend  upon  ourselfe,  and  not  be  commytted  to  anie  company  or  corporation;  to 
I  vhoin  itt  male  be  proper  to  trust  matters  of  trade  and  commerce,  but  cannot  be 
litt  or  safe  to  communicate  the  ordering  of  state  affairs,  be  they  of  never  soe  mean 
consequence." 

1625.  —  Captain  Wollaston,  witli  a  company,  name  to  Massa- 
chusetts Ba}',  and  settled  at  a  spot  they  called  Mount  Wollaston. 

It  was  in  tlie  present  town  of  Quiney.      Among  the  company  was  Thomas 

1  Morton. 

1625. —  Charles  I.  confirmed  the  charter  conferring  Nova 
[Scotia  to  Sir  William  Alexander. 

lie  gave  him  also  the  right  to  sell  a  hundred  and  fifty  hereditary  titles  of  baron, 
Iwliich  proved  much  more  profitable  than  colonizing. 

1625.  —  Long  Island  was  first  settled  by  a  small  colony  of 
|AValloons,  or  Protestant  refugees,  from  the  Spanish  Netherlands. 

They  settled,   about  thirty  families  in  all,  on  the  north-west  corner  of  Long 
[Island.    The  spot  was  called  Wahle-Bocht,  or  Walloon's  Bay,  now  corrupted 
linto  Wallabout.     This  was  the  origin  of  Brooklyn,  then  called  Breuchelen  from  a' 
jvillage  in  Holland,  and  now  the  third  city  in  the  Union. 

1625.  —  PiETER  EvERTSEN  Verhultst  brought  into  New  Nether- 


36 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G26-7. 


lands  one  hundred  and  three  animals,  consisting  of  horses,  cows, 
hogs,  and  sheep,  with  a  number  oi'  new  settlers. 

The  cattle  were  intended  for  breeding  purposes,  and  were  sliipped  with  grent 
care,  each  animal  haviny:  its  own  stall  covered  with  three  feet  of  sand.  Verliulst 
came  out  as  director,  and  brought  three  ships. 

1626.  —  Peter  Mtnuit,  who  came  over  with  the  appointment 
of  director-general  of  New  Amsterdam,  purchased  Manhattan 
Island  of  the  Indians,  in  tlie  interest  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company. 

It  contained  about  twenty-two  thousand  acres,  and  the  price  paid  was  sixty 
giiilders,  or  about  twenty-four  dollars. 

1626.  —  The  first  mill  on  Manhattan  Island  was  a  horse-mill, 
built  this  year  by  Franc^ois  Molemacher,  under  the  direction  of 
the  engineer  Kryn  Frcderich.  The  second  i3tory  of  the  mill 
building  was  used  as  a  church,  and  its  site  wat;  very  near  that 
now  occupied  by  Trinity  church. 

1626.  —  This  year  Kryn  Frederich,  the  engineer,  staked  out  a 
fort  at  the  lower  end  of  Manhattan  Island,  and  built  a  stcue 
warehouse  for  the  company. 

The  fort,  when  finished,  was  called  Fort  Amsterdam. 

1627,  March  19.  —  The  Plymouth  council  granted  a  patent 
to  Sir  Henry  Roswell,  Sir  John  Young,  Thomas  Southcoat,  John 
Humphrey,  John  Endicott,  and  Simon  Whitconib. 

The  patent  covered  "  all  that  part  of  New  England  lying  between  the  river 
Merriniac  and  another  river  called  the  Charles,  being  the  bottom  of  Massachu- 
setts Hay,  and  to  a  line  three  miles  to  the  north  of  the  said  Merrini-.c,  or  to  the 
northward  of  any  and  every  part  thereof;  and  all  the  lands  lying  within  thu 
'imits  aforesaid,  north  and  south,  in  latitude  ao  \  breadth,  and  in  length  and  longi- 
tude, and  throughout  the  main  lands  there,  from  tlie  Atlantic  and  Western  Sea 
and  Ocean  on  the  east  part,  to  the  South  Sea  on  the  west  part." 

1627,  March.  —  A  deputation  from  the  colony  at  New  Amster- 
dam visited  the  Plymouth  colony,  with  authority  from  the  Dutch 
governor  to  make  overtures  for  trade. 

Much  of  the  supplies  of  linen  and  cloth  were  obtained  by  the  riymouth  people 
from  this  source.  Isaac  Allerton,  one  of  the  original  Tlymouth  settlers,  becaini' 
a  prominent  merchant  in  New  Amsterdam.  From  the  Dutch  the  Plymouth  colo- 
nists learned  the  use  of  wampum  in  trading  with  the  Indians. 

1627.  —  This  year,  at  Monamet,  now  Sandwich,  near  Cape  Cod. 
a  pinnace  was  built  by  the  Plymouth  colony  for  the  purpose  of 
fishing. 

1627.  —  A  LETTER  to  the  king  from  Governor  West  and  the 
council  of  Virginia  gave  a  by  no  means  encouraging  account  of 
the  industry  of  the  colony. 

The  freight  on  clapboards  and  staves  ate  up  all  the  profit ;  tiic  vineyards  had  not 


1627-8.] 


ANNxVLS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


37 


succeeded,  for  the  porsous  sent  out  to  tend  the  vines  "concealed  their  skill,"  or 
had  no  skill  to  conceal ;  the  iron  and  potash  works  were  broken  up  by  the  In- 
dians ;  tlie  making  of  tar  and  pitch  was  not  advisable  on  account  of  the  difficult 

transportation. 

I(j27.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Swedes  and  Finns  landed  at  Capo 
Ilcnlopen. 

They  afterwards  bought  the  hind  from  the  cape  to  the  falls  of  the  Delaware. 
Tlie  river  Delaware  they  called  New  Swedeland  Stream. 

1G27.  —  The  Company  of  a  Ilii'.idrod  Af.sociates  took  tlie  settle- 
ment at  Quobou  from  the  hands  of  the  French  Protestants, 
together  with  its  trade. 

The  scliemc  was  originated  by  the  Cardinal  Richelieu,  who  was  at  the  head  of 
the  association. 

1027.  — Isaac  Alleuton,  who  had  the  year  before  been  sent  as 
agent  to  England  by  the  Plymoutli  colony,  succeeded  in  making 
an  tirrangoiuent  wiih  the  London  adventurers. 

Tlio  seven  years  originally  agreed  upon  by  the  Plymouth  colony  and  tlie  Lon- 
don adventurers  were  «>.ide(l.  The  ailventurers  agreed  to  sell  out  their  interest 
for  eighteen  hundred  pounds,  payable  in  annual  payments  of  two  inindred  j)ounds, 
vac  first  piiynient  to  be  made  in  1028.  After  Allerton's  return,  eiglit  of  the  chief 
colonists  gave  their  botids  for  the  amount  on  condition  of  enjoj'ing  for  six  years 
a  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  the  Indians.  These  associates  were  (Jovernor 
Bradford,  Edward  Winslow,  Thomas  I'rince,  Miles  Standish,  William  Brt'wster, 
.lolin  Alden,  John  Ihiwland,  and  Isaac  Allerton.  By  their  contract  they  assumed 
all  the  ik'hts  of  the  colony,  took  the  stock  on  hand,  agreed  to  bring  over  every 
year  fifty  pounds'  worth  of  hoes  Mud  shoes,  and  sell  them  for  corn  at  si.K  sliillings 
a  bushel,  and  at  tlie  end  of  the  term  return  the  trade  to  the  colony.  Allerton 
rctiirui'd  to  London  and  completed  the  bargain  on  the  Gth  of  November.  A  divis- 
ion of  the  movable  ])roperty  was  made  a  little  later,  and  a  general  partnership  of 
the  colony  organized.  Each  member  had  a  share,  and  each  head  of  a  family 
could  i)iireliase  others  for  the  number  of  his  family.  Each  contributed  to  the 
payment  of  tlie  debts  according  to  his  shares.  To  each  share  twenty  acres  of 
land  were  allotted,  and  to  every  six  shares  a  cow,  two  goats,  and  hogs.  Allerton 
had  also  borrowed  two  hundred  pounds  in  London  for  buying  supplies,  and  paid 
thirty  per  cent,  for  the  money. 

1G27.  —  Ti'E  Dutch  imported  slaves  into  New  York. 

AVIicn  in  Ki'il  the  English  took  possession  of  the  colony,  in  proportion  to  its 
population,  there  were  more  slaves  than  in  Virginia. 

1628,  March  10.  —  A  f!;rant  wsis  obtained  from  the  council  of 
New  Fiiigland  for  a  company  of  Puritans,  including  the  whole  of 
Massiichusetts  Bay. 

It  was  given  to  John  Ilumjdirey,  John  Endicott,  and  four  others,  and  extended 
westward  to  the  Pacific;  north  and  south  it  was  bounded  by  two  parallel  lines,  one 
three  miles  north  of  "any  and  every  part"  of  the  Merrimac,  and  the  other  three 
miles  south  of  "  any  and  every"  part  of  Charles  River.  Portions  of  the  territory 
had  be(;n  granted  previously  to  others,  and  the  boundaries  themselves,  aa  was 


38 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1628. 


frequently  the  case  in  such  cloeumonts,  were  impossible,  the  knowledge  of  tlio 
territory  of  America  being  very  vague  and  undefined.  Jolm  Winthrop,  a  lawyer, 
Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  and  others,  joined  the  enterprise,  and  John  Endicott  was 
sent  with  fifty  or  sixty  persons  to  malce  a  settlement. 

1628,  SEPTEMnEii  14.  —  The  company  with  Endicott  arrived 
at  Naiimkcag,  and  sent  an  expedition  to  exph^re  the  head  of 
Massachusetts  Bay.  They  changed  the  name  of  their  settlement 
to  Salem. 

They  found  there  Roger  Conant,  who  had  moved  there  from  New  Plymouth. 
The  settlement  was  made  xmdcr  the  auspices  of  the  Massachusetts  Company,  but 
before  it  had  obtained  its  charter. 

Independent  settlers  had  occupied  various  points  along  the  bay.  The  site  of 
Charh'istown,  as  it  was  already  called,  was  occupied  by  Walford,  a  smith ;  tlio 
opposite  peninsula,  now  tlie  site  of  Boston,  then  called  Shawmut,  M'as  occupied 
by  a  Mr.  Blackstone,  an  eccentric  clergyman.  The  island  which  is  now  Enst 
Boston  was  inhabited  l)y  Samuel  MaverieV,  an  Intlian  trader,  who  had  a  fort  ttiere 
with  two  small  cannon.     lie  also  possessed  negro  slaves. 

Salem  has  always  been  famous  for  its  connnercial  enterprise,  its  people  not 
only  doing  a  coasting  business,  but  carrying  on  trade  witli  Europe  and  the  West 
Indies,  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony.  During  the  Revolution,  one  hundred  ami 
flfty-eiglit  privateers  were  fitted  out  in  Salem.  In  178.5  the  first  vessel  sent 
to  China  was  one  belonging  to  Elias  Daly,  and  for  many  years  Salem  monopolized 
the  East  India  trade.  In  183G,  Salem  received  a  city  charter.  Its  connnerce 
has  diminished,  and  its  manufactures  have  increased,  since  the  early  part  of  tlie 
century.  It  has  factories  of  cotton,  chemicals,  leather,  machini^ry,  cordage,  and 
black  lead.  It  is  also  celebrated  for  its  schools ;  the  finest  normal  school  in  the 
state  is  here. 

1628.  —  Sir  William  Alexander,  and  Sir  David  Kirk,  a  refu- 
gee Huguenot,  fitted  out  a  iieet  of  nine  vessels,  for  the  purpose 
of  capturing  the  French  settlements  in  Canada. 

There  was  a  war  declared  between  England  and  France.  Kirk  gained  pos- 
session of  Fort  Royal,  and  hearing  of  the  approach  of  a  Fi'cnch  fieet,  sailed 
after  them,  and  captured  them  off  the  Bay  of  Gaspee. 

1628.  —  An  entry  in  the  records  of  the  Governor  and  Company 
of  Massachusetts  Bay  mentions  the  payment  of  eleven  pounds  tor 
a  pair  of  mill-stones,  to  be  sent  in  the  ship  to  New  England,  con- 
sisting of  one  hundred  and  ten  burrs  at  two  shillings  each. 

No  record  has,  however,  been  found  of  their  being  mounted  for  use. 

1628.  —  In  the  second  letter  of  instructions  to  Governor  Endi- 
cott from  tlie  Company,  he  is  directed  "  to  give  approbation  and 
furtherance  to  Francis  Webb  in  setting  up  his  saw-mill,"  which 
was  to  bo  sent  over  in  the  Lyon's  Whelpe,  together  with  other 
stores. 

Whether  this  mill  came  over  docs  not  appear.  1033  has  been  given  as  the 
date  of  the  erection  of  the  first  saw-mill  in  New  England,  but  upon  what  authority 
is  not  recorded. 


1G28-9.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


80 


1628.  —  Salt-making  was  provided  for  in  organizing  the  set- 
tlement of  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  and  at  the  meeting,  in  March,  of 
the  Court  of  Assistants,  the  following  conclusion  was  arrived  at : 

"  Touching  making  of  salt,  it  was  conseued  IFytt  that  conimoilctty  should  bo 
roserucd  for  tlie  general  stocks  bencfitt.  yeotwith  this  proviso,  that  every  planter 
or  brother  of  the  company  should  have  as  much  as  he  might  uney  way  have 
uccasyon  to  make  use  of,  at  as  cheape  rate  as  themselves  could  make  it ;  provided, 
if  the  company  bee  not  sufficiently  provided  for  themsidfls,  their  particular  men 
may  have  liberty  to  make  for  their  own  cxpencc  and  use  ancy  way,  but  not  to 
transport  nor  sell." 

1628.  — TiiH  Pl3'mouth  colony,  after  remonstrating  with  Morton 
at  his  settlement,  sent  Standish,  who  arrested  him  and  scattered 
the  others. 

Morton  was  sent  to  England.  Eight  plantations  united  in  paying  the  expense 
of  this  action. 

1628.  —  A  Mu.  Shirley  writes  from  London  to  Governor  Brad- 
ford, of  Plymouth  colony : 

"It  is  true,  as  you  write,  your  engagements  are  great,  not  only  the  purchase, 
but  you  are  yet  necessitated  to  take  up  the  stock  you  work  upon,  and  that  not  at 
six  or  eight  per  cent.,  as  it  is  here  let  out,  but  at  tliirty,  forty,  yea  and  some  fifty 
per  cent.,  wliich,  wore  not  your  gains  great,  and  God's  blessing  on  your  honest 
endeavours  more  than  ordinary,  it  could  not  be  you  should  long  subsist  in  the 
maintaining  and  upholding  of  your  worldly  affairs." 

1628.  —  The  Rev.  Jonas  Miohaclius  arrived  at  Manhattan. 

He  was  the  first  Dutch  Kcfornied  minister  in  America,  and  organized  a  con- 
sistory, where  public  services  were  held. 

1629.  —  The  West  India  Compan}',  hy  the  charter  of  Patroons, 
granted  to  those  who  should  plant  colonies,  certain  "  Freedoms 
and  Exceptions." 

Among  tliesc  were  the  exclusive  privilege  of  "hunting,  fowling,  fishing,  and 
milling  (or  grinding)  within  their  manors,  to  be  holden  as  an  eternal  inheritance, 
to  devolve  as  well  to  females  as  to  males,  and  to  be  redeemed  on  each  occasion 
on  the  renewal  of  fealty  and  homage  to  the  Company,  and  the  ))ayment  within  a 
year  of  one  pair  of  iron  gauntlets  and  twenty  guililers,"  &.c.  Every  settler  was 
obliged  to  have  his  corn  ground  at  the  Patroon's  mill,  and  the  Patroon  was  obliged 
to  keep  liis  mil!  in  ret)air  at  his  own  expense. 

Hy  tlie  cliarter  of  Freedoms  and  Excei)tii)ns,  the  property  in  n\inerals,  precious 
PtoiKs,  and  crystals,  in  New  Netherlands,  belonged  to  the  Patroons,  who  were  to 
pay  the  discoverer  of  them  as  had  been  agreed  upon. 

Tilt  grants  to  Patroons  were  to  be  sixteen  miles  in  extent  along  the  sea-coast, 
or  some  navigable  river,  or  eight  miles  when  both  sides  were  occupied,  extending 
iiiilefinitely  inland.  The  island  of  Manhattan  and  the  fur  trade  with  the  Indians 
Were  expressly  exempted.  Upon  all  trade  carried  on  by  Patroons  a  royalty  of 
live  per  cent,  was  to  be  paid.  Settlers  at  their  own  expense  were  to  have  as  nmcli 
land  as  they  could  cultivate,  and  all  were  to  be  free  from  taxation  for  ten  years. 
All  weaving  of  cotton,  linen,  woollen,  or  any  other  stufTs,  was  forbidden  on  pain 
of  punishment. 


40 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1629. 


m 


1629.  —  Sir  David  Kirk,  having  received  the  submission  ai 
some  French  settlers  on  the  ishind  of  Capo  Breton,  ascended  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  captured  Quebec. 

Chiinipliiin  was  governor ;  there  wore  only  about  a  Inindrod  inlmbitants  in  llie 
place,  and  as  they  were  then  in  distress  for  want  of  provisions,  and  there  was  no 
expectation  of  succor,  they  surrendered.  Peace,  however,  being  already  declared 
between  France  and  England,  Canada,  Cape  Breton,  and  Acadie  were  given  up 
ugain  to  the  French. 

1629,  March  4. — A  charter  was  issued  under  the  royal  seal, 
creating  a  body  politic  to  be  known  as  the  Governor  and  Com- 
pany oi'  the  Massacluisetts  Bay  in  New  England. 

They  had  corresponded  with  the  i)atentees  of  the  Koswell  j)atent,  and,  uniting' 
with  thcni  as  tlie  Nev.-  England  Company,  bought  out  tiio  Dorchester  adventur- 
ers who  had  settled  at  Cape  Ann.  They  were  persons  who  desired  to  have  Eng- 
land on  account  of  the  religious  intolerance  of  the  Established  Church,  they 
being  Puritans.  It  is  supposed  that  they  purchased  Lord  Sheffleld's  claim  as  (ini; 
of  the  original  proprietors  under  the  division  of  the  Plymouth  Company;  but  there 
is  no  record  of  this.  Religious  intolerance  was  as  decided  a  tenet  of  tlu'  Puritans 
and  the  Separatists  of  Plymouth  as  it  was  of  the  Church  of  lungLind,  and  when  tlio 
occasion  offered,  they  were  as  prompt  to  exercise  it.  The  ciiarter  provided  for  ii 
governor,  dei)i.ty  governor,  and  ei;jliteen  assistants,  to  be  elected  j-early  at  a 
general  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  the  colony.  The  enactment  of  laws,  the  rais- 
ing of  money,  and  other  important  matters,  were  the  business  of  the  general 
court,  or  nu'cting,  to  be  held  quarterly.  Notliing  was  said  about  religion.  Every 
fifty  pounds  contributed  to  the  stock  by  a  member  of  tlie  company  entitled  him  to 
two  hundred  acres  of  land,  and  the  same  proportion  for  smaller  amounts.  Per- 
sons not  stockholders,  emigrating  at  their  own  expens,~,  were  allowed  fifty  acr'^s, 
with  the  same  for  eacii  indented  servant  they  brought,  and  an  additional  allow- 
ance "  according  to  their  charge  and  quality." 

1629,  June.  —  About  two  hundred  emigrants  arrived  in  Massa- 
chusets,  and  settled  at  Naumkeag. 

There  were  three  "  godly  ministers,"  sent  at  the  Company's  expense  :  Rkelton, 
lligginson,  and  Bright.  Also  a  stock  of  cattle,  with  some  horses  and  goats.  They 
found  only  eight  or  ten  rude  houses,  and  a  portion  of  them  nmved  to  Charles- 
town. 

1629,  October  30.  —  A  meeting  of  the  Massachusetts  Company 
was  held  in  London  to  transfer  tiie  charter  to  the  freemen  inhab- 
iting the  territory,  and  electing  officers  who  should  agree  to 
emigrate. 

John  Winthrop  was  chosen  governor,  and  Dudley  deputy.  The  stockholders 
wlio  remained  in  England  were  to  have  an  interest  for  seven  years  upon  two- 
thirds  of  their  original  stock.  The  stock  was  placed  in  the  hands  of  ten  trustccsi, 
five  in  England  and  five  in  the  colony,  who  were  to  have  five  per  cent,  on  the  net 
profits.  This  stock  had  half  the  trade  in  beavers,  the  whole  making  of  salt,  the 
exclusive  right  of  transportation  of  passengers  and  goods,  at  a  fixed  rate,  and  sup- 
plying the  colony  at  an  advance  of  twenty-five  per  cent.  At  the  end  of  seven 
years  there  was  to  bo  a  division  among  the  stockholders,  but  there  is  no  record 
of  any  such  thing. 


1629-30.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


41 


1G29.  —  Four  hundred-weight  of  hops  and  fortj-fivo  tuna  of 
beer  were  ordered  by  the  Court  of  Assistants  to  bo  sent  to  the 
colony  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  the  Talbot,  provided  she  had 
one  hundred  passengers  and  eighty-live  mariners. 

The  instructions  si'nt  out  forl)iil  the  culture  of  tobucco,  "  unless  it  l)e  some 
small  qjiantitie  for  nioero  necussitie,  and  for  phisiek  for  preservacon  of  their 
healths,  and  that  the  same  bee  taken  privately  by  auntient  men  and  none  other." 

1029.  —  The  Coi  t  of  Assistants  in  London  engaged  a  number 
of  skilled  laborers  to  emigrate  to  Massachusetts. 

Amonj;  them  was  Mr.  Malbon,  an  iron-worker.  The  record  states:  "  also  for 
Mr.  Malbon  it  was  propounded,  he  iiavinj^  skill  in  Iron-works,  and  willing  to  put 
twenty-five  pounds  in  stock,  it  should  be  accounted  as  fifty  pounds,  and  his 
charges  to  be  bore  out  and  homo  from  Now  England,  and  upon  his  return,  and 
report  of  what  may  be  done  about  Iron-works,  consideration  to  be  had  of  i)roceed- 
ing  therein  accordingly,  and  further  recompense  if  there  be  cause  to  entertain 
him."  Others  were  sent  over  in  a  similar  way  for  salt-making,  mining,  and  other 
businesses. 

1629. — Ten  thousand  l^ricks  were  sent  from  London  to  Boston, 
to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  ii replaces  and  chinnieys. 

1029.  —  A  BRICK-KILN  was  erected  in  Salem,  Massachusetis. 

The  minister  of  Salem  writes  this  year :  "It  is  thought  here  is  good  clay  to 
make  Hricke,  and  Tyles  and  Earthen  pots,  as  need  to  be.  At  this  instant  we  are 
setting  a  brick-kill  on  worke  to  make  Bri(;kes  and  Tyles  for  the  building  of  our 
liouses."  lie  adds  also  :  "  Eor  stone,  here  is  plentio  of  slates  at  the  isle  of  slates 
in  Massathulets  Bay,  and  Lime-stone,  Free-stone,  and  smooth  stone  and  Iron 
stone,  and  marble  stone,  also  in  such  store,  that  we  have  great  Kockes  of  it  and  a 
harbor  near  by.     Our  plantation  is  from  thence  called  Marble-Ilarbor." 

1629.  —  Mason  and  Gorges  divided  the  land  granted  them  by 
the  Plymouth  Compviny,  Mason  obtaining  a  patent  for  his  share, 
and  Gorges  one  for  his. 

Mason's  share  extended  from  the  Merrimac  to  the  Piscataqua,  and  sixty  miles 
inland.  He  gave  it  the  name  of  New  Hampshire.  Gorges'  portion,  lying  between 
the  Piscataqua  and  the  Kennebec,  he  called  New  Sommersetshire. 

1630,  January  13.  —  The  council  for  New  England  made  a 
patent  to  William  Bradford  and  his  associates  of  the  land  occu- 
pied by  the  colony. 

Its  boundaries  were  defined,  as  "all  that  tract  of  New  England  lying  between 
a  rivulet  called  Cohasset  at  the  north,  and  the  river  Narragansett  towards  the  soTith, 
and  the  great  Western  Ocean  towards  the  east,  and  between  and  within  a  straight 
line  directly  extending  up  into  the  main  land  towards  the  west,  from  the  mouth  of 
the  said  river  Narragansett  to  the  extremest  limits  and  bounds  of  a  place  or  country 
called  Pokanacut,  alias  Sowanisci.  Westward,  a  tract  for  fishery,  which  had  been 
Rvanted  in  1C27,  was  embraced  in  this  conveyance.  This  tract  extended  from 
(/'obisecontce  towards  the  Western  Ocean  to  a  place  called  the  Falls  of  Neguam- 
kike,  with  fifteen  miles  in  width  on  either  side  of  the  Kennel)ec.  This  gave  them 
u  title  to  the  Ijvnd.     To  exercise  the  right  of  government,  a  charter  from  the  king 


42 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA.. 


[1030. 


was  supposed  to  be  necessary,  and  the  colony  made  efforts  to  obtain  one,  with  no 
success.  By  the  force  of  circumstances  they  gnidually  assumed  tliese  powers. 
The  hiws  were  made  in  a  general  assembly  of  the  freemen.  Tlie  governor  and 
the  assistants,  at  nrst  one,  tlien  five,  then  seven,  made  the  exi^cutive.  The 
clmrch  was  for  eiglit  years  witliout  a  pastor.  At  tlie  sessions  a  question  was 
given,  and  any  one  spoke. 

1630,  Fkhruauy.  —  The  Plymoutli  Company  made  two  grants 
of  land,  eight  miles  by  lour,  on  the  Saco  River. 

One  of  these  was  made  to  Tlionias  Lewis  and  Richard  Boynton,  and  comprised 
the  seat  of  Saco ;  the  other  was  made  to  Jolm  Oldham  and  Ricliard  Vines. 

1G30,  March.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  two  grants  of 
lands  on  the  Piscataciua. 

One  of  these,  to  Ilinton,  v.as  at  Dover;  the  otlier  was  at  I'ortsmoutli. 

1630,  March  2.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant 
known  as  the  Muscongus  or  Waldo  patent. 

It  was  made  to  John  Beauchamp,  of  London,  and  Thomas  Levcrctt,  of  Boston, 
and  covered  territory  thirty  miles  square  west  of  Penobscot  Bay. 

1630.  —  John  Billington  was  found  guilty  of  murder,  and  exe- 
cuted at  Plymouth. 

Governor  Bradford  says,  "  We  used  all  due  means  about  his  trial ;  he  was 
found  guilty  butli  by  grand  and  petty  jury;  and  we  took  the  advice  of  Mr.  Win- 
throp  and  others,  the  ablest  gentlemen  in  the  Massachusetts  Bay,  who  all  con- 
curred with  us  that  he  ought  to  die,  and  the  land  be  purged  from  blood." 

1630,  June  12. — John  Winthrop  arrived  at  Massachusetts 
Bay,  in  the  Arbella,  bringing  the  duplicate  of  the  royal  charter 
with  him,  and  assumed  the  governorship  of  the  colony,  to  which 
ho  had  been  appointed  in  1629,  in  London,  when  the  charter  was 
obtained. 

This  is  still  preserved  in  the  State  House  in  Boston.  A  portion  of  the  colj- 
nists  settled  at  Charlcstown,  another  at  Mattapan,  which  they  named  Dorchester, 
and  a  third  at  Watertown.  Other  smaller  settlements  were  at  lloxbury,  Medford, 
Saugus,  now  Lynn,  and  at  Newtovn,  now  C'ambridge.  It  was  the  intentio:.  to 
make  this  last  spot  the  capital,  it  having  been  selected  for  that  purpose ;  but  the 
settlement  of  Boston  prevented  it.  The  cost  of  this  emigration  was  estimated  at 
twenty  thousand  pounds.  The  settlers  in  the  different  localities  at  once  assumed 
the  township  organization,  voting  in  their  town  meetings  the  taxes  for  local  pur- 
poses, and  electing  their  "  selectmen,"  and  the  town  clerks,  treasurers,  and  other 
officers. 

Winthrop  was  re-elected  every  year  until  IG?A,  when  his  popularity  declined. 
After  tlie  "  Hutchinson  "  controversy  in  l(J3fj-",  he  regained  his  influence,  was 
again  chosen  until  KUO;  in  1044-5  was  deputy-governor,  and  in  1C40,  governor, 
and  so  remained  until  his  death.  He  kej)!  u  journal  of  the  afTairs  of  the  colony 
from  March  26,  down  to  January  11,  1649,  which  was  published  in  1826.  Win- 
throp was  born  in  Groton,  England,  January  12,  1588 ;  died  March  20,  1049. 

1630,  June  and  July.  —  About  eight  hundred  persons  arrived 
in  Massachusetts. 


Some  author 


1630.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


43 


They  hud  sailed  in  March  from  Yarmouth,  England,  in  eleven  sliips.  The 
settlement  of  Boston,  named  from  Boston,  England,  dates  from  this  time.  The 
territory  of  Boston  was  found  at  tlic  time  of  settlement  in  possession  of  William 
Bluckstone,  or  Blaxton,  as  he  spelled  it,  who  had  come  over  with  the  expedition 
of  Robert  Gorges,  whose  object  was  to  establish  an  Episcopal  colony.  Black- 
stone  was  an  Ei)iscopal  clergyman,  and  a  graduate  of  Cambridge,  England,  in 
1621.  lie  was  born  in  I.'jOo.  When  tlie  Gorges  expedition  returned,  he  remained 
at  Siiawmut  (now  Boston),  and  planted  there  the  first  orchard  in  Massachusetts.  At 
liis  suggestion,  this  year,  the  greater  part  of  the  settlers  at  Charlestown  moved  to 
Boston,  and  in  1034  he  sold  out  his  claim  to  Shawmut,  each  inhabitant  paying 
him  six  shillings,  and  some  of  them  more.  He  then  moved  to  the  spot  which  is 
now  in  the  south  part  of  the  town  of  Cumberland,  Rhode  Island,  near  the  lianks 
of  tiie  I'awtucket  River.  He  said,  "  I  left  England  to  get  from  under  the  power 
of  the  Lord  Bishops,  but  in  America  I  am  fallen  under  the  power  of  the  lord 
bretheren."  Here  he  planted  another  orchard,  some  of  the  trees  of  which  re- 
mained in  bearing  as  late  as  1830.  He  died  May  2G,  1(»75,  and  soon  after  his 
death  his  house  and  library  were  burned  by  the  Indians  in  King  I'hilip's  war.  Ills 
descendants  arc  said  to  bo  still  in  existence. 

1G30,  July  18.  — A  day  of  tlianksgiving  was  declared  in  tho 
Massaclmsetts  colony,  for  tho  safe  arrival  of  the  numbers  of  new 
settlers. 

Some  authoii.'ies  put  tho  number  as  high  as  a  thousand,  using  fifteen  ships. 

1630,  August  23.  —  Tho  first  meeting  of  the  Court  of  Assist- 
ants was  held  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

Their  first  measure  was  to  consider  "  how  tlie  ministers  shall  be  maintained," 
and  tlie  next  to  fix  the  wages  of  carpenters,  joiners,  bricklayers,  sawyers,  and 
,  thateliers,  at  two  shillings  a  day,  with  a  fine  of  ten  shillings  on  both  the  giver  and 
receiver  of  more. 

1630,  October  19.  —  The  first  general  court  in  Massachusetts 
assembled  at  Boston. 

It  was  composed  of  all  the  freemen  in  the  colony.  More  than  a  hundred  per- 
sons were  admitted  as  freemen.  William  Blaekstone,  the  first  settler  of  Boston, 
applied  to  be  admitted.  The  next  year,  at  the  general  court,  he  was  admitted. 
Many  of  those  ailinittcd  this  year  did  not  belong  to  any  of  tho  cburelies.  This 
court  ordered  tiiat  the  freemen  should  elect  only  the  assistants,  who  should  elect 
the  governor  and  deputy,  and  make  laws  and  appoint  the  officers. 

1630. — With  tho  company  that  arrived  in  Massachusetts  with 
Governor  Winthrop,  there  were  shipped  three  hundred  kino  and 
a  number  of  other  cattle. 

More  tiian  half  of  them  died  on  the  passage  and  during  the  severity  of  the 
succeeding  winter,  so  that  the  price  of  a  cow  rose  to  twenty-five  or  thirty  pounds. 

1630,  —  Liberty  was  given  by  tho  Massachusetts  colony  to 
two  hundred  indented  servants  who  had  been  brought  over. 

Tlie  hardships  of  the  winter  proved  destructive,  more  than  two  hundred  dying 
before  it  was  out ;  besides  which  over  a  hundred  discouraged,  returned  in  tho 
ships  they  had  come  in. 


44 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1630-31. 


1G30.  —  TiiK  Plymouth  Company  mado  a  grant  known  as  the 
Lygonia  or  plougli  patent. 

It  was  mailo  to  John  Dy  and  others,  and  embraced  land  forty  miles  square 
near  Casco  Bay. 

1630.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  wa.s  mado  at  Albany,  New  York,  under 
the  system  of  "  Freedoms  and  Exemptions, '  by  Van  Rensselaer. 

Among  tlic  settlers  was  Andries  Carstcnsen,  a  master  millwright,  and  two 
sawyers. 

1G30. —  From  the  Patroons'  account  books,  the  price  of  salt  in 
Van  Rensselaer's  settlement  on  the  Hudson,  between  this  year 
and  IGiG,  was  seven  florins  thirteen  stivers  a  ton  for  imported 
white  salt,  or  two  Uorins  twelve  stivers  the  half  barrel. 

The  florin  of  twenty  stivers  =  forty  cents. 

1630,  —  A  COLONY  of  thirty  Hollanders,  headed  by  Do  Vries, 
settled  at  Iloarhill,  on  the  Delaware,  just  within  Cape  Henlopeii, 
the  present  site  of  Lowiston. 

1G30.  —  Salt  WORKS  were  established  in  Virginia,  at  Accomac, 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Chesapeake  Bay. 

1630.  —  A  FORT  was  built  at  Point  Comfort,  at  the  entrance  to 
James  River,  Virginia. 

To  i)rovido  iimirninition  for  it,  a  payment  in  powder  and  ball  was  demanded 
from  ships  passing. 

1631,  February  15.  —  The  ship  Lyon  arrived  at  Nantasket, 
Massachusetts  Bay. 

She  brought  twenty  passengers  and  a  Large  store  of  provisions.  The  20th  hail 
been  sot  ajmrt  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer;  the  colony  was  suffering  for  want 
of  provisions.  In  eonseepiencc  of  this  timely  arrival,  the  day  was  made  one  of 
thanksgiving.     Roger  Williams  came  over  in  this  vessel. 

1G31,  Fkrruaiiy  20.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  graut 
known  as  the  Drowne  or  Pemaquid  patent. 

It  was  made  to  Aldworth  and  Eldridge,  and  consisted  of  twelve  thousand  acres, 
lying  between  Muscongus  and  Damariscotta. 

1631,  March  16.  —  The  first  fire  occurred  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, which  destroyed  two  houses. 

The  want  of  lime  <)1)liged  the  early  settlers  to  construct  their  chinmeys  of 
sticks,  plastered  over  with  eliiy.  A  chimney  thus  constructed  was  called  a  "  cat- 
ted "  chimney.  The  roofs  were  also  made  of  rushes,  or  reeds.  This  first  fire  was 
caused  by  the  use  of  such  a  wooden  chimney,  and  in  consequence  wooden 
chinmeys  and  thatched  roofs  were  forbidden. 

1631,  May  18.  —  The  second  general  court  of  Massachusetti! 
met  at  Boston,  and  admitted  one  hundred  and  seventeen  new 
freemen. 


1631.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEllICA. 


45 


At  tliis  meetinn  it  waa  ordered  that  the  people  should  rcsuino  the  power  of 
ckctini,'  tlioir  ofHcorH. 

It  was  also  "ordered  and  iiprecd,  that  for  the  time  to  come,  no  man  shall  be 
admitted  to  the  freedom  of  tliis  liody  politic  but  sueh  as  are  luembors  of  some  of 
the  cliurebes  within  tlu^  limits  of  the  same."  This  disfranchised  about  three- 
quarters  of  the  population. 

IG;]!,  July  4.  —  A  bark  was  launclicd  at  Mystic  (now  Med- 
f'ord),  and  was  named  by  Governor  Winthrop  "The  Blessing  of 
tho  Iky." 

This  was  the  first  vessel  built  in  Massachusetts,  tho  settlement  at  Plymouth 
hcini;  still  a  separate  organization.  In  the  course  of  the  season  she  made  .several 
trips  along  the  coast,  and  soon  after  visited  Long  Island  and  Manhattan.  At 
Long  Island,  the  sailors,  says  the  governor,  were  astonished  at  the  size  of  the 
canoes  of  the  natives.     Some  of  them  could  carry  eighty  persons. 

1C31,  Dkcember  1.  —  The  Plymouth  Company  made  a  grant 
of  land,  next  that  already  granted  near  Scarborough. 
It  was  made  to  Robert  Trelawney  and  Moses  Goodyear. 

1G31.  —  Only  ninety  persons  arrived  at  Massachusetts  Bay 
this  year. 

Among  tiiese  were  John  Winthrop,  Jr.,  and  John  Eliot. 

1031.  — The  colony  of  Massachusetts  brought  all  tho  terrors  of 
the  law  to  maintain  their  austerity  of  discipline. 

Tlie  servants  gave  them  great  trouble.  Morton  having  returned,  was  seized, 
sent  back,  his  house  Iturned,  and  his  goods  eonfisc.ited.  Several  others,  whom 
the  magistrates  consitlered  "  unfit  to  inhabit  there,"  were  also  sent  home.  Wal- 
ford,  the  smith,  the  original  settler  of  Charlestown,  was  banished  for  "  eontemiit 
(if  court,"  and  went  to  I'iseataqua.  There  Avas  constant  trouble  with  Maverick ; 
others,  for  slandering,  were  wliipped,  had  their  ears  cropped,  or  were  ban- 
islied.  Some  of  those  banished  to  Kngland  preferred  a  claim  for  danuiges  against 
tlie  colony,  which  was  now  unsettled,  in  the  hands  of  arbitrators. 

1G31.  —  Corn  was  declared  a  legal  tender  b}^  tlio  Court  of 
Assistants  of  Massachusetts  Bay  for  all  debts  at  tlic  usual  rate  at 
whicli  it  was  sold,  unless  money  or  beaver-skins  were  specified. 

Corn  was  quoted  at  ten  shillings  "  a  strike."  Milch-cows  were  valued  at 
I  twenty-flvc  to  thirty  pounds. 

1631.  —  A  MASTER  millwright  and  two  small  mill-stones  for  a 
lyrist-mill,  which  had  cost  twenty  florins  (sixteen  dollars)  in  Hol- 
land, were  sent  by  Van  Rensselaer  to  his  settlement  near  Albany. 

The  water-mill,  erected  previously,  was  placed  under  the  direction  of  Barent 
IPieterse  Koeymans,  who  had  been  engaged  as  a  miller  in  Holland,  at  a  salary 
|of  thirty  guilders  a  year. 

1631.  —  A  GRANT  was  made  by  the  council  of  Plymouth,  in 
[England,  to  Mason  and  Gorges,  and  others. 


40 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G31-2. 


It  ombraci'd  territory  on  both  sides  of  tlic  Piscataqua,  and  a  settlement  was 
rnadi-  on  Cirt-at  Iwlaiid,  now  Now  Castli". 

Klin.  —  Tiiio  Plymouth  Company  mado  a  grant  of  land  at  Scar- 
borough. 

It  wiw  made  to  Sir  Tliomas  Cainmock,  and  consisted  of  fifteen  Imndrcd  acres. 

1G32.  —  TiiK  laws  in  Virginia  were  revised. 

The  ministers  were  to  keep  a  register  of  rnarriafjes,  cliristoninffs,  and  burials. 
Tbc  iMblication  of  niarriaf?e  banns  win  reijiiircd.  Ministers  were  to  preaeli  at 
least  one  sermon  every  Sunday,  administer  tlic  coninuinion  tliree  times  a  year, 
eateeliisc  tlie  ciiildren,  and  visit  tlie  wick.  Tiu'y  wore  not  to  commit  "  excess  in 
drinkinf?  or  riot,  spendinj?  tlioir  time  idly  by  day  or  niglit,  playing  at  cards,  dice, 
or  otiior  unlawful  games,"  but  to  bear  in  mind  "  tliat  tlicy  ouglit  to  bo  examples 
to  the  people  to  live  well  and  christianly."  Tlieir  income  was  ton  pounds  of 
tobaccM)  and  a  bushel  of  corn  from  every  man  in  tlieir  parish  over  sixteen,  and 
also  the  twentieth  jiig,  calf,  and  kid,  witii  fees  for  nuirryinp,  christeninf^,  and 
burying.  The  ehureh-wardena  were  to  present  all  who  led  profane  and  ungodly 
lives,  wore  common  swearers,  drunkards,  blasphemers,  adulterers,  fornicators, 
slanderers,  and  tale-bearers,  or  diil  not  behave  "  ordorly  and  soberly  during  divine 
service."  Each  oath  was  fined  one  shilling,  and  drunkenness  live,  rrovisions 
were  made  to  prevent  forestalling  and  engrossing,  and  to  limit  the  production  of 
tobacco  to  improve  its  quality  and  increase  its  price,  which  had  fallen  to  six  pence 
a  pound.  Every  planter  was  to  raise  two  acres  of  corn  for  each  liead,  and  every 
tax-payer  twenty  vines.  Every  one  undc '-taking  a  job  was  to  finish  it,  or  be  im- 
prisoned a  month,  pay  a  fine  and  costs.  The  exportation  of  hides  and  skins  was 
forbidden.  A  bounty  was  ofl'ered  for  wolves ;  wild  hogs  were  not  to  be  killed 
without  a  license.  Highways  were  to  bo  laid  out  by  the  governor  and  council,  liy 
the  monthly  courts,  or  in  each  parish  by  the  vote  of  the  iidiabitants.  No  captain 
of  a  ship  should  carry  aiiy  one  as  passenger  who  had  not  given  ten  days  notice 
of  his  leaving,  under  penalty  of  jiaying  his  debts.  No  one  should  go  to  any  other 
I)lantation  without  leave  from  the  g(tvernor.  The  revised  code  was  to  bo  I)u1j- 
lished  by  being  re.ad  at  the  opening  of  every  monthly  court,  copies  in  manuscript 
being  furnished  for  this  purpose  and  being  open  to  jjublic  inspection. 

1632,  Pebruaijy.  —  The  general  assembly  f)f  Virginia  ordered 
"  That  the  governor  and  council  shall  not  lay  any  taxes  or  impo- 
sitions upon  the  colony,  their  land,  or  commodities,  otherwise 
than  by  the  authority  of  the  general  assembly,  to  bo  levied  and 
employed  as  by  the  assembly  shall  be  appointed." 

Every  fortieth  man  in  the  (U)lony  was  drafted  to  make  a  settlement  at  Middle 
rianUdion,  half-way  from  James  to  York  River,  which  was  afterwards  called 
Williamsburg,  and  became  the  capital. 

1G32,  March  19.  —  The  Earl  of  Warwick  conveyed  the  tract  he 
had  received  at  the  division  of  the  charter  of  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany to  an  association  consisting  of  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  Lord 
Brooke,  and  nine  others,  with  their  associates. 

The  tract  which  his  share  consisted  of  extended  from  Narragansett  on  the 
cast,  the  grant  to  Massachusetts  on  the  north,  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  on 
the  sea  to  the  south,  and  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.     This  was  said  to  be  the 


1632.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


47 


boundaries,  for  tlic  i)iit('nt  is  not  known  to  Imvc  liccn  reiilly  nindo.  Tlic  various 
HettlL'ini'nts  wliicii  were  liiiiiliy  incorporated  into  tlie  state  of  Connecticut  wero 
made  upon  tiiis  grant. 

1C32,  July  20.  —  A  charter  was  granted  by  Cliarloa  T.  to  Lord 
Bultiinoro  of  the  territory  to  which  Charles  I.  gave  the  name  of 
Maryland,  in  honor  of  his  queen. 

It  had  Ix'cn  drawn  up  for  tlic  first  Lord  Rnltimoro,  Gcorpc  Caivort,  l)Ut  l)oforo 
it  W118  finisiied  lie  <lied,  and  it  was  ^iven  to  liis  son.  It  was  l)oun(led  on  tlie  soutii 
by  tlio  Potomac,  witii  a  Vnw  from  its  mouth  duo  cast  to  tiic  eastern  sliore ;  on  tlio 
cast  liy  tlic  ocean  and  Dclwaro  IJay;  on  the  north  by  the  fortieth  (ii'fjrce  ot  lati- 
t>i(lc,  and  on  the  west  hy  a  line  north  from  the  most  westerly  head  of  the  rotomac. 
This  charter,  the  first  of  the  proprietary  ones,  was  a  model  for  tiiose  subsequently 
issued.  It  made  the  grantee  and  bis  heirs  "  true  and  absolute  lords  and  pro- 
pritlirs"  of  the  province,  with  all  the  rights,  under  the  English  law,  of  a  county 
palatine.  The  jiroprictor  had  "full,  free,  and  absolute  power"  to  enact  all 
necessary  laws,  with  "  the  advice,  consent,  and  approbation  of  the  freemen  of  the 
province,"  or  their  ri'presentatives.  Laws  thus  made  were  to  be  "  consonent 
to  reason,  and  not  repugnant  or  contrary,  b\it  so  far  as  conveniently  might  bo,  con- 
sonent to  the  laws  of  England."  Of  his  own  power,  the  projjrietor  could  establish 
"  fit  and  wholesome  regulations,"  provided  they  conformed  to  English  law,  and 
did  not  extend  to  life  or  limb,  nor  aflbct  any  interest  in  freehold,  goods,  or 
chattels.  He  could  appoint  tho  necessary  courts,  had  the  patronage  of  the  church, 
and  could  erect  them  and  consecrate  them  according  to  the  ecclesiastical  law  c/f 
England,  incorporate  cities  and  grant  titles  of  honor.  Tho  rights  of  Englishmen 
were  secured  to  all  English  immigrants,  except  "  such  to  whom  it  shall  bo 
expressly  forbidden." 

1632,  December  6.  —  De  Vries  returning  to  Zwanendal  on  t'ne 
Delaware,  found  the  buildings  destroyed  and  tho  bones  of  the 
settlors  scattered  about. 

The  Indians  had  destroyed  the  sottk  ment.  De  Vries  made  peace  with  them, 
and  said  notliing.    Port  Nassau  he  found  had  been  deserted. 

1632.  —  The  exports  from  Fort  Amsterdam  amounted  this  year 
to  fifty-seven  thousand  dollars. 

1632.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  imposed  a  tax, 
apportioned  among  the  towns,  for  building  a  canal  from  Cliaiies 
Rivor  to  Newtown,  and  for  surrounding  Newtown  witit  a 
palisade. 

The  people  of  Watortown  resolved  "  That  it  was  not  safe  to  pay  moneys  after 
i  that  sort,  for  fear  of  bringing  themselves  and  their  posterity  into  bondage."  For 
i  this  they  wero  summoned  liefore  the  court  and  retracted.  At  the  next  session  of 
the  court,  three  months  after,  it  was  ordered  that  two  deputies  be  chosen  from 
each  town,  to  confer  M'itli  the  magistrates  concerning  "  raising  a  common  stock." 
At  this  session  the  term  of  office  of  the  assistants  was  limited  to  one  year,  and 
the  freemen  resumed  the  election  of  governor  and  deputy  governor,  agree,  iig  they 
I  should  always  be  chosen  from  among  the  magistrates. 

1632.  —  Boston  was  agreed  upon  as  the  capital  of  Massachu- 
I  setts  Bay,  liy  the  Court  of  Assistants. 


48 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTII   AMi:uiCA. 


[1632. 


A  fort  nnd  ii  house  of  correction  were  orderoil  to  be  built  there.  It  wiis  also 
ordered  that  no  one  should  take  tobacco  puUichj,  and  every  ono  Bhouhl  pay  a 
penny  every  time  of  taking?  tobacco  anywhere. 

1G32.  —  TnK  general  court  of  Plynioutli  ordered  that  any  ono 
rofnsiii}^  to  u(.'('('{)t  tho  pu.sition  ol"  governor  ahoulJ  pay  twenty 
pound.s  .sterling. 

lie  was  exetiipted  it  tlie  election  was  for  a  second  co.  utivc  term.  Councillors 
or  magistrates  refusing  oiflce  were  to  pay  ton  pounds. 

1632.  —  Razzillai  was  appointed  governor  of  New  Franco. 

lie  had  a  grant  of  the  River  and  Bay  of  St.  Croix,  but  settled  at  La  Have,  on 
the  exterior  coast  of  Acadie,  the  boundaries  of  which  province  were  undetined. 

1032.  —  With  tho  transfer  of  Canada  to  the  company  of  New 
Franco,  tho  JosnitH  obtained  the  monopoly  of  the  missions  among 
the  Indians.  'JMiero  were  already  a  lew  Jesuit  missionaries  there, 
and  others  soon  arrived. 

1632.  —  The  first  mill  oroctcd  in  New  England  is  said  to  have 
been  a  wind-mill,  near  Watertown,  which  was  this  year  taken  down 
and  rebuilt  in  Boston. 

It  was  removed  "  because  it  would  not  grind  but  w''  westerly  wind,"  and  was 
sot  up  in  the  north  end  of  Boston,  on  a  hill  called  pn  'y  Snow  Hill,  and  after- 

wards Copi)s  Hill,  and  "Wind-Mill  Hill.  Soon  aftn,  mnace  was  sent  from 
I'iscrataqua  with  sixteen  hogsheads  of  corn  to  be  ground  ut  this  wind-mill,  there 
being  no  mill  nearer  than  this. 

1632.—  Goveiinor's  Island,  in  Boston  harbor,  was  granted  to 
Mr.  Wintiirop  on  condition  that  ho  should  plant  a  vineyard  or 
an  orchard  there. 

In  1031,  the  rent  wis  made  two  bushels  of  apples  yearly.  In  1082,  Adam 
AVinthrop,  the  then  owner,  compounded  tho  rent  by  the  payment  of  "  five  pounds 
money  forthwith." 

1632.  —  Captain  John  Mason  imported  into  New  ITampshiro  a 
large-sized  breed  of  cattle  from  Denmark. 

In  Kilo  one  hundred  oxen,  driven  from  near  Portsmouth  to  Boston,  sold  for 
twen'y  pounds  each.  It  was  chiefly  from  this  importation  of  Mason's  that  Maine 
was  stocked  with  oxen. 

1632. — Portland,  Maine,  which  was  then  a  part  of  Fal- 
mouth, was  settled  by  an  p]nglish  colony. 

During  the  Indian  and  French  wars,  the  settlement  sufTcrod  greatly,  being  three 
times  completely  destroyed.  In  178G  it  separated  from  I'^almouth,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  town,  and  in  1832  as  a  city.  Its  harbor,  which  is  seldom,  if  ever, 
frozen,  makes  it  a  desirable  port  of  entry,  and  tiie  city  has  a  large  coasting  trade. 
It  has  many  extensive  manufacturing  establishments. 

1632.  —  A  TRADING-POST  established  by  the  Plymouth  colony, 
on  the  Penobscot,  was  rifled  by  a  French  vessel. 


roLjulate  wagi 


1G33.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


49 


I(j33.  —  Sheep  wcro  first  brought  to  Miissaclmsotts  about  this 
ycur.  Tho  first  woro  kopt  on  tho  islands  in  Boston  harbor  to 
nrotoct  them  from  tho  Indians  and  tiio  wolves. 

In  H'i'>2  ('hiirk'wtdwn  l:;ul  four  Iiuiulred  sheep,  and  Lynn  a  connidcrablc  flock, 
which  wii.s  ki'pt  at  Niihimt. 

1G33,  —  The  council  of  Massachusetts  Bay  again  attempted  to 
regulate  wages. 

Tlicre  had  been  a  considerable  imn>i)^rnti()n,  and  a  consequent  int  reased  demand 
for  labor.  Carpenters,  masons,  and  other  mechanics  were  linuted  to  two  8hi!lin^;H 
a  day,  mid  diet  tlieinselves.  Day  laborers  were  to  bo  paid  one  shilliiii^  and  six 
ponce.  It  was  also  ordered  that  no  eonimodity  siioukl  be  sold  for  nion;  than  four 
pence  in  the  shilling  profit  on  the  cost  in  I'.nghind.  Hubbard  says  of  these  regu- 
lations, "  Tiiese  good  orders  were  not  of  long  continuance,  but  did  expire  with 
tlie  first  golden  age  lu  this  New  World." 

1(J3.3.  —  The  first  mill  built  in  Dorchester,  and  the  first  in  tho 
colniiy  of  Massachusetts,  was  erected  by  Mr.  Stoughton  by  leave 
of  the  Plantation  on  tho  Neponset  River. 

Tliero  is  some  reason  to  suppose  that  it  was  erected  earlier.  This  date  is 
given  by  Mass.  Jtist.  Col. 

1633.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  was  presented 
with  a  specimen  of  rye. 

Before  this  the  only  grain  grown  was  Indian  corn,  which  was  coarsely  pounded. 
It  is  said  by  Johnson,  "  The  want  of  English  grain,  wheat,  barley,  rye,  j)rove(l  a 
iiDie  aflliction  to  t:oine  stomachs,  who  could  not  live  upon  Indian  bread  and  water, 
yet  they  were  compelled  to  it."  Speaking  of  the  rye,  he  says,  "  This  poor  people 
(jreatly  rejoiced  to  see  the  land  would  bear  it."  Ten  years  from  this  time  wheat 
was  exported. 

1633.  —  The  second  mill  i^^  sa:d  to  have  been  built  this  year  at 
Lyim. 

Mr.  Edward  Tonilins  was  granted,  in  town  meeting,  the  privilege  of  building  a 
corn-mill  "  at  tiu>  mouth  of  the  stream  v/hich  flows  from  Iho  flax  pond."  About 
ten  years  afterwards  it  was  removed  into  the  town,  and  the  privlleifo  of  the  water- 
course renewed. 

1633.  —  Stephen  Dean,  in  January  of  this  yoar,  put  up  tho 
first  water-mill  in  I'lymouth  colony,  near  Billington  Sea. 

He  engaged  that  it  would  be  sufHcient  to  beat  corn  for  the  whole  colony. 

1633.  —  A  GRIST-MILL  was  built  at  Eoxbury  by  Mr.  Dummer. 

1633.  —  A  vessel  of  sixty  tons,  called  the  "Rebecca,"  was 
built  tiiis  year  at  Medford,  Massachusetts,  at  a  ship-yard  owned 
by  Mr.  Cradock. 

1633.  —  Edward  Winslow  was  chosen  governor  of  the  Plym- 
outh colony. 


'\- 


50 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1633-i 


lie  held  the  office  again  in  1G;30  and  lCt4.  IIo  was  one  of  the  first  coh)ni::ts, 
and  was  sent  to  Enj^land  as  the  colony's  aj^ent  in  1G23  and  in  lOSo.  The  secoml 
time  he  was  iiiiijrisoned  by  Archhishoi)  Laud  on  the  charj^es  of  havintr  ])erforn>cil 
uianiage  as  a  niaj^istrate,  and  taught  in  the  cluirch,  bein^j  only  a  layman,  llu 
was  born  in  Worcestershire,  England,  October  II),  l'>',)o,  and  died  at  sea  Jlay  8, 
IG")"),  while  on  a  voyage  between  Jamaica  and  San  Dominj^^o,  having  been 
apjiointed  by  Cromwell  one  of  the  commissioners  to  superintend  an  expedition 
against  tiie  Spaniards  in  tlio  West  Indies. 

1033.  —  The  Dutch  West  India  Company  built  wind  and  water 
mills;  one  on  Governor's  Island,  and  two  on  Manhattan  Island. 

Van  Twiller,  the  governor  of  the  settlement  at  Man:.attan,  rel)uilt  the  fort  in 
such  close  proximity  to  one  of  the  wind-mills,  that  it  intercepted  the  south-east 
wind,  and  made  the  mill  almost  useless. 

1G33.  —  The  first  school  in  the  city  of  New  York  was  started 
by  tuo  Reformed  Dutch  Church. 

1G33.  —  The  first  settlement  in  Connecticut  was  made  by  the 
Dutch  on  the  Comiecticut  River,  near  the  site  of  Hartford. 

A  fort  and  a  trading-house,  called  the  House  of  Good  Hope,  were  linilt,  and  two 
cannon  were  mounted.  This  land  was  Iiought  by  V.'outer  Van  Twiller,  governor 
of  New  Netherlands,  of  Sassacus,  chief  of  the  Pecpiots,  on  June  8.  Tiic  Dutch 
retained  possession  after  Hartford  was  settled  for  some  years,  and  then  sold  out; 
the  point  is  still  called  Dutch  I'oint. 

1G33.  —  Captain  Willlvm  Holmes,  of  I'^lymouth,  Massachu- 
setts, sailed  up  the  Connecticut  with  building-materials  to  erect  a 
trading-house. 

Though  the  Dutch  threatened  him  from  their  fort,  he  passed  safely,  and  put  up 
his  house  some  distance  above  them. 

1633.  —  Salt  was  exported  from  Virginia  to  Massachusetts. 

1G33.  —  WiNT'SOi},  Comiecticut,  was  the  first  town  settled  in 
the  state. 

William  Holmes,  of  t'no  Plymouth  colony,  with  his  associates,  in  October  built 
a  trading-fort  oi.  the  Connecticut,  just  below  the  I'armington  River.  Afterwards 
the  settlers  brouglit  their  families  and  made  a  permanent  settlement. 

1633.  —  A  TRADixo-STATiox  estal)lished  by  the  riymouth  colony 
at  Macliias,  was  ritlcd  bv  a  Frencii  vessel. 

The  station  was  almost  at  tlio  entrance  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  The  French 
gave  notice  that  tliey  would  not  allow  any  settlement  or  trading-station  to  \w 
established  by  the  English  es.st  of  Pemaipiid  I'oint,  lying  about  midway  between 
the  Penobscot  and  the  Kennebec. 

1634-,  T^i'^BRUARY  24.  —  A  colony  for  Maryland,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Leonard  Calvert  (a  son  of  the  first  Lord  Baltimore), 
arrived  at  the  Chesapeake. 

They  came  in  two  ships,  the  Ark  and  the  Dove.  They  settled  at  an  Indian 
village,  on  the  northern  bank  of  the  Potomac,  which  the  owners  were  about  to 


It  was  to  be  I 


1G34.] 


ANNxlLS   or   NOIITII   AMERICA. 


51 


(k'sort,  and  callod  it  St.  Mnnfa.  On  tlio  Indian  fields  they  raised  this  year  a  crop 
of  corn.  A  cargo  of  tlii«  was  sent  in  tlio  early  fall  to  Massachusetts,  with  friendly 
letters  from  Calvert  and  Harvey  the  fjovernor  of  Vir<;inia.  The  niagistrutes  were 
suspieious  of  tiioni  as  eomint;  from  a  Ciitholic  settlement,  and  when  the  vessel 
sailed,  the  master  was  charged  "  to  bring  no  more  such  disordered  persons." 

lo34,  March.  —  By  order  of"  the  court,  a  market  was  set  up  in 
Boston. 

It  was  to  be  kept  on  Thursdays,  the  day  for  the  weekly  lecture. 

1G34,  April  1.  —  By  the  Massachusetts  council  jSfr.  Israel 
Stoughton  had  permission  given  iiim  "  to  build  a  myll,  a  ware, 
and  a  bridge  over  Ncponsett  River,  and  to  sell  alewives  ho  takes 
there  at  five  shillings  the  thousand." 

It  was  also  agreed  that  Stephen  Dean,  whose  mill  was  probably  a  pounding-mill, 
sliould  surrender  his  privilege  as  soon  as  a  grinding-mill  should  be  set  up. 

1634,  May  14.  —  Twenty-five  delegates,  chosen  by  the  frcc- 
mon  of"  the  towns  in  Massachusetts,  of  their  own  motion, 
iippeared  in  the  general  court  and  claimed  a  share  in  making 
the  laws. 

Their  claim  was  allowed,  and  their  names  appear  on  the  records  of  the  court, 
witli  the  magistrates. 

At  this  first  meeting  of  the  representatives  of  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  the 
governor  and  assistants  sitting  witli  them,  it  was  voted,  "  That  none  but  the  gen- 
oral  court  hath  power  to  nnike  and  establish  laws,"  or  "  tv)  raise  moneys  and 
taxes;"  also,  "that  none  but  freemen  should  have  any  vote  in  any  town  in  any 
notion  of  authority,  or  necessity,  or  that  which  belongs  to  them  by  virtue  of  their 
freedom,  as  receiving  inhabitants,  laying  out  lots,  &c." 

FinuUy  it  was  arranged  that  an  annual  meeting  of  all  the  freemen  should  elect 
the  otlieers,  and  that  at  the  other  three  meetings  during  the  year,  the  freemen 
should  be  represented  by  delegates  chosen  from  the  towns.  At  the  election 
Dudley  was  elected  governor.  AVinthroj)  presented  his  accounts,  which  showed 
tliiit  he  had  been  a  loser  by  the  tenure  of  his  otlice. 


1034,  September  4. 


The  general  court  voted  money  to  build 
a  i'ort  in  Boston  harbor;  ordered  tlie  Ibrt  in  tho.town  armed,  and 
voted  to  construct  other  forts  at  Charlestown  and  Dorchester. 

News  had  been  received  of  the  api)ointment  in  England  of  a  special  connnission, 
witli  Art:. bishop  Laud  at  its  head,  to  which  was  given  full  i  'r  over  the  Ameri- 
can plantations,  to  revise  the  laws,  to  rt'giilate  the  rinirch,  am.  revoke  charters. 
The  charter  was  written  for,  and  there  was  a,  report  that  a  governor-general  for 
New  England  had  been  already  commis'-ioned.  The  general  court  appointed  five 
(•onnnissioners  "to  consult,  direct,  and  give  command  for  the  managing  and 
ordering  of  any  war  that  might  befall  for  the  space  of  a  year  next  ensuing,  and 
till  further  order." 

1G34,  NovEMP.ER  27.  —  Zwanond.d  was  pold  back  to  the  West 
India    Company    for    liftecu    thousand    six    hundred    guilders 

($6240). 


52 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G34. 


1634.  —  Three  companies  who  had  settled  at  Dorchester, 
Watertown,  and  Newtown,  applied  to  the  general  court  of  Mass- 
achusetts lor  leave  to  move  and  settle  on  the  Connecticut  Itiver. 

Thou{?h  tlic  request  was  refused,  sonic  went  and  chose  Wetliersfield  as  the  spot, 
nnd  it  has  always  been  recirdrd  as  the  first  setthnl  town  In  Connecticut. 

Tlic  application  was  renewed  tl\e  next  year  and  granted,  but  the  removal  of  the 
whole  party  did  not  take  place  until  1037,  and  they  divided  between  Hartford, 
Windsor,  and  Wetliersfield. 

1G34.  —  Samuel  Cole  opened  the  first  public  house  of  enter- 
tainment in  Boston,  and  the  first  shop  was  opened  by  John 
Cogan. 

1034.  —  The  small-pox  committed  great  ravages  among  the 
Indians. 

It  almost  exterminated  the  remains  of  the  tribes  about  Massachusetts  Bay,  which 
were  left  by  its  former  ravages  before  tiie  arrival  of  tlie  colony. 

1634.  —  Tins  may  be  taken  as  the  date  of  the  erection  of  tlio 
first  saw-mill  in  America,  in  this  year,  or  the  next,  the  tract  of 
land  upon  which  it  was  situated  became  the  property,  by  pur- 
cliase,  of  ilason,  who  bought  a  tract  of  land  extending  three 
miles  in  breadth  along  the  Newicheuannock,  or  Salmon  Falls 
llivor,  a  part  of  the  Piscataqua,  from  its  mouth  to  its  head, 
"  including  the  saw-mill  which  had  been  built  at  the  falls  of 
Nowiche  uannock." 

A  letter  from  Captain  Mason  to  And)rose  Gibbons,  who  had  tlie  management  of 
the  mill,  dated  May  5,  1(!;J4,  states  that  ho  had  sent  men  and  provisions  with  Mr. 
Jocclyn  to  set  up  two  mills;  and  Gil)bons  in  rei)ly  writes  on  the  l.'2d  of  July,  that 
"  the  carpenters  began  about  tiie  mill,"  and  advises  him  to  send  "  a  stock  of 
iron-work  to  be  put  away  with  his  boards  from  the  mill." 

The  clapboards,  which  had  l)een  previously  exported,  were  either  split  out  with 
wedges,  or  were  sawn  by  hand-saws. 

1634.  —  ViRGiNLV  was  divided  into  eight  counties. 

These  were  Elizabeth  City,  If'arwich,  James  City,  Charles  City,  and  ITenrico, 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  .Tames  River,  Isle  of  Wight  on  the  south  bank,  York,  on 
York  River,  and  Accamac  on  the  eastern  shore. 

1634.  —  Bkeoeuf  and  Daniel,  two  Jesuit  missionaries  in  Canada, 
with  a  party  of  Ilurons,  ascended  the  Ottawa  Kiver,  reaching  tlio 
Manatouline,  or  Georgian  Bay,  the  eastern  projection  of  Lake 
Huron. 

The  French  called  it  Lake  Iroquoise,  and  on  its  borders  and  tributaries  soon 
established  six  missions.  Their  establishment  created  nmch  interest  among  the 
Catholics. 

]  634.  —  This  year  a  water-mill  was  erected  at  Watertown, 
Massachusetts. 

It  stood  on  Mill  Creek,  an  artificiiil  canal  at  the  head  of  tide  water  on  the 
Charles  River,  at  the  first  fall,  whence  the  water  was  conduetc.'d  from  a  stone  dam 


r/^J 


1634-5.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


63 


across  the  river,  into  what  is  supposed  to  be  the  oldest  artificial  mill-race  in  the 
country,  and  which  has  been  in  uninterrupted  use  ever  since.  This  mill  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  built  at  the  joint  expense  of  Edward  How  and  Matthew 
Cnuloek.  A  grant  of  land  was  made  to  it  this  year,  and  in  August  Edward  IIow 
sold  one  half  of  it  to  Thomas  Mayhew  for  two  hundred  pounds,  on  bond  and 
niortgagc,  he,  Mayhew,  having  imrchased  the  other  half  from  Cradock's  agent. 
Mayliew  sold  the  whole  of  it  to  Deputy  (Jovernor  Thomas  Dudley  for  four  hundred 
pounds.  How's  mortgage  not  beiiig  paid,  lie  afterwards  claimed  it,  and  in  1(141 
the  court  decided  that  the  mill  at  Watertown  belongs  (o  Mr.  Dudley,  and  not  to 
Mr.  How,  who  sued  for  it.  In  lijo'S  it  was  rated  at  one  hundred  and  forty  pounds 
for  the  support  of  the  clergy. 

1G34.  —  Twenty-one  sliips  urrivcd  this  year  at  Mussachusotta 
Bay. 

They  brought  a  "  great  store  of  passengers  and  cattle." 

1G35.  —  NEWBURYroRT,Miissaclmsetts,  was  settled, but  continued 
until  1764  to  Ibrm  a  part  of  Newbury. 

During  the  Revolution,  the  people  of  the  town  were  distinguished  for  their  patri- 
otism; the  first  tea  destroyed  in  tiie  county  was  here,  it  iuiving  lieen  taken  from  the 
powder-house,  where  it  had  been  placed  for  safe-keeping,  and  burned  in  the  public 
square.  The  expedition  to  Quebec  sailed  from  here ;  the  first  i)rivateer  was  fitted 
here,  and  the  first  volunteer  company  to  join  the  C'ontinental  army  marcjied  from 
here.  In  the  war  of  1812,  Newburyport  was  noted  for  the  spirit  of  its  privateers. 
It  was  always  famous  in  ship-building.  Vessels  were  built  as  early  as  1080;  and 
in  17(i(>  there  were  at  one  time  seventy-two  vessels  on  the  stocks.  The  first 
printing-press  used  in  the  town  was  one  for  the  Newburyport  Herald,  and  was 
bought  for  forty  dollars  from  Henjamin  Franklin.  On  the  21th  of  May,  1851,  a 
city  eliarter  was  granted  the  town. 

1635. — A  Jksuit  college  and  school  for  Indian  children  was 
established  at  Quebec. 

1635.  —  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  was  settled  by  emigrants 
from  Roxbury. 

The  settlement  was  called  Agawam  originally;  but  in  1(538,  William  Pynchon 
was  ek'cted  governor,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  Springfield  (the  name  of  his 
former  residence  in  England),  in  compliment  to  liim.  In  lti52  rynehon  returned 
to  England,  but  his  son  John  renuiinod  in  Springfit'ld,  and,  in  1GG2,  built  the 
well-known  "  I'ynehon  House,"  the  first  brick  bouse  in  the  valley,  and  which  was 
often  used  as  a  j)lace  of  refuge  from  the  attacks  of  the  Indians.  The  house  was 
not  demolished  until  1831,  In  1G75,  during  King  IMiilii)'s  War,  the  settlement 
was  destroyed.  The  government  armory  here  was  connnenced  during  the  Revo- 
lution. In  17K7  it  was  during  Shay's  Rebellion  attacked  l)y  his  ])arty.  In  1794 
it  was  formally  established.  The  town  grew  but  slowly  until  1838,  when  the  open- 
ing of  the  Western  Hailroad,  making  it  the  focal  point  of  three  railroads,  —  the 
Western,  the  New  Haven,  and  the  Comieeticut  Valley,  —  gave  it  an  imyetus,  since 
when  it  has  rapidly  increased,  and  in  1852  received  a  city  charter.  In  addition  to 
the  niitional  armory,  there  are  several  j)rivate  factories  for  fire-arms,  extensive 
niachine  fa(!tories,  a  car  manufactory,  artillery-carriage  factories,  rubber,  woollen, 
and  cotton  mills. 


54 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMEIUCA. 


[1G35. 


1G35.  —  Concord,  Massacliusetts,  was  settled. 

The  town  has  always  l)ooii  a  prominent  one,  hearing  an  active  part  in  all  the 
colonial  wars,  and,  as  early  as  17(i7,  hitterly  opposed  tiie  usurpations  of  the  home 
government,  and  during  tiie  Kevolutionary  war  sent  one  luuKh-ed  and  seventy-four 
men  to  the  army,  t]ioui,di  its  ei-tiri?  jjopuhition  was  only  thirteen  hundred.  Hero 
the  first  skirmish  of  tlie  IJevolution  took  jjlaee,  on  tlie  l!)th  of  Ajjril,  1775.  Harvard 
Colleire  was  moved  to  Coneord  durinjj  the  time  tlic  eoilegv  l)uildings  were  oeeu- 
pied  by  the  American  army  besieging  Boston  in  177.'),  but  returned  to  Cambridge 
in  June,  177C. 

1635.  —  Hartford,  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  emigrants  from 
Cambridge,  Dorchester,  and  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  who  tirst 
called  it  Newton,  but  changed  the  name  in  1G3G. 

The  original  deed  having  been  lost,  the  hind  was  repureliased  from  the  Indians 
in  1070.  In  1C37  the  IVquot  War  l)r(>ki"  out;  in  1038  a  public  school  was  opened, 
and  in  10-13  tlie  town  votid  the  teaelier  a  salary  of  sixteen  pounds  a  year.  In 
1044  the  e(mrt  ordered  the  estal)lisiiment  of  an  inn.  In  KiHO  llie  first  code  of  laws 
was  drawn  up  by  Koger  Ludlow,  who  reduced  the  number  (if  capital  ofl'ences  from 
the  one  hundred  and  sixty  under  the  English  law  to  fifteen.  In  1704  the  first 
printing-office  was  started  by  Tlioi.ias  Green.  In  1784  the  city  was  incorporated, 
and,  tiiough  the  legishiture  meets  at  Hartford  alternately  with  New  Haven,  tiie 
state  otHees  and  records  are  ke])t  at  Hartford.  It  is  now  the  sole  capital  of  Con- 
necticut, and  new  capitol  buildings  are  in  process  of  erection. 

1635.  —  The  v-^ouncil  for  New  England  of  tlio  Plymouth  Com- 
pany surrendered  their  charter  to  the  kir.g,  alter  dividing  their 
territories  into  twelve  principalities  among  eight  associates. 

The  king  was  requested  to  i.ssuc  to  these  eight  associates  proprietary  charters. 
Gorges  was  to  go  to  New  England  as  governor-general,  but  the  ship  intended  for 
him  broke  in  launching,  and  tiie  design  was  al)andoned.  This  accident  was 
esteemed  in  New  Englaml  a  signal  instance  of  a  special  providence.  Mason  com- 
menced a  suit  of  qii'j  warranto  against  the  charter  of  Massacliusetts.  Winslow, 
who  liad  gone  to  England  as  an  agent  for  tlie  riymouth  settlement,  was  arrested 
and  detained  four  montlis  in  prison  on  tlie  charge  of  having  presumed,  while  a 
layman,  to  preach  and  perform  the  marriage  ceremony. 

1G35.  —  The  French  from  Acadie  sent  an  armed  yossel,  and  cap- 
tured the  trading-station  established  by  tiie  I'lymouth  colony  at 
the  Penobscot. 

In  August  the  Plymouth  colony  sent  two  ships  to  recover  their  trading-station 
from  the  French.  IJeing  unsuccessful,  they  returned,  and  riymouth  ajijilied  i.i 
the  general  court  of  JMassacliusetts  for  aid,  wiiicii  tiie  court  ollered  to  give  if 
riymouth  would  pay  the  expense.  The  plan  fell  through,  therefore,  and  the 
French  continued  to  hold  possession  of  tlie  station. 

1635,  November  3.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
passed  a*  sentence  of  banishment  against  Roger  Williams. 

The  charge  was  having  "  broached  and  divulged  divers  new  and  dangerous 
opinions  against  the  autliority  of  the  magistrates,  as  also  writ  letters  of  defama- 
tion both  of  tlie  magistrates  and  churches."    Fermission  to  remain  until  spring  was 


1635.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


55 


^riven  liiin.  and  tlien  suddenly  withdrawn ;  and,  escaping,  he  sought  refuge  with  the 
Iniliiins,  o'.itained  a  grant  of  land  from  Massasoit,  tlie  chief  of  Wauipanoags,  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Seekonk  River,  and  built  a  iiouse  there. 

1G35.  —  An  armed  cruiser  tlireatenccl  the  settlement  of  St. 
Mary's. 

It  was  sent  by  William  Clayborno,  one  of  the  council  of  Virginia,  who,  under 
a  royal  license  to  trade  "  in  all  those  parts  for  which  patents  of  sole  trade  :  id  not 
already  been  granted,"  which  he  had  obtained  in  1G31,  claimed  that  the  charter 
for  Maryland  was  an  infringement.  He  had  cstal)lislied  trading-posts  on  the  Isle 
of  Kent'  in  the  Chesapeake,  and  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna.  Two  boats 
Iroin  St.  Mary's  captured  this  cruiser  with  its  officers,  and  also  the  Isle  of  Ivent. 
Calvert  claimed  Clayborne,  who  had  escaped  to  Virginia,  but  Harvey  sent  liiin  to 
England.  The  Virginians,  disliking  tlio  Catholic  settlement  by  Calvert,  the  council 
Mispended  Harvey,  and  called  a;i  assembly  to  hear  charges  against  him.  Harvey 
iiijreed  to  go  to  England  to  be  tried;  but  those  appearing  against  him  would  not 
be  even  heard,  and  he  was  sent  back  witli  a  new  conunission  as  governi)r. 

IG.'^S.  —  An  assembly  was  held  in  Maryland,  and  a  body  of  laws 
enacted. 

The  proprietary  rejected  them,  on  the  ground  that  the  initiative  in  legislation 
was  bis.  Clayborne's  officers  were  tried  fur  murder,  and  found  guilty,  and  his 
property  at  Kent  Island  confiscated. 

IG.'IS.  —  A  MILL  is  mentioned  as  having  been  ^uilt  this  year  in 
Maryland,  "  near  the  town ;  "  probably  St.  Mary's,  the  capital. 

1035.  —  A  PARTY  from  V^irginia  having  occupied  the  empty  fort 
Nassau  on  the  Delaware,  an  armed  vessel  was  sent  from  Fort 
Amsterdam,  who  captured  them. 

They  were  .sent  back  to  Virginia. 

1G35.  —  At  Manhattan,  Fort  Amsterdam,  which  had  consumed 
two  years  in  building,  was  ahnost  comj)letely  destroyed  in  half 
an  hour  by  a  fire,  caused  by  the  hxlgment  of  a  spark  from  a  gun  in 
the  reeds  of  the  thatched  roof. 

After  this,  catted  chimneys  and  tli. itched  roofs  were  forbidden  in  New  Am- 
sterdam. 

IGlif).  —  TiiR  emigration  from  Massachusetts  Bay  to  the  Con- 
necticut River  set  out. 

A  portion  went  by  land,  driving  tlieir  cattle  l)efore  them,  and  were  fourteen  daj-s, 
guided  l)y  a  compass,  threading  the  forests,  in  reaching  the  settlement  of  tbe  com- 
imiiy  from  IMyniouth.  A  pany  by  water  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut, 
iiml  settled  Saybrook.  With  these  were  commissioners  from  the  lords  proprietors 
of  Comieeticut,  — John  Winthrop,  .Jr.,  Hugh  Peters,  and  Henry  Vane,  —  who  hail 
instnu'tions  and  means  to  take  possession  of  the  territory  claimed  under  a  convey- 
ance from  the  Karl  of  Warwick  of  the  tract  extending  along  the  coast  one  hundred 
and  twenty  miles  from  the  Narragansett  River  west  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  Wh;.t 
autho'ity  he  had  to  make  such  a  conveyance  does  not  ai)pear,  though  it  was  claimed 
lu'  had  a  grant  from  the  council  for  New  England,  and  a  charter  from  tbe  king. 
Neither  of  these  documents  have,  however,  ever  been  found,  and  probably  never 


56 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1636. 


had  an  existence.  During  tlie  winter,  tliis  Connecticut  emigration  r.utrered  greatly, 
most  of  tlieir  cattle  dying,  so  that  a  number  of  tiie  colonists  returned.  As  all  the 
settlements  defended  onlj'  upoif  the  natural  meadows  for  the  sui)p()rt  of  tlieir  stock, 
the  need  of  finding  new  was  one  of  tlie  cldef  reasons  for  the  emigration  from  tliu 
vicinity  of  Boston. 

1G3G,  March.  —  TIio  goneriil  court  of  Massacliusctt.s  passed  an 
act  for  the  regulation  of  the  towns. 

"  Whereas  particular  towns  have  many  things  wliicli  conrorn  oidy  thoniselves, 
and  the  ordering  of  tiieir  own  afl'airs,  aiul  disjiosing  of  business  in  their  own  town, 
it  is  therefore  ordered,  that  the  freemen  of  every  town,  or  the  major  part  of  them, 
shall  only  have  the  i)ower  to  dispose  of  their  own  hinds  and  woods,  witli  all  the 
privileges  and  ajjpurtenances  of  tlie  said  towns  to  grant  lots,  and  make  sucli  orders 
us  may  concern  the  well  ordering  of  tlieir  own  towns,  not  repugnant  to  tlie  laws 
and  orders  here  established  by  the  general  court;  as  also  to  lay  nnilcts  and  penal- 
tics  for  the  breach  of  these  orders,  and  to  levy  and  distrain  the  same,  not  I'xceed- 
ing  the  sum  of  twenty  shillings ;  also  to  choose  their  own  particular  ofBccrs,  as 
constables,  surveyors  for  the  highways,  and  the  like."  There  were  twenty  towns 
in  Massachusetts. 

1G3G.  —  The  colony  at  Phmoutli  adopted  a  body  of  laws  known 
as  "  The  General  P^undanientals." 

The  first  two  articles  read  :  "That  no  act,  imposition,  law  or  ordinance  be  made 
or  imposed  upon  us  at  present  or  to  come,  but  such  as  has  been  or  sliall  be 
enacted  by  the  consent  of  the  body  of  freemen  or  ii«sociates,  or  their  rei)reseii- 
tatives  legally  assembled,  which  is  according  to  the  free  liberties  of  tlie  free-born 
people  of  England.  —  And  for  the  well  governing  this  colony,  it  is  ordered  thiit 
there  be  a  free  election  annually,  of  governor,  di'puty  governor,  and  assistants,  by 
the  vote  of  the  freemen  of  this  colony." 

1G3G,  i\rAY  1.  —  The  three  towns  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and 
Wethersfield,  forming  tlio  only  settlements  in  Connecticut,  con- 
tained at  this  time  not  quite  two  hundred  men. 

1636,  May  25.  —  Sir  Henry  Vane  was  elected  governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

This  year  the  sessions  of  the  general  court  were  reduced  to  two  a  year :  one 
to  follow  the  ccmrt  of  elections,  and  the  other  in  the  autumn.  Tlie  larger  towns 
were  given  two  deputies,  and  the  smaller,  one.  The  govi'rnor  and  assi>tants  were 
required  to  hold  four  courts  a  year  at  Boston,  to  try  the  most  imiiortant  cases, 
Inferior  courts  were  appointed,  to  sit  quarterly  at  Ipswich,  Salein,  Newtown,  ar.ii 
Boston.  Appeal  lay  from  these  to  the  quarter  courts,  and  thence  to  the  general 
court.  A  standing  council  for  life  was  instituted,  and  the  powers  of  the  military 
commission  given  to  it. 

1636,  June.  —  Roger  Williams  being  advised  by  Governor 
Winslow  of  Plymouth  that  his  place  of  settlement  was  within 
the  limits  of  that  colony,  who  "  were  loath  to  displease"  the  Mas- 
Bachusetts  colony,  he,  with  five  others  who  had  accompanied  him, 
moved  to  the  present  site  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  which  he 
thus  named  in  gratitude  for  his  escape,  and  founded  there  a  set- 
tlement. 


Tills  last  one  w 
]CA->,  shattered,  a 


1636.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


57 


Providence.  —  The  first  patent  for  the  town  was  received  from  Charles  I.,  bear- 
ing (late  1043.  The  settlement  sufl'crod  severely  in  King  rinlip's  War  in  1G75. 
In  1832  it  received  a  city  charter.  Providence  is  the  principal  port  of  entry  of  tho 
state,  and  in  wealth  is  the  second  city  in  New  England.  Here  tlio  first  Baptist 
church  in  America  was  built  in  1C38 ;  and,  during  colonial  times,  Providence  had 
a  large  foreign  commerce.  Now  that  has  fallen  off,  thougli  it  .still  has  a  largo 
eoastiiig-trade.  It  is  famous  for  its  manufactories,  whidt  include  cotton,  wool, 
iron,  gold,  and  silver.  There  are  three  iron-screw  factories,  whicli  consume  five 
thousand  tons  of  iron  yearly.  For  more  than  a  century,  gold  jewelry  and  silvi'r- 
ware  have  been  manufactured ;  and  now  tlie  various  establishments  equal  tiiose  in 
any  otiier  part  of  tho  country. 

1636.  —  T)e  Montmagny  succeeded  to  tho  govcrnorsliip  of 
Ciiimda,  Cliamplain  having  died. 

1636. — Water-mu.ls  wore  built  this  year  in  Massachusetts,  at 
Salem,  Ipswich,  and  Newbury. 

Tliis  last  was  the  first  in  the  place,  and  was  erected  by  Messrs.  Dunimer  and 
Spencer,  in  accordance  witli  an  agreement  made  with  the  town  in  1G35,  when  a 
grant  was  made  by  tlie  court.  In  1(538  Mr.  Dumnier  was  granted  tlie  exclusive 
riglit  of  having  sudi  a  mill  within  tho  town,  provided  he  agreed  to  keep  it  in  con- 
dition to  grind;   and  the  town  agreed  to  send  their  corn  to  it. 

1G36. — John  Jenney  was  granted  liberty  by  the  court  of 
Plymouth  to  erect  a  "  mill  for  grinding  and  beating  of  corn  upon 
the  brook  of  Plymouth." 

1636. — The  making  of  salt  was  commenced  at  Salem,  Massa- 
cliusetts,  under  the  permissiou  of  the  general  court. 

1636.  —  This  year  two  more  wind-mills  wore  built;  one  at 
Boston,  and  tho  other  at  Charlestown. 

Tills  last  one  was  blown  down  hi  I(!18,  after  Iiaving  been  struck  by  liglitning  in 
]CA'2,  shattered,  and  set  on  liri.',  wliilo  the  miller  was  nuide  insensible  for  twenty- 
four  hours. 

1636.  —  The  people  of  Salem  built  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty  tons,  at  jMarblehead,  tliis  year. 

1636,  July. — Joiin  Oldham,  a  trader,  was  murdered  by  the 
Pequot  Indians  on  his  return  from  a  trading  voyage  up  the  Con- 
necticut River. 

This  was  the  commencement  of  tho  Poqiiot  war. 

1636,  AufiusT  25.  —  An  expedition  under  .ToIju  Eudicott  went 
against  the  lYHpuits,  and  in  September  burned  their  settlement 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Thames  lliver. 

The  IVquots,  in  retaliation,  tried  to  form  an  alliance  with  the  Narragansetts 
and  other  Indian  tribes,  for  the  extermination  of  tlio  English.  I'y  tlie  jx'rsonal 
inHucnee  of  Roger  Williams,  the  Narragansetts  and  Mohegaiis  were  jiersuaded  to 
refuse  the  alliance  and  form  a  treaty  with  the  settlers  of  Massachusitts  Bay,  and 
the  Peq\iots,  alone,  attempted  to  carry  out  their  purpose. 


\ 


58 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


[1G37. 


1G37,  .NfAY  2G.  —  An  expedition  from  Connecticut  of  ninety 
men,  under  John  JVIuson,  witli  a  body  of  friendly  Indirns,  sur- 
prised and  burned  a  Teiiuot  fortified  village  on  the  Pequot  River, 
now  tlio  Thames. 

About  si'vi'ii  liundi-fil  of  the  IiuliiiiiM  were  burned  or  shot.  Only  seven  were 
captured,  luul  only  the  same  number  eticiipeil. 

lGo7,  Jri,Y  13.  —  Another  expedition  from  Massachusetts, 
nnder  Ca[)tain  Stoughton,  continued  the  attack  upou  the  Fcciuots, 
and  surrounded  them  in  u  swamp  near  New  Jlaven. 

The  men  taken  eaptive  w.-re  killed ;  the  women  and  ehildren  were  sent  to 
Boston  ati  shivi's.  A  tew  of  the  Indians  in  this  contest  are  said  for  tiie  first  time 
to  liave  used  fire-arms.  'J'his  I'uded  tiie  war.  The  Indian  allies  of  the  fiittlers 
completed  the  extermination  of  the  IVquots.  The  scalp  and  a  part  of  the  skin  of 
Rassaeus,  who  was  killed  by  the  jMohej^ans,  were  sent  as  a  present  to  Boston. 
Stoughton  had  been  selected  as  leader  by  i^t. 

1G37,  Skptkmbkr  22.  —  The  synod  composed  of  all  the  elders, 
besides  lay  delomatos,  which  had  boon  sitting  at  Cambridgo, 
Massachusetts,  dissolved. 

It  had  been  in  session  twenty-four  days,  and  had  condenmed  eighty-two 
"erronious  ojiinions  "  and  nine  "  unsavory  speeches,"  which  comprised  a  com- 
plete list  of  the  lieresies  then  ])revail;ng.  A  day  of  thanksgiving  was  appointed  for 
its  success,  and  for  the  recent  victory  over  the  I'eijuots,  to  be  held  Oetolier  12. 

More  than  eight  hundred  of  the  I'eipiots  had  been  shiin,  and  about  two  hundred 
made  ea]itives.  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  changed  the  name  of  the  I'equot 
liiver  to  the  Thames,  and  that  of  l'e(piot  town  to  New  London. 

1G37,  November  2.  • — The  general  court  of  ]\[assachusetts 
passed  a  sentence  of  banishment  against  Mrs.  Hutchinson  and 
others  of  the  Antinomians. 

It  was  one  of  the  results  of  thef)logical  disputation.  The  court  also  ordered 
the  j)rincii)al  men  of  the  heretical  party  to  deliver  up  their  arms,  or  acknowledge 
their  sin  iiefore  two  magistrates. 

Mrs.  II;itehinson  moved  to  Providence,  and  thence  to  a  spot  near  Hurl  Gate, 
New  York,  in  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dutch.  There  she  and  th''  whole  household 
of  sixteen  persons,  with  the  exception  of  one  child,  were  slaughtered  by  tlic 
Indians  in  1643.     The  child  was  subsecpiently  restored. 

1G37. — The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  '•' tliat 
none  shoidd  entertain  any  stranger  wlio  should  arrive  with  an 
intent  to  reside,  or  shall  allow  the  use  of  any  habitation  without 
liberty  from  the  Standing  Council." 

This  was  intended  to  keep  out  strangers  who  held  strange  doctrines. 

1637.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  "  No 
person  shall  brew  any  beare,  or  malt,  or  other  driuko,  or  sell  in 
gross  or  by  retaile,  but  oidy  such  as  shall  be  licensed  by  this 
Courte,  on  paine  of  £100;  and  whereas  Captain  Sedgwick  hath 
before  this  time  set  up  a  brewo  house  at  his  great  charge,  and 


1637.  —  A  wi 


1637-8.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTII   AMKUICA. 


69 


very  commoilious  for  thiii  part  of  tho  countroy,  hoe  is  frooly 
licensed  to  brewo  boaro  to  sell  according  to  the  size  before 
hcensed  dureing  tho  pleasure  of  tlio  Courto." 

The  "size"  liiul  previously  been  ordered  to  he  not  stronger  tluin  could  be 
sold  lit  eight  shillings  the  barrel,  under  penidly  of  twenty  pounds. 

1G37,  NovEMUER.  —  Tho  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
Abraham  Shaw  one  half  tho  benelit  from  any  "  coles  or  yron  stone 
^v^:l>  yhall  boo  ibuad  iu  any  comon  ground  wi;i»  is  in  the  countryo's 
disposing." 

By  the  :ineiont  monopoly  of  privilege,  gold  nnd  silver  found  in  mines  Indongcd 
to  the  king.  In  tlu;  grants  to  many  of  the  colonii's,  one  fifth  of  tlie  prodiiei;  of 
sueh  Wiis  reserved  as  a  royalty,  and  the  London  Company  reserved  imutlier  fifth 
of  gold  and  silver  mines  in  Virginia.  The  statutes  1  and  5  of  William  and 
Miiry  ordained  that  mines  of  copper,  tin,  iron,  and  lead  belonged  to  tlu'  owners, 
but  the  precious  ores  belonged  to  the  crown,  on  payment  of  the  price  of  the  base 
metal. 

1637.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  erected  this  year  at  Scituate,  Massa- 
chusetts, by  William  Gibson,  and  the  same  year  land  was  granted 
for  the  orection  of  another,  at  Salem,  to  John  Horn,  who  removed 
it  in  1039  to  AVind-Mill  Point,  on  tlio  south  side  of  North  llivcr. 

1(;37.  —  A  PAMPHLET  pul dished  in  London  this  year,  says  of 

Massachusetts  :  "  They  that  arrived  this  year,  out  of  divers  parts 

of  Old  England,  say  that  they  never  saw  such  a  field   of  four 

hundred  acres  of  all  sorts  of  English  graine  as  they  saw  at  Win- 

|ter-towne  there.     Yet  that  ground  is  not  comparable  to  other 

[parts  of  New  England,  as  Salem,  Ipswich,  Newberry,  etc. 

1637.- — It  is  stated  that  this  year  there  wero  but  thirfv -seven 
[ploughs  in  Massachusetts. 

1637.  —  Bricks  sold  this  year  in  New  Yoik  for  ion  llorina 
[(four  dollars)  the  thousand. 

Heeds,  for  thatching,  were  one  and  a  half  florins  the  hundred  bundles,  and  at 
jrort  Orange,  one  florin.  Carpenters'  wagi.'s  wore  about  two  florins  a  day,  and 
I  day-laborers'  one  florin.  Nails  were  eight  to  ten  stivers  (sixteen  to  twenty  cents) 
lainnind,  one  hundred  nails  to  the  pound. 

1C37.  —  A  HOSPITAL  was  established  at  Quebec. 

1C38,  —  New  Haven,  Cormecticut,  was  settled  by  a  company, 
jprincipidly  from  London,  under  the  Rev.  John  Davenport  and 
|TliL'ophilus  Eaton,  who  was  chosen  first  governor. 

it  reinaini  d  a  distinct  colony  until  IGCA,  when  it  was  united  with  Connecticut 
llinilor  tlie  charter  of  1()G2.  It  was  not  incorjioratod  as  a  city  until  178-t.  It  is  the 
hnt  of  Yalo  College,  and  its  two  great  in    mfactures  are  clocks  and  carriago- 

Imaking, 

lf;:5S. —  An  Ursulino  convent,  for  the  education  of  girls,  was 
lestablitihed  at  Quebec. 


60 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITII  AMERICA. 


[IG38. 


1G38.  —  Taunton,  Masaachusetts,  on  a  river  of  tho  samo  name, 
was  settled  by  a  company  from  Taunton,  England. 

The  first  iiiinistor  in  tliu  town  was  Williiun  Hooko,  who  afterwards  was  chap- 
lain to  Oliver  Croiuwell.  Tliu  town  i.-i  situutecl  witiiin  what  were  the  liniit.s  of 
Kin)^  I'hilip's  liunlinn-Krounds ;  Imt  diiriii),'  his  war  he,  from  l'rienil>liip  for  a  rosi- 
dont,  Thomas  Leonard,  spared  tiie  settlement.  Taunton  has  always  been  notoil 
for  it.s  inamifactories  of  brick  and  iron,  lar^'e  quantities  of  which  are  annuiilW 
exported ;  also  for  its  herrin-?  fislieries,  the  privileges  for  whidi  are  still  sold 
yearly.  The  Taimton  (Copper  Company  is  the  oldest  and  largest  in  tho  country, 
and  was  incorporated  over  thirty  yi'ars  ajfo.  Taunton  has  also  a  large  coasting 
trade,  and  is  a  grain  depot  for  the  neigliboring  towns;  besides  it3  iron  and  brick 
factories,  there  are  others  of  almost  every  branch  of  manufacture. 

1638,  March  16.  —  Tiio  first  Baptist  cliurch  was  formed  in 
Providence,  Rliodo  Island. 

It  consisted  of  twelve  members,  eleven  besides  Roger  'Willianis,  who  were  then 
baptized. 

1638,  March   24.  —  A  number  of  tho  Antinomians  banished 
from  Ma.-^sachusetts  made  a  settlement  at  Pocasset,  now  Ports- 
mouth, upon  the  island  of  Aquedneelc,  or  Rhode  Island,  having  I 
formed  themselves  into  a  body  politic,  and  chosen  William  Cod- 
diugton  to  be  their  chief  niagistrate. 

They  purchased  the  island  from  the   Indians,  and  obtained  a  deed  from  them, 
The  price  i)aid  for  Aqnedneek,  and  for  the  grass  on  the  other  islands,  was  forty 
fathoms  of  white  peage,  together  with  ten  coats  and  twenty  hoes  to  tlie  residoii;  I 
Indians  to  U'ave  tlu'  land,  and  five  fathoms  of  wampum  to  the  local  sachem.    In 
1G30,  a  portion  of  them  connnenced  the  settlement  of  Newport,  on  the  south-wet!  I 
portion  of  the  island.     In  l(i44  the  colonists  changed  the  Indian  name,  Aqueihiock. 
to  Kliode  Island,  or  the  Isle  of  lihodes.     There  is  a  tradition  that  the  island  va 
so  named  from  its  resemblance  to  the  Isle  of  l\hodes,  on  the  coast  of  Asia  Minor; 
but  it  appc^ars  tliat  Adrian  Block,  whose  name  was  given  to  Block  Island,  saikil 
also  up  Xarragansett  Bay,  and,   from  the  color  of  the  clay  of  tho  clifi's,  callodill 
Koodt  Eylandt,  Ilcd  Island,  by  which  name  it  appears  upon  tlie  Dutch  maps  of 
that  time. 

"William  Coddington  was  born  in  Lincolnshire,  England,  in  IfiOl.     He  came  to  | 
this  country  in  l(i30,  appointed  by  tho  crown  as  one  of  tho  magistrates  of  JIassa- 
chnsctts.     He  was  also  a  merchant,  and  amassed  a  large  fortune,     lie  defi'iidiJ  I 
Mrs.  Hutchinson  during  the  Antii\omian  controversy;  disagreed  with  AVintiiroii. 
defended  Wheelwright  and  others ;  but,  becoming  disgusted  with  the  ruling  oi'  [ 
"Winthrop,  withdrew  to  Aqnedneek.     lie   drew  up,   and  the   eighteen  signed,  an 
agreement  to  "found  a  colony  wliieli  should  he  judged  and  guided  by  the  absolute  I 
laws  of  Christ."    This  was  soon  found  to  be  too  vague,   and  Coddington  w;i' 
chosen  jmlgo,  with  a  council  of  three  elders.     In  1G40,  he  was  chosen  governor,  I 
with  a  lieutenant-governor  and  four  assistants.     He  held  the  office  seven  years;  | 
in  1G51,  went  to  England;  on  his  return,  withdrew  from  public  life  until  ICT. 
when  ho  once  more   accepted  the  office  of  governor.      After  his   settlement  in  | 
Rhode  Island  he  embraced  the  doctrines  of  tho  Quakers,     lie  died  November  I) 
1678. 

1638,  March  24:.  —  A  deed  was  made  by  Canonicus  and  his  son 


1638.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOHTII  AMEllICA. 


61 


Miantinomi,  tho  chiofs  jf  tlio  Narragansotts,  to  Roger  Williams  of 
all  the  land  between  t'.io  Pawtucket  and  Pawtuxet  river.s. 

It  was  ffivon  "  in  consideration  of  tlic  many  kindnesses  and  Hcrvici's  lie  liath 
fontiiiuiiily  done  for  lis."  Soon  after  his  purciiase  Uof^er  ^Villiluns  niiidc  a  deed, 
givini;  ecjual  uluvres  to  twelve  of  his  companions,  "and  such  others  as  the  major 
iiiirt  of  us  shall  admit  into  the  same  fellowship  of  vote  with  us."  These  deeds 
were  merely  memorandums;  and  in  December,  KJGl,  lio^er  Williams  made  a 
formal  deed,  and  five  years  afterwards  another,  dating  it  back  to  tho  8th  day  of 
the  eifflith  month,  Wd8. 

1(;;>8,  Mauctt.  —  William  Kieft,  apjiointcd  to  succcod  Van 
Twillcr  at  Manhattan,  arrived  and  found  the  eutnpany'b  property 
in  a  neglected  and  ruinoua  condition. 

The  five  farms,  or  l)oweries,  of  the  company  wcro  untenanted  and  stri])pcd  of 
their  stock,  while  privatu  traders   had  monoixdized  the  fur  trade. 

1G.'>8.  —  The  government  at  Renssolaerwych  was  vested  in  two 
commirisaries  and  two  counsellors,  with  a  secretary  and  marshal. 

They  made  a  court  for  the  trial  of  all  cases,  with  appeal  to  the  director  and 
council  at  Fort  Amsterdam.  The  law  of  the  whole  province  was  the  Koman- 
Dutcli  law  as  practised  in  Holland.  Disputes  hetween  the  patroon  and  the  tenants 
commenced  from  the  very  settlement  of  tho  colony. 

IfioS.  —  The  records  of  Plymouth  show  tliat  John  Jenncy 
was  presented  for  not  grinding  corn  well  and  seasonably. 

1G38.  —  The  general  court  of  Massacliusotts  issued  regulations 
for  the  corn-mills,  prescribing  the  weights  and  measures  to  be  used 
ill  tlicm,  and  making  it  obligatory  to  weigh  the  corn,  if  required, 
both  to  and  from  the  mill. 

1G.38,  SErrEMBKR  G.  —  Tiie  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
onlerod  that  every  inhabitant  "  who  shall  not  voluntarily  con- 
trihiitc  proportionate  to  liis  ability  with  otiior  freemen  of  tho 
same  town  to  all  assessed  charges,  as  well  for  tho  upholding  of  tho 
ordinances  of  the  churches  as  otherwise,"  should  bo  compelled  to 
do  so  by  taxes  levied  as  in  other  cases. 

1G.')S.  —  UosTON  had  twenty  or  thirty  houses.  Twenty  ships 
and  about  three  thousand  persons  arrived  in  Massachusetts. 

Jdlin  Jossclyn,  who  visited  America  this  year,  says  there  were  two  licensed  inns 
in  I'oston,  and  when  a  stranj^er  enters  them,  "  an  ofliccr  visits  them,"  and  if  tho 
stranj^er  "  calls  for  more  drink  than  the  officer  thinks  in  his  judt<ement  he  can 
solierly  hear  away,  he  appoints  the  proportion  beyond  which  ho  cannot  get  ono 

drop." 

1G38.  —  A  SCHOOL  was  established  by  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  at  Newtown,  and  the  name  Cambridge  was  given 
to  the  settlement. 

The  school  was  for  the  education  of  clergymen. 

1638.  —  An  order  was  issued  in  England  to  stop  all  ships  bound 
for  New  England. 


62 


ANNALS   OF   NOUTII   AMKUICA. 


[IG38-9. 


Tlic  (lentil  of  MuHon,  tlio  yonr  licforo,  put  nn  <'n(l  to  llio  proroodinf,'*  of  f/i,o 
tvnrriint')  iiK;ii'"'t  tlie  fliartiT.  An  or  liT  wii^  sent  out  hy  tlic  LortN  ('onuiii.xsion!! 
for  riimtiUionM  to  sonil  tin'  cliiutiT  to  Kntrliintl,  wliicli  tlio  (fcncnil  court,  by  tlic 
jjovcrnor,  r(s|u(t1ii!ly  lUoliiic;!.  Tlio  Bhip-owniTs  also  obtaint'd  tho  rocull  of  tlu' 
order  c'oiR'i.'riiiii(^  nliips. 

IG-TS.  —  TnR  Ft(^rori(l  asscmlily  in  Marvliuid  declined  to  receive 
the  liiws  sid)initte(l  tluiin  liy  the  i)n)prieiury. 

They  ("bjcctod  to  lila  cluimlnf?  tlu'  initiative  in  all  K'ljjislation. 

1()3S.  NovKMHKU  16.  —  A  grant  of  Iiiiid  and  timber  was  mado 
to  Mr.  Nielinlas  l-^sson,  liy  the  town  ul  Portsiiioutli,  Rhode  Irfland, 
lor  the  ereetion  of  a  Wiiler-ndll. 

The  court,  at  the  saino  scHsion,  appointed  four  "  truck-nvisters,"  to  rei^ulntc 
the  venison  trade  with  tlic  Indians;  the  i)riee  to  be  jiaid  for  it  waf  a  i)enny  and  ii 
hiilf  a  i>!)un(l,  ami  tlu!  selling  price  was  two  pi'nce,  out  of  this  a  farlliiii^f  was  to  ]k 
paid  to  tlie  treasury. 

1G.58.  —  TiiR  town  of  Salem,  ^[assachusctts,  granted  more  litnd 
to  John  Blackliach,  "  i'or  tho  furthering  of  his  endeavors  in  plow- 
ing, and  for  lis  encouragement  therein." 

Ho  had  found  bis  farm  of  three  liundred  acres  not  "  sufficient  land  to  maintain 
a  plo»v." 

1G.38.  —  Ix  Watcrtown,  ^fassachusetts,  by  order  of  tho  court, 
two  searchers  and  setders  of  leather  were  appointed. 

1G38.  —  TiiK  first  brick  house  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
erected  previous  to  this  year. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  built  by  Jtr.  Coddington  before  he  removed,  in  tliU 
year,  from  J3oston  to  Hliode  I>Iand. 

1G38.  —  Thk  town  of  Rowley,  in  Massaclnisctts,  lying  between 
Ipswich  and  Newbury,  was  settled  by  a  colony  IVom  Yorksliiio, 
P'ngland,  consisting  of  about  twenty  families,  luidcr  the  direction 
of  their  minister,  Rev.  E/.ekiel  Rogers. 

Tlio  town  was  incorporated  next  year,  and  the  jiooplo,  many  of  whom  had  Iiocn 
engaged  in  the  business  in  England,  began  the  nuinnfacture  of  clotli. 

1G39.  —  A  BILL  passed  tho  third  assemlily  of  Maryland,  giving 
authority  to  the  governor  tuid  council  to  contract  lor  tho  erection 
of  a  water-mill,  provided  its  cost  should  not  exceed  "twenty 
thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,"  which  were  to  be  raised  in  two 
years  by  taxation. 

Tobaec.)  was  tlio  currency  of  Maryland  at  this  time ;  and  tho  price  of  tho  abovo 
mill,  calculated  at  the  prices  given  a  little  later,  would  be  about  three  hundred  iinil 
thirty-three  dollars. 

This  iliird  assembly  was  composed  of  deputies  from  the  several  liundrcds  into 
which  the  colony  was  divided,  and  of  persons  whom  tho  governor  had  si)ecially 
summoned  to  attend  it.  Their  first  business  was  "establishing  the  house  of 
assembly,"  or  eonfirniing  tho  above  constitution  of  tho  body.  They  sat  together; 
subsequently  those  specially  summoned  sat  apart  and  had  a  negative  oi  the  dopu- 


1G39.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOUTII   AMKRICA. 


68 


lifs.  Trial  by  jury,  of  "  twclvo  frceiiu'ii  iit  the  leant,"  wns  instituU'd.  Tho  governor 
1111(1  couiK'il  mii'lc  a  court  for  crimes.  In  civil  chsch,  the  f^overuor  was  sole  ju(l>?e, 
with  Hiieh  couiicillorH  as  hi'  naw  fit.  The  assembly  was  the  flrial  court  of  appei.l. 
An  iiHolvent  ilelitor's  pxxls  were  sold  "  at  an  outcry,"  ai\(l  ilivitkd  ainoiit<  the 
creditors  prdportioiially,  "  inhaliitiii);  witliiii  the  iiroviiu-e."  This  was  copied 
tVoiu  Virniiiia.  It  was  provided  that  "  Holy  Church  within  this  i)roviiiee  shall 
liiive  all  her  rin'lils  and  lilierlies."  A  i)rocIaMuition  hy  the  Koveriuir  proliiliitcd 
"all  unseasonahle  dis]>utatinus  in  point  of  ri'ligiou,  ti'udinj;  to  the  di^lMrhallce  of 
tile  puMic  jteace  and  (piiet  of  the  colony,  and  to  the  openinjf  of  faction  in  religion." 
liuler  this  a  zealous  Catholic  had  lieen  lined,  and  forced  to  give  security  to  keep 
the  peace  for  aliusiiii^  a  hook  of  I'rotestant  sermons,  aiul  forhiddiuf,'  his  indented 
servants  from  reading  it.  "  Slaves  only  excepted,"  occurs  in  an  act  of  tho 
ussenilily. 

IGliO,  Jamiary  2.  —  Tn  Portsmouth,  Rhodo  Isltind,  throo  cldcra 
wort)  elected  to  iissibt  tho  judge  in  tho  maimgoment  ol"  tho 
colony  l'  business. 

Sealed  ballots  were  used  at  this  election.  « 

lO.'iO,  Jamtary  14.  —  Tho  towns  of  tho  sottlomcnt  on  tho  Con- 
iiouticut,  agreeing  to  be  tvs  "  one  public  state  or  commonwealth," 
))i()vi(led  for  a  reproHcntativc  body  of  delegates  chosen  by  the 
Ircemen,  v.-ho,  with  the  governor  and  council,  composed  the  logia- 
lativo  iiuthority. 

A  written  constitution  was  nccepOed  at  a  mcetin;^  of  tho  freemen  of  Ilarifbvd, 
Windsor,  and  Wethersfield.  It  was  b.it-cd  u])on  that  of  Massachus<'tts,  but  did  not 
iiiuke  church-mendjcrship  oblif^atory  for  becominf^  a  freeman,  The  niaKist'"ates 
were  to  be  chosen  annually,  tlie  candidates  to  j'ave  been  proposed  a  year.  Tlu! 
jldvernor  was  chosen  from  tho  mat^istrates,  and  nust  be  a  church-member,  ))Ut 
could  not  be  elected  two  years  in  succession.  Thi  (.governor  aiul  assistants  inaile 
a  court,  and,  with  the  delegates  from  the  towns,  formed  a  general  court,  tho  dep- 
uties sitting  by  themselves.  "The  r\ilo  of  the  Word  of  (rod"  was  relied  upon  in 
tlie  administration  of  justice,  to  supply  any  deficiencies  in  its  administration  "ac- 
cording to  eatablished  rules." 

1039,  May  1.  —  A  settlement  was  begun  at  Newport,  Rhode 

IslilUll. 

The  first  house  was  built  by  Nicholson  Easton,  and  his  two  sons,  Peter  and 
Jolin. 

1039,  June  4.  —  The  New  Haven  colony  organized  their  gov- 
enmient. 

They  adopted  the  Scriptures  as  the  law  fif  the  land.  No  one  Init  cluirch-mcm- 
iKTswcre  admitted  to  particijjate  in  the  government.  After  prayers  and  a  sermon, 
tliu  body  (if  the  colonists  ilected  twelve  jjcrsons  to  ele(^t  seven  of  tln'ir  nundier  as 
tlic  seven  jiillars  of  the  church.  These  seven  could  admit  as  many  other  church- 
iiK'inln  rs  MS  tlu'y  saw  fit.  'J'liore  was  no  trial  by  jury,  as  no  warrant  for  it  was 
found  in  Scripture.  Eaton  was  elected  governor,  and  annually  re-elected  for 
1  twenty  years.     This  code  was  the  one  known  connnonly  as  tho  "Blue  Laws." 

1639.  —  The  Connecticut  assembly  passed  an  act  empowering 


G4 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1639. 


tlio  towns  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Wethersfiold,  or  any  others 
within  their  jurisdiction,  to  each  dispose  of  their  own  lands,  to 
choose  their  own  olHcers,  and  make  such  orders  as  may  be  ior  the 
well  ordering  of  their  own  towns  as  wore  not  contrary  to  any  law 
passed  by  the  assembly ;  and  also  to  impose  penalties  for  tho 
infringement  of  the  same. 

Tlic  tour  or  sevoii  men  chosen  by  the  towns  to  nianago  their  affairs  were  called 
"  townsmen." 

1639.  — The  inhabitants  of  Exetc-,  New  Hampshire,  signed  an 
agreement  "  to  combine  themselves  together  to  erect  and  set  up 
among  us  such  government  as  should  be  to  their  best  discerning.'' 

1639,  June  4.  —  Plymouth  had  a  representative  assembly  this 
year,  composed  of  deputies  from  the  towns. 

The  governor  anil  assuitants  had  up  to  tliis  time  dene  all  the  legislation. 

1639. — The  Plyn.onth  assembly  passed  a  law,  that  "All  tlio 
townships  within  this  government,  allowed  or  to  be  allowed, 
shidl  litwe  liberty  to  meet  together,  and  to  make  such  town 
orders."  They  were  also  given  power  to  impose  fines  under 
twenty  shillings. 

1639.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  exempted  from  all 
duties  and  public  taxes  tho  men  and  property  employed  in 
catcliing,  curing,  or  transporting  fish. 

The  deep-sea  fi.«liiii,i(  upon  the  l)anks  and  coast  of  Newfoundland  had  been  an 
important  business  for  a  lon^'  time  before  the  settlement  of  this  country.  As  early 
as  1517  it  had  eniiaijed  French  and  Spanish  sJiips  from  the  coast  of  Normandy  and 
IJisciiy.  In  lo'S  tlie  French  had  a  hundred  and  fifty,  the  Spanish  about  a  hun- 
dred and  thirty,  and  the  Englisli  about  fifty,  vessels  engaged  in  it.  Naturally, 
therefore,  it  was  one  of  the  first  oecupiitions  to  engage  the  attention  of  the  set- 
tlers, and  !n-i)ught  tlieni  directly  into  the  seemingly  circuitous  trade  in  which  they 
so  early  engaged. 

1639.  —  The  scliool  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  being  en- 
dowed by  John  Ibirvard  at  his  death,  was  now  made  a  college, 
and  named  after  him. 

John   Harvard   left  it  his  library  and  half  his  fortune  —  about  eight  humlrod 
pounds.     Tlie  college  was  place. i  under  the  superintendence  of  a  board  of  ever- 
seers,   composed  of  magistrates  and  the  ministers  of  six  neigliboring  churclu'J. 
It  was  also  given  the  income  of  the  ferry  between  Roston  and  Charlestown.    Henry  I 
DunsttT,  who  had  recently  arrived,  was  made  its  first  president. 

1639,  Juno  6.  —  Tho  general  court  of  ^Fassachusetts  granted 
Edward  Itawson  five  hundred  acres  of  land,  "  so  as  ho  goes  on  | 
with  the  powder,  if  the  saltpeter  comes." 

1639. — The  Rev.  Thomas  Allen,  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts, 
was  called  to  account  for  having  his  house  fainted,  but  was  dis- 


1639.] 


/iNNALS   OF   NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


65 


charged  on  showing  that  it  was  done  bcforo  his  time,  and  was 
not  approved  by  him. 

Tliu  first  church  in  Boston  was  never  painteil,  either  inside  or  out.  In  1070  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  out  a  list  of  mechanics,  but  no  painter 
appears  in  it. 

1639.  —  A  MINT  was  established  in  Maryland. 

It  coined  shillings,  sixpences,  and  fourpences. 

1G39.  —  A  PUBLIC  subscription  was  this  year  taken  up  to  pay  for 
the  erection  of  the  first  water-mill  for  corn  in  Maryland. 

1639.  —  The  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  all  the  tobacco  made 
in  the  colony,  in  tliis  and  the  two  succeeding  years,  to  be  de- 
stroyed, except  one  million  and  a  lialf  of  pounds  —  in  due  pro- 
portion for  each  planter. 

Tills  vas  intended  to  limit  the  supply  in  order  to  enhance  the  price.  As  tohacco 
was  also  the  currency  of  the  colony,  all  creditors  were  required  to  take  forty 
pounds  for  tlie  hundred,  and,  "during  the  stint,"  to  be  content  with  two  thirds  of 
this.  The  price  of  tohacco  this  year  was  threepence  a  poiin<l ;  the  crop  of  the 
next  was  not  to  be  sold  for  less  than  a  shilling,  and  that  of  the  year  after  for  less 
than  two  sliillings  a  pound,  under  penalty  of  forfeiture.  There  seems  to  be  no 
testimony  as  to  the  result  of  this  legislation. 

1639,  November  25.  —  It  was  ordered  by  the  authorities  of 
Newport  tliat  no  man  sliould  go  two  miles  from  town,  or  attend 
a  public  mooting,  without  carrying  a  sword  or  a  gun,  under  pen- 
alty of  a  line  of  five  sliillings. 

The  danger  from  the  Indians  was  the  cause  of  this  regulation. 

Tlie  settlers  of  Newport  were  enterprising  merchants  and  seamen,  and  by  17G4 
thoir  West  India  trade  employed  one  hundred  and  fifty  vessels.  During  the  lievo- 
lution,  the  town  sutfered  so  severely  from  the  depredations  inflicted  by  the  British, 
who  at  one  time  had  eight  thousand  men  quartered  there,  that  it  never  recovered 
its  former  conunercial  prosperity,  though  of  late  years  it  has  been  the  most 
fashionable  and  frequented  sea-side  resort  in  the  country. 

1039.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
what  is  now  the  city  of  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  but  the  city 
proper,  wliicli  was  originally  called  Newfield,  is  the  growth  of  this 
century. 

It  was  incorporated  in  ISlM,  and  in  18.'30  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  an  im- 
poi'tn"*;  station  of  the  New  York  and  New  Haven  Kailroad,  which  has  done 
much  towards  giving  the  place  its  present  rank  in  wenlth,  that  of  third  i)i  tlie 
state.    Tlie   city  is  famous  for  its  factories  of  carriages,  sewing-machines,  and 

siiddkry. 

1G39.  —  'The  .Frcemaji's  OatJi,  issued  in  January  of  this  year, 
was  the  first  publication  iu  the  terntory  of  the  United  States. 

It  was  issued  fro^\i  the  press  at  C'lniluidge,  Massacliusetls,  wliicli  had  been 
j  brouglit  from  England  by  .Jesse  Glover,  a  clergyman,  who  contribut-'d  a  nortion 

5         ' 


66 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1639-40. 


of  tlic  money  for  its  purchase,  tlio  rest  being  raised  from  the  contributions  of  some 
gentlemen  in  New  Enf^hmd  anil  Amsterdam,  lloUand.  Mr.  GloviT  (>niiiloyed  an 
Enjj;lish  printer,  named  Steplien  Dnyc,  to  come  nut  with  tlie  ])iintiii,ij;-iiress,  unil 
superintend  its  operation.  On  tlie  voyage  out,  Mr.  Gl</ver  died,  and  on  the  arrival 
of  the  press  it  was  set  up  by  Dave.  The  Frcciiian's  Ouih  is  supposed  to  liave  been 
a  small  sheet  printed  only  upon  one  side.  Tlie  next  issue  of  the  press  was  an 
Almanacli,  calculated  for  New  England  by  Mr.  William  I'ldrce,  .o  mariner.  This 
was  issued  the  same  year.  Copies  of  neither  of  tlieso  i)ublieati()ns  are  known. 
The  first  book  printed  in  New  England  was  issued  in  1(;40.  It  was  The  Wuoi.e 
Book  of  Psalmks,  faithfully  translated  into  Fnc/lish  metre.  Tliis  was  in 
octavo,  and  consisted  of  the  title-page,  seven  leaves  for  the  pri'face,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-ni;'<  •nnumbered  leaves,  with  an  additional  one  for  tiie  errata.  It 
was  printed  in  Roman  type.  Several  copies  are  in  existence,  and  a  fac-simile  has 
been  several  times  reprinted.  The  text  was  prepared  by  Richard  ^Slather,  Thomas 
Weldc,  and  John  Eliot.  The  originals  in  existence  contain  some  sjiglit  difTer- 
cnccs,  going  to  show  tliat  alterations  were  made  in  the  forms  during  the  printing 
of  the  edition.  The  names  of  the  other  persons  who  aided  in  the  erection  of  tlio 
press  at  Cambridge,  arc  Major  Thomas  Clark,  Captain  .Tames  Oliver,  Captain 
Allen,  Mr.  Stoddard,  Mr.  Freake,  and  Mr.  Hues.  The  Bay  Fsnlni  Book,  as  tlu' 
new  version  of  the  psalms  was  called,  was  very  popular  for  more  than  a  century 
both  in  Great  Britain  and  the  New  England  colonies.  The  first  edition  in  England 
was  issued  soon  after  that  of  Cand)ridge,  and  the  last  in  17r>4.  In  175!)  the  twenty- 
second  edition  of  it  was  issued  in  Scotland. 

WiLLiAji  I'eirce,  the  compiler  of  tlic  almanac  mentioned  above,  had  repeatedly 
crossed  the  Atlantic.  He  was  called  by  his  contemporaries  "  The  Palinurus  of 
our  Seas."  He  commanded  tiio  Ann  in  1023,  and  afterwards  the  Mayllower  ami 
the  Lyon,  both  of  which  vessels  were  engaged  in  the  colonial  trade,  and  brought 
over  many  colonists.  Subsequently  he  engaged  in  the  colonial  trade  with  the 
West  Indies.  In  1033  he  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Virginia,  and  five  years 
afterwards  carried  a  cargo  of  Pequot  Indians  captured  there  to  the  AVost  Indies, 
where  he  sold  them,  and  brought  back  a  cargo  of  negro  slaves.  In  1041  he  took 
part  in  an  4ittemi)'.  of  the  New  Engl;  .  ders  to  settle  the  Isle  of  Providence,  one 
of  the  Caribbee  Islands,  and  was  shot  by  the  Spaniards,  dying  in  an  hour  from  his 
wound. 

Stkimien  Dave  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  descendant  of  John  Day,  one  of  the 
early  printers  of  England.  As  a  printer,  the  issues  of  Stephen  Dnye's  Cambridge 
press  did  not  add  greatly  to  liis  reputation;  the  work  was  carelessly  done,  and  in 
comparison  with  the  specimens  of  early  European  typography,  sliows  that  he  liaJ 
not  the  professional  pride  of  his  ])redecessors.  He  printed  the  Almanac  yearly;  a 
second  edition  of  the  Psalms  in  1017;  The  Body  of  Liberty s,  containing  one  hun- 
dred laws  of  the  colony,  in  1041,  a  second  edition  in  1048,  wliieh  the  court  ordered 
sold  "  in  quires  "  at  three  shillings  the  book.  In  1049  his  sujjervision  of  the  press 
ended.  The  Body  of  Liberties!  was  prepared  by  the  Rev.  Mr.  '\\'ard,  of  Ij)swich. 
In  1041  the  general  court  granted  Daye  three  hundred  .acres  of  land,  as  "being 
the  f  "st  th<at  sett  \ipon  printing."  In  1055  the  grant  was  confirmed  to  him.  In 
1CG8  hv,  viied  at  the  age  of  fifty-eight.  But  very  few  of  the  books  printed  hy 
Daye  are  extant,  and  none  of  them  have  his  imprint,  which  it  is  thought  he  never 
placed  upon  the  works  ho  issued. 

1G39-40.  —  Rhode  Island  tin's  year  enacted  a  law  to  regulate 
the  price  t)f  boards  and  clapboards  at  the  mill. 

The  price  was  fixed  at  eight  s;hillings  the  hundred  for  sound  boards,  delivered  at 


1639-40.] 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


67 


the  mill,  and  a  shilling  a  foot  for  clapboards  and  fencing  of  sound  merchantable 
ftuti. 

1639.  —  The  manufacture  of  glass  was  commenced  in  Salem, 
Massachusetts. 

In  this  year  "were  granted  to  the  glass-men  several  acres  of  ground  adjoyning 
to  tluir  houses."  The  ])ersons  engaged  in  tlie  undertaking  were  Ananias  Coneklin, 
Ohadiali  Il()luies>  and  liawrenee  Southwick,  to  eaeii  of  whom  two  acres  were  given. 
(Jhiss  bottles,  it  is  said,  were  made  before  Una  iu  tlie  village  of  Germantown,  in 
Bruintree,  Massachusetts. 

1630.  —  A  CANAL,  three  and  a  half  miles  long,  was  built  in  Mas- 
sachusetts to  connect  the  Avaters  of  the  Charles  and  the  Neponset, 
and  furnish  water-power. 

It  was  called  Mother  Urook,  and  is  cliiimed  to  have  been  the  first  canal,  the 
same  claim  being  made  for  Mill  Brook,  iit  Watertown,  in  the  same  state. 

1639.  —  Sm  Ferdinaxdo  Gorges  obtained  a  patent  for  his  land 
from  King  Charles  I. 

The  Plymouth  Company  had  surrendered  their  charter,  nnd  this  was  intended  as 
n  contirmiition  of  (iorges'  title.  The  tract  extended  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
inland  from  the  sea,  and  was  called  Maine. 

1630.  —  Nut,  or  Governor's^,  Island,  in  Now  York  harbor,  was 
this  year  leased  for  five  hundred  merciiantablc  boards  yearly,  half 
oak  and  half  pine,  and  a  saw-mill  was  erected  upon  it. 

1640.  —  The  first  general  court  for  the  province  of  Maine  was 
held  at  Saco. 

It  was  held  by  Thomas  Gorges,  the  deputy  of  the  grandson  of  Sir  Fcrdin.ando 
Gorges,  and  was  composed  of  eigiit  deputies  elected  by  tlie  people,  and  the  lieuten- 
ant, chancellor,  marshal,  and  otlier  high  officers  appointed  by  the  proprirtary. 
The  twenty  years'  efforts  at  colonization  made  l)y  the  Ciorges  family  are  estimated 
to  have  cost  them  twenty  thousand  pounds.  The  name  of  Maine  has  been  vari- 
ously explained,  ]>ut  was  i)robably  derived  from  the  fact  that  the  territory  hiid 
long  been  spoki'u  of  by  the  fishermen  wlio  freciuented  the  coast  as  the  "  main,"  to 
distinguish  it  from  th"  islands. 

The  inmiigration  in  New  England,  up  to  this  time,  is  estimated  to  have  reached 
about  twenty-five  thousand  persons.  The  calling  of  the  Long  Parliament  in  Eng- 
land, and  tlie  approaching  commonwealth,  had  the  effect  of  checking  immigration; 
and  for  about  twenty  years  there  were  almost  as  many  who  returned  to  England 
from  America  as  came  to  America  from  England.  Cp  to  this  time  the  cost  of  tho 
various  settlements  has  been  estimated  at  over  a  million  of  dollars;  and  east  of  the 
Hudson  there  were  twelve  independent  connnunities,  embracing  about  fifty  towns. 

1610,  Fedruary  8.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  ordered 
that  skins  should  be  preserved,  witii  a  penalty  for  neglect  of  the 
order;  flux  and  hemp  were  also  ordered  to  be  sown  by  each 
ianiil}-,  and  the  seed  preserved,  "  tiiat  wo  nn'glit  in  time  have 
supply  of  Lynen  Cloatii  among  ourselves." 

It  was  also  ordered,  that  *'  whereas  it  is  thought  necessary  for  the  comfortable 
support  of  these  plantations,  that  a  trade  in  cotton  wool!  be  sett  uppon  and  at- 


C8 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


[1640. 


tempted,  and  for  the  furtlieriiiR  thereof  it  liath  pleased  the  governor  that  now  U 
(Edward  Hopkins)  to  undertake  tlio  finishing  and  settinjjr  fortJi  a  vessel  with  con- 
venient speed  to  those  parts,  where  the  said  commodity  is  to  be  had,"  the  plan- 
tations were  ordered,  on  its  return,  to  take  each  its  j)roportion  of  cotton,  to  be  paid 
for  in  corn  and  pipe-staves.  And  further,  that  the  supply  of  jjipe-staves  niiglit  bu 
.sufficient,  it  was  ordered  that  no  timber  be  felled  outside  the  plantations  without 
tlie  order  of  the  court ;  nor  any  pipe-staves  to  be  sold  out  of  the  river  without 
permission ;  nor  were  pipe-stiives  to  be  exported  until  they  were  inspected. 

Hutchinson  gives  the  number  of  sheep  in  Mas."achusetts  in  tliis  year  as  three 
thousand. 

1640,  MAncii  12.  —  At  a  general  court  of  election,  a  union  was 
rnado  between  the  towns  of  Portsmouth  and  Newport,  llhode 
itilaud. 

'riio  chii'f  officer  was  called  governor,  and  the  deputy  governor  and  four  other 
magistrates  were  his  assistants. 

16  40,  ]May  13.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  the 
following  order :  — 

"The  court  taking  into  serious  consideration  the  absolute  necessity  for  the 
raising  of  tlic  manufacture  of  linin  cloth,  doth  declare  that  it  is  the  intent  of  this 
court  that  tlicre  shall  be  an  order  settled  about  it,  and  therefore  doth  require  tlio 
magistrates  and  deputies  of  the  several  towns  to  ac(iuaint  the  towns  men  therewitli, 
and  to  make  enquiry  what  seed  is  in  every  town,  what  men  and  women  are  skilful 
in  tlie  breaking,  sninning,  weaving,  what  means  for  the  i)roviding  of  wheels;  mid 
to  consider  witli  those  skilful  in  that  manufacture,  and  what  course  may  bo  taken 
for  teaching  the  boys  and  girls  in  all  towns  the  spinning  of  the  yarn,  and  to  return 
to  the  next  court  their  several  and  joint  advice  about  this  thing.  The  like  con- 
sideration would  be  had  for  the  spinning  and  weaving  of  cotton  wool." 

Hubbard  says,  "Much  cotton  wool  was  brought  into  the  country  from  tlio 
Indies."     He  means  the  West  Indies. 

1640,  July  27.  —  Articles  of  agreement  (twelve  in  number) 
were  drawn  up  for  the  government  of  the  settlement  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

They  wore  accepted  by  the  people.  They  reiterated  the  guaranty  of  liberty  of 
conscience,  laid  a  tax  of  thirty  shillings  upon  each  inhabitant,  and  provided  that 
all  private  disputes  should  be  settled  by  arbitr    ion. 

1640,  August  20. — The  town  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  voted 
that  "one  Imndred  acres  of  land  sliould  be  laid  forth  and  appro- 
priated r>*  a  school,  for  oncourageuient  of  the  poorer  sort,  to 
train  up  their  youth  in  learning,  and  Mr.  Robert  Lenthal,  while 
he  continues  to  teach  school,  is  to  have  the  benefit  thereof." 

Mr.  Robert  Lenthal  was  also  voted  one  hundred  acres,  and  four  more  for  a 
house-lot. 

1640,  September  14.  —  The  governors  of  Hartford,  New  Haven, 
and  Aquednock,  or  Portsmouth,  and  Newport,  Avrote  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts,  to  consult  concerning  tlie  treatment 
of  the  Indians.     To  this  letter  the  government  of  Massachusetts 


I 


0 


1640.  — i! 
limit  the  rat 

1040.  — C 
made  provio 
worth  of  line 
ation  for  the 
applying  onl 
there  ironi  m 

This  was  to  ( 
lowing,  "becaui 

1640,  IcTc 
that  ail  hides 
a  penalty  of 

1640. —  Th 
agreed  to  cor 
the  more  com 
pother  with  s 
the  freemen." 

1640.  — Soi 
colony  fi-oni  L 
others  from  t! 

The  first  mill 
lianipton,  before 
grain  to  the  mill 

1640. -Bi; 

.1640.  — Tii 
ding  tlio  expo 

The  commence 
act  "touching  tob 

1640.  — At 
ten  ships  from 
seven  from  No 
to  nearly  twen 

.  1640.  — Thk 
issued  this  yea 

It  was  a  volume 
street,  who  was  aft 


1640.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


69 


responded,  refusing  to  include  the  Rhode  Island  settlements  in 
their  answer. 

The  letter  of  the  governors  spoke  of  "their  dislike  of  such  as  would  have  the 
Indians  rooted  out,  as  beinjjof  the  cursed  race  of  Ilarn,"  and  their  desire  to  gain 
them  by  justice  and  kindness,  and  to  wuteli  over  them  to  prevent  any  danger  from 
them. 

1640.  —  All  orders  in  Massacliusctts  intended  to  regulate  and 
limit  the  rate  of  wages  were  repealed. 

1640.  —  On  tlie  seventh  of  O'.tober,  an  order,  which  had  been 
made  proviously,oftering  a  bounty  of  threepence  on  every  shilling's 
worth  of  linen,  woollen,  and  cotton  cloth,  "according  to  its  valeu- 
ation  for  the  incuragonient  of  the  manufacture,"  was  explained  as 
applying  only  to  cloth  made  in  that  jurisdiction,  and  of  yarn  spun 
there  from  materials  raised  within  the  same,  "  or  else  of  cotton." 

This  was  to  continue  tlireo  years,  but  was  repealed  on  tlie  second  of  June  fol- 
lowing, "  because  too  burtliensonie  to  tlie  country." 

1640,  ")cTOBER.  —  Tlio  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered 
that  all  hides  and  skins  should  ho  preserved  to  be  tanned,  under 
a  penalty  of  twelve  pounds  and  the  skin. 

1640.  —  The  inhabitants  of  Dover,  New  ITampsliire,  "  voluntarily 
agreed  to  combine  tliemselves  into  a  body  politic,  tliat  they  might 
the  more  comfortably  enjoy  the  benefit  of  liis  majesty's  laws,  to- 
gether with  such  laws  as  should  be  concluded  by  a  major  part  of 
the  freemen." 

1640.  —  Southampton,  on  Long  Island,  Avas  this  year  settled  by  a 
colony  from  Lynn,  Massaclmsetts  ;  and  soon  after  Easthampton  by 
others  from  the  same  place. 

The  first  mill  at  Soutliampton  was  driven  by  cattle;  and  the  people  of  East- 
hampton, before  they  liad  a  mill  of  their  own,  used  the  town  bull  to  carry  their 
grain  to  the  null  at  Southampton. 

1640.  —  Brandy  was  distilled  this  year  in  New  York  City. 

1640.  —  The  fourtli  assembly  in  Maryland  passed  laws  forbid- 
ding tlie  exportation  of  corn,  and  making  its  cidture  obligatory. 

The  commencement  of  the  tobacco  inspection  system  dates  from  this  assembly's 
act  "  toucliing  tobaccoes." 

1640.  —  At  Christmas,  this  year,  there  were  trading  in  Virginia 
ten  ships  from  London,  two  from  Bristol,  twelve  from  Holland,  and 
seven  irom  New  England.  The  popidation  of  Virginia  amounted 
to  nearly  twenty  thousand. 

1640. — The  first  original  composition  published  in  America  was 
issued  this  year. 

It  was  a  volume  of  Poems  by  Mrs.  Anne  Bradstreet,  the  wife  of  Simon  Brad- 
street,  who  was  afterwards  governor,  and  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Dudley,  who  in 


70 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G40-41. 


1630  liad  corac  to  the  colony  an  deputy  governor.     The  volume  was  reprinted  in 
England,  and  met  with  considerable  success. 

1G40.  —  The  stoppage  of  emigrati  n  to  Massachusetts  Bay  cut 
off  the  supply  of  ready  money  which  hivd  been  kept  np  by  the 
new-comers  bringing,  each  of  them,  a  certain  amount;  and,  as 
there  were  no  measures  taken  b}'  clie  government  to  supply  ii 
currency,  its  want  was  greatly  felt,  prices  fell,  and  there  was  dilii- 
culty  in  paying  debts. 

So  little  money  had  always  been  in  eiroulation,  that  from  the  commencement 
grain  and  cattle  had  been  received  at  a  fixed  rate  for  taxes,  and  grain  was  now 
made  a  Ici^al  tender  for  the  payment  of  all  new  debts;  and  "three  understandiiij; 
and  indittV'rent  men,"  one  chosen  by  the  creditor,  another  l)y  the  debtor,  and  a 
third  by  the  marshal,  were,  in  cases  of  execution,  to  save  the  property  of  tlio 
debtor  from  sacrifice.  Beaver-skins  were  also  used  as  a  currency,  and  muskot- 
balls  at  a  farthing  each. 

1G40.  —  The  Dutch  West  India  Company  issued  a  new  "  charter 
of  privileges  and  exceptions." 

Patroonships  were  limited  hereafter  to  four  miles  frontage  on  navigable  streams, 
extending  hihind  eight  miles.  Eacli  innnigrant  transporting  himself  had  two  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  ;  the  villages  and  towns  formed  should  liave  su(di  magistrates  as 
they  ehoso.  Tiie  prohibition  against  cloth-making  was  removed,  and  tlie  monopoly 
of  the  Indian  trade  relintpiished,  a  moderate  export  duty  being  substituted.  The 
company  held  the  monoi)oly  of  transportation  to  and  from  the  colonies.  The  Dutch 
Reformed  Church  was  the  only  religion  to  l)e  publicly  taught,  and  the  company  fur- 
nished preachers,  schoolmasters,  and  "comforters  for  the  sick."  The  company 
would  advance  all  supijlies  of  tools,  provisions,  and  clothes  to  emigrants  on  credit. 

1G41,  March  1G. — The  second  general  court  of  election  was 
held  at  Portsmouth,  in  Rhode  Island. 

The  court-roll  contained  tlic  names  of  sixty  freemen.  At  this  session  it  was 
"  ordered  and  unanimously  agreed  upon,  that  the  Government  which  this  Bodlc 
Politick  doth  attend  unto  in  this  Island,  and  the  jurisdiction  thereof,  in  favor  of 
our  Prince,  is  a  denioeraeie,  or  Popular  (loverument;  tiiat  is  to  say,  It  is  in  the 
Poure  of  the  Body  of  Freemen,  orderly  assembled,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  to 
make  f.nd  constitute  Just  Lawes,  by  which  they  will  be  regulated,  and  to  depute 
from  among  themselves  such  Ministers  as  shall  see  them  faithfully  executed  be- 
tween Man  and  Man."  The  ownership  of  land  was  also  "  ordered  Established  and 
Decreed"  to  be  such  "that  neyther  the  State  nor  any  Person  or  Persons  sliiill 
intrude  into  it,  molest  him  in  itt,  or  deprive  him  of  anything  whatsoever  that  is,  or 
>ihall  be  within  that,  or  any  of  the  bounds  thereof."  A  state  seal  was  also  adopted; 
the  design  was  a  sheaf  of  arrows,  with  the  motto.  Amor  vincit  omnia.  Religious 
liberty  was  secured  in  the  order,  "  That  none  be  accounted  a  Delinquent  for  Doc- 
trine :  Provided,  it  be  not  directly  repugnant  to  y°  Government  or  Lawes  estab- 
lished." At  the  next  session  of  the  court,  September  17,  it  was  "ordered,  that 
the  law  of  the  last  court,  made  concerning  Libei'tie  of  Conscience  in  Point  of 
Doctrine,  is  perpetuated." 

1G41,  April  29.  —  There  was  granted  in  Massachusetts  to 
Goodman  Nutt,  Martin  Vaderwood,  John  Whitney,  Henry  Kim- 


1641.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOllTII   AMERICA. 


71 


belli,  and  John  Witheridgo  allowance  for  ciglity-thrce  and  one 
half  yards,  "  valcwed  "  at  twelve  pence  a  yard. 

Tills  appears  to  be  the  first  mention  of  cloth  nmclc  in  the  country. 

1G41.  —  In  June,  Samuel  VVinslow  obtained  from  the  general 
nourt  of  Massachusetts  the  exclusive  right  of  making  salt  by  a 
now  process,  provided  he  sot  it  up  within  a  year. 

1641.  —  The  same  year  John  Jenncy  was  allowed  Clark's  Island 
and  certain  privileges  in  making  salt,  which  he  was  to  sell  to  the 
[)e()ple  at  two  shillings  a  bushel. 

.Teniu'v  was  ii  resident  at  IMymouth.  There  were  four  partners  with  him.  Tlio 
grant  enibiaeeil  thirty  acres  of  laiul,  and  the  privilege  ran  fur  twenty-one  years. 

1G41. — .Toun  Appleton  received  permission  to  set  up  a  brewery 
at  Watertown,  Massachusetts, 
lie  is  said  to  liavc  raised  hops. 

1641,  June.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  pre- 
miums for  linen,  "  till  cotton  may  bee  had,"  and  advised  the  gath- 
ering of  wild  hemp. 

This  was  the  Indhm  hemp,  which  the  Indians  used  for  makini,'  their  linos,  nets, 
anil  other  articles.  From  them  the  settlers  learned  its  use.  The  court  also  an- 
iKiuneed  that  it  was  "  desired  and  exi)ecte(l  that  all  members  of  families  should  see 
tliiit  their  cliildren  and  servants  should  bee  industriously  implied,  so  as  the  morn- 
iii'^s  and  evenings  and  other  seasons  may  not  bee  lost,  as  formerly  they  have  beene, 
hut  that  tiie  honest  and  ])rofital)le  custome  of  England  may  be  jiracticed  among.st 
us ;  so  as  all  hands  may  be  imi)lied  for  the  v.  orking  of  hemp  and  fflaxe  and  other  need- 
ful things  f.)r  clothing,  without  abridging  any  such  servants  of  their  deuo  times  for 
foiale  and  rest  and  other  needful  refreshings." 

1641.  —  The  town  of  Salem,  ^lassacliusetts,  was  also  called  to- 
fjcthcr  to  consider  the  cultivation  of  hemp,  and  an  acre  of  ground 
was  set  apart  to  Samuel  Cornhill  ibr  its  cultivation. 

1641.  —  The  manufacture  of  cordage  was  begun  in  Boston  by 
Jolin  Harrison 


1611,  October. 
that : 


■The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  enacted 


"  Whereas,  the  country  is  now  in  hand  Avith  the  building  of  shii)s,  which  is  a 
business  of  gre.at  imi)ortance  for  the  conunon  good,  .and  therefore  suitable  care 
is  been  t;iken  tliat  it  will  be  well  performed,  according  to  the  c()mmen(lal)le  course 
of  England  and  other  places,  it  is  therefore  ordered  surveyors  be  a]>i)()inted  to 
examine  any  ship  built,  and  her  work,  to  see  that  it  be  performed  and  carried  oa 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  art." 

1641.  —  At  Monamot,  now  Sandwich,  a  bark  was  built  this  year 
by  a  subscription.  She  was  about  fifty  tons  burden,  and  her  cost 
was  estimated  at  two  hundred  pounds. 

There  were  thirteen  subscribers  who  owned  her,  of  whom  William  Paddy,  Wil- 
'iiwn  Ilanburry,  and  John  Barnes,  owned,  each,  one-eighth,  and  William  Bradford, 


72 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTII  AMEHICA. 


[lG-11. 


John  Ji'nnoj',  John  Atwood,  Siunuel  Ilitks,  George  Bower,  Ji>hn  Cook,  Siiniuil 
Jenney,  Thomas  Willeta,  Stephen  IIoi)kin.s,  and  Edward  l}an},'s,  onu-sixteeiitli 
each. 

1G41,  NovEMBicR  17.  — An  appeal  was  made  to  the  government 
of  Alassachusctts  by  thirteen  ol'  the  settlers  at  Provideuee  to  sot- 
tie  a  dispute. 

It  had  been  settled  by  the  "  arbitration  of  eijflit  men  orderly  ehof-en,"  but  tlie 
disputants  refused  to  aeeept  tlie  awaid.  A  riot  had  ensui'd,  and  violenee  liad  bcuii 
done.  Francis  Weston's  eattle  liad  been  levied  on  in  the  settlement.  The  Massa- 
chusetts authorities  answered  they  "could  not  levy  any  war  without  a  general 
<u)urt;"  and  the  upi)licants  should  submit  to  the  jurisdiction  of  either  I'lyniouth 
or  Massachusetts. 

lt)41.  —  Both  Dover  and  Portsmouth  submitted  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of"  Massacliusetts. 

They  made  as  a  condition,  that,  so  far  as  they  were  concerned,  ehureh-niem- 
bership  should  not  be  made  a  condition  for  becoming  freemen,  or  for  s-itting  in 
the  general  court.     The  next  year  Exeter  came  into  the  same  arrangement. 

l()-il.  —  GovERXOu  Bradford,  of  Plymoutli,  surrendered  the 
patent  taken  in  his  nan)e  to  the  freemen  of  the  colony. 

1G41.  —  The  director  and  council  of  New  Netherlands  estab- 
lished a  fair  for  the  sale  of  cattle. 

104 1.  —  The  fifth  assembly  in  ^laryland  made  the  death  penalty 
for  an  apprentice  servant  to  attempt  escape. 

The  governor  might  comnuite  the  senti-nce  into  seven  years'  servitude.     Tlic 

same  penalty  was  extended  to  any  other  i)erson  who  should  aeeompaiiy  a  servant 

"on  such  imlawful  departure."  "licceiving  a  runaway  servant"  was  not  to  be 
eo  i)unished. 

1041.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia,  in  an  address  to  tlieir  con- 
stituents, refer  to  the  parliament  in  Eiigland  as  tin  opportunity 
lor  obtaining  their  "  liberties  and  privileges,"  and  "  preventing 
the  future  designs  of  monopolizers,  contractors,  and  preemptors, 
ever  hitherto  incessent." 

1041. — In  December  the  general  court  autliorized  the  town 
of  Salem,  ]\lassachusetts,  to  lend  the  juoprietors  of  the  glass- 
works thirty  pounds,  to  be  deducted  from  the  next  toAvn-nvto, 
and  be  repaid  by  the  borrowers,  "  if  the  work  succeeded,  when 
they  are  able." 

Only  glass  bottles  were  probably  made  here.  Glass  in  windows  was  still 
exceedingly  rare,  and  what  there  was  was  imported.  In  1(J2I  one  of  the  settlors 
wrote  to  a  friend  in  England  "to  bring  pajjer  and  linseed  oil  for  your  windows, 
with  cotton  yarn  for  your  lamps."  In  1C21)  Mr.  Iligginson,  writing  from  Salem, 
advises  to  bring  glass  for  the  windows. 

1041.  —  Raymbaitlt  and  Jogues,  two  Jesuit  missionaries  in 
Canada,  ptiddled  in  birch-bark  cunocs,  exploring  the  northern 
Bhores  of  Lake  Huron. 


1641-2.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


73 


The  hostility  of  tho  Indiiins  on  the  southern  side  prevented  the  exploration  of 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Eric,  which  were  known  to  exist.  On  their  return  Jojjues  was 
caiiturt'd  liy  thi-  Mohawks  and  escaped  from  death,  after  bcinj;  objifred  frequently 
to  rur.  tiie  gauntlet  in  the  Indian  villat,^'a,  by  the  active  intiiference  of  Van 
Cuyler,  the  Dutch  governor  at  Rcnsselaersuyck.  From  there  he  went  to  New 
York,  and  thence  to  France.  The  Dutch  performed  a  similar  service  for  other 
Jesuit  missionaries. 

1641.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted  a  system 
of  laws  dononiiuated  tlie  "  Body  of  Liberties." 

One  of  its  i)rovisi()ns  was,  that  there  "  should  be  no  monopolies  hut  of  such 
new  inventions  as  were  i)r()lital>lo  to  the  country,  and  tliat  for  a  short  time  only." 
Two  ministers,  Cotton  and  Ward,  had  each  reported  a  code.  Cotton,  whose  code 
was  printed  in  England,  bad  taken  for  his  model  "Moses,  his  Judicials ;"  while 
Ward,  wiio  had  been  educated  as  a  lawyer  before  studying  tbeolojiy,  ajjjiears  to 
have  souglit  ratJier  to  realize  the  legal  guaranties  of  political  lihcrly,  which  were 
at  this  time  exercising  Englisli  thought,  than  attem])ting  to  introduce  the  theocracy 
of  Judea  in  America ;  and  these  laws,  one  hundred  in  number,  were  compiled 
from  tiiese  codes,  chietly  from  Ward's,  and  sent  to  every  town,  to  be  considered 
by  the  magistrates  and  elders,  and  then  pul)lished  by  the  constables,  so  tliat  "if 
any  man  saw  anything  to  be  altered,"  he  might  tell  liis  deputy.  The  first  seven- 
teen articles  are  devoted  to  individual  rights,  one  of  moving  out  of  tlie  jurisdiction 
at  pleasure;  anotlier,  that  he  shall  not  be  compelled  to  go  out  for  ofli-nsive  war. 
Then  follow  forty-one  "rights,  rules,  and  liberties,  concerning  judicial  proceed- 
ings." Barbarous  and  cruel  punishments  were  forbidden ;  but  whipping,  the 
pilory,  cutting  off  the  ears,  and  other  like  punishments,  were  not  considered  bar- 
barous. Twenty  liberties,  more  particularly  "  concerning  tlie  freemen,"  follow. 
Tiien  the  "liberties  of  women"  take  tsvo  articles.  The  husband  has  no  right  to 
])ersonally  chastise  his  wife,  and  the  court  may  interfere  if  tlie  husband  does  not 
leave  her  "a  competent  part  of  his  estate."  Four  articles  are  given  to  the 
"liberties  of  children."  The  eldest  child  was  to  have  a  double  j)orlioii  of  intestate 
estates.  Four  articles  are  given  to  "  liberties  of  servants  ;  "  three  articles  for  the 
"liberties  of  foreigners  and  strangers."  Tiiese  provide:  "there  shall  never  be 
any  bond-slavery,  villanage,  nor  captivity  among  us,"  excejjt  captives  taken  in 
war,  or  strangers  wiio  should  sell  themselves  or  be  sold;  ending  with  the  jn-oviso, 
"Tiiis  exempts  none  from  servitude  who  sliall  be  judged  thereto  by  authority." 
Two  articles  "of  the  brute  creature."  Then  follow  the  "capital  laws,"  in  wiiich 
tlio  death  [)enalty  is  awarded;  and  finally  the  "  liberties  which  tlie  Lord  Jesus  has 
given  to  the  churches." 

1612,  JuxR  14,  —  Tlie  assembly  of  Massacliusotts  passed  a 
general  law  to  regulate  the  manufacture  of  lealhor  in  the  state. 

It  forbade  any  butcher,  currier,  or  shoemaker,  to  exercise  the  trade  of  tanner 
under  tlie  penalty  for  each  skin  of  six  shillings  and  six  pence ;  while  tanners, 
under  the  same  penalty,  were  forbidden  to  exercise  any  of  the  above-mentioned 
trades.  No  iniproj)erly  tanned  leather  should  ))e  otlered  for  sale.  Eacli  town 
tliat  wanted  it  should  have  a  regular  sealer  or  marker  of  leather,  to  be  paid  by 
fees. 

1642,  July.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  provided  a  system 
of  laws  for  the  province. 

Any  ten  members,  including  the  lieutenant-governor  and  six  burgesses,  should 


74 


ANNALS   OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


[1G42. 


form  a  qiuinun,  "  nnk'ss  nickncss  do  Iiiiidc:',"  when  tliosc  present  iiliould  mnko 
11  liouso.  Nil  hill  was  to  In-  road  more  than  onco  a  day,  and  no  ono  to  spi-ak  niurc 
than  once  a  day  to  the  same  hill  without  leave.  Treasons  HKivinst  the  kin^  or  the 
])r()i)rietary  were  made  eapital  olFeiiees.  I'unishments  were  death,  branding;,  loss 
of  memher,  forfi'ilure  of  jjoods,  imprisonment  for  life,  or  servitude  to  the  jiropric- 
tary  for  seven  ^ears  or  less,  except  the  culprit  "  be  a  gi'ntleman."  Drunkenness 
and  swearinj^  were  both  ]iunisiied  by  fine.  Leavinj?  the  colony  without  a  pass 
from  the  chii'f  .)U(l;^e  of  the  county,  who  should  not  grant  it  unless  tlii^  a])])li(iint 
had  posted  his  inti'iition  five  days  before,  one  of  them  a  Sunday,  was  prohihiti-d, 
This  act  was  soon  reiiealed,  and  anotlu-r,  to  be  in  force  three  years,  substituted, 
by  which  masters  of  vessels  were  subject  to  a  suit  for  damaytis  by  taking  persons 
'•  indebted  or  obnoxious  to  justice  "  uway. 

IGl'J.  —  Montreal,  Canada,  was  occupied  as  a  missionary  sta- 
tion. 

It  was  especially  dedicated  to  the  Mother  of  God  with  elaborate  religious  cere- 
monies. 

1642. — Van  Rensselaer  sent  vines  to  bo  planted  by  his  colony 
on  tlio  Hudson. 

Tlu  y  were  all  killed  by  the  frost,  "  like  others  brought  to  the  country,"  wrote 
his  conmiissary. 

lG-12. —  A  CHURCH  had  boon  built  at  Bevcnvi/ck,  the  present 
Albany,  and  John  JMegalapolensis  had  arrived  at  the  settlement. 

From  him  we  have  the  earliest  account  of  the  Mohawks.  Van  der  Donek,  a 
graduate  of  lA'vdcn,  was  also  an  oflicer  in  the  settlement.  From  him  we  have 
the  first  description  of  New  Netherland.  The  j)atroon  would  grant-no  land  unless 
the  settlers  would  renounce  their  right  of  appeal  to  Now  Amsterdam ;  and  from  a 
fort  on  an  island,  now  called  I^ensselaer's  Island,  toll  was  demanded  from  ships 
passing,  and  the  lowering  of  their  flags. 

lG-12.  —  Colonel  John  Printz  was  enjoined  to  cultivate  the 
vine  in  Swedish  Colony,  on  tlie  Delaware. 

He  brought  with  him  his  commission  as  governor  from  Queen  Christina,  who 
took  nn  interest  in  the  colony,  and  helped  it  with  appropriations  from  her  revenue 
in  tobacco. 

lG4r2,  June.  —  The  j^eneral  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  tliat 
"  every  plantation  within  tliis  colony  shall  erect  a  house  in  length 
twenty  or  thirty  foote,  and  twenty  Ibote  wide  within  one  half 
year  next  comino;,  to  make  saltpetre  from  urine  of  men,  beasts, 
goatcs,  hennes,  hogs  and  horses'  dung." 

1G42.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  "  that  the 
selected  townsmen  have  power  to  lay  out  particular  and  private 
ways  concerning  their  own  town  only ; "  also,  "  that  in  every  town 
the  chosen  men,  ap[)ointed  for  managing  the  prudential  ail'airs  of 
the  town,"  should  have  certain  powers  over  tho  training  of  chil- 
dren. 

1G4:2.  —  In  New  York  City  tho  second  church  was  built  of 
stone. 


1642.] 

It  was  built, 
Stamford,  L\m 

1G42.  — '.] 

of  st  range rti 

1G42.  — v* 
giiiia  {)rovii 
piirisli  to  mt: 

Concerning  ; 
I'iirliiiMU'nt  for 
ing  fully  debatt 
hack  to  the  tii 
colony  iindor  h 
eminent  intoler 
sent  to  the  king 

1642. —  T 

to  sit  hy  the 

The  assembl 
tlicni  without  th 

1642,  Sept 
Connocticut 
Hojikins's  co 

Windsor,  nin 
worth;  Ilartforr 
first  two  within 

1642,  Sept 
that  no  calf  s 
of  two  perso 

1G42.  — Ti 
from  Boston, 

"In  prosperii 
woven  into  line 
wooll  (whicli  w 
yarno,  we  can  m 
u  matter  of  one 
IK'tent  time  we  li 
cattcl  being  now 
for  boots  and  sIk 
^vay  of  clothing. 

1642.  — Ti 
John  Harrisoi 

III  1(50;5  he  pe 
follow  the  trade. 

1642.  _Ti 
was  built  at  1 


1642.] 


ANNALS   or  NOUTII  AMEUICA. 


75 


It  was  built,  at  ii  cost  of  one  thousand  dollars,  by  John  and  Richard  O^dcn,  of 
Stamford,  (.'onnocticut. 

1G42.  —  TiiK  first  tavorn  in  Now  York,  for  tho  accommoJution 
of  strangers,  was  erected  near  the  head  of  Coenties  Slip. 

1642.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  tho  general  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia [)rovi(ling  for  tlio  an.uml  formation  of  a  vestry  in  each 
piirisli  to  maintain  church  government. 

Coiu'i'ming  an  ai>|>lication  the  Old  Virj^iuia  Company  had  made  to  tho  Long 
I'arliiiuK'nt  for  a  restoration  of  their  charter,  tho  assenil)ly  declared  "thathav- 
iii},'  t'tilly  debated  and  maturely  considered  the  reasons  on  both  sides,  and  lookini^ 
baeii  to  the  times  under  tho  Company,  and  also  upon  the  present  state  of  tho 
colony  under  his  Majesty's  government,  they  find  the  late  Conipany  in  their  gov- 
erniiu'iit  int()leral)le,  and  the  j)rosent  comparatively  happy."  This  document  was 
sent  to  the  king,  who  returned  a  gracious  answer  to  it. 

1642.  —  Thp:  burgesses  of  the  assembly  in  Maryland  desired 
to  sit  by  themselves. 

Tiic  assembly  also  denied  the  right  of  the  govcrnbr  to  prorogue  or  adjourn 
tlicni  without  their  consent. 

1642,  Skptkmbkr  8.  —  It  was  ordered  by  tlie  general  court  of 
Connocticut  tiiat  the  towns  should  take  their  proportions  of  Mr. 
Hoi)kins's  cotton,  as  follows : 

Windsor,  ninety  pounds'  worth;  Wethersfleld,  one  hundred  and  ten  pounds' 
wnrtli ;  Iliirtford,  two  hundred  pounds'  worth,  with  liberty  "  to  proportion  it  if  the 
first  two  witiiin  a  month  desire  it." 

1642,  September.  —  The  general  court  of  Connocticut  ordered 
that  no  calf  should  bo  killed  in  tiio  colony  without  the  permission 
of  two  persons  appointed  by  the  court  for  that  purpose. 

1642.  —  The  author  of  New  England's  First  Fruits,  writing 
from  Boston,  enumerates  tho  providential  helps  the  country  had. 

"In  prospering  hempe  and  llaxe  si  well  tl»at  it  is  frequently  sowen,  spun,  and 
woven  into  linen  cloth  (and  in  short  time  may  serve  for  cordage) ;  so  cotton 
wooll  (which  wo  may  have  at  reasonal)le  rates  from  tlio  islands)  and  our  linen 
yarnc,  we  can  make  dimittees  and  iustians  for  our  summer  clothing;  and  having 
n  matter  of  one  tliousand  siieep  which  prosjjor  well  to  begin  withall,  in  a  com- 
petent time  we  hope  to  have  a  woollen  cloth  there  made.  And  great  and  small 
CiUtel  being  now  very  frequently  killed  for  food;  their  skins  will  afford  us  leather 
for  boots  and  shoes  and  other  uses ;  so  that  God  is  leading  us  by  the  hand  into  a 
way  of  clothing." 

1642.  —  The  first  rope-maker  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was 
John  Harrison,  whose  "  walks  "  were  at  the  foot  of  Summer  Street. 

In  10015  he  petitioned  tho  selectmen  not  to  grant  a  license  to  any  one  else  to 
follow  the  trade. 

1C42.  —  The  Trial,  a  ship  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  tons, 
was  built  at  Uoston. 


7G 


ANNALS   OF   NOIITII   AMKUICA. 


[1042. 


This  was  llif  first  nlii|)  Imilt  tlioro.  SIio  Kiiilcd  on  tin-  Ith  of  June,  witli  Thomas 
Oravi's  lis  niiiKtcr,  for  Hilhon,  with  a  ciifko  of  AnIi,  "  wliich  Hht;  Bohl  tlicroattt 
Kood  rate,  and  from  tlicnco  Hhc  fri'ijjrhtcd  to  Mahipi,  and  arrived  hen-  thin  day, 
(March  L'lS,  Kit.'t,  o.  h.)  hidon  with  wine,  fruit,  oil,  iron  and  wocd,  wliich  wua  a 
great  advanUiire  to  the  eountry  and  ff.ivo  encourai;enicnt  to  traile." 

'riie  above  extra<'t  from  (Jovernor  Winthrop's  .Joiinutl  siiow«  the  cnterprisp 
with  wliicii  the  colonists  commenced  their  foreign  commerce.  Their  HU])]ilii'K, 
except  corn  and  fish,  they  liad  heretofore  dejjended  upon  tlu;  hhips  arrivinj;  Mith 
emi|,'raiits  to  furnish.  The  civil  wars  in  Kiij^'land  havinj;  put  nn  end  to  the  supply 
tlnis  obtained,  forci'd  tiiein  to  seidi  them  idsewhere.  As  they  were  dependent 
upon  a  jiurely  metallic  currency  for  the  payment  .)f  their  supplies,  this  was  soon 
draini'd  from  the  country,  and  they  were  forced  to  resort  to  barier  in  llu'ir  indus- 
trial association,  (iovernor  Winthrop,  in  his  Journal,  says  :  "  The  general  fear 
of  want  of  foreif^n  commodities,  now  our  money  was  pone,  and  that  things  were 
like  to  yo  wi-ll  in  Kngland  (that  is,  that  the  ("oimuonwealth  would  succeed),  set 
lis  on  work  to  provide  shipping  of  our  own;  for  which  end  Mr.  Peter,  beinija 
man  of  very  imblic  spirit  and  singular  activity  for  all  occasions,  jirocured  some  to 
join  for  building  a  ship  at  Salem  of  three  hundred  tons,  and  the  inhabitants  of 
lloston,  stirred  up  ))y  liis  example,  set  upon  the  building  another  at  Boston  of  one 
liundred  and  fifty  tons.  The  work  was  liard  to  accomplish  for  want  of  moniy, 
etc. ;  but  our  shipwrights  were  .rontent  to  take  such  pay  us  the  country  could 
make." 

1042.  —  FiVK  other  vessels  were  built  sit  Boston,  Plymouth, 
Dorchostor,  tuu!  Stilem,  till  of  them  of  considerable)  size. 

1G42,  SErTEMiiKii  8.  —  Four  of  tho  residents  at  Pawtuxet,  Rhodo 
Island,  ofl'ored  tliemselves  and  their  lands  to  the  government  and 
protection  of  Massachusetts,  and  wore  received  by  the  general 
court. 

They  were  William  Arnold,  Robert  C(do,  and  William  Carpenter,  three  of  tlip 
original  purchasers,  and  Benedict  Arnold,  a  son  of  the  first-named.  William 
Carpenter  and  William  Arnold  in  1(!.')8  petitioned  for  a  release  from  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  ilassaehusetts,  which  was  granted  by  the  court. 

1642,  Skitembkr  19,  —  The  general  court  of  Rhode  Island 
offered  a  premium  of  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  a  head  for 
foxes,  to  bo  paid  by  tiio  treasurers  of  the  towns;  thirty  shillings 
each  were  offered  for  wolves,  to  be  paid  from  a  special  tax  laid 
upon  the  farmers  in  proportion  to  their  cattle. 

At  the  same  session  a  committee  was  appointed,  with  power  to  act,  to  obtain  a 
charter. 

1G42.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  appointed  "person* 
to  take  tho  account  of  what  the  several  towns  will  disburse  to- 
wards tho  building  of  a  shippo,  and  (if  feasible)  they  have  power 
to  engage  workmen  and  to  carry  on  the  work." 

In  the  same  year  it  was  ordered  that  liomp-seed  should  be  sown  or  sold  to 
those  who  would  sow,  "  for  the  better  furnishing  the  lliver  with  cordage  towardj 
the  rigging  of  shipps." 

1642.  —  The  homo  government  of  Sweden  instructed  Gover- 


1642-3.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOUTII   AMliKlCA. 


77 


nor  Print?:,  in  tho  colony  on  tho  Delaware,  to  manufacture  salt 
by  cva[K)nitiou. 

I(;42.  —  Mautha's  Vineyard  was  settled  by  Thomas  Alayhow, 
with  a  colony  IVom  Waturtown. 

Tlic  island  was  discovered  in  1G02  by  Bartliolomew  Oosnold,  and  lie  named, 
not  tiio  island,  but  the  islet  near  by,  nt.w  railed  No  Man's  Lanil.     Mayl.ew  pur-  • 
aliased  it  from  an  afjent   of  Lord  Stirlinj,'.     In  1(144,   MassaehusettH   obtained 
jiirisdiilion  over  the  settlement;  in  UKi-t,  it  was  traiisferred  to  New  York;  but 
in  1G'.)2  was  rcstorud  to  Massachusetts. 

UU2.  —  At  Uartford,  Connecticut,  the  first  free  school  was 
estiihlisliod. 

The  funds  for  its  support  were  voted  from  the  town  treasury.  In  Kll.i,  a  vote 
was  passed  "  tiuit  the  town  shall  pay  for  the  schooling  of  the  poor,  and  for  all 
defieienees." 

1G42,  October  9.  —  Tho  first  commencement  at  Harvard  Col- 
logo  was  hold. 

A  class  of  nine  f^raduated;  their  theses  arc  reproduced  in  the  appendix  to 
Hutchinson's  MusHuchuselts, 

1(142.  —  Three  ministers  were  sent  from  New  England  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

Tlicy  had  hoc  n  invited  there  by  letters  from  "  well-disposed  people  of  the  upper 
new  farms."  T\.o  went  from  Boston  and  one  from  New  Haven,  but  lierkeley 
forced  tiiem  to  return. 

1G4.3.  —  A  WATCH-HOUSE  of  brick  was  built  in  Plymouth. 

Tl'.c  bricks  for  it  were  furnished  by  a  Mr.  Grimes,  at  eleven  shillings  a  thou- 
sand. 

1G43.  —  Massachusetts  was  divided  into  four  countios. 

Tliese  were  Suffolk,  Middlesex,  Essex,  and  Norfolk,  —  this  last  including  tho 
towns  in  Now  Hampshire. 

1G4;J.  —  The  first  fulling-mill  erected  in  the  colonics  was  built 
about  tliis  time  in  Rowley,  Massacliuaetts. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  erected  by  John  Pearson,  and  stood  just  above  the 
[head  of  tho  tide  on  Mill  Hiver.  It  was  still  in  operation  in  ISO!).  It  appears  to 
j  have  boon  the  place  where  woollen  cloth  was  first  made  in  the  country. 

1G4.'}.  —  The  town  of  Kittory,  Maine,  gave  lands  near  Berwick 
[to  Goorgo  Boughton  and  a  Mr.  Wincall  for  erecting  niillfj. 

1643.  —  In  Neiv  EmjlantVs  First  Fruits,  published  this  year  in 
[London,  this  mention  is  made  of  sliip-building : 

"  Besides  boats,  shallops,  boyea,  lighters,  pinnaces,  wc  arc  in  a  way  of  btiild- 
jins  ships  of  one  hundred,  two  hundred,  three  hundred,  four  hundred  tonne  :  five 
jot  tlioin  are  already  at  sea,  many  more  in  hand  at  tliis  present." 

1643,  January  12.  — A  party  of  settlers  under  Samuel  Gorton 


78 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G43. 


I '  'I 


I 


eettl(3d  at  Warwick,  in  Rhode  Island,  up  )n  land  they  pu'chased 
from  thn  Indians. 

They  paid  for  the  tr'".'t  extending  twonty  luilcs  inliiml,  lying  along  the  bay  from 
Gaspeo  J'oint  to  AVarwick  Neok  The  land  was  conveyed  hy  Miantinonu,  the  c'  iff 
of  the  Narragansetts,  and  witnessed  by  Pondiain,  the  local  chief,  with  otliers. 
Gorton  liad  already  been  driven  away  frcun  Plymouth,  from  Aqiiedneck,  and  from 
•I'rovidence,  on  account  of  his  disputes  with  authorities  and  settlers  in  tiiose 
places. 

1643,  May  4.  —  La  Tour  entered  Boston  harbor  in  a  ship  from 
St.  John's. 

lie  came  to  ask  the  assistance  of  the  colony  to  protect  the  French  settlements 
in  Acadie,  which  hal  been  granted  him  by  a  letter  of  the  king  of  France,  with 
the  exception  of  Port  Royal  and  La  Have.  D'Aulney  de  Charnise  had  been 
appointed  governor  of  Acadie  by  the  company  of  New  Franco;  and  the  trade 
rivalry  between  him  and  La  Tour  had  caused  a  dispute  in  which  both  parties 
referred  to  the  French  court,  and  D'Aulney  had  o))tained  orders  to  arrest  La 
Tour  and  send  him  to  France.  With  this  authoritj'^,  he  blockaded  St.  .John's ;  but 
La  Tour  escaping,  came  to  Boston.  As  he  offered  free  trade,  he  was  allowed  to 
liire  vessels  and  men,  and  with  their  aid  he  raised  the  blockade  of  St.  John's,  and 
pursued  D'Aulney  to  Fort  Royal.  The  authority  for  this  was  given  by  V/in- 
throp  the  governor,  v  ithout  consulting  the  general  court  or  the  commissioners 
for  the  United  Colonies.  D'Aulney  protested  against  this  proceeding,  as  he 
had  previously. 

1643.  —  A  PALISADE  was  built  to  protect  New  Amsterdam  from 
the  attacks  of  the  Indians. 

They  had  been  goaded  by  injustice  to  attempt  revenge.  A  peace  was  made, 
but  it  lasted  only  a  short  time,  and  the  colony  came  near  being  destroyed. 
Only  three  boweries,  or  farms,  remained  on  Manhattan,  and  the  inhabitants  in 
straw  huts  clustered  about  the  fort,  which  was  itself  in  an  almost  ruinous  condi- 
tion. Provisions  were  almost  exhausted,  and  the  x^attle  were  in  danger  of 
starving. 

1643.  —  Calvert  having  gone  to  England,  left  the  government 
of  Maryland  in  the  hands  of  the  commander  of  the  Isle  of  Kent, 
Giles  Bent. 

1643,  May  19.  —  The   Plymouth,   Massachusetts,  Connoi'ticut,  | 
and  New  Haven  colonies  formed  an  alliance  under  the  title  of 
th(,  United  Colonies  op  New  England. 

Kach  one  of  the  colonies  uniting  wa;^   io  remain   inderi'ni  at  as  regards  its  | 
iutvTnal  aliairp,  l)ut  was  to  submit  matters  of  joint  interest  to  the  control  of  com- 
missioners, who  were  selected  two  from  each  colony.     The  theological  basis  of  this  i 
union  is  shown  in  the  facts  that  the  union  was  intended  and  desired  to  be  only  | 
iimong   those  who    thought   m   the  same  way  in   matters   of  d<>gmntic    relinioii? 
belief,  and  tliat  the  members  of  the  conunission  were  required  to  be  members  of 
the   church.     The   four  colonies   al    this  time   liad  a  poi)ulation  of  twen'.y-fi'"' I 
tb.ousand,  living  in  thirty-nine  towns.     The  coimuissioners  from  Plymouth  wei.  f 
Edward  Winslow   r.nd  William  Collier;    from   Connecticut,   John   Il.ayncs  anJ 
Edward  Hopkins;    from  New  Haven,  Theophilus  Eaton  and  Thomas  Grcyson; j 
from    8ayl)rook,    George   Fenwick;   and  from   Massachusetts,    John   Winthrop, 


1643.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


79 


Tliomas  Diull' y,  and  Simon  Bradstroet,  of  tho  mafjistratos ;  Edward  Gibbon,"  and 
William  Tyng,  of  the  deputies,  and  Williiim  llathonR",  the  treasurer.  The  articles 
were  .'^ij^med  in  Boston.  The  delegate!?  from  IMyniouth  not  liaving  authority  to 
si'Ti,  rt'ijorted  the  articles  to  their  general  court,  vhich  submitted  tliem  to  tho 
towns,  and  on  their  ratilication  empowered  the  delegates  to  affix  tb.c  seal  of  the 
colony.  Tho  terms  of  the  agreement  were  contained  in  a  preamble  and  eleven 
articles.  The  formation  of  this  confederacy  vas  made  the  basis  of  a  charge 
against  the  colonies  that  they  were  aiming  at  sovereignty.  The  chief  cause  of 
it  was,  however,  the  necessity  for  uniting  in  the  common  defence  against  the 
Indians,  who  -vere  combining  for  tiie  extirjjatioii  of  the  colonies.  This  statement 
by  r,(hvard  Winslow,  who  was  sent  to  England  in  tlieir  defence,  was  received  as 
satisfactory  by  tho  Lords  of  Trade. 

Tiu'  colonies  were  surremnded  on  tho  nortli  and  west  by  the  French,  who  wore 
extending  tlieir  settlements,  and  by  tlie  Indians,  wlio  were,  from  their  more  kindly 
treatment  by  tho  French,  inclined  the  rather  to  be  friendly  with  them  than  with 
the  English.  The  ]>utch  settlements  were  also  encroaching  upon  tho  soutitwest; 
and  these  causes  cond)ined  to  put  into  jjraetical  operation  this  unio.i,  which  had 
been  talked  of  for  some  time  previously.  All  war  exDonses  were  to  be  a])porlionert 
according  to  tho  male  inhabitants.  Fugitive  erii.imals  and  runaway  servants 
wore  to  be  delivered  nj).  The  si'ttlenu'nts  in  Maine  were  not  admitted  '•  because 
the  people  there  ran  a  ditroront  course  both  in  their  ministry  and  civil  administra- 
tion;" and  the  same  objection,  even  in  greater  degree,  prevented  tb.e  admissi(ni 
of  the  settlements  of  Rhode  Island. 

1G43,  October  8.  —  Tho  sottlor.=5  at  Wurwiok  surrendcrea  to  an 
armed  force  sent  against  thorn  I'rom  Massicbusctts,  and  v'^ere 
carried  a.s  prisoners  to  Boston. 

Theological  disputes  were  the  foundation  of  the  trouble;  the  charge  brougiit 
against  them  in  their  trial  l)efore  the  general  court  was  heresy  and  sedition,  and 
they  were  sentenced  to  1)0  confined  iu  irons  during  the  jdoasuro  of  the  court, 
and  were  distributed  for  safe-keeping  among  tlie  various  towns,  l)ut  were  next 
year  banished.  Eventually  the  matter  was  brought  before  the  Parliamint  Com- 
iriissioner.s  of  Foreign  I'lantations,  Gorton  going  to  England  for  this  purpose,  and 
tlicy  were  reinstated. 

1G43.  —  An  act  passed  the  parliament  of  England  exempting 
from  all  duties,  subsidies,  and  taxation,  all  sr.pplios  intended  ibr 
the  use  of  the  colonies,  and  all  colonial  produce  exported  to 
Eagiand. 

This  law  was  confirmed  in  a  modified  form,  and  became  a  few  years  after  liio 
basis  of  tho  Act  of  Navigation. 

lGt3.  —  GoA'KRXOu  John  PniNTZ,  wlio  l>uilt  this  year  tlie  first 
water-mill  at  New  rAvcden,  on  the  Delaware,  speaking  of  th>) 
wind-mill  which  ^ho  settlers  had,  bays,  "  It  would  never  work,  and 
was  good  for  nothing." 

The  iigont  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  Connr.issnry  Iludde,  who  had 

I'Hn  ordced   to  n. atch   tho    movome"ts   i  f  t\w    t'.wedish    colony,  reported   tliat 

Trintz  built  a  "  .strong  house"  at  a  place  called  Ilingsessing  by  tho  savages,  and 

"aliout  half  a  mile  further  in  the  woods  constructed  a  null,  on  a  kill  which  runs 

j  i'lto  tht  tea,  not  far  to  the  .-..'uth  of  Matinnekonk  "  (lunv  Tinicum).     The  site  of 


80 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1643-4. 


tliis  mill,  tlu>  first  in  Pi'iinsylv.inia,  is  now  known  to  liavo  liocn  on  tlie  Darby 
road,  tlio  oldest  liigiiway  in  l\'inisylvania,  near  the  Blue  Bell  tavern,  whore  the 
holes  in  the  rooks,  which  siipportcd  the  posts  of  the  framework,  are  still  to  be 
seen.  The  stream  upon  which  it  was  built,  is  Cobb's  Creek,  a  tributary  of  Darby 
Creek,  which  enijjties  south  of  Tinicum.  At  the  mouth  of  Salem  Creek,  a  fort 
called  Elsenberg  commanded  the  ch.annel,  and  forced  all  vessels  passing  to  sub- 
mit to  an  examination.  Near  the  present  sitv.  of  "Wilmington  was  a  trading-station 
called  Christina;  while  another  fort,  on  an  island  below  the  UKjuth  of  the  Seluiyl- 
kill,  was  calkil  New  Gottenburg. 

1643.  —  The  code  of  laws  in  Virginia  was  revised. 

The  former  ones  were  generally  continued,  and  others  added.  The  ministers 
were  made  subject  to  suspension  by  the  governor  and  council,  and  to  removal  by 
the  assembly.  The  Church  of  England  was  to  be  conformed  to,  and  the  liturgy 
to  bo  used  by  all  the  ministers.  "  Non-conformists  "  were  to  be  compelled  by 
the  governor  and  council  "  to  depart  the  colony  with  all  conveniency."  No 
popish  recusant  is  to  hold  office,  and  all  popish  priests  to  be  sent  away  within  five 
days  after  their  arrival.  Shooting  or  travelling  on  Sunday  were  fined.  The 
vestries  were  empowered  to  excuse,  for  poveriy,  from  the  payment  of  the  "  colony 
levy,"  laid  annually  by  the  assembly  to  pay  tlie  colonial  expenses.  Conveyancos 
of  lan<l  were  to  be  registered,  and  compensation  for  improvements  was  to  be 
made  to  settlers  displaced  by  a  superior  title.  Every  planter  was  to  fence  in 
his  crops.  Servitude  as  a  punisliment  was  abolished.  To  deal  with  servants, 
without  the  consent  of  the  master,  was  made  criminal.  To  sell  powder  or  sliot 
to  the  Indians  incurred  forfeiture  of  one's  estate.  County  courts  by  conniiis- 
sioners  ai)pointe(l  by  the  assembly,  were  to  be  held  in  each  cr)unty  every  two 
months.  Ai)peals  lay  to  the  quarter  courts,  and  thence  to  the  assembly.  Juries 
were  allowed.  Lawyers'  fees  were  limited,  and  doctors  could  be  called  on  to 
sty.te  till'  cost  of  their  remedies.  All  suits  for  debts  out  of  the  colony,  except 
l\)r  goods  imp(>rted,  were  indefinitely  postponed.  Money  del)ts  were  not  recover- 
able. The  governor  was  assured  for  the  year  two  shillings  from  each  tithal)le  in 
the  colony,  to  be  paid  in  corn,  wheat,  malt,  beef,  i^ork,  cheese,  geese,  chickens, 
butter,  turkeys,  hens,  pigs,  at  stated  prices. 

1643,  November  3.  —  Parliament  appointed  a  board  to  regu- 
late colonial  allairs. 

Tiie  Earl  of  Warwick  was  appointed  "  governor  in  chief  and  lord  high  admi- 
ral of  all  those  islands  and  nli'iitations  inhabited,  ]danted,  and  bi'longing  to  any 
of  his  iNIaJesty's,  the  King  of  England's  suiyects,  within  the  l)ounds  and  upon  tlio 
coast  of  America."  He  was  assisted  by  a  council  composed  of  five  peers  nml 
twelve  memliers  of  the  commons,  and  had  the  right  "to  i)rovide  i'nr,  order  ami 
dispose  all  things  which  they  shall  from  time  to  time  find  most  tit  and  advan- 
tageous to  the  well  governing,  securing,  strengthening,  and  ])reserving  of  the  said 
plantations."  They  had  also  the  appointmi'ut  of  all  olfici'rs,  but  could  depute  to 
the  inhaabitnts  of  any  of  the  colonies  any  of  thei  ■  powers. 

1G44,  ^Iarcii  7.  — The  general  court  of  MaRsticlHisctts  granted 
the  "•  Comi^any  of  Undertakers  for  the  Iron-Wi)rks,"  an  exclusive 
privilege  of  ni<d<ing  iron  for  tw  .is  v-ono  years,  provided  tliut 
within  two  years  they  made  enough  iron  for  the  use  of  tlio 
country. 


1644.] 


ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


81 


They  were  also  granted  the  use  of  any  six  places,  not  already  granted,  provided 
tliey  set  up  witliin  ten  ye.irs  a  furnace  and  forge  in  each  ])laee,  "and  not  a 
liloomery  onely."  Tlie  undertakers  and  their  agents  were  freed  from  all  public 
charges,  tlieir  stock  was  not  to  be  taxed,  and  they  and  their  workmen  were  free 
from  trainings. 

This  company  had  been  formed  in  England.  Its  purpose  was  to  work  the  bog 
ore  which  collected  at  the  bottom  of  the  ponds  upon  the  coast  of  New  England. 
Samples  of  the  ore  from  the  ponds  of  Saugus  had  been  carried  to  England  by  Mr. 
Bridges  in  1G43,  and  with  the  assistance  of  .Tohn  Winthrop,  Jr.,  who  had  gone  to 
England  before  him,  the  company  was  formed,  and  a  thousand  jjounds  advanced 
for  prosecuting  the  work,  with  which  and  a  body  of  workmen,  Mr.  Winthrop 
returned  to  New  England.  The  first  works  were  constructed  at  Ljnn,  on  the  west 
tiiink  of  the  Saugus,  near  a  chain  of  small  ponds,  and  the  village  was  called 
Hammersmith,  from  the  former  home  of  some  of  the  workmen  from  England. 
Other  works  were  constructed  at  Braintree.  Those  at  Lynn  in  1G77  became  the 
property  of  Samuel  Appleton. 

1644,  March  13.  —  The  general  court,  sitting  at  Portsmouth, 
Rhode  Ishind,  changed  the  name  of  Aquedneck  to  "  the  Isle  of 
Rhodes,  or  Rhode  Island." 

1644,  March  14.  —  A  charter  was  obtained  by  Roger  Williams 
from  the  committee  having  charge  of  the  colonies.  It  was 
entitled  "  The  Incorporation  of  Providence  Plantations  in  the 
Narragansett  Bay  in  New  England." 

The  Long  Parliament  was  in  authority  in  England,  the  king  having  fled,  and 
till  '''arl  of  ^\  arwick  was  the  chairman  of  the  C(mimittee,  with  the  title  of  Gov- 
enor-in-Cliief  and  Lord  High  Admiral  of  the  colonies.  In  going  over,  'Williams 
had  leen  forced  to  go  to  New  Amsterdam  and  take  a  ship  to  Holland,  as  he 
feared  arrest  in  Boston. 

1644.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  granted  an  act  of  incor- 
poration to  the  ship-builders,  as  fol'ovs:  "  For  the  better  building 
of  .shipping  it  is  ordered  that  there  be  a  company  of  that  trade, 
according  to  the  manner  of  other  places,  with  power  to  regulate 
the  building  of  ships,  and  to  make  such  orders  and  laws  among 
lieinHolves  as  may  conduce  to  the  public  good." 

1644.  —  Calvert  returned  from  England,  and  in  consequence 
of  a  rebellion,  went  to  Virginia. 

Tliere  is  obscurity  concerning  affairs  in  the  colony  during  a  year  or  two,  since 
the  records  were  destroyed  by  r^layborne.  who  had  taken  forcible  repossession  of 
the  Isle  of  Kent,  and  Captain  Ingle,  who  'vas  a  leader  in  the  rebellion. 

1644,  April.  —  The  Indians  attacked  ulie  settlements  in  Vir- 
ginia. 

rive  hundred  persons  were  killed  at  the  first  onslaught.     It  took  place  the  day 

int'ore  a  fast  appointed  for  the  good  success  "f  the  king.     A  ship  was  sent  to 

I!"H(in  for  a  pupph'  of  powder,  which,  the  general  court  refused  to  give.     A  war 

f  tw  .  years"  duration  began  with  the  Indians,  of  the  details  of  which  but  little 

i-  known. 

6 


82 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1644. 


1G44.  —  From  the  accounts  it  seems  that  tlio  sottloment  of  New 
Netherlaiuls  had  cost  the  company  more  tlian  halt'  a  million  of 
guilders  ($200,000)  more  than  the  receipts. 

1044 —  In  June,  two  inspectors  of  linen  and  woollen  yarn  were 
appointed  in  each  town  in  Connecticut,  with  authority  to  judge 
and  determine  the  price  the  weavers  should  receive  lor  their 
yarn. 

The  weavers  were  also  empowered  to  retain  their  yarn  until  tliey  received  their 
pay  for  it. 

1644.  —  Two  vessels,  loaded  with  tobacco  and  beaver-skins, 
were  sent  home  from  the  Swedish  settlement  on  the  Delaware. 

A  cliurcli  was  built  at  New  Gottenburg,  tlie  Swedish  Lutlieran  worsliip  estab- 
lished, and  John  Canii)anius  si'ttlcd  as  minister. 

The  Dutch  and  Swedes,  altliouj^li  they  disagreed  among  themselves,  united  in 
shutting  the  English  from  tlie  trade  with  the  Indians.  A  vessel  from  Boston, 
fitted  out  to  explore  the  Dehiware  in  seareh  for  the  interior  lakes,  which  had  been 
heard  of  as  tlio  liome  of  tlie  beaver,  luid  great  difficult}'  in  jiassing  tlie  Swedish 
fort,  ami  was  so  ch)sely  watched  by  a  Dutch  and  Swedish  vessel,  tliat  it  had  to 
abandon  the  enterprise  and  return. 

1644.  —  John  Winthrop,  son  of  the  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
headed  a  company  who  settled  New  London,  Connecticut. 

New  London  has  the  best  harbor  on  Long  Island  Sound,  licing  three  niilos 
long,  defended  at  the  entrance  by  Fort  Trumbull.  This  fort  has  been  rebuilt 
since  1840,  and  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country. 

1644.  —  On  account  of  "divers  inconveniences,"  and  "ac- 
counting it  wisdom  to  follow  the  laudable  practice  of  other  states, 
who  had  laid  groundworks  lor  government,"  it  was  ordered  in 
Massachusetts  that  the  magistrates  and  deputies  should  sit 
apart,  remaining  separate  but  co-ordinate  and  coequal  branches, 
the  assent  of  both  bodies  being  necessary  to  make  a  law. 

1644.  —  In  New  York,  the  Director-General  Kieft  and  liis  coun- 
cil laid  a  tox  on  the  sale  of  beer  and  other  liquors,  and  tho  pur- 
chase of  furs. 

It  was  strenuously  resisted. 

1644,  September.  —  Tho  commissioners  for  tlio  United  Colonies, 
at  their  third  meeting  in  flartford,  Connecticut,  forbade  the  fitting 
out  of  any  volunteer  military  expedition  without  their  consent. 

La  Tour  had  again  visited  Boston  to  apply  for  aid,  which  was  not  granted. 
The  magistrates  wrote  to  D'Aulney,  in  answer  to  a  communication  from  liim, 
that  the  aid  i,a  Tour  had  obtained  at  Boston  had  not  been  fitted  otit  "  by  any 
counsel  or  n.:t  of  permission"  of  the  colony,  and  offering  redress  if  he  eouM 
show  he  liad  been  injured.  In  October,  an  agreement  was  made  with  an  agent 
of  D'Auliuy,  who  visited  Boston,  for  mutual  peace  and  trade,  the  agreement  tn 
be  ratified  by  tlie  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies. 

1644,  November  8.  —  The  Plymouth  colony  sent  a  messenger 


1644-5.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


83 


to  A(|no{lneck,  forbidding  the  government  there  from  exercising 
liny  authority,  since  the  territory  lay  within  their  jurisdiction. 

The  mt'ssiige  was  delivered,  but  with  no  result. 

1G44,  November  13.  —  The  general  court  of  Mjissachusetts 
granted  tiie  Company  of  Undertakers  for  the  Iron- Work  three 
years  for  finishing  their  works,  provided  the  colonists  miglit  be- 
come proprietors  by  paying  within  a  year  one  hundred  pounds 
each,  and  an  allowance  for  the  one  thousand  pounds  already 
spent,  and  tliat  they,  "  with  all  '  xpedition,  prosecute  said  works 
to  good  perfection,  as  well  the  finery  and  forge  as  the  furnace, 
which  is  already  set  up,  so  that  the  country  may  be  furnished 
with  all  sorts  of  barr  iron  for  their  use  at  £20  per  ton." 

1G45.  —  In  the  spring,  a  war  commenced  between  the  Narra- 
gansett  and  Moiiegan  Indians. 

Connecticut  and  New  Haven  sent  troops  to  help  the  Mohepjans,  tlieir  allies, 
and  Massachusetts  sent  a  letter  to  the  Narraj^ansetts,  requiring  tiiem  to  desist  from 
the  war.  A  second  time  messrngers  were  sent  to  both  tril)es,  demanding  them  to 
send  representatives  to  Boston,  to  settle  their  dispute.     The  attempt  failed. 

1645,  May  14.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an 
order  designed  to  increase  the  manufacture  of  woollen  cloth. 

It  advised  "  all  towns  in  general,  and  every  one  wi'.'  in  the  jurisdiction,"  to  aid 
in  "the  preservation  and  increase  of  such  sheep  as  tliey  have  already,  as  also  to 
procure  more  with  all  convenient  speed  into  the  several  towns,  by  all  such  lawful 
ways  and  means  as  God  shnll  put  into  their  hands  "  One  person  was  to  be  ap- 
pointed in  each  town  to  take  !!ie  names,  and  return  them  by  the  seventh  next  month 
to  JIayor  Gibson,  "who  will  buy  ewe  slu'ep  at  the  rate  of  40  shillings  apiece." 
And  further,  it  "is  desired  that  tlsosc  having  friends  in  England  desiring  to  come, 
would  write  them  to  bring  as  nuiny  sheepc  as  convenient  witii  them." 

1645,  August  19.  —  The  United  Colonies  declared  war  against 
the  Narragansetts. 

They  now  sued  for  peace,  and  sent  a  deputation  to  Boston,  where  pe.acc  was 
arriinged;  the  Narragansetts  having  to  pay  two  thousand  fatlu)ms  of  wampum 
within  two  years,  in  four  instalments,  and  give  up  their  claim  to  the  Pequot  terri- 
tory.    Hostages  were  required  from  then\  for  the  fulfilment  of  the  terms. 

1G45,  October.  —  A  charter  was  granted  the  Company  of 
riidcM-takers  for  the  Iron- Works,  and  furnish  d  with  tlte  public 
seal  of  the  colonv,  was  made  out  and  delivered  them. 

It  confirmed  all  their  privileges  for  twenty  -one  years,  giving  them  tlie  monopoly 
for  making  iron  and  managing  all  the  iron  mines  they  might  discover ;  grantingtheni 
all  waste  lands  unappropriated,  with  the  use  of  all  timber  and  wood,  clay,  &c. 
They  were  allowed  to  export  to  all  but  enemies. 

1615.  —  The  Tatroon's  saw-n  dls,  near  Albany,  Now  York,  were 
placed  under  the  charge  of  Barent  Pietersc  K(^^ymans,  who  waa 
called  "  tiie  miller,"  and  had  had  charge  of  the  grist-mill. 


84 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1G45-6. 


lie  and  his  partner,  Jan  Gcrritsen,  were  allowed  one  hundred  and  fifty  guilders 
a  year  each  for  board,  and  three  stivers  a  cut  for  every  plank  sawed.  In  1G47, 
when  he  left  the  service,  he  had  sawed  between  three  and  four  thousand  boards. 
From  the  accounts  of  the  time,  it  appears  that  the  wages  of  day  laborers  at  this 
time  were  one  florin  to  one  florin  ten  stivers  (40  to  50  cents)  a  day ;  carpenters, 
two  florins  (80  cents)  ;  plank  cost  one  florin  ten  stivers  to  one  florin  sixteen  stivers 
each;  and  palisades,  then  greatly  in  demand,  fifteen  florins  a  thousand. 

1645. — A  TAX  imposed  by  Governor  Kieft  and  his  council,  at 
New  Amsterdam,  upon  beer,  was  strenuously  resisted  by  the 
brewers  of  that  settlement. 

They  maintained  that  the  tax  was  illegal,  being  laid  by  the  officers  of  the  com- 
pany alone,  without  the  aid  of  the  eight  men  who  represented  the  commons. 
This  dispute, with  others,  caused  by  the  arbitrary  proceedings  of  Kieft,  "  ere  ended 
only  by  a  change  in  the  administration. 

1645.  —  The  general  assembly  of  Virginia  enacted  "that  the 
election  of  every  vestry  be  in  the  power  of  the  major  part  of  the 
parishioners." 

1645.  —  The  general  cour^"  of  Massachusetts  imposed  a  duty  of 
ton  shillings  a  butt  on  Spanish  wine. 

This  revenue  was  designed  for  the  support  of  the  government,  the  fortifications, 
and  tlie  harbor  defences.  The  next  spring  eight  hundred  butts  of  wine,  imported 
in  ignorance  of  the  duty,  arrived.  The  merchants  petitioned  to  have  it  remitted. 
The  court  remitted  one  half  of  it,  and  the  forfeiture  of  such  portions  as  had  been 
sold.     The  merchants  still  refusing  to  submit,  the  best  wines  were  seized. 

1645. — Another  grist-mill  was  erected  in  Newbury,  Massachu- 
setts, a  committee  having  been  empowered  to  procure  u  mill  to 
"  grynde  the  corne,"  and  an  appropriation  having  been  made  for 
the  purpose  of  twenty  pounds,  in  merchantable  pay,  ten  acres  of 
upland  and  six  of  meadow,  with  freedom  from  all  rates  for  seven 
years. 

1645.  —  D'Aulney  captured  St.  John's  in  a  second  attack. 

The  first  had  been  repulsed  by  xMadame  La  Tour,  .vho,  in  her  liusband's  ab- 
sence, defended  the  place.  D'Aulney,  thus  in  possession,  confiscated  a  ship  from 
Boston,  wliich  had  been  sent  to  St.  .John's  to  supply  La  Tour  with  provisions. 
Tlie  men  he  sent  back,  v  Hh  complaints  of  bad  faith,  and  threats  of  revenge. 
La  Tour  estimated  l>is  loss  at  ten  thousand  pounds,  and  was  ruined,  together  with 
some  Boston  merchants,  who  had  advanced  him  money,  taking  a  mortgage  on  his 
fort  as  security,  He  visited  Boston  to  get  further  aid,  which  the  general  court 
refused. 

1646,  May  ^. — The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted 
a  patent  to  Jo.^eph  Jenks,  for  fourteen  years,  for  the  making  of 
engines  for  mills,  to  go  by  water,  for  the  more  speedy  despatch 
of  work  than  formerly. 

"Also  for  the  making  of  scythes  and  other  edged  tools  with  a  new  invented  saw- 
mill, that  things  may  be  afforded  cheeper  than  formerly,  &c.,  yet  so  as  power  is 


1646.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


85 


still  left  to  restrain  the  exportation  of  such  manufactures,  and  to  moderate  the 
prices  thereof,  if  occasion  so  require." 

Joseph  Jenks  was  a  workman  from  Hammersmith,  England.  He  made  the 
first  casting,  a  small  iron  pot,  ever  made  in  this  country.  It  was  cast  in  the  works 
at  Lynn,  and  is  said  to  have  been  preserved  in  the  family  of  Thomas  Hudson,  the 
proprietor  of  the  lands  on  the  Saugus  River,  where  the  works  were  erected. 
Lewis,  hi  his  History  of  Lynn,  says  it  was  "handed  down  in  the  family  ever 
since."  Jenks's  descendants  have  been  distinguished  in  the  industrial  and  me- 
chanical history  of  the  country.     He  died  in  1G83. 

1646.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  tliat  the 
five  or  seven  or  more  men  "  which  are  selected  for  prudential 
affairs  in  certain  towns,  shouhl  have  power  to  end  causes  under 
"twenty  shillings." 

1646,  June. — The  Narragansetts  failed  to  pay  their  tribute  of 
wampum. 

Various  efforts  were  made  to  collect  it,  until  in  JCiiO  it  was  collected  by  an 
armed  force,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Atherton. 

1646,  September.  —  D'Aulney  sent  agents  to  Boston  to  treat 
with  the  colony. 

AVith  the  commissioners  of  the  L^nited  Colonies,  after  much  negotiation,  it  was 
agreed  to  forget  the  past  and  remain  friends  in  the  future. 

1646.  —  The  united  colonies  of  New  Haven  and  Hartford  built 
and  equipped  a  vessel,  carrying  ten  guns  and  forty  men,  to  cruise 
on  Long  Island  Sound,  to  guard  the  commerce  from  the  encroach- 
ments of  the  Dutch  at  New  Amsterdam. 

Tins  was  the  first  regular  cruiser  employed  by  the  colonies. 

1646,  November  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  forbade 
tho  exportation  of  raw  hides,  skins,  felt,  or  unwroi'ght  leather, 
under  penalty  of  forfeiture. 

The  furs  or  skins  of  wild  animals  were  excepted. 

1646.  —  The  general  court  ^f  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  for 
encouraging  the  propagation  .f  the  gospel  among  the  Indians,  of 
whom  tliero  were  between  twenty  and  thirty  tribes  in  New 
England. 

Johii  Eliot  began  his  missionary  work  among  them. 

1646. — A  Franciscan  missionary  station  was  established  n 
the  Penobscot,  under  the  patronage  of  D'Aulney. 

A  message  being  sent  to  Quebec  for  a  missionary,  the  Jesuit  Dreuillettes 
accompanied  them  on  their  return  down  the  Kennebec,  and  on  his  favorable 
ri'purt  a  Jesuit  station  was  established. 

164  .  —  Peace  was  made  with  the  Indians  by  the  Virginia 

assembly. 

The  Indians  ceded  all  the  land  between  the  James  and  York  rivcrs;  and  no 
Indian  was  to  come  south  of  York  River,  uader  pain  of  deatli. 


86 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1646-7. 


1646.  —  Calvert  returned  from  Virginia  with  an  armed  force, 
and  re-established  his  authority. 

He  called  an  assembly,  and  declared  martial  law,  and  an  embargo.  Hill,  who 
bad  been  appointed  governor  by  tiic  council,  resigned  on  condition  of  receiving 
bis  foes  for  bis  term  of  office. 

1646.  —  The  West  India  Company  transferred  the  governorship 
of  New  Amsterdam  to  Fetrus  iStuyvesant,  who  had  been  gov- 
ernor of  Curatj'oa. 

Tlio  restrictions  on  trade  to  tbe  New  Netberlands  were  removed,  New  Amster- 
dam remaining  tbe  only  jtort  of  entry. 

Tbe  colonists  bad  tbe  sole  use  of  any  minerals  discovered  by  tbem,  witbout  any 
duty  or  impost,  for  ten  years.  After  tbis  they  were  to  pay  tlie  Company  one  tenth 
of  tbe  proceeds. 

1646.  —  A  NEW  mill  was  erected  at  Bevcrwyck. 

"Tbe  mill  situated  on  tbe  fifth  kill,  being  to  tbe  great  damage  of  the  Patroon 
and  tbe  inhabitants  of  tbe  colonic,  for  a  considerable  time  out  of  repair,  or  unfit 
to  be  worked,  either  by  tbe  breaking  of  tlie  dam,  tbe  severity  of  tbe  weather,  or 
the  high  water,  or  otherwise;  beside,  being  out  of  the  way,  to  the  prejudice  of 
the  inliabitants,"  a  contrsict  was  made  with  IMeter  Cornclissen,  tbe  millwright,  to 
erect  a  horse-mill,  which  he  was  to  complete  for  three  hundred  florins,  tbe  ago.nt 
of  the  Patroon  furnishing  materials  and  horses  at  their  joint  expense.  Cor- 
nclissen, when  it  was  completed,  was  to  work  one  day  for  himself  and  one  day 
for  the  Piitroon,  receiving  one  rix  dollar  a  day  for  himself,  and  an  equal  share 
of  the  profits.  If  another  mill  became  necessary,  be  was  to  have  the  privilege  of 
building  it. 

1646,  November  16.  —  Governor  Winthrop  wrote:  "Here  ar- 
rived yesterdu}'  a  Dutch  ship  of  three  hundred  tons,  with  two 
hundred  and  fifty  tons  of  salt,  sent  by  Mr.  Onge,  from  Lisbon,  so 
as  salt  was  abated  in  a  few  hour.s  from  thirty-six  to  sixteen  a 
hogshead,  we  look  to  it  as  a  singular  providence  and  testimony 
of  the  Lord's  care  of  us." 

In  tlie  history  of  the  country  there  have  frequently  been  periods  of  great  scarcity 
of  salt,  and  the  price  has  risen  as  high  as  twelve  dollars  a  bushel.  Even  to-day, 
despite  the  peculiarly  favorable  natural  advantages  tbe  country  enjoys  for  obtain- 
ing a  sufficient  supply  at  a  cheap  rate,  we  ue  not  make  more  than  about  a  half  of 
the  supply  necessary,  and  are  forced  to  depend  upon  importation  for  the  rest. 

1647.  —  The  first  rice  grown  in  this  country  v/as  planted  iu 
Virginia,  by  Sir  William  Berkeley. 

From  half  a  bushel  of  seed  be  raised  a  first  crop  of  sixteen  bushels. 

1647.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  passed  an  act  ordering 
that  every  township  of  fifty  householders  should  appoint  a 
teacher,  whose  salary  should  bo  paid  either  by  the  parents  or  by 
the  town,  as  "  ye  prudentials  of  ye  towno  shall  appoint." 

1647,  May  19,  —  Delegates  from  the  four  towns  of  Providence, 
Portsmouth,  Newport,  and  Warwick,  in  Rhode  Island,  elected  for 


1647.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


87 


the  purpose,  mot  at  Portsmouth,  adopted  the  charter,  and  organ- 
izod  the  govenimont  under  it. 

John  CogK^'**'"'"  was  clioson  j)rcsidcnt  of  the  province,  with  one  assistant  chosen 
from  each  town.  A  preamble  and  bill  of  rights,  to(^ether  with  a  code  of  civil  and 
criminal  law,  were  adopted.  The  preamble  declares  -'that  the  form  of  (govern- 
ment established  in  Providence  I'lantations  is  Democratical,  that  is  to  say,  a  gov- 
ernment held  by  the  free  and  voluntary  consent  of  all,  or  the  greater  part  of  the 
free  inhabitants;"  religious  freedom  was  guaranteed;  tlie  common  law  of  Eng- 
land was  accepted,  with  the  proviso,  "  sueii  and  so  far,  as  the  nature  and  consti- 
tution of  our  place  will  admit;  "  burglary  waa  punishai)te  with  death,  except  where 
tJie  offender  was  under  fourteen,  or  was  jwor  and  committed  the  crime  from 
hunger;  a  solemn  profession,  or  testimony,  was  allowed  in  place  of  an  oath; 
n\arriage  was  made  a  civil  contract;  the  property  of  intestates  was  to  be  dis- 
tributi'd  by  the  town  council  to  the  heirs  at  law ;  every  nnin  was  required  to  keep 
a  bow  and  four  arrows,  and  jjractise  with  them.  The  code  ended  thus:  *'and 
otherwise  than  thus  what  is  herein  forbidden,  all  men  may  walk  as  their  con- 
sciences persuade  them,  every  one  in  the  luime  of  his  God;  and  let  the  saints  of 
the  Most  lligli  walk  in  this  colony  without  molestation,  in  the  name  of  Jehovah, 
their  God,  forever  and  ever." 

1G47.  —  An  epidemic  influenza  prevailed  in  New  England. 

It  attacked  the  Indians,  French,  and  Dutch,  as  well  as  the  English,  and  proved 
fatal,  especially  in  cases  where  bleeding  and  purging  were  employed  as  remedies. 

1G47.  —  Two  petitions  Avere  sent  from  Boston  to  the  Parlia- 
mentary Commissioners  for  the  plantations,  praying  for  liberty  of 
conscience,  as  religious  liberty  of  belief  was  then  called,  and 
asking  lor  the  appointment  of  a  parliamentary  governor. 

It  was  dangerous  to  attempt  to  ])rotest  against  tiie  theocratic  government.  A 
movement  of  the  same  kind  in  Vlymetith  had  been  proposed  in  the  assembly,  bu*' 
•iovernor  Bradford  had  refused  to  put  it  to  vote.  In  Boston  the  signers  to  a 
pftition  to  the  court  were  arrested  and  placed  in  irons  until  they  "  humbled  "  them- 
selves. Ghild,  one  of  the  chief  movers,  with  others,  was  heavily  fined.  No 
notice  was  taken  of  the  petitions  by  tJie  Parliamentary  Conunissioners. 

1G47.  —  The  term  "selectmen"  is  first  used  in  the  laws  of 
Massachusetts. 
1C47.  —  Calvert  obtained  possession  of  the  Isle  of  Kent. 

He  (lied  soon  after.  Before  his  death,  by  a  power  of  attorney,  he  appointed 
Thomas  Green  his  successor,  who  called  an  assembly  and  proclaimed  an  amnesty. 

1047.  —  Peter  Stuyvesant  arrived  at  New  Amsterdam,  under 
appointment  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  as  director- 
general  of  New  Netherlands. 

During  the  Dutch  possi'ssion  of  New  Amsterdam,  the  aristocratic  form  of 
municipal  government  prevailed,  and  was  the  chief  cause  for  the  popular  discon- 
tent. In  New  Amsterdam,  the  director  and  sehout-flscal,  an  ofiicer  combining  the 
powers  of  attorney-general  and  sheriff,  acted  as  magistrates.  The  Company 
owned  slaves,  who  were  allowed  farms,  and  to  compound  their  service  by  the  pay- 
ment of  a  stipulated  amount  of  produce,  though  this  provision  did  not  apply  to 
their  children,  who  still  remained  slaves. 


88 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1647-8. 


1G47.  —  Wine  was  made  in  Virginia  by  a  Captain  Brocaa.  In 
tills  year  both  flax  and  hemp  were  grown,  spun,  and  wove,  in 
Virginia,  by  Captain  Matthews. 

1647.  —  Thp:  making  of  lime,  bricks,  and  tiles  are  mentioned  us 
occu[)ations  pursued  at  this  time  in  New  England. 

1647,  Oc'TOHKR  18.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
granted  an  act  of  incorporation  to  the  shoemakers  and  the  coop- 
ers  of  Boston  and  the  vicinity,  with  power  to  regulate  the  trade 
for  four  years. 

fTolinson,  in  liis  M'onder-working  rroiulence,  says  of  the  tnnncrs  nnd  shoe- 
milkers,  '*  .liey  have  kept  their  men  to  their  stander  hitherto,  almost  (louhlin;,'  tlie 
price  of  tlieir  commodities,  according  to  the  rate  tliey  were  sold  for  in  England, 
and  yet  the  plenty  of  leatiier  is  l)eyond  what  they  had  there,  counting  the  nuni))or 
of  tiio  people,  but  the  transportation  of  l)oots  and  shoes  to  foreign  i)arts  liatli 
vented  all,  however."  He  gives  also  a  list  of  other  trades,  as  card-makers  (for 
wool),  glovers,  pelt-mongers,  furriers,  tailors,  and  others,  wlio  had  "orderly 
turned  to  their  trade." 

1648,  August.  —  Governor  Winthrop  wrote  to  his  s(m:  "The 
iron  work  goeth  on  with  more  hope.  It  yields  now  about  seven 
tons  per  week,  but  it  is  most  out  of  that  brown  earth  which  lies 
under  the  bog  mine." 

This  was  concerning  the  works  at  Braintree,  which  also  belonged  to  the  Com- 
pany. The  want  of  money  in  circulation  was  the  chief  cause  which  led  tlie 
enterprise  to  pass  into  other  hands.  To  an  application  for  assistance  the  general 
court  replied  in  1()4(),  "if  your  iron  may  not  be  had  heere  without  ready  money, 
what  advantage  will  that  be  to  us  if  wee  have  no  money  to  purchase  it." 

1648.  —  A  SYNOD  of  the  churches  of  New  England,  sitting  at 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  completed  its  deliberations. 

It  formed  the  New  P^ngland  Platform,  which  it  recommended,  with  the  West- 
minster confession  of  faith  to  ti>e  general  court  and  tlu;  churches.  It  was  a  full 
eanction  of  the  theocratic  system  of  government. 

1648.  —  The  Mohawks  attacked  the  Jesuit  missions  among  the 
Hurons. 

Daniel,  their  founder,  was  killed ;  Brebeuf  and  Lalamand  burned  at  the  stak?, 
and  otl  ers  slaughtered.  The  missions  were  broken  up.  Mohawk  war  parties 
penetrated  oven  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  Quebec  was  not  considered  safe.  The 
war  continued  for  some  ycara. 

1648.  —  In  New  Amsterdam,  clapboards,  lime,  avxd  stone  were 
placed  on  the  free  list,  in  order  to  encourage  the  erection  of  a 
better  class  of  buildings. 

1648.  —  Father  Kageneau,  in  his  letter  to  the  Superior  at  Paris, 
mentions  Niagara. 

1648.  —  A  MILL  and  fort  upon  Kent  Isle,  Maryland,  is  mentioned 
as  having  been  torn  down  this  year,  "  on  account  of  war  with  all 
the  Indians  near  it,  not  worth  the  keeping." 


1648.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


89 


1618,  March.  —  Tho  general  court  of  Massachusetts  enacted 
couceruing  sidt :  — 

"Tliat  upon  treaty  with  Mr.  Wintlirop,  touoliinj?  the  making  of  salt  out  of  mecr 
salt  water,  for  the  use  of  the  country,  it  is  apprehended  and  asserted  by  both  par- 
ties, that  for  ineouraf^onient  of  tlie  said  worke,  being  of  so  gineral  eonoernment, 
it  iH  enacted  by  authority  of  tliis  Court,  that  for  so  many  families  or  households 
as  are  resident  within  this  jurisdiction,  Mr.  Wintlirop  shall  be  paid  after  the  next 
harvest,  so  many  bushels  of  wheate  or  of  other  eorne  and  wheate  to  the  value  of 
wluate,  yet  so  as  the  one  half  of  it  be  in  wlu-ate  certaine,  upon  tiie  delivery  of 
(io  many  bushels  of  good  white  salt  at  IJoston,  Charles  Towne,  Salem,  Ipswich, 
and  iSalsbury,  to  be  received  and  paid  for  by  the  commissioners  for  public  rates 
upon  two  months'  notice  given  by  Mr.  Wintlirop.  The  constables  shall  have 
power  to  buy  it.  The  second  year  the  commission  shall  receive  and  pay  for  two 
bu.'iiiels  of  salt  for  each  family,  at  the  i)riee  of  three  shillings  a  bushel,  and  for 
other  two  years,  the  commission  shall  take  of,  and  make  payment  for  two  hundred 
tons  of  salt  at  two  shillings  per  bushel,  at  such  salt  worke  as  said  Mr.  Wintlirop 
shall  appoint,  and  he  shall  have  leave  to  erect  works  in  any  place  or  places  in  the 
jurisdiction  not  appropriated." 

The  next  May  the  court  granted  Mr,  Winthrop  three  thousand  acres  of  land 
at  I'aquat'  'k,  the  grant  to  be  void  "provided  he  set  not  up  a  c()nsideral)le  salte 
worke,  we  nicane  to  make  one  hundred  tun  jier  annum  of  salt  between  the  capes 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  within  three  years  next  coming." 

1648. —  A  MESSAGE  was  sent  from  tho  United  Colonies  to  the 
governor  of  Quebec,  proposing  free  trade. 

No  immediate  answer  was  returned  to  this  first  communication  between  New 
England  and  Canada. 

1648,  September  7.  —  The  sottlementa  upon  Rhode  Island 
wrote  to  the  Now  England  commissioners,  asking  to  be  received 
into  a  union  with  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England. 

T!iey  wished  to  be  received  "  in  a  prime  and  perpetual  league  of  friendship 
and  amity;  of  ofonce  and  defence,  mutual  advice  and  succor  upon  all  just  occa- 
sions for  our  mutual  safety  and  wellfaire,  and  for  preserving  of  peace  among 
ourselves,  and  preventing  as  much  as  may  bee  all  occasions  of  warr  and  Difer- 
cnce."  The  commissioners  responded  that  they  could  not  listen  to  the  request 
until  the  claim  thiit  the  island  was  by  the  Plymouth  patent  included  in  the  juris- 
diction of  that  colony,  was  allowed. 

1048.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  order 
concerning  pasturing  sheep  upon  the  commons,  and  another 
oHering  bounties  for  killing  tho  wolves. 

Each  Englishman  was  to  have  .it  least  thirty  shillings,  and  Indians  twenty  shil- 
lings.   This  premium  to  remain  in  force  for  four  years. 

1648.  —  Lord  Baltimore  appointed  William  Stone,  a  resident  of 
Virginia,  and  a  zealous  Parliamentarian  and  Protestant,  to  the 
governorship  of  Maryland. 

Stone,  in  his  instructions,  was  obliged  to  take  an  oath  not  to  molest,  on  religious 
grounds,  any  person  in  the  province  professing  to  believe  in  .Jesus  Christ,  and 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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90 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1648-9. 


especially  no  Roman  Catholic,  nor  to  make  any  distinction,  for  religion,  in  ap- 
pointments to  office.  He  was  also  forbidden  to  consent  to  the  repeal  of  any  laws, 
made  or  to  be  made,  relating  to  religious  matters,  judicature,  or  the  prerogatives 
of  the  proprietary,  without  special  warrant.  As  a  preliminary  to  the  reception 
of  grants  of  land,  an  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  proprietary  was  exacted  from  the 
settlers. 

1648.  —  Margaret  Jones,  of  Chaiiestown,  Massachusetts,  was 
indicted,  found  guilty,  and  executed  for  witchcraft. 

1649,  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  passed  an  act  of  toleration. 

The  assembly  was  organized  as  an  upper  and  lower  house.  The  act  commences 
with  decreeing  death  and  forfeiture  of  estate  against  all  "who  shall  blaspheme 
God,  that  is,  curse  him,  or  shall  deny  our  Savior  Jesus  Christ  to  be  the  Son  of  God, 
or  shall  deny  the  Holy  Trinity,  the  Father,  Son,  and  Holy  Ghost,  or  the  Godhead 
of  any  of  the  said  three  persons  of  the  Trinity,  or  the  unity  of  the  Godhead,  or 
shall  use  or  utter  any  reproachful  speeches  againsii  the  Holy  Trinity."  Fines, 
whipping^,  and  bar'shment  were  the  penalties  for  those  who  "shall  utter  any 
reproachful  words  or  speeches  concerning  the  blessed  Virgin  Mary,  or  the  holy 
apostles  or  evangelists."  Fines,  whipping,  and  a  public  apology  were  to  be  the 
punishment  for  calling  any  one  in  the  colony  "  heretic,  schismatic,  idolator,  puri- 
tan, presbyterian,  independent,  popish  priest,  Jesuit,  Jesuited  papist,  Lutheran, 
Calvinist,  anabaptist,  antinomian,  barronist,  roundhead,  separatist,  or  other  name 
or  term,  in  a  reproac'.iful  manner,  relating  to  matters  of  religion."  "The  Sab- 
bath, or  Lord's  day,  called  Sunday,"  was  not  to  be  profaned.  Then  the  section 
providing  that  "for  the  more  quiet  and  peaceable  government  of  the  province, 
and  the  better  to  preserve  mutual  love  and  unity,"  no  person  professing  to  be- 
lieve in  Jesus  Christ  should  be  molested  on  account  of  his  religion,  or  interrupted 
in  his  free  exercise  of  it,  under  penalty  of  fine  and  imprisonment.  The  assembly 
also  recognized  the  proprietary's  sole  right  to  purchase  lands  from  the  Indians, 
whom  it  was  made  felony  to  kidnap  and  sell  as  slaves.  Death,  mutilation,  brand- 
ing, whipping,  fine,  and  banishment  were  the  penalties  for  ofiences  against  the 
person  or  the  title  of  the  proprietary. 

164y.  —  From  a  pamphlet  entitled  "A  perfect  description  of 
Virginia,"  published  in  London,  the  following  statements  are 
made. 

There  were  six  public  brew-houses,  but  "  most  brew  their  own  beer,  strong  and 
good."  "  The  maize  or  Virginia  come  maults  well  for  beer,  and  ripe  in  five 
months,  set  in  April  or  May."  Good  metheglin  was  made  from  honey.  One 
planter,  from  his  own  crops,  made  twenty  butts  of  cider,  another  fifty  of  perry. 
An  "  extra  ordinary  and  pleasing  strong  drink  "  was  mado  from  sweet  potatoes. 

There  were  in  operation  four  wind-mills  and  five  water-mills  for  corn,  besides 
many  horse  mills. 

They  had  "  store  of  bricks  made,  and  houses  and  chimneys  made  of  Bricks, 
and  some  of  wood,  high  and  faire,  covered  with  shingall  for  Tyle,  yet  tliey  I'ave 
none  that  make  them,  wanting  workmen  in  that  trade ;  the  Brickmakers  have  not 
the  art  to  make  it,  it  slirinketh." 

The  cattle  of  the  colony  were  estimated  at  twenty  thousand ;  they  had  also  two 
hundred  horses,  three  thousattd  sheep,  five  thousand  goats,  and  many  swine. 

Cattle  were  exported  to  New  England ;  and  many  were  killed  to  supply  the 


1649.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


»1 


shipping,  which  at  Christmas  of  the  year  before  ii    1  amounted  to  ten  from  London, 
two  from  Bristol,  twelve  from  Holland,  and  seven  from  New  England. 

The  population  was  estimated  at  fifteen  thousand  English  and  three  thousand 
"good  negro  servants."  There  were  twenty  churches,  the  ministers'  livings  aver- 
aging at  least  a  hundred  pounds.  The  western  rivers,  it  was  hoped,  would  soon 
be  explored,  and  a  new  route  to  the  east  bo  discovered,  and  "  by  such  a  discovery 
tiie  planters  of  Virginia  shall  gain  the  rich  trade  of  the  East  Indies,  and  so  cause 
it  to  be  driven  through  the  continent." 

1649.  —  A  Puritan  church,  which  had  maintained  itself  in  Vir- 
ginia up  to  this  time,  was  obliged  to  leave  the  colony. 

Tliero  were  a  hundred  and  eighteen  of  them.  The  chief  elder,  Mr.  Durand, 
with  most  of  them,  settled  in  Maryland,  on  the  Severn,  not  far  from  the  site  of 
Annapolis,  and  called  their  settlement  Providence. 

1649.  —  The  press  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  was  given  to 
the  control  of  Samuel  Green. 

He  had  come  over  with  Governor  Winthrop's  company,  at  the  age  of  sixteen, 
eight  years  before  Daye  arrived  in  the  colony.  The  reason  for  the  change  in  the 
superintendence  of  the  press  is  not  known.  Typographically,  the  change  was 
hardly  an  improvement.  Both  the  press  and  case  work  of  the  first  books  printed 
by  Groen  are  very  defective. 

Samuel  Green  continued  printing  to  an  advanced  age,  and  died,  aged  87,  in 
1702.  He  was  held  in  great  respect,  and  given  in  Cambridge  several  military  and 
civic  offices,  .\fter  his  death  there  was  no  printing  done  for  some  time  at  Cam- 
bridge. He  had  nineteen  children,  and  some  of  his  descendants,  for  over  a  cen- 
tury after  his  death,  were  printers  in  varioua  parts  of  the  country.  Thomas  was 
successful  in  collecting  nearly  one  hundred  books  printed  by  him  in  the  fifty  years 
lie  conducted  the  press  at  Cambridge,  including  those  he  issued  in  partnership  with 
Jolmson,  and  afterwards,  for  a  short  time,  with  his  son. 

1649.  —  The  Manaachusetts  legislature  imposed  a  duty  upon  all 
goods  belonging  to  inhabitants  of  the  other  New  England  colo- 
nies, which  entered  Boston. 

It  was  ostensibly  imposed  for  the  support  of  the-  forts.  The  next  year  the  com- 
missioners for  the  United  Colonies  protested  against  it. 

1649,  March  26.  —  Gcvernor  Winthrop  died. 

His  age  was  sixty-three.  He  had  been  governor  ten  terms,  and  died  poor,  leav- 
ing a  fourth  wife,  with  an  infant  son,  to  whom  the  general  court  voted  two  hundred 

pounds. 

1649.  —  A  CODE  of  laws  for  Massachusetts  was  finished  and 
ordered  to  be  printed. 

It  had  been  drawn  up  by  a  commission,  composed  of  two  magistrates,  two  min- 
isters, and  two  persons  chosen  from  the  people  of  each  county.  No  copy  of  it  is 
known  to  be  in  existence,  but  its  provisions  are  pretty  well  known.  "  Stubborn 
and  rebe'lious"  sons  were  condemned  to  death,  and  "children  above  sixteen, 
who  curse  or  smite  their  natural  fatlicr  or  mother."  The  sale  of  intoxicating 
drinks,  except  by  licensed  persons,  was  forbidden.  Courtship,  without  the  per- 
mission of  the  maid's  parents  or  guardians,  was  fined.     In  their  absence,  the 


92 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1649. 


pennission  of  the  "  nearest  magiBtrate  "  was  to  be  obtained.  "  Blasphemy  of  the 
true  God"  was  punished  with  death,  when  made  by  "Christian  or  Pagan." 
Cliristians,  "within  this  jurisdiction,"  who  sought  to  subvert  "the  Christian  faith 
and  religion"  by  " maintaining  any  damnable  heresies,  as  denying  tlic  immortal- 
ity of  the  soul,  or  resurrection  of  the  bod,  '  or  "denying  that  Clirist  gave  him- 
self a  ransom  for  our  sins,"  "or  shall  afti  i  we  are  not  justified  by  his  death 
and  righteousness,  but  by  the  perfection  of  our  own  works,"  or  shall  "condemn 
or  op^rase  the  baptizing  of  infants,"  or  shall  "deny  the  ordinance  of  magistracy, 
or  their  lawful  authority,"  should  be  banished.  Jesuits  were  forbidden  to  enter 
the  colony,  and  their  second  offence  was  death.  A  year  or  two  afterwards,  deny- 
ing  "  the  received  books  of  the  Old  and  New  Testament  to  be  the  infallible  word 
of  God,"  was  made  death.  A  scliool  for  reading  and  writing  was  required  for 
every  town,  and  a  grammar  school  in  every  town  of  a  hundred  householders. 
This  provision  was  made  so  that  t..e  "true  sense  and  meaning  of  the  original" 
Scriptures  might  not  be  "  clouded,"  and  that  "  learning  may  not  be  buried  in  the 
grave  of  our  fathers."  This  school  law  was  also  enacted  in  Plymouth  and  Con- 
necticut. 

1649.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  confirmed  the  right  of  the  gov- 
ernor to  impress  men  for  soldiers. 

The  news  being  received  of  the  execution  of  Charles  I.,  and  the  proclamation 
of  Charles  II.  as  king  of  Scotland,  he  was  proclaimed  in  Virginia,  and  the  assembly 
l)aGsed  an  act  that  any  one  defending  "  the  late  traitorous  proceedings  against  the 
late  most  excellent  and  now  undoubtedly  sainted  king,"  should  be  prosecuted  as 
an  accessory  after  the  fact  of  his  murder.  To  insinuate  any  doubts  as  to  Charles 
II.'s  right  tt  '^he  succession  was  made  treason,  and  spreading  rumors  tending  to  a 
change  of  gove-nment  was  to  be  also  so  treated. 

In  Maryland    le  young  king  was  also  proclaimed. 

1649.  —  Petrus  Stuyvesant,  in  New  Amsterdam,  constituted  a 
board  of  nine  men,  with  powers  similar  to  the  board  of  eight 
created  by  his  predecessor. 

These  boards  were  intended  to  appease  the  popular  discontent  with  the  feudal 
character  of  the  administration.  Van  der  Donck  became  the  leader  of  this  board, 
and  drew  up  a  memorial  to  the  States  General  of  Holland,  asking  that  a  burgher 
government  should  be  substituted  for  that  of  the  Company.  This  document  waj 
signed  by  the  nine  men.  Van  der  Donck  was  arrested  by  Stuyvesant  and  ex- 
cluded from  his  seat.  He,  however,  went  to  Holland,  carrying  with  him  a  remon- 
strance concerning  the  grievances  of  the  people,  and  citing  New  England,  where 
"neither  patroons  nor  lords,  nor  princes,  are  known,  but  only  the  people." 


Stonington,  Connecticut,  on  Long  Island  Sound,  was 


1649. 
settled. 

In  1807  it  was  incorporated.  On  the  9th  of  August,  1814,  the  British  fleet 
under  Sir  Thomas  Hardy  attacked  the  town,  and  for  two  days  made  several  unsuc- 
cessful attempts  to  land,  but  the  militia  compelled  them  to  retreat.  Tlie  town  hai 
a  large  coasting-trade,  and  was  formerly  extensively  engaged  in  the  whale  fish- 
eries. Now  it  carries  on  a  large  manufacturing  business,  being  connected  by  rail- 
roads with  Boston,  New  York,  Providence,  and  New  Haven. 

1649.  •  —  Marblehead,  Massachusetts,  which  had  formerly  been  a 


1650.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


93 


part  of  Salem,  was  incorporated  as  a  distinct  town,  containing 
about  forty-four  families. 

Marblehead,  from  the  first  settlement  of  New  England,  was  noted  for  the  enter- 
prise of  its  people  in  the  fisheries.  The  majority  of  its  settlers  were  from  the 
Channel  Islands.  At  the  beginning  of  the  Revolution,  the  town  was  considered 
the  second  for  wealth  and  population  in  Massachu&otts.  It  contributed  a  regiment 
of  one  thousand  men.  During  the  war  of  1812,  the  frigate  Constitution  was  prin- 
cipally manned  by  Marblehead  men ;  and  so  large  a  number  of  privateers  went 
from  there  that  the  end  of  the  war  found  five  hundred  of  her  citizens  prisoners  in 
England. 

1650.  —  The  West  India  Company  supplied  each  emigrant  to 
the  New  Netherlands  with  land,  a  house,  tools,  four  cows,  and  as 
many  horses  and  other  animals,  to  be  restored  in  six  years. 

Stuyvesant  and  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  England  met 
at  the  House  of  Good  Hope  to  negotiate  their  difierences.  The  commissioners 
complained  of  the  Dutch  selling  powder  ind  guns  to  the  Indians,  of  their  tariff 
and  othei  things,  principally  the  questions  of  mutual  boundaries,  the  entertain- 
ment of  fugitives,  and  some  specific  actions.  The  questions  were  submitted  to 
four  English  arbitrators,  two  of  whom  were  chosen  by  Stuyvesant.  By  their 
award  all  the  eastern  portion  of  a  ong  Island  was  assigned  to  New  England.  The 
boundary  between  Connecticut  and  New  Netherland  was  to  begin  at  Greenwich 
Bay,  and  run  northerly  twenty  miles  inland,  and  beyond  "as  it  shall  be  agreed," 
but  nowhere  to  approach  the  Hudson  River  nearer  than  ten  miles.  The  Fort  of 
Good  Hope  the  Dutch  retained,  with  the  lands  appertaining  to  it,  while  the  rest  of 
the  territory  on  the  river  was  given  to  Connecticut.  Both  parties  were  to  sur- 
render fugitives. 

1650.  —  GuLiAN  Van  Rensselaer  *    perimented  with  wild  in- 
digo seed  near  Albany,  New  York,  and  Augustus  Heermau,  at 
1  Manhattan. 

1650,  October  3. — Parliament  forbade  all  trade  with  the  rebel- 
[lious  colonies,  and  authorized  the  capture  of  ships  so  engaged. 

The  other  English  colonies  in  the  Indies  adhered  to  Charles  II.,  as  Virginia  and 
[Maryland  had.  Parliament,  now  victorious,  enacted  "That  in  Virginia  and  in 
I  diverse  other  places  in  America,  there  are  colonies  which  were  planted  at  the  cost, 
land  settled  by  the  people  and  by  the  authority  of  this  nation,  which  are  and  ought 
Ito  be  subordinate  to  and  dependent  upon  England ;  that  they  ever  have  been  and 
jottght  to  be  subject  to  such  law:  and  regulations  as  are  or  shall  be  made  by  Par- 
lliament;  that  diverse  acts  of  rebellion  have  been  committed  by  many  persons 
linhabiting  Virginia,  whereby  they  hav  3  most  traitorously  usurped  a  power  of  gov- 
lernment,  and  set  themselves  up  in  opposition  to  this  commonwealth."  The  council 
|of  state  was  authorized  to  send  ships  to  any  of  the  plantations,  and  giant  com- 

mmna  to  enforce  obedience,  and  "  to  grant  pardons  and  settle  governors  in  the 
I  islands,  plantations  and  places,  to  preserve  them  in  peace  until  the  Parliament 

iake  further  orders."      The  Massachusetts  general  court  protested  against  the 

jipplication  of  the  claim  made  by  Parliament  to  unlimited  jurisdiction  over  the 

ponies,  to  them. 

1650.  —  A  new  edition  of  the  Psalms,  revised  by  Mr.  Dunster, 


94 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1650-51. 


the  president  of  Harvard  College,  and  by  Mr.  Lyon,  was  issued 
from  the  Cambridge  press,  and  became  the  standard  edition. 

1650,  November.  —  A  town  meeting  was  held  at  New  London, 
Connecticut,  to  co-operate  with  Mr.  Winthrop  in  erecting  a  mill 
to  grind  corn,  the  inhabitants  to  undertake  the  "  making  the  dam 
and  heavy  work  to  the  milne." 

For  this  work  six  men  were  to  be  paid  two  sliillings,  each,  a  day.  It  was  also 
agreed  "tliat  no  person,  or  persons,  shall  set  up  any  other  milne  to  grind  corne 
for  the  town  of  Pequett,  within  the  limits  of  the  town,  either  for  the  present,  or 
for  the  future,  so  long  as  Mr.  Winthrop,  or  his  heirs,  do  uphold  the  milne  to  grind 
the  town  corne."  The  management  of  this  mill  gave  such  dissatisfaction  to  the 
people  that  the  town  complained  to  the  general  (ourt  that  they  were  not  "duoly 
served  in  the  grinding  of  their  coine,  and  were  much  damnified."  The  court,  to 
prevent  "  disturbance  of  the  peace,"  ordered  Mr.  Rogers  to  give  a  "  daily  attend- 
ance at  the  rnll." 

1660.  —  A  CODE  was  accepted  by  the  general  court  of  Con- 
necticut. 

It  was  compiled  by  Ludlow,  and  was  much  of  it  copied  from  the  Massachusetts 
code,  housebreaking  and  robbery  the  third  time  being  added  to  the  capital  offences, 
Taking  tobacco  publicly  was  forbidden.  Debtors  could  not  be  put  in  prison  unless 
they  had  concealed  property.  If  the  creditor  required  it,  the  debtor  had  to  pay 
his  debt  by  service,  and  could  be  sold  for  that  purpose,  but  not  "  to  any  but  of  the 
English  nation."  This  law  remained  in  force  into  this  century.  Runaway  ser- 
vants were  to  be  captured  at  the  public  expense.  Trade  with  the  Indians  in  arms 
or  dogs  is  forbidden.  Some  chief  of  the  tribes  near  the  settlement  should  be  held 
responsible  for  depredations  by  his  band ;  and  if  satisfaction  for  them  was  refurcd, 
the  Indians  might  be  seized  and  delivered  to  the  party  injured,  "  either  to  serve  or 
to  be  shipped  out  and  exchanged  for  negroes,  as  the  case  will  justly  bear." 

1650.  —  It  was  estimated  this  year  that  in  Virginia  a  man  could 
easily  by  hand  process,  make  fifteen  thousand  clapboard.^  or  pipe- 
staves  in  a  year,  which  were  worth  in  the  colony  four  pounds  a 
thousand,  and  in  the  Canaries  twenty  pounds  a  thousand,  which 
would  make  in  the  lowest  market  sixty  pounds. 

A  saw-mill  was  at  this  time  also  said  to  be  a  great  desideratum,  for  one  driven 
by  water  would  do  the  work  of  twenty  sawyers. 

1650.  —  Charles  II.,  at  Breda,  sent  a  new  commission  to  Berke- 
ley as  governor  of  Virginia,  and  appointed  Sir  William  Davenant 
as  governor  of  Maryland. 

Davenant  was  captured  on  his  way  over  from  France,  with  a  company  of  refugee 
royalists,  by  the  Parliamentary  fleet. 

1651. — Governor  Endicott  petitioned  the  legislature  of  Mas- 
sachusetts for  three  hundred  acres  of  land,  to  supply  fuel  tor  cop- 
per-smelting works  he  intended  to  erect. 

lie  had  discovered  the  copper  in  1648  between  Danvers  and  Topsfield.  The 
grant  was  given  on  condition  that  the  works  should  be  ready  in  seven  years.  The 
result  did  not  prove  very  successfuL 


Airica,  or  Amo 


1651.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


95 


1651.  — The  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  to  encour- 
age the  discovery  of  mines. 

1651.  —  A  LICENSE  was  granted  to  Governor  John  Winthrop  to 
work  a  lead  mine  discovered  at  Middletown,  Connecticut. 

It  is  not  known  if  he  began  operations  that  year  or  not.  In  1852  the  same  mine 
was  reoiiened.     Tlio  ore  ij  not  abu.idant,  but  of  a  highly  argentiferous  quality. 

1651.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  forbade  the  wearing  of 
gold,  silver,  silks,  laces,  and  other  extravagances,  together  with 
great  boots,  by  those  whom  the  selectmen  considered  unable  to 
afford  it. 

1651,  April  3.  —  William  Coddington  obtained  from  the  coun. 
cil  of  state  in  England  a  commission  to  govern  the  islands  of 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  during  his  lifetime,  with  a  coun- 
cil of  six,  to  be  named  by  the  people,  and  approved  by  himself. 

lie  luvd  been  chosen  president  of  the  colony  in  1648,  but  had  never  entered  on 
the  ofBce,  and  went  over  to  England  to  obtain  a  separate  charter.  Having  obtained 
his  commission,  ho  returned  home. 

1651,  October.  —  Roger  Williams  and  John  Clarke  were  sent 
to  England  oy  the  colonists  of  Rhode  Island. 

John  Clarke  was  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  Coddington's  commission,  and  Williams 
a  confirmation  of  the  charter  of  the  settlements.  Not  being  allowed  to  sail  from 
Boston,  they  went  to  Manhattan  to  embark.  Sir  Henry  Vane  being  then  a  mem- 
ber of  the  council  of  state,  they  obtained  the  recall  of  Coddington's  commission, 
and,  notwithstanding  the  opposition  "  of  all  the  priests,  both  Presbyterian  and  In- 
dependent," the  confirmation  of  the  Rhode  Island  charter. 

1651.  —  A  LAW  was  enacted  in  Massachusetts,  making  it  ob- 
ligatory on  a  church,  before  settling  a  minister,  to  have  the  con- 
sent of  a  council  of  the  neighboring  churches,  and  "  some  of  the 
magistrates." 

It  was  passed  to  justify  the  action  of  the  court  in  fining  the  church  at  Maiden 
for  presuming  to  settle  a  minister  without  consulting  any  but  themselves. 

1651. — An  order  was  issued  in  Massachusetts  that  wampum 
should  no  longer  be  received  for  taxes. 

The  trade  with  the  Indians  being  the  basis  of  this  circulation,  and  the  amount 
of  it  being  increased  by  the  exactions  from  the  Indians,  while  the  trar^c  with  thom 
was  passing  into  the  hands  of  the  French,  made  it  depreciate ;  and  as  silver  was 
necessary  to  pay  for  imports,  the  want  of  currency  caused  the  court  to  set  about 
the  establishment  of  a  mint. 

1651,  October,  —  Parliament  passed  an  ordinance  prohibiting 
the  importation  of  any  merchandise  into  England  from  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  except  in  English  built  vessels,  owned  in 
England  or  the  colonies,  and  navigated  by  Englishmen. 

1651.  —  Messengers  from  Canada  came  to  New  England  to  ask 
aid  in  the  war  with  the  Five  Nations,  which  was  then  raging. 


96 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1652. 


Tlioy  ?i8kc«l  leave  to  enlist  volunteers,  or  that  the  war  parties  of  the  converted 
Indians  on  the  Penobscot  should  be  allowed  to  pass  through  the  territory  of  the 
United  Colonics.  Tiie  commissioners  gave  a  civil  refusal.  The  messengers  were 
John  Godefroy,  one  of  the  council  of  New  France,  and  Drcuillcttcs,  a  Jesuit 
missionary. 

1652. — The  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  several  acts  for  tlio 
encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

Flaxseed  was  ordered  distributed  to  eacli  household,  and  premiums  offered  for 
its  culture.  Two  pounds  of  tobacco  were  given  for  every  pound  of  flax  or  hemp 
prepared  for  the  spindle ;  three  pounds  for  every  yar^i  of  linen  cloth  a  yard  wide, 
and  five  pounds  for  every  yard  of  woollen  clotli  made  in  the  province.  Every 
tithable  pTson  was  required  to  produce  yearly  two  pounds  of  dressed  hemp  or 
flax,  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco.  Ten  pounds  of  tobacco  were 
offered  for  every  good  hat  of  wool  or  fur,  or  for  every  dozen  pair  of  woollen  or 
worsted  stockings.  Fifty  pounds  for  every  pound  of  silk  wound,  and  every  owner 
of  a  hundred  acres  was  to  plant  and  fence  in  twelve  mulberry-trees.  No  wool  was 
to  be  exported  under  a  penalty  of  fifty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  each  pound.  The 
bounty  on  silk  was  claimed  by  several  persons.  One  of  these,  Major  Walker,  a 
member  of  the  assembly,  had  seventy  thousand  mulberry  trees  planted. 

1652.  —  The  commissioners  in  command  of  the  parliamentary 
expedition  to  Virginia  deposed  Stone,  the  governor  of  Maryland, 
and  appointed  a  new  council. 

He  was  shortly  afterwards  reinstated. 

1652,  March.  —  An  expedition  sent  by  parliament  reached  tho 
Chesapeake. 

It  was  under  the  direction  of  five  commi  iners,  of  whom  two  were  Richard 
Bennet  (a  Puritan  emigrant  to  Maryland)  and  William  Clayborne,  now  the  treas- 
urer of  Virginia.  It  had  started  in  September  of  the  year  before,  but  had  been 
delayed  by  taking  part  in  the  attack  upon  Barbadoes,  which  had  surrendered  after 
making  an  express  stipulation  that  their  assembly  should  alone  possess  tlic  right  to 
levy  taxes.  The  colony  capitulated  without  resistance.  Two  sets  of  articles  were 
signed;  one  with  the  assembly,  and  the  other  with  Berkeley  and  his  council. 
These  last  were  allowed  a  year  to  settle  their  affairs,  sell  their  property,  and  go 
where  they  pleased.  The  articles  with  the  assembly  guaranteed  the  colony  against 
any  claim  of  conquest,  or  the  expense  of  the  expedition.  It  granted  the  rigiit  of 
government  by  the  assembly ;  indemnity  for  the  past ;  the  security  of  land  grants ; 
the  existing  arrangement  for  fifty  acres  to  each  settler;  the  same  freedom  of  trade 
enjoyed  in  England ;  the  sole  right  of  the  assembly  to  levy  taxes ;  the  use  of  the 
Book  of  Common  Prayer  for  a  year ;  and  a  year's  time  for  those  who  did  not  wish 
to  subscribe  the  oath  "to  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  commonwealth  of  England 
as  it  is  now  established,  without  King  or  House  of  Lords,"  to  arrange  their  affairs. 
These  articles  signed,  Berkeley's  commission  was  declared  void,  an  assembly  was 
called,  and  Bennet  was  elected  governor,  with  Clayborne  secretary. 

1652.  —  The  first  coinage  was  issued  by  the  mint  at  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

The  issue  was  of  shillings,  sixpences,  and  threepences.  In  1C62  an  issue  of 
twopcnces  was  made.    The  coinage  was  of  silver,  as  fine  as  the  English  issue,  but 


1652.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


97 


by  weight  "  two  pence  in  the  shilling  of  less  vah  v  than  the  English  cojne."  The 
issue  is  known  as  the  pine-tree  shilling  from  this  device  upon  some  of  the  larger 
coins.  Sixteen  varieties  of  the  shilling  are  known.  They  nil  bear  the  same  date. 
The  dies  were  made  by  Joseph  Jcnks,  and  the  coinage  done  by  John  Hull  (a  gold- 
smitii)  and  Robert  Sanderson. 

1652.  —  Hezekiah  Usher,  the  first  bookseller  in  the  United 
States,  began  business  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1652.  —  In  May,  it  was  ordered  by  the  general  court  of  Massa* 
chusetts  that  salt-works  be  set  up  at  Cape  Ann. 

Ciipc  Ann  had  been  included  in  the  grant  to  Mason,  but  was  now  reunited  to 
Massachusetts. 

1652.  —  Edward  Burt  was  granted  permission  to  make  salt  at 
Cape  Ann  by  a  new  method,  "  provided  he  make  it  only  after  his 
new  way." 

His  grant  was  for  ten  years,  and  at  the  same  time  he  was  refused  tho  use  of 
two  islands  near  Salem  for  this  purpose,  "  as  prejudicial  to  the'  town  in  divers 
regards." 

1652.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  the 
north  boundary  line  of  the  province  should  be  considered  as 
passing  through  a  point  three  miles  north  of  every  part  of  the 
Morrimac,  and  thence  upon  a  straight  line  east  and  west  to 
each  sea. 

1652,  May  18.  —  The  general  court  met  in  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  held  by  the  towns  of  the  Mainland;  those  of  the  Island  remained  quiet 
under  the  rule  of  Coddington.  At  this  session  a  law  was  passed  against  involun- 
tary servitude.  It  provided  that  no  man  could  be  kept  to  service  longer  tliaii  ten 
years  from  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  the  colony,  under  a  penalty  for  those  holding 
liiin  of  forty  pounds.  At  this  time  white  men,  as  well  as  negroes  and  I:idians, 
were  held  to  involuntary  service ;  and  the  law,  though  its  provision  applied  equally 
to  all,  was  most  probably  intended  not  to  apply  to  negroes. 

1652,  May  19.  —  The  Dutch  wore  forbidden  by  the  authorities 
of  Rhode  Island  to  trade  with  the  Indians  within  that  province.  A 
letter  to  this  effect  was  sent  to  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  governor 
of  Manhattan. 

The  war  which  had  begun  between  Holland  and  England  was  the  cause  of  this 
action.  The  commercial  and  trading  relations  of  Rhode  Island  and  Manhattan 
were  for  the  time  quite  extensive. 

1652,  October  8.  —  An  order  of  council  was  issued  revoking 
Coddington's  commission,  and  directing  the  towns  of  Rhode 
Island  to  again  unite  under  the  charter. 

The  news  was  brought  from  England  by  William  Dyre,  who  arrived  on  the 
18th  of  February,  1653. 

1652.  —  William  Coddington,  in  whose  name  the  title  to 
Aquedneck  stood,  made  a  joint  deed  to  the  purchasers. 

7 


98 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1652-3. 


ii 


1652. — Peter  Stuyvesant  built  Fort  Casimir  on  the  site  of 
Newcastle,  Delaware. 

It  was  within  fivo  miles  of  the  Swedisli  fort  Christina,  and  was  built  to  prevent 
an  intended  occupation  of  tho  territory  by  the  New  Englandcrs. 

1652.  — The  first  forge  built  in  America  was  erected  at  Rayn- 
ham,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  built  by  James  and  Henry  Leonard,  who  came  from  Monninuthshiro, 
England.  They  were  the  ancestors  of  tho  numerous  Leonards  who  have  been  so 
extensively  known  in  the  iron  industry  of  the  country. 

1653.  —  JoHANS  De  Hulter  was  among  tho  emigrants  to  the 
New  Netherlands  this  year. 

lie  was  called  by  the  Directors  in  Holland  "  an  extraordinary  potter,'  and  the 
provincial  authorities  were  asked  to  aid  him  in  any  way  they  could.  He  estab- 
lished himself  somewhere  on  the  Hudson,  and  appears  to  have  been  successful; 
for  about  the  time  the  province  passed  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  English,  Madame 
De  Hulter's  pottery  was  leased  for  eleven  hundred  guilders  a  year,  and  a  tile-kiln 
attached  to  it  for  three  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventeen  guilders  ($1480). 
In  Long  Island  the  Dutch  are  said  to  have  made  pottery  equal  to  that  made  at 
Delft.  About  this  time  the  Directors  refused  to  sanction  grants  the  provinciiil 
authorities  had  made  for  potash  works,  salt  works,  brick  and  tile  works  nml 
others,  using  tho  following  language :  "  The  grants  we  not  only  entirely  disap- 
prove, but  require  that  you  will  not  give  one  single  grant  more  hereaft*  ,  as  it  in 
in  our  opinion  a  very  pernicious  management,  principally  so  in  a  new  and  buddinc; 
state,  whose  population  and  welfare  cannot  be  promoted,  but  through  general  ben- 
efits and  privileges,  in  which  every  one  who  might  be  inclined  to  settle  in  sucli  ;i 
country,  either  as  a  merchant  or  mechanic,  may  participate." 
• 

1653.  —  The  exportation  of  head  corn  was  forbidden  in  Now 
Amsterdam ;  and  it  was  ordered  that  for  every  hill  of  tobacco 
planted  a  hill  of  corn  should  be,  while  the  consumption  of  grain 
for  brewing  was  strictly  prohibited. 

The  devotion  to  the  fur  trade  and  the  culture  of  tobacco  caused  a  frequent 
scarcity  of  grain  in  New  Amsterdam. 

1653.  —  A  CATECHISM  in  the  dialect  spoken  by  tho  Nipmuck,or 
Natick,  Indians,  and  made  by  Mr.  Eliot,  was  printed.  The  ex- 
pense was  paid  by  the  society  in  England  for  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians  in  New  England. 

1653,  May  17.  —  Two  distinct  assemblies  met  in  Rhode  Island; 
that  of  the  Mainland  at  Providence,  and  that  of  the  Island  at 
Newport. 

The  first  elected  Gregory  Dexter  as  president;  and  the  second  John  Sandfonl, 
Sen.,  as  president.  On  the  demand  of  the  Island  assembly,  Coddington  dcclincil 
to  surrender  the  documents  in  his  possession,  or  resign  his  commission,  giving  a 
his  reason  that  he  had  received  no  order  from  England.  Tho  chief  point  of  dis- 
pute between  the  portions  of  the  colony  was  concerning  the  place  in  which  tlip 
assembly  should  meet.     The  Island  assembly  granted  commissions  to  privateers 


1653-4.J 

Against  the  Ti\ 
several  captur 

1653.  — i 

It  was  comj 
Dutch  and  foui 
ated  an  exciten 
was  sent  to  Ho 
legislation,  app 
fiivoritism  in  g 
being  blamed  f 
piary  manner." 

1054.  — T 
York  was  m? 

I'crc  Le  Moj 
arrival  among  t 
ernor  of  Canada 
great  liasin,  part 
liaving  tasted  it : 
salt  from  it  us  i 
from  Quebec.  T 
record  is  in  Fren 
poionsis,  of  New 
said,  "  Whether  l 

1654. -Sa 
cents)  a  bush 

The  next  year 

1654.  — Tn 
lar  printing 
editions  of  i 

The  secretary 
rate  of  one  pcnnj 
distributed  to  all 

1654.  — Til 
Mr.  William  G 
his  saw-mill  ii 

1654,  July 
wck,  Rhode 

The  court  com 
settlement  were 
general  assembly 
six  delegates  fror 

.  1654.- A. 
Jo  Prjntz,  cam 
Casimir. 


re 


1653-4.] 


ANNALS  OF   NOllTII   AMERICA. 


99 


ngainst  the  Dutch,  anrl  appointed  a  court  of  admirnlty. 
Buveral  captures  were  mode. 


Under  those  commisHions 


1653.  —  A  "  Landtdag,"  or  diet,  was  held  at  Now  Amstordam. 

It  was  composed  of  delegates  from  New  Amsterdam  and  elRlit  villages  —  four 
Dutch  and  four  Eni(?iish.  The  aggressiouH  of  the  llhude  Island  i)rivateerH  had  cre- 
ated un  excitement  in  the  settlements.  Other  disputes  arose,  and  a  remonstrance 
was  sent  to  Holland,  complaining  of  the  director  and  his  council,  of  their  arbitrary 
legislation,  appointment  of  magistrates  witiiout  consulting  the  people,  and  of  his 
favoritism  in  granting  land.  The  remonstrance  produced  no  effect,  Stuyvcsant 
king  blamed  for  a  want  of  rigor  in  not  punishing  tlio  discontented  "  in  an  exem- 
plary nuinner." 

1654.  —  The  first  montion  of  tho  salt  springs  of  Western  New 
York  was  raado  by  tho  Jesuits,  who  discovered  them  this  year. 

Pcre  Lc  Moync  tims  records  in  his  journal  the  discovery  ten  days  after  his 
arrival  among  the  Onondagas,  He  carried  buck  a  sample  of  the  salt  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Canada.  "Tiie  sixteenth  we  came  to  the  entrance  of  a  small  lake,  in  a 
great  basin,  partly  dry ;  we  tasted  the  water  which  a  demon  had  made  stinking ; 
having  tasted  it  I  found  that  it  was  a  fountain  of  salt  water ;  and  in  fact  we  made 
salt  from  it  us  natural  as  that  from  the  sea,  of  which  wo  had  brought  a  supply 
from  Quebec.  This  lako  is  full  of  flsh  —  salmon  trout  and  other  fish."  The  original 
record  is  in  French.  Father  Le  Moync  subsequently  informed  the  Bev.  Mr.  Mega- 
polonsis,  of  New  Amsterdam,  of  this  discovery,  who,  in  repeating  it  to  his  class, 
said,  "  Whether  this  be  true,  or  whether  it  be  a  Jesuit  lie,  I  do  not  determine." 

1654.  —  Salt  was  subject  to  a  duty  of  twenty  stivers  (forty 
cents)  a  bushel  at  Now  Amsterdam. 
Tiie  next  year  the  duties  on  imports  were  reduced  to  ten  per  cent. 

1654.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered  the  regu 
lar  printing  of  such  laws  as  were  ordered  to  be  published,  in 
editions  of  from  five  to  seven  hundred. 

The  secretary  of  the  colony  was  to  pay  for  it,  in  "  whcate  or  otherwise,"  at  the 
rate  of  one  penny  a  sheet,  or  eight  shillings  a  hundred ;  and  copies  were  to  be 
distributed  to  all  the  freemen  of  the  colony,  lo  that  each  should  have  one. 

1654.  —  Tins  year  the  general  court  of  Connecticut  granted 
Mr.  William  Goodwin  liberty  to  make  use  of  waste  lands  to  keep 
his  saw-mill  in  work. 

1654,  July  12.  —  A  full  court  of  commissioners  met  at  War- 
wick, Rhode  Island,  and  signed  articles  of  agreement. 

The  court  consisted  of  six  members  from  each  of  the  towns.  The  terms  of 
settlement  were,  that  the  united  colony  should  act  under  the  charter,  and  that  the 
general  assembly  for  the  management  of  the  public  affairs  should  be  composed  of 
six  delegates  from  each  of  the  towns. 

1654.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Sweden,  under  Rysingh,  as  successor 
to  Printz,  came  to  New  Sweden,  and  obtained  possession  of  Fort 
Casiniir. 


100 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1654-5. 


I 


PosRCBsion  was  gnined  without  bloodshed,  cither  by  tlic  cowardice  of  the  conf 
ninndcr  or  by  stratagem. 

1654.  —  Stone  was  again  doposod  from  tho  govornorslup  of 
Maryland. 

He  dUrcKardcd,  on  account  of  instructions  from  Lord  Baltimore,  the  provls'cri 
of  the  commisHionors,  and  demanded  an  oath  of  fidelity  from  tlie  settlors  to  tho 
proprietary,  though  lie  proclaimed  Cromwell  as  protector.  ^Jennet  and  Calvert, 
l)y  threats  of  a  force  from  \  irginia,  forced  him  to  resign,  appointed  William  Fuller 
governor,  appointed  a  new  council,  and  called  n  new  assembly,  in  which  no  ono 
was  allowed  to  sit  or  vote  for  its  members  who  was  a  Roman  Catholic,  or  had  taken 
up  arms  against  parliament.  This  assembly  excluded  "  papests  and  prelatints" 
from  the  benefits  of  tiie  act  of  toleration,  and  denied  tho  claim  of  the  proprietary 
to  bo  "absolute  lord"  of  the  province. 

1654.  —  Peace  being  made  between  the  Indiana  of  New  York 
and  Canada,  the  Jesuits  established  missions  among  the  Indians 
south  of  Canada. 

Lc  Moyno,  on  a  visit  to  Ol.ond.^ga,  found  the  salt  springs  there,  and  a  settle- 
mcnt  by  persons  from  Montreal  was  mau3  at  Lake  Onondaga. 

1654.  —  An  expedition  sent  iVcn  England  against  the  Dutch  in 
New  Netherland  arrived  at  Massachusetts. 

Before  the  New  England  levies  to  take  part  in  the  attack  on  the  settlements  m 
New  Netherlands  were  ready,  news  came  of  the  peace  between  the  English  and 
the  Dutch,  and  tho  expedition  was  directed  to  an  attack  upon  the  French  settle- 
ments in  Acadie.  France  and  England  were  at  peace,  but  tho  claim  of  unpaid 
money  was  brought  forward,  and  Acadie  surrendered  to  the  expedition,  liberty  for 
their  religion  and  security  for  their  property  being  guaranteed  them. 

1G64.  —  War  was  declared  by  the  commissioners  of  New  Eng- 
land against  the  Indian  chief  Ninigret. 

An  unsuccessful  expedition  was  the  only  result. 

1655.  —  Stone,  being  assured  by  Lord  Baltimore  that  Bennet 
and  Clayborne  had  no  warrant  for  their  action,  called  the  Cath- 
olic settlers  of  Maryland  together,  and  made  an  expedition 
against  Providence,  the  headquarters  of  the  new  council. 

He  had  about  two  hundred  men,  and  was  completely  routed.  Both  parties  then 
appealed  to  Cromwell,  who  referred  the  dispute  to  the  Committee  of  Trade. 

1655.  —  The  freemen  of  Saco,  Maine,  agreed  with  Roger 
Spencer  that  he  should  set  up  a  saw-mill  there. 

He  was  to  pay  for  it  twelve  thousand  feet  of  boards,  and  to  agree  to  employ 
townsmen  in  preference  to  others. 

1655.  —  The  importers  of  malt  and  other  merchants  of  Boston, 
petitioned  the  assembly  to  lessen  or  remove  the  duty  upon  the 
importation  of  malt. 

The  court  referred  the  petitioners  to  a  previous  order  made  upon  this  subject. 


1655-6.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


101 


1655.  —  The  Plymouth  colony  sold  thoir  tract  at  tho  mouth  of 
the  Konnobcc  to  Messrs.  Tyng,  Brattlo,  Boioe,  uud  VVinslow. 

Tlut  price  wom  five  hundred  poundM. 

1655.  —  Tina  year  tho  society  in  London  foi  propagating  the 
gospel  among  the  Indians,  sent  over  to  Massachusetts  a  second 
press,  with  a  s  ipply  of  printing  material. 

TliiH  press  was  sot  up  in  tlio  same  l)uildint<  in  whicli  was  the  first ;  n  Nubstnn- 
tlal  brick  structure  at  Cambridge,  wliich  was  Ituilt  for  an  Indian  College,  nt  a 
coat  of  between  three  and  four  hundred  pounds. 

1G55,  May  30.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Haven  ordered  "  that 
if  ail  iron  worke  goe  on  within  any  part  of  this  jurisdiction,  the 
persons  and  estates  constantly  and  onei^  iiuployed  in  that  work 
shall  bo  free  from  paying  rates." 

1655.  —  The  West  India  Company  sent  an  expedition  to  New 
Amsterdam,  to  take  possession  of  the  settlements  on  tho  Dela- 
ware. 

Stuyvesant  went  with  thom.  The  Swedish  settlement  contained  about  seven 
hundred  inliabitants,  and  being  unable  to  resist,  surrendered,  nnd  became  a  part 
of  New  Nctherland.  Such  as  agreed  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Dutch 
authorities,  were  guaranteed  possession  of  their  lands.  The  rights  and  freedom 
of  the  Swedish  Lutheran  Cimrch  were  expressly  secured,  and  depended  ecclesi- 
astically on  Sweden  until  the  Kevolution.  Those  who  would  not  take  the  oath 
were  sent  back  to  Sweden.  Thirty  of  the  Swedes  are  said  to  have  taken  the 
oath. 


1655. 
dam. 


•  The  Indians  attacked  the  settlements  at  New  Ainster- 


In  three  days  a  hundred  persons  were  killed,  and  a  hundred  and  fifty  made 
prisoners.  Tlie  loss  of  property  inflicted  was  estimated  at  eighty  thousand 
(lolhira.    The  prisoners  taken  were  ransomed. 

1655.  —  The  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies  of  New 
England  fitted  out  a  vessel  to  cruise  in  Long  Island  Sound. 

1656,  March. — William  Coddington  made  a  formal  submission 
to  a  general  court  held  at  Warwick,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  in  these  terms:  "I,  William  Coddington,  doe  hereby  submit  to  ye 
authoritic  of  His  Highness  in  this  Colonic  is  it  is  now  united,  and  that  with  all 
my  lieart." 

1656.  —  Stuyvesant,  at  New  Amsterdam,  issued  a  proclama- 
tion against  conventicles,  fining  both  the  preachers  and  hearers. 

He  had  been  induced  to  this  by  Megapolcnsis,  the  minister  at  Manhattan,  and 
his  colleague  Dnisius,  with  Polhemus,  a  clergyman  on  Long  Island.  Stuyvesant 
liad  already  refused  an  application  of  the  Lutherans  in  New  Amsterdam  for  a 
church  of  their  own,  and  the  Company  in  Holland  had  also  refused  tlieir  appeaL 
The  instructions  of  the  Company  had  been  that  all  should  enjoy  "the  free  exer- 
cise of  their  religion  within  their  own  houses."  Stuyvesant's  proclamation  was 
however  enforced,  and  against  the  Quakers  he  issued  others. 


102 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1656. 


1656,  —  Cromwell  made  a  grant  of  Nova  Scotia  to  La  Tour 
and  others. 

La  Tour  liad  revived  his  claim  on  the  groundo  of  the  grant  given  his  father 
by  Sir  William  Alexander.     He  had  married  D'Aulney's  widow. 

1656.  —  In  May,  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  an 
order  "  for  the  improving  as  many  hands  as  may  be  in  spinninge 
woole,  cotton,  flaxe,  &o. 

"  All  hands  not  necessarily  employed  on  other  occasions,  as  women,  girls  and 
boys,  shall  and  hereby  are  enjoined  to  spin  according  to  their  skill  and  ability." 
The  selectmen  of  the  towns  were  to  see  that  this  was  done,  each  family  being 
assessed  "  at  half,  or  a  quarter  of  a  spinner,  according  to  their  capacity."  "  Every 
one  thus  assessed  for  a  whole  spinner"  was,  "after  the  present  year  1656"  to 
"  spin  for  thirty  weeks  evciy  year  three  pounds  per  week  of  linen,  cotton  or 
woolen,  and  so  proportio"  tally  for  half  or  quarter  spinners,  under  the  penalty  of 
twelve  pence  for  each  pound  short."  The  selectmen  had  also  authority  to  see 
that  the  commons  were  cleared  for  the  pasturage  of  sheep,  and  were  to  "  impart 
the  mind  of  this  court  to  their  inhabitants  concerning  the  sowing  of  seeds  botli  of 
hemp  and  flaxe." 

1656.  —  In  Ohelmsford,  Massachusetts,  "William  How  was 
allotted  twelve  acres  of  meadow  and  eighteen  of  upland,  "  pro- 
vided he  set  up  his  trade  of  weaving,  and  perform  the  town's 
work." 

1656.  —  In  May  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted  Mr. 
Winthrop  the  exclusive  privilege  of  making  salt  "  after  his  now 
way." 

This  is  supposed  to  chow  that  the  salt  enterprise  of  1647-8  was  successful. 

1656.  —  The  colony  of  New  Haven  appointed  sealers  of  leather 
for  each  town  where  there  was  a  tanner  or  shoemaker. 

The  next  year  the  court  received  complaints  from  Stamford  that  boots  were 
sold  there  at  thirty  shillings,  while  twenty  shillings  was  the  price  for  as  good 
elsewhere,  and  the  shoemakers  were  ordered  to  reform  or  answer  at  the  next 
court. 

1656,  OcTOBEK.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  appointed 
sealers  of  leather  for  each  of  the  towns. 

They  also  prescribed  the  method  of  preparing  the  hides.  The  sealers  wcro 
paid  by  fees. 

1656.  —  A  SAW-MILL  was  built  at  Scituate,  Massachusetts,  by 
Robert  Studson,  Mr.  Hatherly,  and  Joseph  Tilden. 

In  granting  the  privilege,  the  authorities  stipulated  that  sawing  was  to  be  done 
for  any  one  who  brought  timber  for  tliis  purpose,  and  that  the  owners  of  the  mill 
should  have  *'  one  half  for  sawing  the  other  half."  The  price  at  which  boards 
should  be  sold  was  placed  at  "  three  shillings  and  six  pence  an  Imndred  inch 
sawn." 

1656.  —  At  New  Amstel,  or  New  Castle,  Delaware,  which  had 


H>fS-8.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


103 


been  sold  by  the  West  India  Company  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam, 
and  given  this  name,  bricks  were  made  this  year. 

Jacobus  Crabbe  petitions  the  court  concerning  a  plantation  "  near  the  corner 
where  bricks  and  staves  are  made  and  baked." 

1656.  —  An  act  of  the  assembly  of  Virginia  was  passed  as 
follows :  "  Whereas  we  conceive  it  somel^iing  hard  and  un- 
agreeable to  reason,  that  any  person  shall  pay  equal  taxes,  and 
yot  have  no  votes  in  elections,"  it  was  ordered  that  acts  exclud- 
ing freemen  from  voting  for  burgesses  should  be  repealed. 

The  assembly  also  imposed  a  fine  upon  every  planter  who  had  not  at  least  one 
mulberry-tree  i)lanted  for  each  ten  acres  he  had  under  cultivation. 

1656.  —  Another  execution  for  witchcraft  took  place  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

The  arrival  of  two  Quaker  women  from  Barbadoes  caused  special  laws  to  be 
made  against  Quakers  "  as  a  cursed  sect  of  heretics  lately  risen  in  the  world." 
Any  one  bringing  in  a  "  known  Quaker  "  was  fined  a  hundred  pounds,  and  obliged 
to  carry  him  away  again,  or  be  imprisoned.  The  Quaker  was  whipped,  imprisoned, 
and  kept  at  hard  labor  until  sent  off.  All  Quaker  books  were  to  be  burned,  the 
person  defending  their  opinions  to  be  fined,  and  on  the  third  offence  banished. 
The  laws  were  made  still  more  severe  the  next  year,  and  on  the  recommendation 
of  the  comtiussioners  for  the  United  Colonies,  Plymouth,  Connecticut,  and  New 
Haven  passed  similar  acts. 

1657.  —  A  DESCRIPTION  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  speaks  of  it 
as  having  "  large  and  spacious  houses,  some  fairly  set  forth  with 
brick,  tile,  slate  and  stone,  orderly  placed,  whose  continual  en- 
largement presageth  some  sumptuous  city." 

1657,  Sfptember.  —  The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies 
Hssembled  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  wrote  a  letter  to  the  author- 
ities in  Phodo  Island  urging  the  banishment  of  the  Quakers 
there,  an^i  the  prohibition  of  any  others  entering  that  state. 

To  this  the  president  and  assistants  replied  that  there  was  no  law  in  Rhode 
Island  for  the  punishment  of  men  for  their  opinions. 

1657.  —  Salt-works  are  mentioned  as  existing  at  New  Amstel 
(Newcastle),  on  the  Delaware,  during  the  directorship  of  Stuy- 

vesant. 

As  early  as  1G49  the  establishment  of  salt-works  was  one  of  the  charges  brought 
against  the  provincial  authorities  to  the  States  General  in  Holland. 

1657.  —  An  attempt  was  made  to  introduce  the  culture  of  silk 
in  the  province  of  New  Netherlands. 

Two  years  afterwards  mulberry-trees  were  exported  to  Cura^oa. 

1657.  —  A  premium  was  offered  in  Virginia  for  the  growth  of 

flax. 

1658,  October  19.  —  A  law  was  passed  in  Massachusetts,  inflict- 


■ 

1 

! 

104 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1658. 


ing  death  upon  all  Quakers  who  should  return  to  that  province 
alter  banishment. 

1658,  November  5.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  sent  a 
letter  to  Cromwell  through  the  agent  of  the  colony,  appealing 
that  "  they  may  not  be  compelled  to  exercise  any  civil  power 
over  men's  consciences,  so  long  as  human  orders,  in  point  of 
civility,  are  not  corrupted  or  violated." 

The  threats  made  to  exclude  Rhode  Ishmd  from  all  trade  or  intercourse  with 
the  rest  of  New  England,  for  her  refusal  to  join  in  the  persecution  of  the  Quakers, 
was  the  origin  of  this  letter. 

1658.  —  Soon  after  the  formal  surrender  of  the  country  by  the 
Swedes  to  the  Dutch,  Joost  Adriansen  &  Co.  proposed  to  build 
a  saw  and  grist-mill  below  the  Turtle  Falls  at  Newcastle  in 
Delaware. 

The  Director  General,  Peter  Stuyvcsant,  granted  their  request,  and  issued  a 
patent  to  them  on  condition  that  they  should  charge  no  more  for  grinding  than  the 
Company's  mill  charged.  The  Company's  mill  was  probably  the  wind-mill  erected 
upon  their  farm  at  Manhattan,  on  or  near  Broadway. 

1658.  —  Samuel  Green,  the  superintendent  of  the  press  at 
Cambridge,  was  granted,  on  petition,  three  hundred  acres  of  land, 
"  where  it  is  to  be  found." 

The  land  was  granted  for  his  encouragement,  and  was  subsequently  laid  out  for 
him  at  Haverhill. 

1658.  —  An  arrangement  was  made  between  Lord  Baltimore, 
and  Bennet  and  Mathews,  concerning  the  affairs  of  Maryland. 

The  past  was  to  be  forgotten.  Grants  of  land  were  to  be  made  to  those  enti- 
tled to  them.  The  oath  of  fidelity  was  replaced  by  an  agreement  in  writing  to 
submit  to  the  proprietary's  lawful  authority.  The  inhabitants  were  to  keep  their 
arms,  and  the  proprietary  was  to  maintain  the  act  of  toleration. 

1658.  —  The  laws  of  Virginia  were  again  revised  and  codified. 

They  made  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  acts.  The  counties  not  yet  divided  into 
parishes  were  to  be  so  divided,  and  a  tax  levied  for  building  churclies.  Five  years' 
possession  of  land  gave  a  title.  Persons  who  had  no  tobacco  could  tender  other 
goods  in  payment  of  debts.  An  exporf  duty  of  ten  shillings  a  hogshead  of  three 
hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  was  laid  on  tobacco  exported  in  Dutcli  vessels  else- 
where than  to  England.  Free  trade  was  promised  the  Dutch,  and  the  duty  on 
tobacco  was  reduced  to  two  shillings  in  favor  of  vessels  bringing  negroes  to  the 
colony.  Virginia-built  vessels  could  carry  tobacco  free ;  otherwise  a  duty  of  two 
shillings  was  laid  on  its  exportation,  to  raise  a  salary  for  the  governor.  It  was 
forbidden  to  transfer  ihe  services  of  Indian  children  placed  with  colonists  for  edu- 
cation. The  asse.nbly  denied  the  right  of  the  governor  to  dissolve  thetn,  and 
claimed  the  rij^ht  to  elect  all  oflBcers ;  that  existing  commissions  were  not  valid, 
and  ordered  public  officers  to  obey  no  warrants  unless  signed  by  the  speaker. 
Rules  were  also  adopted  for  the  regulation  of  the  proceedings  of  the  assembly. 
Personalities,  and  being  "disguised  with  over  much  drink,"  were  forbidden. 


1659.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


105 


1659,  October  19.  —  Mary  Dyre,  TVilliam  Bobinson,  and  Mar- 
maduke  Stephenson  W3ro  condemned  to  death,  in  Boston,  as 
Quakers  who  had  returned  after  banishment. 

The  two  men  wern  hanged.  Mary  Dyre  was  reprieved  on  the  gallows ;  and  the 
next  spring,  having  returned,  she  was  hanged  June  1.  She  was  a  resident  of  Rhode 
Island,  aa  were  others  persecuted  by  Massachusetts. 

1659.  —  A  VERSION  of  the  Psalms,  in  one  of  the  Indian  lan- 
guages, was  printed  this  year  by  Green,  at  the  Cambridge  press, 
in  Massachusetts. 

1659.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Ms  ,sachusett8  explored  the  Hudson 
River,  with  a  view  to  settlement. 

Stuyvesant  refused  to  let  them  ascend  the  river,  but  yielded  when  the  commis- 
sioners supported  their  request. 

1659.  —  The  death  of  Cromwell  and  the  accession  of  his  son 
was  learned  by  the  Virginia  assembly  by  a  letter  from  the 
Supreme  Council  in  England. 

Ti>j  assembly  voted  to  submit  to  his  highness  Richard,  and  accept  the  letter  as 
"  pn  Authentic  manifestation  of  their  lordships'  intentions  for  the  government  of 

Virgiriia." 

1659.  —  Norwich,  Connecticut,  was  settled  by  a  company  from 
Saybrook,  Connecticut,  headed  by  Major  John  Mason  and  the 
Reverend  James  Fitch. 

Uncas,  the  Indian  chief,  together  with  his  sons,  mode  a  deed  to  Mason  and 
thirty-four  associates  of  nine  square  miles  of  land  for  the  sum  of  seventy  pounds. 
The  town  was  placed  on  the  Thames  River,  and  is  now  divided  into  Chelsea  Land- 
ing, Greeneville,  and  Norwich.  It  is  a  great  manufacturing  centre,  principally 
of  cotton  goods,  though  some  woollen,  paper,  and  machinery  are  made. 

1659.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  legislated  respecting 
grist-mills,  ordering  a  toll-dish  "  of  just  a  quart,"  and  others  of 
dife-^rent  sizes,  to  be  sealed  for  each  mill  in  the  colony,  and  also  a 
proper  "  strike  "  for  the  grain. 

Four  years  after,  the  toll  of  such  m\lls  was  established  at  one  twelfth  part  of 
Indian  corn,  and  one  sixth  part  uf  other  grain,  for  grinding.  About  the  same 
time,  by  order  of  the  court,  "  tho  j-jj  liers  of  Middletown  arc  abated  of  one  of  the 
ordinary  tvainings,  that  they  may  help  him  that  carries  on  the  mill  there,  up 
with  his  heavy  worke." 

1659.  —  The  war  between  the  Five  Nations  and  the  Indians  of 
Canada  broke  out  afresh. 

The  French  missions  were  desoited  in  consequence. 

1659.  —  The  Abb^  Montigny,  the  first  bishop  of  New  France, 
arrived  at  Quebec. 

The  island  of  Montreal  had  been  given  in  fief  to  the  seminary  of  St.  Sulpice 
at  Paris,  and  a  deputation  from  it  arrived  at  Montreai,  and  commenced  the  build- 


106 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1660. 


'i^- 


ing  of  a  hospital  thoro.     A  convent  was  also  built  for  the  daughters  of  the  coa- 
grcgation  to  give  an  education  to  poor  girls. 

1G60.  —  A  MILL  was  erected  at  Woolwich,  on  the  Kennebec, 
which  was  settled  this  year. 

1660.  —  The  assembly  of  Connocticut  exempted  sheep  from 
taxation,  and  it  was  ordered  that  ground  should  be  cleared  for 
their  pasturage. 

16G0.  —  Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  was  settled,  and  tan- 
neries  were  established  there. 

1660.  —  William  Beekman,  vice-director  of  the  colony  on  the 
Delaware,  wrote  to  Stuyvesant  at  New  Amsterdam,  complaining 
of  the  price  of  salt  as  "  exceedingly  tough,  asking  three  to  four 
guilders  for  a  single  schepel"  (three  pecks). 

1660.  —  The  assembly  in  Virginia  ordered  that  all  writs  should 
issue  in  their  name. 

News  having  been  received  of  the  troubles  In  England  which  led  to  the  restora- 
tion, the  assembly  resolved  that  as  there  was  now  in  England  "no  resiJent,  abso- 
lute, and  generally  confessed  power,"  they  assumed  it  "  until  such  conmiand  and 
commission  came  out  of  England  as  shall  be  by  the  assembly  judged  lawful." 

1660.  —  Sir  William  Berkeley  was  elected  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. 

He  ha^.  lived  in  retirement  eight  years.  He  was  given  authority  to  select  his  sec- 
retary and  counsellors,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  assembly.  His  salary  was 
made  seven  hundred  pounds  out  of  the  export  duty,  fifty  thousand  pounds  of 
tobacco,  and  the  customs  on  Dutch  vessels  from  New  Netliorland.  This  was 
afterwards  increased  by  a  bushel  of  corn  in  the  ear  from  each  tithable,  and  the 
tobacco  raised  to  sixty  thousand  pounds.  The  erection  of  a  state  l<ouse  was 
authorized,  and  the  governor  given  power  to  press,  for  this  service,  ten  men  "of 
the  ordinary  sort  of  people."  An  embassy  was  sent  to  New  Netborland  to  ratify 
a  treaty  of  commerce,  and  an  address  to  his  Majesty  was  sent  by  an  agent,  asking 
"for  a  pardon  to  the  inhabitants."  Charles  II.  at  his  coronation  is  said  to  have 
worn  a  gown  made  from  silk  raised  in  Virginia.  The  Quakers  were  charged  tliat, 
contrary  to  law,  they  daily  gath  .'ed  congret,ations,  "  teaching  and  publishing  lies, 
miracles,  false  visions,  prophecies  and  doctrines,  endeavoring  and  attempting 
thereby  to  destroy  religious  laws,  communities  and  all  bond  of  civil  society." 
Therefore  shipmasters  bringing  Quakers  to  the  colony  were  fined  one  hundred 
pounds,  and  the  Quakers  were  to  be  imi)ri8oned  until  they  left;,  and  returning  were 
to  be  treated  as  felons.  No  one  should  entertain  a  Quaker,  allow  an  assembly  of 
them,  or  purchase  a  Quaker  book.  In  Maryland,  while  religious  toleration  was 
re-established,  Quaker  preachers  were  to  be  whipped  as  "vagabonds,  who  dis- 
suade the  people  from  complying  with  military  discipline,  from  holding  offices, 
giving  testimony,  and  serving  as  jurors." 

1660.  —  Charles  II.  sant  a  letter  to  Maryland,  requiring  them 
to  submit  to  Philip  Calvert,  who  had  been  commissioned  as  gov- 
ernor by  Lord  Baltimore. 

The  letter  was  written  at  Lord  Baltimore's  request.    Fendal,  the  governor,  had 


1660-1.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


107 


thrown  off  the  proprietary  authority,  and  declared  the  lower  house  tlio  solo  source 
of  autliority.  He  was  tried  for  treason,  found  guilty,  and  then  pardoned.  The 
people  submitted  quietly  to  Calvert. 

1660.  —  Sevfral  returned  Quakers  were  sentenced  to  death  in 
Massachusetts. 

Only  one  was  executed.  The  restoration  in  England  made  the  authorities  more 
cautious. 

1660,  July.  —  The  ship  which  brought  the  news  of  the  restora- 
tion in  England  to  Boston  brought  also  two  of  the  judges  of 
Charles  I.,  fleeing  for  their  lives. 

These  were  Whalley  and  GofFe,  who  wore  nfterwarcs  joined  by  DixwcU.  The 
first  two  remained  for  some  time  openly  in  Boston.  Eventually  they  wore  forced 
to  conceal  themselves,  but  the  three  passed  the  balance  of  their  lives  in  New  Eng- 
land, despite  the  efforts  made  for  their  capture. 

1660,  December.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted 
an  apologetical  address  to  the  king,  and  another  to  the  parliament. 

They  gave  excuses  for  the  execution  of  the  Quakers,  and  prayed  for  the  undis- 
turbed enjoyment  of  the  political  and  religious  institutions  of  the  colony. 

1660.  —  The  Society  for  Propagating  the  Gospel,  &c.,  sent  over 
another  press  and  printer,  Marmaduke  Johnson  of  London,  who 
was  a  much  more  capable  worker. 

The  second  press  wtis  intend*,  d  to  be  occupied  with  printing  Eliot's  Indian  ver- 
sion of  the  Bible. 

Marmaduke  Johnson,  soon  after  the  completion  of  the  first  edition  of  the  Bible, 
was  dismissed,  but  was  allowed  to  retain,  at  cost,  the  supply  of  printing  material 
wliieh  was  sent  over  with  him.  With  these  he  printed  several  works  on  his  own 
account,  the  last  of  which  was  dated  1674.     He  died  1G75. 

1661.  —  The  selectmen  of  Portsmouth,  this  year,  granted  per- 
mission to  Captain  Pendleton  *'  to  set  up  his  wind-mill  upon  Fort 
Point,  toward  the  beach,  because  the  mill  is  of  such  use  to  the 
public." 

1661.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  gave  the  liberty 
to  Mr.  Winthrop  "  to  find  a  place  to  set  up  a  saw-mill  whore  it 
may  not  prejudice  the  farms  or  plantations  already  given  out." 

1661.  August.  —  Charles  II.  was  formally  proclaimed  at  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 
All  disorderly  manifestations  were  forbidden. 

1()61,  Septemrer  9.  —  Charles  II.  sent  an  order  to  the  au- 
thorities of  Massachusetts  that  the  capital  and  corporeal  punish- 
ments of  the  Quakers  should  cease ;  and  that  those  who  were 
obnoxious  should  be  sent  to  England. 

1661.  —  The  English  parliament  passed  an  act  entitled  "An 
Act  for  the  Encouraging  and  Increasing  of  Shipping  and  Navi- 
gation." 


108 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1661. 


Chapter  18  read  :  "  That  from  and  after  the  first  day  of  April,  ICGl,  no  Sugars, 
Tobacco,  Cotton,  Wool,  Indigo,  Ginger,  Fustic,  or  other  dyeing  woods  of  the 
growth,  produce,  or  manufacture  of  any  English  Plantations  in  America,  Asia,  or 
Africa,  shall  be  shipped,  conveyed,  or  transported  from  any  of  the  said  English 
Plantations,  to  any  laud,  island,  territory,  dominion,  port  or  place  whatsoever,  other 
than  t3  such  other  English  plantations  as  do  belong  to  his  Majesty,  etc.,  etc." 
These  enumerated  articles  were  the  chief  products  of  the  colonies,  and  as  others, 
such  as  coffee,  hides,  skins,  iron,  corn,  lumber,  &c.,  became  of  iuiportuncc,  they 
were  added  to  the  list.  The  culmination  of  this  restrictive  policy  of  the  colonial 
industry  was  reached  in  16G3. 

1661.  —  On  the  west  side  of  the  Connecticut,  at  Hatfield,  a 
grist-mill  was  built -this  year  by  Goodman  Meakins. 

By  an  agreement  with  the  town  of  Hadley,  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  all 
their  grinding  was  to  be  done  there,  provided  he  kept  his  part  of  the  contract,  and 
"made  good  meale."  Next  year  the  people  of  Hadley  agreed  with  two  persons 
to  carry  tlu  om  over  the  river,  and  bring  back  the  meal  ground,  twice  a  week, 
for  which  th,  y  were  to  liave  three  pence  a  bushel,  payable  in  wheat  at  three  shil- 
lings and  sixpence  a  bushel,  or  Indian  corn  at  two  shillings  three  pence  a  bushel. 

1661.  —  DiRCK  DE  Wolff,  a  merchant  in  Amsterdam,  obtained  a 
grant  from  the  Dutch  authorities  of  the  exclusive  right  for  seven 
years  to  make  salt  in  the  New  Netherlands. 

Conyen  (now  Coney)  Island  was  granted  him  for  this  purpose,  and  his  agents 
erected  pans  there ;  but  the  jurisdiction  of  the  island  being  claimed  by  the  Eng- 
lish residing  at  Gravesend,  on  Long  Island,  the  works  were  destroyed  by  them, 
The  project  therefore  was  abandoned.  The  high  price  of  salt  this  year,  it  having 
sold  .at  New  Amsterdam  for  twelve  guilders  (four  dollars  and  eighty  cents)  the 
bushel,  was  probably  the  inducement  for  commencing  its  manufacture. 

1661.  —  The  price  of  imported  Holland  bricks  in  New  Amster- 
dam was  four  pounds  sixteen  shillings  a  thousand,  payable  in 
beaver  skins. 

There  were  at  this  time  several  brick  and  tile  manufactories  in  the  province. 
The  accounts  of  the  patroon  show  tl»at  in  the  Van  Rensselaer  colony,  below 
Albany,  yellow  bricks  made  there  sold,  between  1630  and  164G,  for  fifteen  florins 
a  thousand. 

1661.  —  A  mint  is  said  to  have  been  set  up  in  Maryland,  but 
nothing  is  reliably  known  about  it. 

1661. — The  New  Testament  was  issued  this  year  from  the 
press  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

1661.  —  The  regicides  Goffe  and  Whalley  took  refuge  from  the 
officers  in  search  of  them  in  an  old  mill  in  the  vicinity  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut. 

1661.  —  Schenectady,  New  York,  on  the  Mohawk  River,  was 
settled  by  Arent  Van  Corlear,  and  the  same  year  a  fort  was 
built. 

In  1690,  the  Indians  and  French  massacred  all  the  able-bodied  settlers,  sparing 
only  sixty  old  people  and  children ;  again,  in  1748,  the  settlement  was  captured. 
In  1798,  Schenectady  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 


1661-2.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


109 


1661.  —  Massasoit  died. 

He  left  two  sons,  Wanisutta,  called  Alexander,  and  Pomctaeom  or  Motaconiet, 
calle'l  Philip.  The  first  of  these  succeeded  his  father,  hut  in  1662  was  arrested 
by  Captain  Josiah  Winslow,  hy  order  of  riynioutli  colony,  to  be  carried  to  Plym- 
outh, on  a  charge  of  conspiracy.  On  the  way  he  was  taken  ill,  and  died.  Philip 
then  succeeded  him. 

1661.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  with  the  elders, 
issued  a  declaration  of  rights. 

It  claimed  for  the  freemen  power  to  choose  all  the  of&ccrs ;  to  fix  the  terms 
of  admission  for  new  freemen ;  to  set  up  all  sorts  of  officers,  and  prescribe  their 
duties;  to  exercise  all  legislative,  executive,  and  judicial  authority  through  them; 
to  defend  themselves  from  aggressions ;  and  reject  iixjurious  impositions. 

1662.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  instituted  a  cen- 
sorship of  the  press  by  appointing  two  licensers  to  watch  it,  and 
determine  what  books  should  be  issued. 

These  two  licensers  were  Daniel  Gookin  and  the  Rev.  Jonathan  Mitchell. 
"liis  legislation  was  induced  by  the  publication  of  some  works  which  were  deemed 
.J  be  of  an  heretical  tendency  The  order  instituting  the  censorship  was,  however, 
repealed  in  May  of  the  next  year. 

1662.  —  The  second  fulling-mill  was  built  at  Watertown,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  built  by  Thomas  Agar.  He  sold  it  the  next  year  to  Thomas  Leveran, 
a  cloth-maker,  from  Dedham,  England. 

1662.  —  John  Heyman,  of  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  re- 
ceived permission  to  make  ropes  and  lines. 

1662.  —  The  assembly  of  Khode  Island  declared  that  wampum 
was  no  longer  a  legal  tender,  and  that  taxes  and  costs  of  court 
should  henceforth  be  paid  "  in  current  pay,"  which  was  the  silver 
coinage  of  Massachusetts. 

Thirty  shillings  of  New  England  silver  were  equal  to  twenty-two  shillings  and 
sixpence  sterling. 

1662.  —  A  Jesuit  seminary  was  established  at  Quebec. 

1662.  —  The  company  of  New  France  resigned  their  rights  to 
the  crown. 
It  was  reduced  to  flfty-flve  associates,  and  was  impoverished  and  discouraged. 

1662.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  legislated  for  the  encour- 
agement of  various  branches  of  industry. 

The  exportation  of  liides  was  forbidden  under  a  penalty  of  a  thousand  pounds 
of  tobacco  for  each  hide  exported.  Tanneries  were  to  bo  erected  in  every  county 
at  the  expense  of  the  county,  and  a  provision  of  tanners  and  shoemakers  to  be 
iinade.  A  bounty  of  two  pounds  of  tobacco  was  made  for  each  dried  hide,  and 
shoes  were  to  be  sold  for  thirty  and  thirty-five  pounds  of  tobacco  for  the  six 
largest  sizes.  Also,  that  after  the  Ist  of  September,  16G3,  no  salt  should  be  im- 
ported into  the  county  of  Northampton,  "  under  penalty  of  confiscation  of  ship  and 


no 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1662. 


mm 


i! 


goods,  to  tlic  oncl  that  E.  S.,  who  hath  erected  a  salt  work  in  those  parts,  may  be 
encouraged  in  his  endeavours  to  promote  the  good  of  lie  country." 

These  works  behMigod  to  Colonel  Scarborough,  and  were  at  Accomac,  on  the 
eastern  sliure  of  the  Cliesai)eake,  where  the  manufacture  of  salt  had  i)een  begun 
forty  years  before.     The  act  was  repealed  four  years  afterwards. 

The  price  of  a  license  to  sell  liquors  at  retail  was  fixed  at  three  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds  of  tobacco,  a  bond  being  required  not  to  sell  above  the  rates  fixed  by 
the  commissioners  in  each  county  twice  every  year. 

A  bounty  was  offered  for  the  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  fur  and 
wool  hats. 

Every  voter  was  required  to  raise  and  manufacture,  each  year,  six  pounds  of 
linen  thread,  for  the  purpose  of  encouraging  the  cultivation  of  flax.  Prizes  were 
offered  for  the  best  specimens  of  linen  and  woollen  cloth,  and  a  reward  of  fifty 
pounds  of  tobacco  was  paid  for  each  pound  of  silk.  Every  person  was  enjoined 
to  plant  mulberry-trees  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  acres  he  cultivated.  Tun- 
housps,  with  "curriers  and  shotmakers"  attached,  were  erected,  one  in  eaeli 
county,  at  its  own  expense. 

1662.  —  The  Dutch  settlers  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware 
had  several  breweries  at  this  time. 

The  Swedish  settlements  in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  brewed  a  beer  from 
Indian  corn.  The  brewing  was  done  by  tJie  women.  They  made  also  tea  from 
tlie  sassafras,  and  beer  and  brandy  from  the  persimmon. 

1662.  —  In  the  accounts  of  the  West  India  Company  is  a 
charge  for  iron-work  for  a  saw-mill,  four  hundred  florins;  and 
one  pair  of  mill-stones,  four  and  a  half  feet,  six  florins,  to  be  sent 
to  the  colony  at  New  Amstel  (New  Castle,  in  Delaware). 

1662. — The  wind-mill  in  New  Amsterdam,  erected  for  tho 
use  of  the  settlement  by  the  West  India  Company,  which  stood 
on  or  near  Broadway,  between  Liberty  and  Courtland  streets, 
having  gone  to  decay,  it  was  this  year  ordered  that  there  be 
another  erected  on  "  the  same  spot,"  outside  of  the  city  land- 
port,  on  the  Company's  farm. 

1662.  —  A  TONNAGE  duty  was  established  in  Maryland  for  the 
support  of  the  government. 

Every  vessel  having  a  flush-deck,  fore  and  aft,  coming  to  trade  with  the 
province,  was  charged  half  a  pound  of  powder  and  three  pounds  of  shot  for  every 
ton  burden.     Silver  and  copper  coins  were  struck  in  Maryland  this  year. 

1662.  —  In  January,  Mr,  Hacklet,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island, 
applied  to  the  town  for  liberty  to  burn  lime,  and  take  stone  and 
wood  from  the  commons  for  that  purpose ;  which  was  granted 
him  for  a  limited  time. 

Captain  John  Smith,  in  1C14,  had  inferred  the  existence  of  lime  from  the 
resemblance  of  the  cliffs  upon  the  coast  to  tliose  of  Dover,  England.  Morton, 
who  lived  in  the  country  from  1622  to  1032,  says  chalk  was  shown  him  by  an 
Indian,  and  that  he  knew  of  the  existence  of  lime.  Virginia  was  well  supplied 
with  lime,  but  where  it  was  obtained  is  not  mentioned.  Thomas  Graves,  who  set- 
tled in  Charlestown,  Massachusetts,  in  1C20,  was  ordered  to  find  limestone ;  but 


1662.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Ill 


it  i«  not  recorded  that  he  did.  In  1C44,  Johnson  relates  that  the  fort  on  Castio 
Island  hnd  to  be  rebuilt,  "because  the  country  afforded  no  lime  but  whni  was 
burnt  of  oycstcr  shells."  In  1()<}8,  Jocelyn  alludes  iw  the  absence  of  stones  that 
would  "  run  to  lime,  of  which  they  have  great  wtnt." 

1662.  —  The  following  act  was  passed  by  the  general  assembly 
of  Virginia :  — 

"  Whereas  oftentimes  some  small  inconveniences  happen  in  the  respective 
counties  and  parishes,  which  cannot  well  bo  concluded  ir.  a  general  law :  Bo  it 
tiicrofore  enacted,  that  the  respective  counties,  and  the  several  parishes  in  tliose 
counties,  shall  have  liberty  to  make  laws  for  themselves ;  and  those  that  are  so 
constituted,  by  the  major  part  of  the  said  counties  or  parishes,  to  be  binding  upon 
them  as  fully  as  any  other  act." 

1662,  September.  —  The  Massachusetts  agents  returned  with  a 
letter  from  Charles  II.  recognizing  the  charter,  and  promising 
forgetfulness  for  past  offences. 

Charles  demanded  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  himself,  and  the  repeal  of  laws  in- 
consistent with  his  authority.  Justice  was  to  be  administered  in  his  name.  The 
Churcli  of  England  was  to  be  allowed.  A  property  qualification  for  voting  to  take 
the  place  of  church-membersliip.  All  persons  of  honest  lives  were  to  have  the 
privilege  of  baptism  and  the  Lord's  supper.  Permission  was  given  to  make  a 
"  sharp  law  "  against  the  Quakers. 

1662.  —  A  CHARTER  was  granted  to  Connecticut. 

Joim  Winthrop  had  gone  over  as  agent  to  obtain  it.  The  boundaries  of  the 
province  were  given  as  the  Narragansett  River,  the  south  line  of  Massachusetts, 
the  sliore  of  the  Sound,  and  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  of&cial  stylo  of  the  corpora- 
tion was,  The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  English  Colony  of  Connecticut  in 
New  England,  in  America.  Tlie  freemen  had  the  right  of  admitting  new  members 
to  tlieir  body ;  of  electing  all  their  officers,  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial. 
The  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  twelve  magistrates,  were  chosen  at  a  gcnerrd 
election,  and  the  deputies  by  the  towns,  "hey  sat  together.  The  laws  were  not 
to  be  contrary  to  those  of  England.  The  qualifications  of  freemen  in  Connecticut 
were,  in  1GG3,  made  by  the  assembly  to  be  of  "civil,  peaceable  and  honest  con- 
versation," and  in  possession  of  an  estate  of  twenty  pounds,  "  beside  their  per- 
sons," which  was  explained  by  a  subsequent  act  as  meaning  personal  property. 

1662.  —  During  the  absence  of  Governor  Berkeley  in  England, 
to  look  after  the  charter,  the  laws  of  Virginia  were  a  third  time 
revised,  and  sent  to  England  to  be  printed. 

The  Church  of  England,  with  the  canons,  the  liturgy,  and  the  catechism,  were 
re-establislied.  The  date  of  the  execution  of  Charles  I.  was  made  a  fast,  and  that 
of  the  restoration  of  Charles  II.  a  holiday.  Foes  for  funerals  and  marriages  were 
made  for  the  benefit  of  the  regular  clergy.  Nonconformist  preachers  were  to  be 
sent  out  of  the  colony.  The  harsh  laws  against  the  Quakers  of  two  years  before 
were  modified,  though  all  who  refused  to  attend  the  parish  churches  were  sub- 
ject to  penalties.  Eight  commissioners  for  each  county,  appointed  by  the  governor, 
formed  the  county  courts,  who  had  the  appointment  of  highway  surveyors,  the 
enactment  of  county  by-laws,  and  levying  of  county  rates.  A  grand  jury  was 
instituted.     Each  county  was  to  establish  a  prison,  a  pillory,  pair  of  stocks,  whip- 


112 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


[IC33. 


m 


ptng-po8t,  nnd  duckinp^-fitool.  The  courts  were  authorized  to  cxantinc  nnd  cut 
down  tlio  bills  ut'  "  avaricious  and  f^riping  practicioncrs  in  phy.sic  nnd  chinir- 
gery."  All  future  purchasers  of  land  from  Indians  were  declared  void,  nor  were 
Indians  to  be  sold  into  slavery,  or  indented  for  longer  terms  than  KngliNh  ser- 
vants of  the  same  age.  At  a  subsequent  asKembly,  the  rule  with  negroes  wug 
niudo  that  children  should  be  bond  or  free  "  according  to  tiie  condition  of  the 
mother ;  "  and  an  act  was  passed  obliging  each  of  the  counties  to  buihl  a  house  in 
Jamestown,  for  which  laborers  might  be  impressed,  at  fixed  wages,  while  ])riva(C 
persons  building  houses  were  rewarded  witii  ten  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,  and 
all  person    settling  in  the  town  were  free  from  arrest  for  two  years. 

1663,  March  23.  —  Charles  II.  granted  the  province  of  Caro- 
lina to  a  company. 

The  proprietors  were  Clarendon,  Monk,  Lord  Ashley  Cooper,  Lord  Berkeley, 
Sir  George  Carteret,  Kir  William  Berkeley,  Lord  Craven,  and  Sir  .John  Colleton. 
The  territory  extended  southward  from  Albemarle  Sound  to  the  Hiver  St.  .lohn's, 
and  westward  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  charter  made  them  joint  proprietors. 
An  assembly  was  secured  to  the  freemen.  The  proprietors  were  allowed  to 
choose  such  religion  as  they  desired,  '*  by  reason  of  the  remote  distances  of  these 
places."  There  were  at  this  time  some  scattered  settlements  made  along  the 
coast ;  one,  at  the  mouth  of  Capo  Fear  River,  was  made  by  settlers  from  New 
England ;  another,  on  the  banks  of  the  Chowan,  was  made  by  Dissenters  from 
Virginia;  but  they  were  small.  The  territory  had  been  granted  in  1G;W  by 
Charles  I.  to  Sir  Robert  Heath,  as  Carolina.  Heath  had  assigned  it  to  Lord 
Maltravers,  subsequently  Earl  of  Surrey  and  Arundel,  and  from  non-user  the 
charter  was  considered  forfeit. 

1663,  July  8.  —  Charles  II.  anted  a  charter  for  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantation. 

It  was  obtained  by  Clarke,  the  agent  of  the  colony,  who,  for  the  payment  of 
the  expenses  incurred,  mortgaged  his  house  in  Newport.  The  colony,  after  a 
long  time,  repaid  him.  By  the  terms  of  the  Connecticut  charter,  a  large  ])art  of 
Rhode  Island  was  included  in  it;  but  Clarke  and  Winthrop,  who  were  friends, 
fixed  the  line  between  the  two  colonies  on  the  Pavcatuck,  and  entered  on  the 
Rhode  Island  charter  this  agreement,  that  the  Narrugansett  River,  mentioned  in 
the  Connecticut  charter,  meant  the  Pawcatuck. 

1663,  September.  —  The  people  of  New  Haven  appealed  to  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  Now  England  against 
their  absorption  by  the  charter  of  Connecticut. 

The  charter,  by  its  boundaries,  included  New  Haven.  The  next  year  they 
were  persuaded,  chiefly  by  the  efforts  of  Winthrop,  to  agree  to  the  consolidation, 
and  Winthrop  for  twelve  years  was  elected  governor  of  the  entire  territory,  which 
was  divided  into  the  four  counties  New  Haven,  Hartford,  Middlesex,  nnd  New 
London,  in  which  were  nineteen  towns.  The  laws  of  Connecticut  were  extended 
to  include  the  whole  territory.  The  ministers  and  churches  were  supported  hy 
taxes  levied  upon  the  entire  population,  and  no  other  churches  than  the  estab- 
lished ones  were  allowed. 

1663,  November  24.  —  An  assembly  of  the  freemen  of  the 
colony  of  Providence  Plantation  was  held  at  Newport,  Rhode 
Island,  to  receive  the  charter  of  the  colony. 


IC63.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEIIICA. 


113 


The  pTovornment,  under  the  charter,  vtm  orgtinizcd,  the  comnuHsioncrs  •'  dis- 
Holvid  nnil  ri'Hij^iu<l  \\\\"  to  the  new  Rovemnu'nt,  nnd  the  "incorporation  of 
i'loviiience  i)lantatii)ns  "  ceased  to  exist  an  a  legal  title.  The  c!iarter  acknowl- 
Klu'ed  the  title  of  the  coloniHts  to  the  land  liy  purchase  from  the  Indians,  guaran- 
teed reliKi'X'f*  freedom,  and  recof?ni/e<l  the  democratic  character  of  the  govern- 
ment. Hy  tiie  terms  of  the  charter,  the  government  wa  vested  in  a  governor, 
(Uputy  governor,  and  ten  assistants,  named  in  the  document,  and  a  house  of 
ileputies,  six  from  Newport,  four  from  eacli  of  the  towns  of  Providence,  Ports- 
inoutii,  and  Warwick,  and  two  from  every  other  town.  At  first  they  sat  together, 
Ui-ni'diet  Arnold  was  named  as  the  first  governor,  and  William  Brenton  as  deputy. 
'I'ho  privilege  nf  freemen  wa.s  restricted  to  those  possessing  it,  and  their  eldest 
Hon*.  Tlie  clinrter  provided  for  religious  freedom  in  these  words :  "  No  person 
within  the  said  colony  shall  be  molested,  punished,  di.  luieted,  or  called  in  ques- 
tion for  any  differenc-es  of  opinion  in  matters  of  religion  ^viio  does  not  disturb  the 
rivil  ponce;  but  tliat  all  and  every  person  and  jiersons  may  nt  all  times  freely 
Bad  fully  have  and  enjoy  his  and  their  own  judgments  and  consciences  in  matters 
of  religious  concernments,  they  behaving  themselves  peaceably  and  quietly,  and 
not  using  this  lil)erty  to  licenciousness  and  profancncss,  nor  to  tlio  civil  injury 
iind  outward  disturbance  of  others." 

1003.  —  It  was  enacted  by  the  Biiti.sh  parliament  that  "No 
commodity  of  the  growth,  production,  or  manutaeture  of  Europe, 
sliali  bo  imported  into  the  Bri'ish  plantations,  but  such  as  are 
hulon  and  ]n\t  on  board  in  England,  Wales,  or  lierwick-upon- 
Twecd,  and  in  English-built  sliipping,  whereof  the  master  and 
three  fourths  of  the  crew  are  English." 

Salt  intended  for  tlie  fisheries  of  New  England  was  excepted ;  so  were  wines 
from  tlie  Azores  and  Madeira.     These  could  be  imported  according  to  the  laws 

(if  trade. 

1003.  —  The  West  India  Company  rebuked  the  religious  per- 
secution in  New  Amsterdam. 

John  Browne,  wl»o  had  been  fined,  imprisoned,  nnd  banished,  appealed,  and  the 
Company  wrote  to  Stuyvesant:  "Let  every  one  remain  free  as  long  as  ho  is 
modest,  moderate,  his  political  conduct  irreproachable,  and  as  long  as  he  does 
not  offend  otliers  or  oppose  the  government.  This  maxim  of  moderation  has 
alway;  been  the  guide  of  our  magistrates  in  this  city,  and  the  consequence  has 
iiecn  that  people  have  flocked  from  every  land  to  this  asylum.  Tread  thus  in  their 
fteps,  and  we  doubt  not  you  will  be  blessed." 

1003. — The  Maryland  legislature  passed  an  act  concerning 

slavery. 

It  provided  that  all  negroes  and  other  slaves  "within  this  province,"  or  to  be 
"hereafter  imported  into  this  province,"  shall  serve  "during  life,"  and  their 
children  shall  bo  slaves,  "  as  their  fathers  wore,  for  the  term  of  their  lives."  The 
issue  of  "  free  born  English  women  "  intermarrying  with  negroes  "  shall  be  slaves 
for  life,"  and  the  women,  during  their  husbands'  lives,  shall  be  servants  to  their 
imsbands'  masters. 

1003.  —  The  assembly  of  Yirginia  re-enacted  the  severe  laws 
against  the  Quakers. 
8 


114 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[IG63. 


--rf 


1663.  —  TiTE  Indiiins  attuckod  tlio  Dutch  Hottloruonts.  Stuy- 
vesant  went  to  Boston  to  ask  aid,  but  it  was  nut  given. 

1663.  —  A  CONVENTION  of  tho  Dutch  scttlementa  was  hold  iit 
New  AmBterdam. 

An  nppcul  for  aid  was  sent  to  Ilolliind.  Some  of  tho  Knnli»l<-Dutoh  nettle- 
mcntH  liud  openly  rubcUcd  againHt  the  Dutch  authority. 

1663.  — TiTE  Old  and  Neio  Testaments,  with  tho  New  England 
Version  of  the  Psalms,  waa  issued  from  tho  Cambridge  press  in 
the  dialect  of  tho  Natick  Indians. 

Tho  translation  was  made  by  tho  Rev.  John  Eliot,  the  niininter  of  Roxbury. 
Tho  volume  was  in  quarto  form,  and  boro  the  imprint  of  Kamutl  Green  and 
Murmaduke  Johnson,  and  eopies  of  it,  probably  such  as  were  intended  to  bo  si'nt 
to  England,  contained  a  dedication  to  Kin);  Charles  II.  Tho  work  had  taken 
throe  years  to  print,  Johnson  having  proved  very  irregular  in  his  work.  In  KI.VJ, 
Green  had  taken  as  an  assistant  an  Indian,  whom  he  <'anid  Jan\eH  Printer,  and 
who  had  been  instructed  in  reading,  writing,  and  English,  at  the  Indian  school  nt 
Cambridge.  The  hinfrnugo  of  this  first  Bible  i)rinted  in  America  is  entirely  dead, 
all  the  Indians  who  spoke  it  having  disappeared.  Tlie  volume  itself  is  quite  rare, 
probably  not  more  than  thirty  or  forty  copies  being  in  existence.  As  a  curiosity 
in  tho  annals  of  America,  copies  bring  a  high  price  when  they  occur  for  sale. 
The  cost  of  the  printing  of  tiiis  volume  was  as  follows  :  Sheets  of  the  Old  Testa- 
ment, executed  by  Green  alone,  £3  10s.  each ;  with  Johnson's  aid,  £2  lOs.  each ; 
title-sheet,  £1 ;  Indian  1  dms,  £2  a  sheet.  The  paper  was  charged  at  six 
shillings  a  ream.  Thomas,  in  his  History  of  Printing,  says:  "I  have  made  a 
calculation  from  tho  documents  I  have  seen,  and  find  tho  whole  expense  attendini; 
the  carrying  through  the  press  1000  copies  of  the  Bible ;  .'300  copies  additional  tif 
the  JVetr  Testament;  an  edition  of  Baxter's  Call  to  the  Unconverted ;  an  edition 
of  the  Psalter ;  and  two  editions  of  Eliot's  Catechism,  all  in  tho  Indian  language, 
including  the  cost  of  tho  types  for  printing  the  Bible,  and  the  binding  a  part  (if 
them,  and  also  the  binding  of  a  part  of  Baxter's  Call,  and  the  Psalter,  amounted 
to  a  fraction  more  than  twelve  hundred  pounds  sterling."  When  the  work  waa 
completed,  the  Corporation  for  the  Propagation,  &e.,  who  were  the  owners  of  tliu 
typo,  presented  them  to  Harvard  College,  and,  under  its  direction,  they  were 
used  subsequently  by  Green.     They  were  valued  at  eighty  pounds. 

John  Eliot  was  born  in  Nasing,  England,  in  IGOl,  and  died  in  Roxbury, 
Massachusetts,  May  20,  1C90.  He  was  settled  as  a  minister  at  Roxbury  in  1C3:', 
and  retained  tho  same  parish  until  his  death.  He  first  began  to  teach  the  Indians 
in  164C,  and  acquired  great  influence  over  them.  As  long  as  his  health  permit- 
ted he  travelled  from  tribe  to  tribe,  organizing  churches,  and  persuading  them  to 
form  civilized  communities.  Eliot  believed  that  civilization  was  a  necessary 
condition  precedent  of  Christianity;  but  ho  succeeded  better  in  making  them 
accept  his  theological  dogmas,  than  settled  life  and  regular  labor.  They  were 
never  socially  recognized  by  the  colonists;  and  even  tho  "praying  Indians,"  as 
the  converts  were  called,  were  treated  with  the  mixture  of  distrust,  contempt, 
and  hatred,  which  has  chiefly  characterized  our  treatment  of  the  Indians  up  to  the 
present  time. 


1663. — The  first  wind^mill  in  Rhode  Island   was  built 
year  at  Newport. 


this 


IGC4.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


115 


TliiH  mill  wftM  Mown  down  in  1075,  iind  wns  rcplnood  prolmlily  by  tlio  otnioturo 
wliicii  liiiH  bocn  fiu))poM(>(I  to  liavo  IxH'n  (>ro(;t«>(l  l)y  thu  Nortlinion.  In  tliu  will  of 
(fovornor  llcnodict  Arnolii,  wiio  died  in  1078,  there  in  mention  mnde  of  "  my 
Htonc-liiiiit  wiiid-niiil."  'I'liiH  fact,  and  tlie  traditionH  of  tlie  fuiuily  in  wIioho 
iiDNHeKtiion  it  lon^  remained,  liave  Hati.sflod  tlionc  wlio  liavc  most  ourefully  exam- 
ined tlio  gul)jcct,  that  this  structure  was  built  by  Governor  Arnold,  instead  of  by 
the  Northmen. 

1G64,  MATicn  12.  —  Charlea  IT.  gmiitod  to  liis  brotlior,  tlio  Duko 
of  Yorlc,  a  territory  in  America,  called,  in  honor  of  the  i)ropriotor, 
Now  York. 

The  Duke  of  York  had  bou((ht  up  the  various  claims  held  by  Lord  HtirlinK,  and 
this  cliarter  confirmed  the  title.  It  embraced  the  territory  between  the  St.  Croix 
and  the  Temaquld,  imd  between  the  (!onnecticut  and  the  Delaware,  with  all  the 
iiilandH  soutli  and  west  of  Cape  Cod. 

Willi  this  grant  to  the  Duke  of  York,  a  special  comiiMssion  was  created  to  put 
him  in  possession.  En(;land  and  the  United  Netherlanci.'  were  at  peace.  The 
coininiHsion  was  empowered  to  reduce  New  Netherland,  and  also  to  regulate  the 
internal  affairs  of  New  Kngland.  Tlie  Duke  of  York  selected  for  the  commission 
Colonel  Uiehard  Nichols,  Sir  Robert  Carr,  George  Cartwright,  and  Sanmel  Mav- 
erick, tiie  last  being  the  son  of  an  original  settler  in  Massachusetts,  who  had  quar- 
relled with  the  local  authorities,  and  complained  of  them.  The  instructions  of  the 
commission  from  the  king  empowered  them  to  hear  and  determine  complaints  in  all 
civil,  cri'>iinal,  and  military  cases  "  according  to  their  good  and  sound  discretion." 
On  the  2.1d  of  July  a  portion  of  the  fleet  designed  to  reduce  the  Netherlands 
arrived  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  with  the  commissioners  on  board.  This  was 
the  first  time  a  ship  of  the  royal  navy  had  been  seen  in  that  harbor.  The  conj- 
missioners  showed  their  commission  to  the  authorities,  and,  demanding  a  milHia 
force  to  aid  them,  proceeded  on  their  course. 


1G64,  September.  —  The  province  of  Now  Netherlands  sur- 
roiidcrod  to  tlie  English.  The  settlements  on  the  Delaware 
siuTendered  in  October. 

Under  the  English  jurisdiction  the  municipal  forms  named  are  county,  city, 
town,  parish,  manor,  and  precinct.  The  governor  appointed  the  mayors  of  the 
cities  and  some  other  of  the  officers,  but  the  freeholders  chose  the  aldermen.  In 
the  towns  and  precincts  the  inhabitants  chose  their  officers.  Towns  were  author- 
ized by  town  grants  or  patents,  conferring  municipal  powers. 

Ry  the  terms  of  the  surrender  the  Dutch  were  made  freemen  of  the  province, 
and  allowed  to  ship  their  produce  to  Holland.  The  Dutch  law  of  inheritance  was 
to  continue,  and  liberty  of  conscience  to  prevail.  Tlie  negotiation  of  the  8ur- 
render  was  made  chiefly  by  Winthrop,  the  governor  of  Connecticut,  who  had  ac- 
companied the  expedition.  The  name  of  Now  .Vnisterdam  was  changed  to  New 
York.  The  colony  of  llcnssclaerwyek  surrendered  also  without  resistance,  and 
the  name  of  Beverwyck  was  changed  to  Albany,  one  of  the  Duke  of  York's  titles. 
The  patents  granted  by  the  Duke  of  York,  of  lands  nnder  his  charter,  reserved  the 
gold  and  silver  mines  by  virtue  of  the  royal  jirerogative.  The  boundary  line 
between  New  York  and  Connecticut  was  to  be  a  line  from  tide-water  in  the 
Mamaroneck,  north-northeast  to  the  southern  limit  of  Massachusetts,  but  as  it 
was  soon  found  such  a  line  would  cross  the  Hudson  in  the  Highlands,  instead  of 


116 


ANNALS  OP  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


:1664. 


rupning  parallel  with  it,  it  was  declarofl  invalid.     Long  Island  was  given  to  New 
York,  and  so  were  Nantucket  and  Martha's  Vineyard. 

1664,  May  4.  —  The  first  assembly  under  the  charter  met  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

The  title  of  "lihodc  Island  and  Providence  Plantations"  was  adopted  as  the 
name  of  the  colony,  together  with  a  seal,  consisting  of  an  anchor  witli  the  word 
Hope  above  it. 

For  the  payment  of  taxes  in  Rhode  Island,  wheat  was  valued  at  four  and  six- 
pence a  bushel,  peas  at  three  and  sixpence,  and  pork  at  three  pounds  ton  shillings 
a  barrel,  colony  currency. 

1664.  —  A  BAPiiST  church  was  formed  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. 

Itfi  chief  supporters  were  fined,  disfranchised,  imprisoned,  and  banished,  but 
♦he  church  survived.  The  commissioners  from  England  had  the  Episcopal  service 
performed  at  Boston. 

1664,  June  23.  — The  Duke  of  York  granted  to  Sir  George 
Carteret  and  Lord  Berkeley  a  portion  of  hi«  grant,  which  was 
named  New  Jersey. 

Carteret  had  been  governor  of  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  .and  had  held  out  for  Charles 
r.  to  the  last.  The  limits  of  this  grant  were  made,  oji  the  cast  the  Hudson,  on  the 
west  the  Del.aware,  and  on  the  north  liy  a  line  dr.iwn  from  the  Hudson  at  tiio 
forty-first  parallel,  to  the  Delaware  at  41°  40'.  The  proprietors  published  "con- 
cessions," by  whicii  fifty  acres  of  land  were  given  to  each  settler,  for  eacli  member 
of  his  family,  and  the  same  amount  for  eadi  servant  or  slave,  at  a  quit-rent  of  a 
halfpenny  an  acre,  not  to  be  paid  until  1G70.  Indented  servants  ,vcre  promised 
he  same  at  the  end  of  tKeii  term.  They  also  provided  tliat  "  so  soon  as  parishes, 
divisions,  tribes,  and  other  distinctions  arc  made,"  the  freeholders  should  elect 
representatives;  and  they  should  "divide  the  province  into  hundreds,  parishes, 
or  tribes,"  or  other  divisions. 

Sul'  eouently  the  divisions  made  were  counties,  cities,  towns  corporate,  town- 
ships, id  precincts,  which  were  empowered  to  exercise  certain  rights,  immuni- 
ties, and  privileges.  The  freeholders  and  freemen,  hsiving  certain  qualificationti, 
voted  for  their  officers  at  town  meetings;  some  acts  providing  that  "only  free- 
holders, tenants  for  years,  or  householders,"  sliould  v.jte  in  township  or  precinct 
meetings.  Nine  counties  are  named  in  an  act  of  1710,  as  empowered  to  exercise 
certain  rights  or  privileges.  The  asscrably  was  empowered  to  apj)oint  ministers, 
to  be  supported  at  the  public  expense ;  but  tlic  colonists  could  unite  for  the  Hu\t- 
port  of  their  own  ministers. 

1664,  October.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  again 
made  an  order  establishing  a  censorship  of  the  press. 

It  read  tliat  "for  the  preventing  of  irregulari  ies  and  abuse  to  the  authority 
of  this  country  by  the  Printing  Press,"  there  should  be  no  printing  press  allowed 
within  its  jurisdiction,  except  in  Cambridge;  and  that  no  person  should  print 
anything  without  a  license  from  the  court  under  the  hand  of  its  .appointed  officers, 
the  penalty  being  the  forfeiture  of  the  press,  and  of  the  privilege  of  printing  in 
future  witliin  the  jurisdiction  of  the  court. 

1664. — A  LETTER  from  John  Ratliflb,  dated  August  30,  to  the 


comrai88ion( 
over  to  bine 

He  was  not 
fourpence,  or  i 
can  afford  to  d( 
tiie  price  paid  1 
wliieh  would  co 
for  what  he  cot 
used  in  this  cou 

1664-5.- 
England  coL 

First.  That 
and  that  the  ndi 
men  of  compet 
obedient  to  the 
to  be  freemen,  i 
and  civil.      Thi 
knowledge,  and 
tratc,  and  are  r 
Sujiper,  and  the 
into  tlie  congreg 
into  sucii  congrc 
that  difference  ii 
That  all  laws  an 
been  made  in  tlu 
off"  the  files.     F 
if  there  should  1 
in  readiness  to  t 
the  power  given 
and  instructions 
These  were 
adopted.     Tiieir 
place  of  tlie  oatl 
they  have  one  o; 
condition  that  tli 
wick,  Rhode  Isl; 
leafe  was  torn 
mition  to  the  sta 
The  general  cou 
that  the  eommisi 


16G4-5.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


117 


commissioners  of  New  England,  shows  that  he  had  been  sent 
over  to  bind  the  copies  of  the  Indian  Bible. 

He  was  not  satisfied  with  the  price  paid  him,  and  states  that  three  shillings  and 
fourpt'iici',  or  three  shillings  and  sixpence,  a  volume,  is  the  lowest  price  that  he 
can  aflbrd  to  do  it  for.  One  Bible  was  as  much  as  he  could  do  in  a  day.  Out  of 
the  price  paid  him  he  had  to  supply  thread,  glue,  pasteboard,  and  leather  clasps, 
which  would  cost  him  here  over  a  shilling.  He  had  to  pay  here  eighteen  shillings 
for  what  he  could  buy  in  England  for  four,  *'  tliey  being  things  not  formerly  much 
used  in  this  country." 

1664-5.  —  The  commission  to  arrange  the  affairs  of  the  New 
England  colonies  presented  to  them  five  propositions. 

First.  That  all  householders  inhabiting  the  colony  take  the  oath  of  allegiance, 
and  that  the  administration  of  justice  be  in  his  Majesty's  name.  Second.  That  all 
men  of  competent  estates  and  of  civil  conversation,  who  acknowledge  and  arc 
obedient  to  the  civil  magistrate,  though  of  different  judgments,  may  be  admitted 
to  be  freemen,  and  have  liberty  to  clioose,  and  to  be  chosen,  officers  both  military 
and  civil.  Third.  That  all  men  and  women  of  orthodox  opinion,  competent 
knowledge,  and  civil  lives,  who  acknowledge  and  arc  obedient  to  tlic  civil  niiigis- 
trate,  and  are  not  scandalous,  may  be  admitted  to  the  sacrament  of  the  Lord's 
Supper,  and  their  children  to  b.iptisms,  if  they  desire  it,  either  by  admitting  them 
into  tlic  congregations  alreaJy  gathered,  or  permitting  them  to  gather  themselves 
into  sueli  congregations  where  they  may  enjoy  the  benefit  of  the  sacraments,  and 
that  difference  in  opinion  may  not  break  the  bond  of  peace  and  charity.  Fcurih. 
That  all  laws  and  expressions  in  laws  derogatory  to  his  Majesty,  if  any  such  have 
been  made  in  these  late  and  troublesome  times,  may  be  repealed,  altered,  and  taken 
off  the  files.  Fifth.  That  the  colony  be  put  into  such  a  posture  of  defence  that 
if  there  should  be  any  invasion  (which  God  forbid)  it  might  in  some  measure  be 
in  readiness  to  defend  itself,  or,  if  need  be,  to  relieve  its  neighbors  according  to 
the  power  given  by  the  king  in  the  charter,  and  by  us  in  the  king's  commission 
and  instructions. 

Tliese  were  presented  to  the  Rhode  Island  assembly  in  May,  and  by  them 
adopted.  Their  only  change  was  the  substitution  of  "  an  engagement,"  in  thu 
place  of  tlie  oath  of  allegiance.  Plymouth  added  to  the  third  proposition  "  until 
they  have  one  of  their  own."  Connecticut  assented  to  this  third  proposition  on 
condition  that  the  maintenance  of  the  public  minister  was  not  hindtred.  At  War- 
wick, Khode  Island,  the  records  were  torn,  and  a  note  made  to  the  effect,  "  This 
Icafe  was  torn  out  by  order  of  the  towne  the  2()th  of  June,  1C67,  it  being  the  sub- 
mltion  to  the  state  of  England  without  the  King  Majesty,  it  being  the  13th  page." 
The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  adopted  an  address  to  the  king,  complaining 
that  the  commissioners  had  violated  their  instructions. 

1665,  March  1.  —  A  general  meeting  was  held  at  Hempstead, 
on  Long  Island,  of  deputies  from  the  towns  in  New  York. 

Governor  Richard  Nichols  presented  a  body  of  laws  for  the  government  of  the 
new  province,  arranged  alphabetically.  Each  town  chose  its  own  "  overseers," 
and  tliese  a  constable,  who  together  made  a  town  council,  authorized  to  make 
town  by-laws.  Taxes  were  payable  in  wheat  at  five  shillings,  rye  and  peas  at  four, 
corn  at  tliree,  oats  at  two  and  sixpence  a  bushel,  beef  at  three  pence  and  pork  at 
four  pence  a  pound,  and  "  no  other  payment  shall  be  allowed  of."  There  was  to 
be  a  cliurch  in  every  town,  able  to  ucconuiiodate  two  hundred  people.     No  minis- 


118 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1665. 


tor  was  to  be  settled  who  could  not  show  proof  of  ordination  by  "  some  Protestant 
bishop  or  minister."  No  one  professing  Christianity  was  to  be  molested  for  his 
religious  belief,  but  all  must  contribute  to  support  the  regular  minister,  "which  h 
no  way  judged  to  be  an  infringement  of  the  liberty  of  conscience."  The  town 
councils  made  local  courts  for  cases  not  over  five  pounds,  ^/ith  an  appeal  to  the 
court  of  sessions,  made  of  the  county  justices  of  the  peace.  From  this,  appeal 
lay  to  the  court  of  assize,  of  the  governor,  council,  and  justices.  Trials  by  jury 
were  held  in  all  but  the  town  courts,  a  majority  ruling,  except  in  criminal  cases. 
Every  one  over  sixteen  served  in  the  militia,  under  command  of  officers  nominated 
by  the  overseers  and  commissioned  by  the  governor,  no  one  being  compelled  to 
wage  war  out  of  the  province.  "  No  Christian  shall  be  kept  in  bond  slavery,  vil- 
lanagc  or  captivity,  except  such  who  shall  be  judged  thereunto  by  authority,  or 
such  as  willingly  have  sold  or  shall  sell  themselves,"  the  record  of  such  sale  being 
entered  in  the  court.  This  was  not  to  prevent  those  "  who  s'^all  by  indenture  take 
apprentices  for  term  of  years,  or  other  servants  for  term  of  years,  or  life."  Scr. 
vants  maimed  by  their  masters  were  entitled  to  freedom  and  damages.  No  one 
should  trade  with  the  Indians  without  a  license  from  the  governor.  A  license  was 
required  for  selling  liquor.  Incase  of  "barbarous  cruelty,"  the  constable  and 
overseers  might  protect  the  wife,  "in  the  manner  as  is  directed  for  servants  in 
such  cases,  and  not  otherwise."  No  grants  of  land  from  the  Indians  were  in 
future  to  be  valid.  All  possessors  of  land,  who  had  held  them  for  four  years  with- 
out question,  at  the  end  of  six  montiis'  further  unquestioned  possession,  should 
be  confirmed  in  their  title.  Lands  were  declared  free  of  feudal  incumbrances, 
and  owners  were  to  bring  their  grants  and  take  out  new  patents.  New  grants 
were  to  be  made  upon  such  terms  as  might  be  agreed  on,  and  the  purchaser  was  to 
make  a  survey  and  lodge  a  copy  in  the  record  otficc.  These  laws,  known  as  tlie 
"  Duke's  Laws,"  the  governor  thought  "  could  not  but  be  satisfactory  c  en  to  the 
most  factious  Republican." 

1665,  May.  —  It  was  reported  that  Massachusetts  had  about 
eighty  ships  of  from  twenty  to  forty  tons,  about  forty  from  forty 
to  one  hundred  tons,  and  about  a  dozen  above  one  hundred 
tons,  —  making  in  all  over  one  hundred  and  thirty  vessels. 

1665,  June.  —  A  second  charter  was  i,ranted  to  Lord  Clareii' 
don  and  his  associates. 

It  confirmed  to  them  the  title  of  Carolina,  and  granted  them  "  all  veins,  mines 
and  quarries,  as  well  d;  covered  as  undiscovered,  of  gold,  silver,  gems  and  precious 
stones,  and  all  other  whiitsoever,  be  it  of  stones,  metals,  or  any  other  thing  found, 
or  to  be  found  within  the  Province,  territory,  inlets  and  limits  aforesaid." 

They  were  to  pay  a  feudal  rent  of  twenty  marks,  and  one  fourth  of  the  gold  and 
silver  that  should  be  found.  The  limits  of  the  grant  were  extended  half  a  degree 
to  the  north  so  as  to  include  the  settlements  on  the  Chowan,  and  the  southern 
limit  a  degree  and  a  half  to  the  south,  including  St.  Augustine,  Florida. 

1665.  —  Philip  Carteret  arrived  at  New  Jersey,  with  a  num- 
ber of  settlers  and  a  commission  as  governor. 

He  landed  at  a  spot  he  called  Elizabethtown,  in  honor  of  Lady  Carteret.  A  few 
families  from  Long  Island  had  settled  there,  who  had  purchased  land  from  the 
Indians,  whom  Nichols,  the  governor  of  New  York,  had  given  permission  to  pur- 
chase. There  were  other  Dutch  settlers  in  the  territory,  and  also  some  from  Nevr 
England. 


1665-6.] 


ANN-ULS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


119 


1665,  June  12.  —  A  charter  was  granted  the  city  of  New 
York. 

A  mayor,  five  aldormen,  and  a  sheriff  had  the  authority  as  a  local  court  and  the 
management  of  nmnicipal  affairs. 

1665.  —  The  province  of  Canada  was  transferred  to  the  West 
India  Corapany. 

Tracy  was  appointed  viceroy,  and  carried  over  with  him  some  companies  of  sol- 
tiicrs,  and  forts  were  built  at  Sorel  and  Chambly,  to  keep  the  Indians  in  clicck. 

1665,  September.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  met 
ill  special  session. 

It  was  called  to  consider  an  order  from  the  king  to  appoint  "  five  able  and  meek 
persons  to  make  answer  for  refusing  the  jurisdiction  of  Ids  commissioners."  Tho 
order  was  sent  tlirougli  Maverick,  who  gave  a  copy  of  it  to  the  magistrates.  An 
address  was  prepared  tor  the  king,  in  which,  assuring  him  of  their  loyalty,  they 
declined  to  send  agents.  At  the  same  time  a  present  of  a  thousand  pounds'  worth 
of  masts  and  other  supplies  for  the  navy  were  sent.  There  was  a  good  deal  of 
opposition  to  this  course,  but  the  refusal  went  unnoticed,  in  consequence  of  tho 
war  witli  the  Dutch  at  this  time. 

1665,  October.  —  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  ordered  that — 

"  Those  lime  rocks  about  Hacklet's  lime  kiln  shall  perpetually  be  commcm,  and 
that  no  land  siiall  oe  laid  out  on  the  north-east  of  said  kiln,  within  six  poles,  or 
upon  the  other  sides  or  parts  of  said  kiln  within  sixty  poles,  this  said  kiln  being  at 
or  near  a  place  called  Scoakequanoisett." 

1665,  December  14.  —  The  commissioners  having  completed 
tlioir  investigat '    •  of  the  colonies,  sent  home  their  report. 

It  exists  in  the  hi.ae  Paper  Office  in  England.  They  were  recalled,  by  a  letter 
approving  their  conduct  and  that  of  tlie  colonies,  with  the  exception  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  commission  had  instituted  a  new  government  for  Maine,  and  had  tem- 
porarily settled  the  questions  of  disputed  boundaries  between  Rhode  Island,  Con- 
necticut, riymouth,  and  Massachusetts,  until  the  king's  pleasure  should  be  known. 

1665.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  a  modifica- 
tion in  the  conditions  necessary  for  becoming  freemen. 

In  tlie  place  of  clnirch-membership,  a  minister's  certificate  that  the  applicant  was 
of  ortliodox  principles  and  of  good  life  and  conversation,  was  made  necessary. 

16GG.  —  All  the  acts  for  tho  encouragement  of  silk  culture  and 
shipbuikling  in  Virginia  were  repealed. 

Of  mulberry  trees  it  M'as  said,  "now  every  one  voluntarily  propagates "  thcni. 

166G. — The  commissioners  in  Virginia  were  required  by  the 
legislature  to  establish,  within  two  years,  a  loom  and  a  weaver 
in  each  county  of  the  province,  except  Rappahannock,  North- 
ampton, Westmoreland,  and  Stafford,  which  were  allowod  four 
years. 

The  expense  was  to  be  paid  by  tho  counties,  and  a  private  loom  did  not  exon- 
erate the  county  in  which  it  was.     The  law  was  repealed  in  1684. 


120 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[166G-7. 


1666.  —  An  expedition  sent  out  by  Berkeley  crossed  the  Blue 
Ridge  Mountains,  and  penetrated  into  the  valley  beyond. 

1666.  —  The  southern  shores  of  Lake  Superior  were  explored 
by  Father  AUouez. 

lie  was  sent,  on  his  return,  with  "  Dablon  and  Marquette  to  establish  the  niis- 
fiion  of  St.  Mary's,  on  the  southern  shore.  The  Kecollet  friars,  wlio  liad  been 
forbidden  Canada,  obtained  the  removal  of  the  restriction,  and  founded  a  monas- 
tery at  Quebec.     Between  tlicm  and  the  Jesuits  there  soon  sprang  up  a  rivalry. 

1666.  —  Newark,  New  Jersey,  was  settled  by  thirty  families 
from  New  Haven  and  Milford,  Coiniecticut,  under  the  leadership 
of  Captain  Robert  Treat. 

The  next  year  an  equal  number  came  from  Guilford  and  Branford,  Connecticut, 
under  the  guidance  of  Kev.  Abraham  I'ierson.  These  two  companies  bouglit  the 
land  whicli  now  forms  Newark,  Belleville,  Clinton,  Orange,  and  Bloonifield,  of 
the  Indians,  for  £130,  12  blankets,  and  12  guns.  The  city  was  laid  out  in 
the  same  streets  and  parks  as  now  exist.  The  first  building  erected  was  a  meeting- 
house, the  settlers  being  strict  Puritans ;  the  second,  a  sc^hool-house.  It  soon 
became  a  thriving  place,  and  now  almost  every  branch  of  mech.anical  industry  is 
carried  on  there.  In  1794  the  Ilackensack  and  Passaic  bridges  were  built ;  trade 
with  New  York,  which  had  been  by  means  of  ferries,  was  facilitated  by  the  turn- 
pike built  between  Newark  .and  Jersey  City.  In  1832,  the  Morris  Canal,  connecting 
Newark  with  tlie  Lehigh  Valley,  w.as  finished ;  in  1834,  the  New  Jersey  Railro.id, 
between  New.ark  and  Jersey  City,  was  ojjened ;  Newark  was  made  a  port  of  entry, 
and  in  163G  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 

1666,  September.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  fixing  the  pay  of  the  members  at  three  shillings  a  day,  the 
account,  certified,  to  bo  taken  as  an  ofi*set  for  taxes. 

A  fine,  fo"  absence,  of  six  shillings  a  day  was  also  imposed. 

1666,  October.  —  Nathaniel  Robbinson  petitioned  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  for  aid  in  establishing  the  business  of 
wire-drawing. 

The  court  saw  no  cause  for  granting  his  request. 

1667.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  frame  a  law  regulating  the  size  and  manufacture  of 
bricks. 

A  college  edifice  was  built  of  brick  at  Cambridge,  Massachusetts.  The  money 
for  its  erection  was  raised  by  subscription. 

1667.  —  The  price  of  the  best  beer,  in  New  Engla:;d,  was  a 
penny  and  a  half  a  quart. 

The  court  had  previously  ordered  that  beer  should  be  made  with  at  least  four 
bushels  of  good  barley  malt  to  a  hogshead,  and  should  not  be  sold  above  twopence 
a  quart.  It  now  ordered  that  beer  should  be  made  only  of  good  malt,  without  "any 
mixture  of  molasses,  coarse  sugar,  or  other  nuiterials  instead  of  malt,  on  penalty 
of  five  pounds  for  each  offence."  The  price  of  barley,  barley  nuilt,  and  rye,  was 
fixed  at  four  shillingu  the  bushel ;  M'heat  at  five  shillings,  and  Indian  corn  at  two 


1667.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


121 


Bhillings  and  eight  pence  the  bushel.     Silver  was  about  six  sliillings  and  eight 
pence  the  ounce. 

1667.  —  In  May  of  this  year  a  tonnage  duty  of  half  a  pound 
of  gunpowder  a  ton,  or  its  value  in  money,  wtvs  laid  by  Massar 
chusetta  upon  all  ships  above  twenty  tons  burden,  not  belonging 
to  owners  within  the  jurisdiction,  or  chiefly  to  such. 

1667.  —  In  October  of  this  year  the  general  court  of  Massachu- 
setts legislated  concerning  shipbuilding. 

Learning  that  "  diverse  unskillful  persons  pretending  to  be  shipwrights  do  build 
ships  and  otlier  vessels  in  several  parts  of  this  country,  whicli  are  very  defective, 
both  of  matter  and  form,  to  tlie  great  prejudice  of  the  morchants  and  owners  and 
the  danger  of  many  men's  lives  at  sea,"  a  committee  of  five  was  appointed  to  draw 
up  and  present  suitable  laws  for  the  regulation  of  the  business. 

1667.  —  An  order  was  also  made  this  year  to  encourage  the 
building  of  a  dry  dock,  and  liberty  was  given  any  one  who 
should  conr^truct  such,  either  in  Boston  or  Charlestown,  with  a 
capacity  for  a  ship  of  three  hundred  tons,  to  enjoy  a  monopoly 
of  the  privilege  for  fifteen  years. 

The  next  year  this  right  was  extended  to  twenty-one  years. 

16G7.  —  By  Kie  treaty  of  peace,  Acadie  was  restored  to  the 
French. 

Its  limits  .  "■^  not  specified,  though  La  Have,  Cape  Sable,  Tort  Royal,  St.  .John's, 
and  Pentagoet,  the  French  name  for  Penobscot,  were  mentioned.  Temple,  one 
of  those  to  whom  Acadie  had  been  granted  l)y  Cromwell,  surrendered  hi  title  for 
the  promise  from  the  king  of  sixteen  tliousund  two  hundred  jjounds,  wliicli,  how- 
ever, lie  was  never  paid. 

1667.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  met,  consisting  of  the 
governor,  twelve  councillors,  and  twelve  delegates,  selected  by 
the  freeholders.     They  sat  together. 

It  is  thouglit  by  Hawks  tliat  tlie  assemlily  met  first  in  IGCC.  Later  under  th(! 
proprietary  rule,  the  assembly  was  divided  into  two  liouses.  Settlers  had  been  ih- 
vited  into  the  colony  by  the  promise  of  legislative  freedom. 

1667.  —  The  assembly  in  Virginia  enacted  that  negroes,  though 
converted  and  baptized,  should  not  therefore  become  free ;  also, 
that  correcting  a  slave  so  violently  as  to  lead  to  his  death,  was 
not  felony. 

Tlie  reason  was  given,  "  since  it  can  not  be  presumed  that  prepense  malice 
should  induce  any  man  to  destroy  his  own  estate." 

1667.  —  The  general  court  of  Connecticut  granted  Thomas 
Harris  the  right  to  build  a  saw-mill  on  the  brook  between  Hart- 
ibrd  and  Wethersfield,  and  allowed  forty  acres  for  his  encourage- 
ment. 

1667.  —  The  people  of  Hadley,  who  had  depended  for  their 
meal  upon  a  mill  at  Hatfield,  on  the  other  side  of  the  Connecti- 


122 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


[IG67-9. 


cut,  voted  to  have  a  mill  of  thoir  own,  and  William  Goodwin 
erected  one  on  Mill  River,  at  North  Hadloy. 

16G7,  August  10.  —  Tho  first  troop  of  horse  organized  in 
Rhode  Island  reported  for  duty  at  Newport. 

It  nuinbercd  twcnty-ono  men. 

16G7. — Waterbury,  Connecticut,  then  called  Mattatuck,  was 
settled. 

The  name  was  not  changed  until  1086.  In  1853  it  received  a  city  charter. 
Waterbury  is  the  licadquarters  of  tlie  brass  manufactories  of  the  country,  tlicre 
being  thirty  factories,  tlie  capital  employed  being  three  million  dollars,  and  the 
annual  products  averaging  five  million  dollars.  The  business  was  first  intro- 
duced on  a  small  scale  by  young  mechanics  who  had  little  or  no  capital. 

16G8,  May.  —  Tho  assembly  of  New  Jersey  met. 

It  was  called  by  Carteret.     Some  of  the  towns  denied  its  authority. 

A  law  was  made  requiring  each  town,  under  penalty  o*.  forty  shillings  for  each 
neglect,  to  provide  an  ordinary  for  the  entertainment  o;"  strangers. 

The  selling  of  liquors  in  less  quantities  than  two  gallons  was  prohibited.  This 
quantity  was  afterwards  reduced  to  one  gallon. 

1668.  —  The  people  of  Newark  appointed  Robert  Treat  and 
Richard  Harrison  "  to  erect  a  grist-mill  on  the  brook  at  the  north 
end  of  tho  town."  The  second  and  sixth  days  of  the  weeic  were 
to  be  set  apart  as  grinding  days. 

1668.  —  The  number  of  ordinaries,  or  tippling  houses,  was  hm- 
ited  in  Virginia. 

To  "  one  or  two  near  the  Court  house,  unless  in  public  places,  and  great  Roads 
for  the  accommodation  of  travellers." 

1668. — The  licensers  of  the  Cambridge  press  having  permitted 
the  printing  of  an  edition  of  the  De  Inntatione  Christi,  of  Thomas 
j\  Kempis,  the  court  ordered  them  to  make  a  fuller  revision  of 
the  work,  and  enjoined  the  press  to  stop  work  until  this  was 
done. 

This  system  of  interference  with  the  freedom  of  the  press  continued  to  be  ex- 
ercised with  more  or  less  stringency  until  the  Revolution. 

1668.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  a  bill  re- 
serving for  the  public  use  all  white  pine-trees  measuring  twenty- 
four  inches  at  three  feet  above  the  ground. 

At  the  same  time  a  bounty  was  declared  for  the  exportation  and  manufacture 
of  masts  and  naval  stores. 

1668.  — The  authority  of  Massachusetts  was  re-established  over 
Maine. 

Four  magistrates  and  a  body  of  horsemen  were  sent  for  the  purpose.  Tiie  new 
government  submitted  quietly. 

1669.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  was  divided  into  two 
houses. 


1669-70.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


123 


The  governor  and  assistants,  or  magistrates,  were  the  upper  liouse ;  the  depu- 
ties, tlie  lower  house.  It  enacted  that  any  person  indicted  might  cniplu/  an  attor- 
ney to  plead  in  his  behalf. 

Before  this,  those  who  were  indicted  had  appeared  in  their  own  defence. 

1669.  —  Fuller's  earth  is  mentioned  among  the  products  of 
Virginia  and  Maryland, 

1669.  —  An  assembly  was  held  in  North  Carolina. 

Iinniigrants  in  debt  were  to  be  protected  five  years  from  suits  originating  out 
of  the  colony.     Traffic  with  the  Indians  was  forbidden. 

1670.  —  The  first  permanent  settlement  of  South  Carolina  was 
made  at  Port  Royal,  by  a  body  of  English  colonists,  who  ton  years 
later  removed  to  the  present  site  of  the  city  of  Charleston. 

In  1502,  a  party  of  French  Huguenots  under  John  liibault  had  attempted  to 
settle  at  Port  Royal,  but  after  some  few  months  tl'cy  returned  homo ;  in  1G85,  how- 
Lver,  a  large  body  of  Huguenots  again  immigrated,  and  this  time  remained.  The 
expedition  was  sent  ont  at  an  expense  of  about  twelve  thousand  pounds,  and  was 
under  the  comm.and  of  William  Sayle.  They  brought  cattle  with  them.  The 
settlement  at  Charleston  was  made  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  confluence  of 
two  rivers,  to  which  the  names  of  Ashley  and  Cooper  were  given  in  honor  of  Lord 
Shaftesbury.  For  the  government  of  the  colony,  Lord  Shafteslniry  had  called 
upon  John  Locke,  who  had  drawn  up  what  was  called  the  Grand  Model,  intended, 
as  expressed  in  its  preamble,  "  to  avoid  the  erecting  of  a  numerous  democracy," 
»nd  establish  a  government  "agreeable  to  monarchy."  It  was  a  complicated 
scheme,  and  though  for  some  time  nominally  in  force,  was  really  never  applied. 
The  divisions  of  the  land  were  into  seignories,  baronies,  and  manors,  the  cultiva- 
tors of  which  were  to  be  hereditary  tenants,  attached  to  the  soil,  each  with  a  farm 
uf  ten  acres,  upon  which  he  paid  one  eighth  of  the  produce  as  rent  to  the  land- 
lord, who  exercised  a  jurisdiction  without  appeal.  In  the  assembly  each  county 
had  four  representatives,  to  vote  for  whose  election  required  the  possession  of  iitly 
acres.  The  proprietaries  had  a  veto  upon  all  acts.  The  Church  of  England  was 
to  be  ni  \intained  at  the  public  expense.  Other  churches  might  be  formed,  pro- 
vldt'J  their  members  recognized  the  rightfulness  of  oaths.  "Every  freeman" 
was  to  hav;i  "absolute  power  and  authority  over  his  negro  slaves,  of  what  opinion 
and  religion  soever."  The  settlement  had  a  copy  of  the  "Grand  Model,"  but  at 
first  the  government  was  given  to  a  council  of  ten  members,  five  appointed  by  the 
proprietors,  and  five  elected  by  the  colonists,  who  with  twenty  delegates  formed 
an  assembly. 

1670.  —  One  of  the  first  mills  built  in  New  Jersey,  of  which 
mention  is  mauo,  was  erected  by  Jonathan  Dunham  at  Wood- 
bi'idge,  who  agreed  with  the  town  that  it  should  have  "  two 
good  btoues,  of  at  least  five  feet  across." 

For  its  erection  lie  was  given  a  grant  of  land.  The  toll  was  to  bo  one  six- 
teenth. 

1670.  —  The  settlers  in  New  Jersey  objected  to  the  collection 
of  the  quit-rents  which  became  due  this  year. 

One  of  their  claims  was  that  ihcy  had  purchased  the  land  of  the  Indians 
before  ever  it  was  granted  to  tho  Buke  of  York.     The  opposition  increased. 


124 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1670-1. 


1670,  June  14.  —  Committees  appointed  by  the  aasorablies  of 
Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  to  settle  their  disputed  boundaries, 
met  at  New  London. 

Tlicy  sat  three  days,  and  their  consultation  was  carried  on  entirely  by  writing, 
Seventeen  letters  were  exchanged,  but  no  definite  conclusion  was  arrived  at. 

1670.  —  It  was  ordered  by  the  assembly  of  Connecticut  that 
every  male  inhabitant,  over  fourteen  years  of  age,  should  work 
one  day  in  Juno  of  each  year  in  clearing  ground  for  the  pastu- 
rage of  sheep. 

1670.  —  Denton  writes  this  year  of  New  Amsterdam :  "  Every 
one  make  their  own  linin,  and  a  great  part  of  their  woolen  cloth 
for  their  ordinary  wearing." 

1670.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  ordered  that  none  but  free- 
holders and  householders  should  vote. 

1671.  —  In  June  of  this  year  Sir  William  Berkeley,  the  gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  answered  the  inquiries  of  a  committee  of  the 
House  of  Lords. 

He  wrote :  "  I  thank  God  we  have  no  free  schools,  or  printing;  and  I  hope  wc 
shall  not  have  these  hundred  years.  For  learning  has  brought  disobedience  and 
heresy  and  sects,  and  printing  has  divulged  them,  and  libels  against  the  best  gov- 
ernment. God  defend  us  from  both."  The  population  he  estimated  at  forty 
thousand,  including  two  thousand  "black  slaves"  and  six  thousand  "Christian 
servants."  About  fifteen  hundred  such  were  yearly  imported,  chiefly  from  Eng- 
land. In  seven  years  not  over  two  or  three  ship-loads  of  slaves  had  arrived  in  lliu 
colony.  Tobacco  was  the  chief  export.  The  Indians  were  "  absolutely  subjectt'd, 
so  that  tliere  is  no  fear  of  them."  "  We  have  forty-eight  parishes,  and  our  min- 
isters are  well  paid,  and  by  my  consent  should  be  better,  if  they  would  pray 
oftener  and  preach  less." 

1671.  —  The  first  church  of  the  Seventh  Day  Baptists  iii  the 
country  was  established  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

In  their  views  the  sect  correspond  with  the  Baptists,  only  observing  the  seventh 
instead  of  the  first  day  of  the  week  as  Sunday.  There  are  now  sixty-eiglit 
churches  in  the  United  States. 

16'il,  September  29.  —  Mediators  between  the  colonists  at 
Plymoutli  and  the  Indians  met  at  Plymouth. 

Philip  signed  an  agreement  to  pay  one  hundred  pounds  within  three  years,  and 
five  wolves'  heads  each  year  to  Plymouth,  and  to  refer  all  disputes  between  hi.^ 
tribe  and  the  English  to  them,  and  neither  to  sell  lands  nor  make  war  without 
their  consent. 

1671.  —  A  committee  appointed  the  October  before,  by  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  to  confer  with  Richard  Wharton 
of  Bo.stou  respecting  his  method  of  making  salt  by  the  sun,  re- 
ported advising  the  court  "  to  encourage  a  company  for  that  pur- 
pose,-which  return  the  court  approved." 

1671.  —  The  town  of  New  Castle,  Delaware,  represented  to 


1671-2.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


125 


Governor  Lovelace  that  the  mill  at  "  Curcoen's  Hook  "  had  fallen 
into  decay,  and  that  it  "heretofore  appertained  to  the  public,  and 
now  is  endeavored  to  bo  engrossed  by  some  particular  persons 
lor  private  uses." 

They  sugt^ested  that  it  be  repaired  for  the  benefit  of  the  public,  which  was 
(irdorcd  to  be  done.  Cnrcoen's  Hook  wuh  Cobb's  Creek.  Carcocn's  was  a  cor- 
ruption of  tlie  Indian  name  of  Kiicarikonk. 

1G71.  —  Triis  year  the  town  of  New  Castle  proposed  that  no 
grain  should  bo  distilled,  unless  it  be  "  unfit  to  grind  and  boalt," 
because  it  consumed  "  an  immense  amount  of  grain." 

1G72.  —  Governor  Lovelace  received  George  Fox  at  New 
Castle  this  year  in  a  house  built  of  brick  and  hewn  timber,  the 
cement  of  which  was  made  of  burnt  oyster-shells. 

The  house  was  still  standing  at  the  middle  of  this  century.  Lovelace  gave  a 
charter  to  New  Castle  this  year.  Fox  extended  his  trip  as  far  as  Rhode  Island, 
but  did  not  dare  to  visit  either  Conuocticut  or  Massachusetts. 

1672.  —  Two  ship-loads  of  Dutch  emigrants  from  Now  York 
arrived  at  Charleston,  in  Carolina. 

They  were  discontented  with  the  English  rule  of  New  York.  Slaves  were  also 
imported  from  Barbadoes.  The  settlers  quarrelled  with  the  Indians.  A  scarcity 
of  food  caused  apprehension  for  the  success  of  the  colony  and  created  discontent, 
but  a  fortunate  supply  from  England  and  from  Ba'-badocs  and  Virginia  removed 
this  cause  of  uneasiness. 

1672.  —  The  company  of  hatters  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
petitioned  for  special  privileges. 

Tiiey  were  promised  to  have  them  granted,  "when  they  should  make  as  good 
liats  and  sell  tlieni  as  cheap  as  those  imported  were." 

1072.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  granted  to  H. 
Usher  the  right  to  print  and  publish  on  his  own  account  a 
revised  edition  of  the  laws  of  the  colony. 

This  right  was  protected  to  Usher  by  two  orders  of  the  court,  issued  on  his 
jictition.  Tlie  first  was  made  in  May  of  this  year,  by  which  it  was  decreed  that 
no  printer  siiould  print  or  sell  more  copies  of  any  book  tlian  were  agreed  upon, 
and  paid  for  by  the  owner ;  and  another  of  May  the  next  year,  by  whicli  the  copy- 
right was  secured  to  Usher  for  seven  years.  Tlie  laws  of  Connecticut  were  also 
printed  at  Cambridge. 

Hezokiah  Usher  had  been  a  bookseller  in  Boston  for  about  twenty  years,  and 
as  agent  of  the  Corporation  for  Propag.ating  the  Gospel,  had  superintended  their 
Indian  publications.  He  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  bookseller  in  America. 
Several  of  the  books  printed  by  Green  were  printed  lor  him.  An  edition  of  the 
Psalms,  issued  about  1G64  or  16G5,  from  its  superior  typographical  execution,  is 
''"pposed  to  have  been  printed  after  the  arrival  of  Johnson.  It  was  printed  from 
Nonpareil  type,  and  is  said  to  be  the  only  specimen  of  the  use  of  this  type 
previous  to  the  Revolution.  Brevier  type  was  seldom  used  by  the  Boston  printers 
before  1760.     Usher  made  a  fortune  from  his  business. 

1672.  —  Parliament  enacted  that  "  enumerated  articles  should 


126 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1672-3. 


pay  tlio  pamo  dutioa  in  thoir  ahipmont  from  one  colony  to  another, 
that  they  paid  on  importation  into  England." 

Tliis  was  the  introduction  into  this  country  of  royal  custom-liouRCs,  under  tlio 
direction  of  tiiu  EnKlixli  conuuiMsionors  of  customs.  Boston  luid  quite  a  tnulu 
witli  tliu  other  colonies,  her  siiips  supplying  tlieni  with  European  produce  und 
carrying  tlieirs  to  Europe,  thus  uvuiding  tlic  duties  under  the  navigation  acts. 

1672.  —  The  settlers  of  New  Jersey  who  refused  to  pay  quit- 
rents,  set  up  a  governor  of  their  own,  and  Carteret  went  to  Eng- 
land, leaving  John  Berry  as  his  deputy. 

1672.  —  Count  de  Fiiontenac  was  appointed  governor- general 
of  New  France. 

Ho  built  Fort  Frontcnac,  at  the  outlet  of  Lake  Ontario,  on  the  site  of 
Kingston. 

1673.  —  The  first  settlement  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts,  was 
made,  but  had  to  be  abandoned  oa  account  of  the  hostility  of 
the  Indians. 

1673.  —  Some  of  the  ships  of  the  Massachusetts  colony  having 
been  captured  by  the  pirates  who  infested  the  southern  seas,  in 
December  of  this  year  a  ship,  called  the  Anthony,  and  a  ketch  wore 
fitted  out  for  the  defence  of  the  coast  and  the  commerce. 

1673.  —  William  Hutchinson,  an  early  resident  of  Boston, 
bought  lands  on  the  west  side  of  the  Saco  River,  in  Maine,  and 
had  mills*  at  Neuichewannock,  or  Berwick. 

1673.  —  The  town  of  Lancaster,  Massachusetts,  granted  fivo 
hundred  acres  of  upland  and  twenty  acres  of  meadow  to  John 
Prescott,  for  the  building  a  mill,  which  with  the  land  was  to  be 
free  from  all  charges  for  twenty  years. 

The  mill  was  built  in  a  district  now  in  the  northern  part  of  Harvard*  Prescott 
agreed  to  grind  the  town's  corn  every  second  and  every  sixth  day  of  the  week.  A 
few  yours  later  a  similar  arrangement  was  made  with  him  for  tlie  erection  of  a 
saw-mill. 

1673.  —  Edward  Randolph,  the  collector  of  customs  in  New 
England,  was  informed  "  that  all  cordage,  sail  cloth  and  nets 
came  from  England,  that  no  cloth  was  made  there  worth  four 
shillings  a  yard,  and  no  linin  above  two  shillings  and  sixpence." 

.  He  also  reported  to  the  commissioners,  that  in  New  England  there  were  five 
iron-works  which  cast  no  guns. 

1673.  —  Chicago,  Milwaukee,  and  St.  Joseph's  were  visited  by 
Marquette,  and  Jesuit  missions  were  established  on  Lake  Michi- 
gan. Marquette  with  a  fcAv  companions  pushed  on  until  they 
entered  the  Mississippi  from  the  Wisconsin. 

In  1674  Marquette  camped  near  the  site  of  Chicago ;  in  1804  the  United  States 
government  built  Fort  Dearborn,  on  the  Chicago  River,  ne.ir  to  the  mouth ;  in 
1887  the  fort  was  abandoned.    In  1830  the  town  was  surveyed,  then  consisting 


1673-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


127 


of  about  a  dozen  houses;  in  1833  the  town  wm  organized,  nnd  hud  twonty-eiRlit 
votcrg;  in  1834  wns  f^rnnted  a  city  charter.  Tiic  river  run«  tlirou}jli  tlie  (!ity,  divid- 
ing it  into  two  parts.  As  early  ns  1854,  CliicttRO  was  declnred  tlie  larKCftt  prlmiiry 
griiin  (li'pot  in  tlie  world;  its  beef-puckinK  and  cattle-8liii)ping  trade  is  ininuiise,  an 
u  also  the  lumber  business.  No  city  in  the  country  has  had  such  a  rapid  fjrowth, 
ami  by  means  of  the  extensive  lines  of  railroads,  its  commerco  reaches  to  all  parts 
of  the  country. 

1673. — The  general  court  of  Mnssachuaotts  placed  a  duty  of 
sixpouco  a  bushel  on  malt  in  addition  to  the  duty  already  existing 
ol'  one  penny. 

1673.  —  The  laws  of  the  Plymouth  colony  woro  printed  this 
year  by  the  Cambridge  pre88. 

1673.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Virginia  en- 
forcing the  cultivation  of  hemp  and  Uax. 

1673,  February  25. — The  entire  colony  of  Virginia  was  as- 
signed for  thirty-one  years  to  Lords  Culpepper  and  Arlington. 

The  lease  included  all  quit-rents,  escheats,  the  power  to  grant  lands,  erect  new 
counties,  the  presentation  to  the  churches,  and  the  nomination  of  sheriffs,  eschetit- 
ors,  and  surveyors.  The  assembly  sent  three  agents  to  England  to  purchase  tliis 
linse  for  the  colony,  and  also  to  attempt  to  obtain  a  royal  charter,  confirming  all 
land  grants,  and  guaranteeing  the  assembly  its  power. 

1673.  —  A  Dutch  fleet  appeared  before  New  York,  and  the 
fort  surrendered  at  tho  first  summons. 

New  Jersey  and  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware  also  surrendered,  and  for  a 
yenr  the  province  of  New  Netherland  was  revived.  Some  of  the  towns  on  Long 
Island  put  themselves  under  the  protection  of  Connecticut. 

1673,  October  29.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  that, 
in  the  trial  of  Indians,  one  half  of  the  jury  should  be  Indiausj, 
and  that  Indians  might  testify. 

Such  testimony  teas  not  allowed  in  the  trial  of  the  whites. 

1673.  —  This  year,  Barent  Pieterse  Koeymans,  by  permission 
of  the  commissioners  at  Alban}',  New  York,  purchased  of  tho 
Catskiil  Indians  a  large  tract  of  land,  ten  or  fifteen  miles  south 
of  Albany,  on  the  west  side  of  Hudson  River. 

Saw-mills  had  been  erected  there  in  1651  by  other  settlers.  The  purchase 
embraced  a  plot  twelve  miles  deep  by  eight  or  ten  front,  and  is  now  the  site  of  tho 
town  of  Coeymans,  in  Albany  County,  New  York. 

1674.  —  Corn-mills  were  mentioned  as  existing  at  Block  Point 
and  Falmouth,  on  Casco  Bay  (now  Portland),  though  they  were 
probably  destroyed  soon  afterwards  by  the  Indians. 

1674. — John  Foster  received  permission  from  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  to  set  up  another  press  in  Boston. 

The  general  court  added  two  new  licensers  to  those  already  appointed.  These 
"ere  both  ministers  —  Increase  Mather  and  Thomas  Thacher. 


128 


ANNALS   OV  NORTH    AMERICA. 


[1674-5. 


1675-6.] 


1674.  —  TiiK  freemen  in  South  Carolina  elected  ropresenlutivoH 
to  an  UHsonibly  (roiiHisting,  according  to  Ramsey,  of  the  governor, 
and  upper  uiid  lower  liourtOH  of  asHoinbly ;  and  those  tlireo 
branchert  tiH)k  tho  name  of  Parliament. 

At  the  fouiuliitica  of  tlic  culony  thu  Ht-ttlcrs  hud  been  promised  a  sharo  in  iiink- 
inj,'  the  hiws. 

1674. — ViNEH,  and  persons  skilled  in  their  management,  were 
sent  to  tho  Carolinas  by  tho  proprietaries. 

1674.  —  Pkack  was  declared  between  Kngland  and  Holland, 
and,  all  con<iuestw  being  mutually  given  up.  New  York  waa  re- 
Btored  to  tho  English  rulo. 

1674.  —  Thk  Duke  of  York  obtained  a  new  charter  for  liia 
province. 

liy  it  ho  was  onipoworod  "  to  Rovorn  the  inhnhitnnta  l.y  Huoh  ordinances  as  lio 
and  liis  ivssijjnH  Khoiild  estiil)lisli."  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  sent  out  to  take  pos- 
session. Tlie  inhal)itant8  were  refused  an  nssemlily,  tlie  "book  of  laws"  being 
re-establisJK'd.  Tlie  Lon^  Island  towns  were  refused  permission  to  remain  under 
tlie  jurisdiction  of  C'onnecticut. 

1674,  Maucii  18.  —  Berkeley  sold  his  share  of  Now  Jersey  for 
one  thousand  pounds. 

It  was  sold  to  John  Fenwick,  in  trust  for  himself  and  Edward  Billingfl.  They 
were  Quakers,  and  the  object  of  the  purchase  appears  to  have  been  to  provide  n 
place  of  refufje  for  tliis  sect.  A  dispute  arising  between  the  purchasers  concern- 
ing their  respective  shares,  it  was  referred  to  William  Penn,  who  settled  it. 

1675,  June  20.  —  The  Indians  attacked  Swanzey,  a  town  in  tbo 
Plymouth  colony. 

This  was  the  opening  of  the  war  known  as  King  Philip's  War,  in  which  all  New 
Engbmd  became  engaged,  and  in  which  thirteen  towns  were  destroyed,  and  six 
hundred  houses  (about  one  tentii  of  nil  in  New  England)  were  burned.  About 
six  hundred  settU'rs  were  killed,  and  about  two  thousand  Indians.  The  cost  of 
the  war  was  estimated  at  about  a  million  of  dollars. 

1675.  —  The  Indians  this  year  burned  tho  settlement  and  the 
mill  at  Saco,  Maine. 

1675.  —  The  same  year  the  settlers  at  Woolwich,  on  tho  Ken- 
nebec, Maine,  were  driven  away  by  the  Indians. 

1675.  —  The  exportation  of  wool  was  prohibited  in  Massachu- 
setts. 

1675.  —  A  BRICK-KILN  was  erected  in  Maine,  on  tho  east  bank 
of  the  Scbastacook,  a  branch  of  the  Kennebec,  about  this  time. 

Traces  of  it  were  found  in  1790,  when  tho  land  was  again  searched  for  clay. 
A  hemlock-tree,  more  than  two  feet  in  diameter,  was  growing  over  the  site  of  the 
old  kiln. 

1675.  —  At  a  special  court  held  at  Newcastle,  May  25,  after  the 


cession  of  1 
considered. 

Am  there  wa 
tlit'in  repaired, 
uli  iiiill!*,  pulili( 

\G15.  —  A 
In  this  war  I 

1675,  Jul 
piirt  of  the 
iuided  on  tli 
tlemeiit  the} 

It  was  near  I 

1G75.  — C 
pany,  revert 

La  Salk',  wh 
of  France  a  gra 

1G7G.  — T 
Bacon,  bega 

The  retiellioi 
yt'nr8,  with  the 
The  Indian  war 
ami,  being  refus 
aifaiiist  lluMu  wi 
inu  iiim  of  his  s 
would  not  returi 
IJerkeley  retired 
new  a.ssend)ly. 
the  final  succes 
of  whom  an;  sa 
iiostilities. 

1676,  Jul' 
Jersey. 

The  province 
western  corner  < 
»»  East  New  Jer 
as  West  New  Je 
in  pecuniary  stn 
the  trustees,  wit 
<lred  sliares,  of  v 
Before  tiiis  divi; 
monts,"  in  wliicl 

1676,  AuGi 
Hope,  and  th 

Philip  was  ki 
killed  for  advisir 


1675-6.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMKHICA. 


129 


cession  of  tlio  country  to  tho  Engliuh,  tlio  Bubjcct  uf  mills  was 
coiisidorod. 

Ai  thorc  was  a  scarcity  of  tlicm,  the  justicos  wore  ndvixod  to  oxaiiilno  and  have 
tliPin  npairt'd,  and  oIIkth  built ;  tlu'  toil.s  cliarKcd  tor  grinding  wuro  regulated,  and 
all  uiillH,  public  or  private,  were  to  be  encouraged. 

1G75.  —  An  Indian  war  begun  in  Virginia. 

In  this  war  John  Washington  took  jiart. 

1675,  July.  —  A  company,  led  l>y  Fonwick,  to  whom  a  tenth 
|i!irt  (if  tho  Quiikor  purcrliawo  of  Now  Jersey  had  been  accordod, 
limdecl  on  the  east  shore  ot"  Delaware  Bay,  and  commenced  a  set- 
tlement they  called  Salem. 

It  was  near  the  site  of  one  of  tlie  forts  built  by  the  Swedes. 

1675.  —  Canaua,  on  the  dissolution  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, reverted  again  to  tho  crown  of  France. 

La  Salle,  who  had  explored  in  liakew  t)ntario  ancLErie,  obtained  from  tho  king 
of  France  a  grant  of  Fort  Frontenac  on  condition  of  keeping  up  the  post. 

1G7G.  —  Thk  insurrection  in  Virginia,  headed  by  Nathaniel 
Biicon,  began  this  year. 

The  rebellion  was  the  culmination  of  discontent  which  had  existed  for  some 
years,  with  the  heavy  taxation  and  the  arbitrary  character  of  the  government. 
The  Indian  war  was  its  immediate  cause.  Bacon  was  a  member  of  the  council, 
mill,  being  refused  a  connnissioii  to  raise  vi.'.unteers  against  the  Indians,  marched 
nifainst  lliem  withmit  one.  Berkeley,  the  i.">vernor,  issued  a  proclamation  dtpriv- 
ing  him  of  his  seat  in  the  council,  and  denouncing  all  those  with  hiuj  as  rebels  who 
would  not  return  at  a  certain  time,  'ii'lie  rebellion  was  at  one  time  so  successful  that 
Berkeley  retired  to  Accomac,  and  IJacon,  with  four  membiTs  of  the  council,  called  a 
new  assembly.  At  the  height  of  his  success,  Bacon  was  taken  ill  and  died.  Witli 
the  final  success  of  Berkeley,  cruel  revenge  was  taken  upon  the  rel)el3,  more 
of  whom  arc  said  to  have  been  hanged  than  were  killed  upon  both  sides  during 
iiostllities. 

1676,  July.  —  Carteret  agreed  to  a  formal  division  of  New 

Jersey. 

The  province  was  divided  by  a  line  drawn  from  Little  Egg  Harbor  to  the  north- 
western corner  of  the  territory.  Tho  portion  north  and  east  of  this  line  was  known 
as  East  New  Jersey,  and  was  Carteret's  propc  rty ;  that  soutli  and  west  was  known 
as  West  New  Jersey,  and  was  assigned  to  the  Quaker  proprietors.  Billings  being 
in  pecuniary  straits,  his  share  was  assigned  for  tho  benefit  of  his  creditors ;  and 
l!ie  trustei's,  with  Fenwick's  agreement,  divided  the  whole  domain  into  one  hun- 
dred shares,  of  which  tho  ninety  belonging  to  Billings  were  sold  as  buyers  offered. 
Before  this  division,  tho  proprietors  had  issued  a  set  of  "concessions  and  agree- 
ments," in  which  freedom  of  conscience  and  an  assembly  were  promised  settlers. 

1676,  August  12.  —  Philip  was  shot  in  a  swamp  near  Mount 
Hope,  and  tho  war  was  ended  by  the  slaughter  of  the  Indians. 

Philip  was  killed  by  an  Indian  named  Alderman,  whose  brother  Philip  had 
killed  for  advising  a  surrender.    Alderman  then  deserted  Philip,  and  guided  Cap- 


130 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[167G-7. 


tain  Church  with  liis  party  to  the  spot  where  Philip  was  concealed.  Philip  was 
shot  by  Alderman  through  the  heart ;  his  head  was  cut  off,  and  sent  to  Plymouth, 
where  for  y(  ars  it  was  set  up  on  a  gibbet.  One  of  his  hands  was  sent  to  Boston; 
the  other  was  given  to  Alderman,  who  made  a  show  of  it.  Fis  mangled  body  was 
hung  upon  four  trees.  The  Indians  taken  captive  were  sold  into  slavery,  many 
of  them  to  the  Spanish  colonies,  or  else  slaughtered.  The  captive  Indians  sold 
in  Rhode  Island  were  sold  to  service  for  a  term  of  years;  one  half  the  proceeds 
of  the  sale  to  go  to  the  captors,  and  the  other  half  into  the  public  treasury. 

1676,  October.  —  A  grant  of  land  in  Shrewsbury,  Monmoiitli 
County,  New  Jersey,  was  made  to  Lewis  Morris  for  iron- works. 

The  date  of  the  erection  of  the  works  is  not  known ;  but  in  1(582,  the  proprie- 
taries speak  of  a  smelting-furnace  and  forge  as  already  erected. 

1676.  —  The  assembly  met  in  East  New  Jersey,  and  established 
county  courts,  and  monthly  courts  for  the  towns. 

The  four  counties,  Bergen,  Essex,  Middlesex,  and  Monmouth,  were  laid  out. 

1676.  —  Governor  Andros  and  the  council  in  New  York  pro- 
hibited all  tanners,  except  two  appointed,  to  carry  on  that 
business. 

It  was  also  ordered  "  that  no  butcher  be  permitted  to  be  currier,  or  shoemaker, 
or  tanner;  nor  shall  any  tanner  be  either  currier,  shoemaker,  or  butcher,  it  bcinf; 
consonant  to  the  laws  of  England  and  practice  in  the  neighbour  colonys  of  tlio 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut." 

1676.  —  The  customs  collected  in  England  upon  the  tobacco 
Bent  from  Virginia  and  Maryland  amounted  to  one  hundred  and 
thirty-five  thousand  pounds. 

Tobacco  was  so  low  that  many  of  the  planters  were  unable  to  clothe  them- 
selves from  the  proceeds  of  their  crops. 

1677,  May.  —  Gorges'  grandson  sold  his  proprietary  right  to 
Maine,  inherited  from  his  ancestors,  to  the  colony  of  Massachu- 
setts. 

The  price  was  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds. 

1677. —  Colonies  of  Quakers  from  Yorkshire  and  London, 
England,  settled  at  Burlington  and  other  towns  in  West  New 
Jersey. 

Burlington  was  long  the  seat  of  government  for  West  .Jersey,  and  the  last  colo- 
nial governor,  William  Franklin,  lived  here.  It  "/as  a  leading  place  in  the  early 
times  of  the  country,  and,  in  1777,  supported  a  printing-office  and  a  paper.  Its 
nearness  to  Philadelphia  (only  eighteen  miles  distant)  caused  it  to  decline  as  that 
city  increased  in  importance. 

1677.  —  This  year,  in  the  settlements  on  the  Delaware,  grain 
was  made  payable  for  taxes  at  five  guilders  per  scipple  for  wheat, 
four  for  rye  and  barley,  and  three  guilders  for  Indian  corn,  "  or 
else  wtimpum  and  skins  at  price  current." 


1677-8.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


131 


This  year  there  was  a  mill  on  Christiana  Creek,  at  Wilmington,  Delaware, 
which  was  granted  the  liberty  to  cut  timber  for  supplies. 

1677,  October  18.  —  Tho  assembly  of  Connecticut  regulated 
the  prices  at  which  hides  and  shoes  should  bo  bought  or  sold. 

The  price  of  hides  was  three  pence  a  pound  for  green,  and  six  'pence  for  dry. 
The  tanners  were  to  get  two  penc^e  a  pound  for  green,  and  four  pence  a  pound  for 
dry.  Shoemakers  were  to  cliarge  for  shoes  not  over  five  and  a  half  pence  a  size 
"for  all  playne  and  wooden-heeled  shoes  of  all  sizes  above  men's  sevens.  Three 
soled  shoes  well  made  and  wrought  not  abovn  seven  and  a  half  pence  a  size  fur 
well-w/ought  French  falls." 

1677.  —  Three  commissioners,  sent  out  from  England  to  Vir- 
ginia with  a  regiment  of  soldiers,  arrived. 

They  brought  with  them  a  wyal  proclamation  oflTcring  pardon  to  all  who  should 
submit  within  twenty  days,  except  Bacon.  The  governor  was  also  instructed  to 
declare  all  the  laws  of  the  late  assembly  void,  and  call  a  new  one,  for  the  mem- 
bers of  which  only  freeholders  were  to  vote.  Instead  of  issuing  this  proclama- 
tion, Berkeley  issued  one  of  his  own,  exempting  many  beside  Bacon  from  pardon. 
The  commissioners  protesting  against  Berkeley's  high-handed  proceedings,  and 
receiving  numerous  complaints  from  tlie  people,  wliom  they  had  asked  to  send  in 
thcii'  grievances,  Berkeley  went  over  to  England  to  defend  himself,  and  died 
there.  He  had  left  the  government  in  the  hands  of  Jeffreys,  who  called  another 
assent  l)ly,  which  attempted  to  settle  the  suits  for  damages  done  during  the  insur- 
rection, and  restore  the  colony  to  "  its  former  estate  of  love  and  friendship." 

1677.  —  The  governor  of  Massachusetts,  Leverett,  refused  to 
take  an  oath  to  enforce  the  acts  of  trade. 

Randolph  had  been  authorized  by  the  committee  of  the  plantations  to  admin- 
ister such  an  oath  to  tlio  New  England  governors.  The  governor's  ground  was, 
tliat  tiie  charter  required  no  such  oath.  The  general  court,  however,  passed  an 
act  for  enforcing  these  acts,  and  re-enacted  the  oath  of  fidelity,  by  which  alle- 
giance to  the  king  and  the  colony  was  sworn. 

1677.  —  La  8alle  went  to  France,  and  obtained  a  royal  com- 
mission for  exploring  the  Mississippi. 

Tiie  news  of  its  discovery  had  just  been  brought  to  Q"abec  by  Joliet,  who  had 
accompanied  Marquette.  La  Salle  also  obtained  a  monopoly  of  the  trade  in 
buffalo-skins. 

1677.  —  The  governor- general  of  Canada,  Frontenac,  sup- 
ported the  traders  in  their  dispute  with  the  missionaries  who 
objected  to  selling  liquor  to  the  Indians. 

The  council  took  the  same  ground. 

1678.  —  The  export  of  hides  or  leather  vas  prohibited  in  New 
Jersey, 

Beef  at  this  time  was  twopence  a  pound,  and  forty  shillings  a  barrel. 

1678.  —  In  the  records  of  the  court  held  at  Upland,  between 
the  years  1676  and  1681,  the  first  English  tribunal  held  in  Penn- 
Bylvania,  the  following  occurs :  — 


132 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1678. 


"  It  being  very  necessary  ;hnt  a  mill  be  built  on  the  Schuylkill,  and  there  being 
no  fitter  place  than  the  falls  called  Captain  Hans  Moonson's  Falls,  the  court  are 
of  opinion  that  Mr.  Hans  Moonson  ought  to  build  a  mill  there  (as  he  says  he  will) 
or  else  suffer  another  to  build  for  the  convenience  of  all  parts."  The  designated 
location  was  the  present  mill  creek  which  empties  into  the  Schuylkill  immediately 
south  of  Woodlands  Cemetery. 

1678,  April.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  in  a  report  to  the  Board 
of  Trade,  estimated  the  men  able  to  bear  arms  in  the  colonies  as 
Mows:  Connecticut,  3000 ;  llhode  Island.  1000  to  1200;  Plym- 
outh, 1000  to  1500 ;  Massachusetts,  8  to  10,000. 

New  York,  he  says,  contained  three  hundred  and  forty-three  houses,  with  ten 
inhabitants  to  each.  Of  the  houses  he  says,  "Most  wood,  some,  lately,  stone  and 
brick,  good  country  houses,  strong  of  their  several  kinds." 

1678.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  a  bankrupt  law. 

It  was  repealed  very  soon  after. 

1678,  November.  —  Sieur  de  La  Salle,  under  a  commission  from 
the  king  of  France,  s.}t  out  from  Fort  Frontenac  (now  Kingston) 
in  a  small  vessel,  the  first  ever  seen  unon  Lake  Ontario. 

The  expedition  was  accompanied  by  the  Chevalier  Tonti,  La  Salle's  lieutenant, 
and  Hennepin,  and  a  number  of  mechanics  and  sailors,  with  a  stock  of  goods  for 
the  Indian  trade,  and  a  post  was  established  near  the  present  site  of  Buffalo. 

1678.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  claimed  for  the  Duke  of  York 
jurisdiction  over  New  Jersey  and  the  settlements  on  the  Dela- 
ware. 

He  commenced  by  forbidding  imports  into  New  Jersey,  unless  the  goods  were 
entered  at  New  York,  and  paid  duty ;  then  he  summoned  Carteret,  and  finally  sent 
a  company  of  soldiers  who  arrested  him.  Carteret  was  detained  as  a  prisoner 
until  the  matter  was  settled  in  England.  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  replied  to 
Andros  that  it  was  not  "  on  the  king's  letters  patent  to  the  Duke  of  York"  that 
they  relied  on,  but  "the  only  rule,  privilege  and  joint  safety  of  every  free-born 
Englishman." 

1678.  —  A  Baptist  church  was  built  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

The  congregation  had  for  years  met  in  private  liouses.  The  general  court 
passed  an  act  forbidding  the  erection  of  any  meeting-house  without  the  consent 
of  the  freemen  of  the  town  and  the  county  court,  or  the  permission  of  the  general 
court.     Without  this  such  building,  with  the  hand,  was  forfeited. 

1678.  —  The  colony  at  Albemarle,  Carolina,  rebelled  against 
the  collection  of  duties  under  the  navigation  i^cts,  and  imprisoned 
Millar,  the  president  of  the  council,  and  seven  of  his  council. 

A  new  assembly  appointed  Culpepper  collector,  and  lield  the  government  two 
years.  Millar,  escaping,  went  to  England,  and  Culpepper  followed  him,  and  was 
arrested  on  a  charge  of  treason,  but,  being  defended  by  Lord  Shaftesbury,  waa 
acquitted. 

1678.  —  The  oath  of  allegiance,  on  the  part  of  Massachusetts, 


It  was  sold  f 


1678-80.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


133 


mm 


proved  unsatisfactory  in  England,  and  Randolph  brought  one 
already  written  out. 

The  magistrates  took  it,  and  imposed  it  on  all  the  other  officers. 

1678.  —  The  bisliop  of  Quebec,  having  gone  to  France,  obtained 
a  decree  prohibiting  liquor  selling  to  the  Indians  under  heavy 
penalties. 

1679,  January.  —  The  expedition  under  Sieur  de  la  Salle  laid 
the  keel  of  a  small  vessel  of  sixty  tons  burden,  at  the  mouth  of 
Cayuga  Creek,  on  the  American  side  of  the  Niagara,  about  six 
miles  above  the  Falls. 

This  place,  still  called  the  "Old  Ship-yard,"  was  long  used  for  this  purpose. 
The  Iroquois  tried  to  burn  the  vessel,  and  the  blacksmith  was  obliged  to  defend 
himself  with  a  red-hot  iron.  The  vessel,  when  finished,  was  furnished  with  seven 
small  cannon,  was  christened  the  "Griffin,"  and  was  the  first  vessel  that  ever 
navigated  Lake  Erie,  which  she  entered  on  the  7th  of  August,  and  on  the  23d 
penetrated  to  Lake  Huron,  and  sailed  to  Green  Bay,  in  Wisconsin.  The  vessel 
from  here  was  sent  back  to  Niagara  in  charge  of  a  pilot  and  five  men,  but  was 
never  afterwards  heard  from. 

1679.  —  Newbury,  Massachusetts,  granted  John  Emery,  Jr., 
twelve  acres  of  land,  provided  he  built  and  maintained  a  corn- 
mill  within  a  year  and  a  half. 

1679.  —  The  second  corn-mill  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts,  on 
Stony  Brook,  was  exempted  from  rates  for  twenty  years. 
It  was  sold  for  about  two  hundred  and  forty  pounds. 

1679-80,  March  10. —  The  court  at  Upland  granted  Peter 
Nealson,  on  petition,  leave  to  take  up  one  hundred  acres  of  land 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware  for  the  accoro.modation  of  a 
water-mill. 

1679.  —  Two  vessels  were  fitted  out  for  the  colony  of  the  Car- 
olinas,  and  the  culture  of  wine,  silk,  and  oil  was  attempted. 

Many  French  Protestant  refugees  were  sent  to  the  settlement  in  this  expedition. 

1679.  —  Father  Hennepin  mentions  Niagara,  which  he  had 
visited  in  1678.     He  gives  also  a  drawing  of  the  Falls. 

1679.  —  Sir  Henry  Chicheley  Avas  acknowledged  by  the  coun- 
cil of  Virginia  as  governor. 

Jcff'reys  had  died,  and  Chichcley  had  a  commission  as  deputy  governor.  An 
assembly  was  called,  and  forts  were  ordered  built.  The  law  making  slaves  of  the 
captured  Indians  was  retained. 

1680.  —  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  was  settled. 

In  1720  it  received  its  name  in  honor  of  Sir  William  Trent,  then  speaker  of  the 
assonibly.  In  1790  it  was  chosen  the  capital,  and  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1792. 
The  city  is  on  the  Delaware  IJivor,  and  has  a  large  manufacturing  imsrest.  It 
has  a  wire  factory  and  a  rolling-mill,  both  the  largest  of  their  kind ;  manufactories 


'm 


134 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1680. 


of  porcelain  and  earthenware,  which  produce  a  large  pari  of  these  goods  used  in 
the  United  States ;  cotton,  Woollen,  and  paper-mills,  foundries,  and  a  manufactory 
for  cannon  and  flio-arms. 

1680.  —  The  name  of  Charleston  was  transferred  to  a  settle- 
ment in  Carolina,  at  the  point  of  the  peninsula. 

The  village  had  grown  up  from  its  more  favorable  situation,  and  gradually  be- 
came a  flourishing  town,  the  original  settlement  dwindling  slowly  away. 

1680.  —  The  question  of  jurisdiction  between  the  Duke  of 
York  and  the  Jersey  proprietors  was  referred  to  two  arbitrators, 
who  decided  against  the  duke's  claims. 

1680. —  A  SYNOD  was  convened  in  Matjsachu  tts  to  inquire 
"  what  reasons  had  provoked  the  Lord  to  bring  his  judgements 
on  New  England." 

1680.  —  A  ROYAL  letter  to  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts 
demanded  toleration  for  all  sects  except  tlio  Papists. 

The  following  demands  were  also  made  :  All  commissions  were  to  issue  in  the 
king's  name ;  all  the  eighteen  assistants  were  to  be  chosen ;  all  laws  repugnant  to 
the  acts  of  trade  to  be  repealed ;  Maine  was  to  be  assigned  to  the  king  on  his  pay- 
ment of  the  price ;  a  money  qualification  for  freemanship  to  be  substituted  for  that 
of  church-membership. 

1680.  —  Mebchantable  white-pine  boards  were  this  year  thirty 
shillings  a  thousand,  current  money,  in  New  England.  Day  wages 
in  East  New  Jersey  were  about  two  shillings  a  day.  At  Amboy, 
where  building  was  actively  going  on,  they  were  about  sixpence 
more,  the  currency  being  a  fifth  more  than  sterling. 

The  houses  building  at  Amboy  were  described  in  1083  as  being  in  general  thirty 
feet  long,  sixteen  wide,  and  ten  feet  between  the  joints,  with  double  cliinincys 
built  of  timber  and  clay,  "as  the  manner  of  this  country  is  to  build,"  and  cost 
about  fiily  pounds  each. 

1680,  March  16.  —  By  decision  of  the  crown,  New  Hampshire 
was  separated  from  Massachusetts,  and  a  commission  appointed 
of  a  president  and  council  to  govern  the  province. 

This  commission  authorized  tl"  qualified  voters  cf  the  four  towns  to  elect  an 
assembly  of  eleven  members,  to  sit  as  a  distinct  body,  the  council  having  a  nega- 
tive of  its  acts. 

The  king  engaged  to  "  continue  the  privilege  of  an  assembly  in  the  same  man- 
ner and  form,  unless  he  should  see  cause  to  alter  the  same."  The  assembly  en- 
acted a  body  of  laws,  compiled  from  the  Massachusetts  code,  which  were  rejected 
in  England  as  "fanatical  and  absurd." 

1680.  —  Randolph  received  his  commission  as  collector  of  cus- 
toms for  New  England,  and  inspector  for  enforcing  tlie  acts  of 
trade. 

lie  showed  it  to  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  but  they  took  no  notice 
of  it ;  and  the  magistrates  ordered  the  notice  he  posted  of  his  appointment  to  bo 


1680-1.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


136 


torn  down,  while  the  general  court  established  a  naval  office  at  which  all  ships 
were  ordered  to  be  cleared. 

1680.  —  The  Baptists  in  Boston  had  a  meeting  in  their  church. 

The  magistrates  had  the  doors  fastened  up,  and  a  notice  posted  on  them  forbid- 
ding any  meeting  there,  ''without  licence  from  authority,  till  the  General  Court 
take  further  order." 

1680.  —  La  Salle  built  a  fort  in  the  country  of  the  Illinois, 

which  he  ciilled  St.  Louis. 

1680.  —  Culpepper  came  to  Virginia  as  governor,  and  was 
sworn  into  office. 

A  commission  as  governor  for  life,  to  take  effect  whenever  Berkeley  vacated 
the  office,  hud  been  given  to  him  at  the  time  of  the  grant,  wliich  had  passed  -into 
Ills  sole  possession  by  the  release  of  Arlington's  share.  He  brought  with  him  an 
act  of  pardon  and  oblivion  for  all  the  troubles  growing  out  of  Bacon's  Rebellion, 
which  the  assembly  passed,  excepting  Bacon's  estate,  and  those  of  several  others. 
The  assembly  also  gave  the  governor  power  to  grant  naturalization  papers.  Ex- 
port and  tonnage  duties  were  continued,  and  the  freedom  of  Virginia  vessels  from 
them. 

Beverly,  in  his  History  of  Virginia,  says,  "Lord  Culpoper,  taking  advantage 
of  some  disputes  among  them,  procured  the  council  to  sit  apart  from  the  assembly ; 
and  so  tliey  became  two  distinct  houses,  in  imitation  of  the  two  Houses  of  Parlia- 
ment in  England  —  the  Lords  and  Commons  —  and  so  is  the  Constitutior  at  this 
(1705)  day." 

1680.  —  Hennepin  explored  the  upper  Mississippi,  which  ho 
reached  by  descending  the  Illinois,  and  named  the  falls  of  St. 
Anthony  after  his  patron  saint. 

He  publislicd  tlie  account  cf  his  explorations  in  France  in  1683. 

1680. —  In  July  of  this  year,  the  town  of  Norwich,  at  the  head 
of  navigation  on  the  Thames,  Connecticut,  granted  Captain  Fitch 
two  hundred  acres  of  land  "  for  his  encouragement  to  set  up  a 
saw-mill." 

He  was  "to  have  the  benefit  of  the  stream  and  timber  at  the  place,  and  no 
others  to  set  up  a  saw-mill  upon  the  said  stream  to  his  damage." 

1680.  —  Before  this  date  a  powder-mill  was  built  at  Dorchester, 
Massachusetts. 

1680.  —  A  WATER-MILL  was  built  in  West  Jersey,  near  Rancocas 
Creek,  by  Thomas  Olive. 

This  year  another  mill  was  finished  at  Trenton  by  Robert  Stacey,  who  in  1714 
sold  it  to  Colonel  William  Trent,  from  whom  the  settlement  was  named. 

1681.  —  Charles  Stockbridge  was  employed  to  build  a  second 
grist-mill  upon  the  brook  of  Plymouth. 

1681.  —  A  FULLING-MILL  was  built  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts, 
by  Messrs.  Draper  and  Fairbanks. 
It  was  erected  on  Mother  Brook. 


136 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1681. 


1681.  —  The  legislature  of  Maryland  laid  a  duty  on  the  expor* 
tation  of  leather  and  hides. 

1681.  —  The  Duke  of  York  made  a  new  and  separate  grant  of 
West  Jersey  to  the  trustees. 

They  appointed  Billings  governor,  and  Jennings,  his  deputy,  called  an  assem- 
bly which  adopted  "fundamental  constitutions "  as  a  basis  for  the  government. 
East  Jersey  had  passed  into  the  hands  of  trustees  for  the  benefit  of  Carteret's  cred- 
itors, widow,  and  heir. 

1681,  March  4.  —  A  royal  charter  was  granted  William  Penn, 
of  the  American  province  called  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  to  be  called  Sylvania,  but  the  king  insisted  on  the  prefix.  Penn  had 
inherited  a  claim  against  the  English  government  of  sixteen  thousand  pounds,  and 
in  liquidation  of  the  debt  he  accepted  the  grant.  The  charter  croated  him  "  true 
and  absolute  lord  "  of  Pennsylvania,  with  property  in  the  soil  and  ample  powers 
of  government.  For  making  laws  "  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  freemen  of  tlie 
province  "  were  necessary.  The  crown  reserved  the  right  of  veto  on  all  enact- 
ments, while  to  parliament  the  right  to  levy  duties  and  taxes  was  accorded.  The 
laws  of  trade  were  to  be  observed,  and  the  Church  of  England  tolerated.  There 
was  to  be  the  right  of  appeal  from  his  courts  to  the  crown. 

1681,  April  2.  —  A  royal  proclamation  was  sent  to  the  settlers 
on  the  Delaware,  announcing  the  grant  to  Penn. 

Ponn  also  sent  a  proclamation  to  them,  assuring  them  that  they  should  "  live 
free  under  laws  of  their  own  making."  Proposals  were  published  in  England, 
offering  to  sell  lands  at  forty  shillings  the  hundred  acres,  subject  to  a  rent  of  one 
shilling  a  hundred  acres.  Lots  in  a  city  to  be  laid  out  were  also  offered  the  pur- 
chasers. 

1681,  July.  —  Three  vessels  with  emigrants  set  sail  for  Penn- 
sylvania. 

They  were  despatched  by  the  Company  of  Free  Traders,  who  had  made  an 
agreement  with  Penn.  They  carried  also  three  commissioners,  a  plan  of  the  city, 
and  a  letter  from  Penn  to  the  Indians,  in  which  he  addressed  them  as  brethren. 

1681.  —  During  this  year,  La  Salle,  in  a  small  boat  ho  had  con- 
Btructed,  descended  the  Mississippi  to  the  Gulf. 

He  took  formal  possession  of  the  mouth  of  the  river  April  9,  1082,  for  the  king 
of  France,  and  called  the  territory  on  its  banks  Louisiana,  in  honor  of  Louis  XIV. 
To  the  river  the  name  of  Colbert  was  given,  but  it  preserved  its  Indian  one. 

1681.  —  Randolph,  the  collector  at  Boston,  returned  to  Eng- 
land. 

He  had  attempted  to  enforce  the  functions  of  his  ofBce,  but  had  met  with  such 
opposition  that  he  feared  being  tried  for  his  life  as  a  subverter  of  the  colonial  gov- 
ernment.    His  deputy  at  Portsmouth  encountered  equal  opposition. 

1681.  —  Thk  general  court  of  Massachusetts  took  possession  of 
Maine,  and  appointed  a  president  and  council  for  that  province. 
They  claimed  it  under  Gorges'  charter.     The  people  were  given  the  right  of 


1682.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


137 


an  assembly.     Deputy  Governor  Danforth  waa  appointed  president,  and,  with  a 
force  of  men,  took  possession. 

1682,  February  21.  —  "John  Buckner,  called  before  the  Lord 
Cul paper  and  his  council,  for  printing  the  laws  of  1G80,  without 
his  excellenciei3  license  —  and  he  and  the  printer  ordered  to  enter 
into  bond  in  XlOO,  not  to  print  anything  hereafter  until  his  majes- 
ty's pleasure  shall  be  known." 

This  record  of  the  colonial  history  of  Virginia  was  found  in  1810  among  the 
manuscripts  of  the  colony  by  W.  W.  Ilenning  of  Richmond.  It  was  this  action 
of  tlie  iuitliorities  whicli  prevented  Virginia  from  becommg  the  second  of  the  col- 
onies to  introduce  the  printing-press,  and  the  continuance  of  this  policy  kept  it 
away  until  the  next  century. 

1G82.  -  -The  Virginia  assembly  petitioned  the  king  to  order  a 
"stint,"  or  limit,  in  the  culture  of  tobacco;  not  only  in  Virginia, 
but  idso  in  Maryland  and  Carolina. 

Tlio  low  price  of  tobacco  was  the  cause.  Many  of  the  discontented  destroyed 
tlie  plants,  and  subsequently  several  were  executed  for  so  doing,  the  assembly, 
under  advice  from  England,  declaring  it  treason  for  more  than  eight  persons  to  as- 
semble and  destroy  tobacco-plants  or  any  other  crop.  Slavery  was  also  declared  the 
condition  of  all  servants,  whether  negroes.  Moors,  mulattoes,  or  Indians,  brought 
into  tlie  colony  cither  by  sea  or  land,  converted  to  Christianity  or  not,  provided 
t'.oy  were  not  of  Christian  parentage  or  country,  or  were  not  Turks  or  Moors  in 
amity  with  his  Majesty. 

1682. — Lord  Culpepper,  returning  to  England,  was  convicted 
by  a  jury  of  receiving  presents  from  the  assembly,  and  was  de- 
prived of  his  office. 

lie  surrendered  his  patent,  receiving  for  it  a  pension  of  six  hundred  pounds. 

1682.  —  In  April  of  this  year  there  were  twenty-four  saw-milla 
in  Maine. 

Whitn-pine  boards  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  were  worth  thirty  shillings 
the  thousand  feet,  wheat  five  shillings,  and  Indian  corn  three  shillings  a  bushel. 
Silver  was  worth  six  shillings  an  ounce.  At  these  prices,  which  were  annually  fixed, 
taxes  were  paid  in  lumber  and  provisions,  with  a  discount  of  one  third  for  pay- 
ment in  money. 

1682.  —  Randolph  returned  with  a  royal  letter  demanding  the 
immediate  appointment  of  agents  with  authority  to  consent  to  the 
modification  of  the  charter. 

The  general  court  recognized  his  commission,  and  ordered  him  to  look  closely 
after  the  enforcement  of  the  laws  of  trade.  Two  agents  were  appointed.  The 
word  "jurisdiction  "  was  substituted  for  "commonwealth"  in  the  laws,  and  the 
death  pi'nalty  for  plotting  the  overtiirow  of  the  colonial  constitution  was  repealed. 

1682.  —  Carolina  was  divided  into  three  counties. 

Colleton  embraced  the  district  about  Port  Royal,  Berkeley  that  about  Charles- 
ton, and  Craven  that  towards  Cape  Fear.  Only  Berkeley  had  population  enough 
for  a  county  court. 


188 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1682. 


1682.  —  East  Jersey  was  purcliased  from  tho  trustees  of  Car- 
teret's estate  by  a  company  of  twelve  Quakers,  the  chief  of  whom 
was  William  Penn. 

They  associated  with  themselves  twolvo  others  —  not  all  Quakers. 

1682.  —  The  governor-general  and  the  intendant  of  Canada 
were  recalled,  Do  la  Barre  and  Meules  being  sent  to  take  their 
places. 

An  assembly  of  notables,  called  by  Dc  la  Barre,  sent  an  agent  to  France  to  ask 
aid  in  defence  against  the  Indians,  which  was  granted. 

1682.  —  There  was  a  mill  at  Hoboken,  New  Jersey,  which  was 
owned  in  New  York. 

Flour  and  grain  were  this  year  spoken  of  as  articles  of  export  from  tho  eastern 
section  of  the  colony,  and  a  bakery  of  biscuit  as  a  desirable  improvement  for  pre- 
paring tlicir  meal  for  shipment  to  the  West  Indies  and  tho  other  colonies. 

1682.  —  Op  South  Carolina,  a  contemporary  account  says, 
"  Cotton  of  the  cypress  and  Smyrna  sort  will  grow  well,  and 
plenty  of  seed  is  sent  thither." 

The  culture  of  indigo  had  been  begun  with  success. 

1682.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  legislated  further  for  tho 
encouragement  of  various  industries. 

The  export  of  iron,  wool,  hides,  leather,  and  animals  was  forbidden.  The 
price  of  wheat  was  fixed  at  four  shillings  a  bushel,  and  tobacco  ten  shillings  u 
hundred  pounds  ;  and  at  these  prices  they  were  made  tenders  for  debt.  Trades- 
men of  all  kinds  settling  in  tlie  colony  were  made  exempt  from  debts  previously 
contracted. 

1682.  —  A  TAX  was  laid  upon  the  mills  in  Maine  for  the  support 
of  Fort  Loyal,  as  a  defence  against  the  Indians  and  the  French. 

1682.  —  In  the  first  assembly  under  the  proprietary  govern- 
ment in  Pennsylvania,  it  was  ordered  that  malt  beer  should  be 
rated  at  two  ponce  a  quart,  and  molasses  beer  at  a  penny. 

1682,  October  28.  —  William  Penn  arrived  at  New  Castle,  on 
the  Delaware,  and  took  possession  of  the  territory  granted  him. 

Twenty-three  ships  sailed  for  Pennsylvania  this  year.  Penn  had  published  a 
"Frame  of  Government,"  which  had  boon  chiefly  prepared  by  Algernon  Sidney. 
In  August  he  had  obtained  from  the  Duke  of  York  a  quit-claim  for  Pennsylvania, 
and  two  deeds  —  one  for  Newcastle  and  twelve  miles  round  it,  and  the  other  for 
the  territory  to  Cape  Ilenlopen,  in  which  tho  duke  reserved  half  the  rents  and 
profits. 

1682,  December  4.  —  The  first  assembly  in  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania  met  at  Chester. 

An  act  vtf  settlement  was  framed.  Six  delegates  from  each  of  the  six  counties 
were  to  form  the  yearly  assembly,  and  three  from  each  county  the  council.  The 
governor  and  council  jointly  proposed  the  laws.     An  act  of  union  naturalized  the 


1682-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


139 


Putch  and  Swedish  settlors.  A  code,  called  the  "  Great  Law,"  was  passed,  giving 
the  right  to  vote  to  freeholders  and  taxpayers,  "faith  in  Jesua  Christ  "being  a 
required  qualiflcation.  No  one  who  acknowledged  the  "  one  Almighty  and  Eternal 
God  "was  to  he  "  iiiwlestcd  or  prejudiced"  for  liis  religious  persuasion,  or  practice 
in  matters  of  faith  and  worsliip;  nor  to  bo  compelled  to  "frequent  or  maintain 
any  religious  worship,  placi,  or  ministry  wliatevcr."  Work  was,  however,  for- 
l)ldJen  "  ever  first  day  of  the  week,  called  the  Lord's  day."  Only  murder  was 
punisiiable  will*  death.  The  trial  by  jury  was  established.  Tlie  eldest  son  had  ii 
double  share  in  the  inheritance.  The  laws  were  to  be  printed  and  taught  in  tho 
schuols. 

1682.  —  Philadelphia  was  laid  out,  and,  before  tho  end  of  tho 
year,  eighty  houses  were  erected. 

The  land  was  bargained  for  of  the  Swedish  settlers,  who  claimed  it.  A  school 
was  organized.     A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Indians. 

1683.  —  The  first  vessel  constructed  in  New  Jersey  was  built 
by  Samuel  Groome,  one  of  the  original  twelve  proprietaries  who 
died  this  year,  leaving  it  unfinished. 

1683.  —  The  first  settlement  in  Old  California  was  made  by 
Jesuit  missionaries. 


168? 


50.  —  This  year  William  Ponn  writes :  "  Some  vessels  have 
been  built  here,  and  many  boats." 


1683.  —  The  keepers  of  ordinaries,  in  New  Jersey,  for  the 
entertainment  of  strangers,  were  prevented  by  law  from  collect- 
ing debts  for  liquor  sold. 

Tlie  public  fairs  held  in  May  and  October,  in  Salem,  Burlington,  and  other 
places  in  New  Jersey,  for  tho  sale  of  goods,  were  found  to  be  provocations  for  so 
nuicli  drunkenness  and  disorder,  that  visitors  were  forbidden  to  retail  liquors  in 
Salem,  and  the  fairs  were  finally  done  away  with. 

1683.  —  In  a  letter  from  William  Penn  to  the  Free  Society  of 
Traders,  he  alludes  to  their  tannery,  saw-mill,  and  plass-houso, 
the  last  two  "  conveniently  posted  for  water-carriage." 

Where  the  glass-house  was  is  not  recorded.  The  attempt  was  probably  not  a 
success.  A  successful  attempt  was  made  shortly  after  by  the  English  Friends 
who  settled  at  Frankfort,  near  Philadelphia,  to  establish  both  a  glass-house  and 
pottery  works.  Penn  speaks  also  of  mines  of  "  copper  and  iron."  They  were 
probably  in  Chester  county,  where  a  mine,  belonging  to  Charles  Pickering,  was 
early  worked.  It  was  situated  on  Pickering  Creek,  about  twenty-five  miles  from 
riiiladelphia. 

1683.  —  The  governor  of  New  York  called  an  assembly,  com- 
posed of  seventeen  delegates,  which  met  October  17,  adopted  a 
charter  of  liberties,  apportioned  the  representatives  to  the  coun- 
ties, and  claimed  to  be  a  free  assembly,  with  the  sole  right  to  tax. 

The  governor,  Thomas  Dongan,  and  the  council  often,  had  been  appointed  by 
the  crown,  and  sat  by  themselves.  Andros  had  been  recalled  to  answer  the  com- 
plaints against  him,  and  Dongan  had  been  instructed  to  call  an  assembly.     A  per- 


140 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA.. 


[1G83. 


pctual  revenue  was  granted  the  Duke  by  the  aasembly,  to  be  raised  by  impost  and 
excise  dutit'H.  The  lino  between  New  Yorlt  and  Conneeticut  was  settled  substttn- 
tially  nH  it  is  to-day,  by  a  conference  between  tiie  governors  aud  councils  of  the 
two  colonies. 

1G83,  Maucii  13.  —  Tho  twonty-four  owners  of  East  Jersey 
obtained  a  patent  from  tho  Duke  of  York,  directly  to  tliemselvos. 

Robert  Barclay  was  appointed  governor  for  life,  but  never  came  to  the  province. 
His  deputy,  Rudyard,  called  an  assembly,  who  reviewed  the  concessions  and 
enacted  a  code  of  laws. 

1683.  —  Skth  Sothel  arrived  at  Albemarle  as  governor. 

lie  had  purchased  Lord  Clarendon's  share,  and  was  appointed  in  Culpopper'j 
place. 

1G83,  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  authorized  its 
agents  to  give  up  Maine,  and  submit  to  anything  except  an 
iulVingement  of  their  "liberties  and  privileges  in  matters  of 
religion  and  worship  of  God." 

Randolph  filed  charges,  and  a  writ  of  quo  warranto  was  issued,  which  Ran- 
dolph brought  over  and  served  on  the  magistrates. 

1683.  —  Lord  Howard  of  Effingham  was  sent  out  to  Virginia 
as  governor. 

A  frigate  was  sent  with  him  to  enforce  the  navigation  acts.  His  instructions 
were  to  pro!iil>it  the  erection  of  a  printing-press  in  the  colony,  which  he  carried 
out  by  forbidding  it  "on  any  occasion  whatever." 

1G83,  April  7.  —  A  royal  commission  was  issued  to  examine 
and  report  upon  the  claims  to  King's  Province. 

This  waa  the  territory  in  dispute  between  the  New  England  colonies.  The 
members  of  the  commission  were  Edward  ('ranfleld,  the  provincial  governor  of 
Now  Hampshire,  Wm.  Staughton,  Joseph  Dudley,  Ed.  Randolph,  the  agent  for 
the  acts  of  trade  in  Massachusetts,  Samuel  Shrimpton,  John  Fitz  Winthrop, 
Edward  rainier,  Nathaniel  Saltonstall,  and  Jolm  ryr'"hon,  Jr.  Any  three  of 
them,  of  whom  Cranfleld  and  Randolph  should  be  members,  made  a  quorum. 
They  collected  testimony  and  sent  it  to  England. 

1G83,  October  19.  —  The  royal  commission  reported  to  the 
board  of  trade,  and  Edward  Cranfield  wrote  a  private  letter 
accompanying  the  report. 

In  this  he  spoke  of  the  disloyalty  of  the  colonies,  and  ends  that  "  it  will  never 
bo  otherwise  till  their  charters  are  broke,  and  tho  college  at  Cambridge  utterly 
extirpated,  for  from  thence  these  half-witted  Philosophers  turn  either  Atheists  or 
seditious  Preachers."    The  report  was  chiefly  in  favor  of  Connecticut. 

1683.  —  The  Indians  again  began  war  against  the  settlements 
in  Canada. 

Governor  Dongan,  of  New  York,  furnished  them  arms  and  advised  them  against 
making  peace  with  the  French,  though  his  instructions  were  to  cultivate  amity 
witli  that  nation.  The  rivalry  of  the  fur  trade  was  the  cliief  motive  influencing 
liim. 


1G83-4.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


141 


1G83.  —  The  first  griat-inill  in  Pliiliulclphia  county  was  sot 
up  at  Gormantown  by  Richard  Towusond,  a  Friond,  who  camo 
over  with  William  Penn. 

It  stood  in  Church  Lnne,  one  mile  north-oant  of  Miirki't  Sqnnro,  nnd  was  iiftor- 
wards  known  as  Kobcrts'  Mill.  l*rcviou«ly  he  lind  erected  n  mill  on  the  left  bunk 
of  Chester  Creek,  about  a  mile  and  ii  half  north-west  from  C^henter,  out  of  framed 
material  he  had  brought  from  Enf^land.  The  owners  of  this  mill  were  William 
I'enn,  Caleb  I'usey,  nnd  Samuel  Carpenter,  whoso  initials  were  combined  in  an 
iron  vane  which  surmounted  it,  and  which,  in  1843,  was  still  doiny  duty  on  the  top 
of  a  Mr.  Flower's  house. 

1684.  —  A  SECOND  attempt  was  made  to  settle  at  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  and  a  corn  and  saw-mill  was  erected  there  by 
Captain  John  Wing. 

1684.  —  About  twelve  thousand  acres  in  the  township  of  Ox- 
ford, Massachusetts,  were  set  apart  for  the  use  of  thirty  families 
of  Huguenot  refugees  from  France. 

These  settlers  were  given  the  elective  franchise  by  the  legislature.  They  built 
mills,  nnd  planted  orchards  nnd  vineyards.  The  settlement  was  broken  up  ii  1G06 
by  the  Indians,  and  some  of  them  settled  in  Boston. 

1684,  November.  —  The  charter  of  Massachusetts  was  annulled 
by  James  II.  * 

The  plea  was  a  misuse  of  the  privileges  it  granted.  A  default  to  appear  in 
answer  to  the  writ  of  quo  warranto  was  recorded,  and  next  year  judgn»ent  was 
entered  declaring  the  charter  void. 

1684.  —  Richard  Pierce  commenced  as  a  printer  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  about  this  year. 

1684.  —  In  July  a  conference  of  four  colonies  was  held  at 
Albany,  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Five  Nations. 

The  movement  for  this  originated  with  the  Indians.  They  feared  the  French 
intended  to  encroach  upon  their  hunting-grounds,  nnd  desiring  peace  with  the 
Knglish,  made  this  known  through  Governor  Dongan  of  New  York.  At  the  con- 
ference, Virginia,  Maryland,  Massachusetts,  nnd  New  York  were  represented  ns 
follows:  The  Right  lion.  Francis  Lord  Howard,  Baron  of  Effingham,  governor- 
general  of  Virginia,  acting  also  for  Maryland ;  Colonel  Thomas  Dongan,  governor 
of  New  York,  nnd  the  magistrates  of  Albany ;  Stephanas  Van  Cortlandt,  as  the 
agent  of  Massachusetts.  Several  sachems  were  present.  The  nortliern  and 
southern  colonies  met  for  the  llrst  time,  and  a  treaty  was  formed,  concerning  ter- 
ritory extending  from  the  St.  Croix  to  the  Albemarle. 

1684,  June.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly,  in  answer  to  a 
petition  from  some  Israelites,  assured  them  that  they  might 
expect  as  good  protection  as  any  other  resident  foreigners,  being 
obedient  to  the  laws. 

1684.  —  The  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act,  giving  the 
exckisive  right  to  New  York  city,  of  making  or  bolting  flour 
within  the  province  j  "  nor  noe  flouer  or  bread  to  be  imported 


142 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1684. 


into  this  city,  from  any  other  part  of  the  Province,  under  pum 
of  forfoituro." 

Tho  council  of  the  city  petitioned  tlie  governor  to  confirm  this  act,  whicli  wm 
dune. 

1G84.  —  A  MALT-HOURE  was  built  in  Forth  Amboy,  Now  Jersey. 

Barley  was  tluH  year  quoted  lU  two  BliillinKs,  currency,  the  buHliel.  At  IVrth 
Amhoy  a  brewer  and  a  biiker  were  nnicli  needed.  WuRes  were  two  Bliillinjjs  imd 
•'  c  a  day,  wiiile  it  was  said  that  not  above  a  third  of  tho  work  requiied  in 

E        .d  was  expected  of  them,  and  tlieir  living  wan  much  better,  being  beef,  pork, 
bacon,  pudding,  milk,  butter,  with  good  beer  and  cider. 

1684.  —  Letters  from  New  Jersey  of  this  date  speak  of  a 
plenty  of  material  for  linen,  as  being  raised  in  tlie  province. 

Flax  twice  heckled  sold  for  nine  pence  a  pound,  and  wool  was  cheap. 

1684.  —  The  letters  of  the  proprietaries  and  settlers  in  East 
New  Jersey  represent  the  style  of  houses  built  by  the  colonists. 

Gawen  Laurie,  who  had  succeeded  Uudyard,  speaks  of  them  as  built  "of  trees 
split,  and  set  up  one  end  in  tlic  ground  and  tho  other  nailed  to  the  rising."  They 
were  roofed  witli  shingles,  and  plastered  inside.  Barns  were  built  in  tho  same 
way,  at  a  cost  of  about  five  jjounds  each. 

*'  We  have  good  brick  earth,"  writes  Laurie,  •'  and  stone  for  building,  at  Amboy 
and  elsewhere.  Tiic  country  farm-houses  they  build  very  cheap;  a  carpenter 
'  a  man's  own  servants  builds  the  liouse ;  they  have  all  the  materials  for  noth- 
avc  nails.     The  chimneys  are  stone." 

^o84.  —  Germantown,  near  Philadelphia,  was  founded  by  Pas- 
torius,  as  the  agent  of  tho  Franklbrt  Land  Company  in  Germany. 

1684.  —  The  first  Friends'  meeting-house  in  Philadelphia,  "a 
large  plain  brick  building,"  was  erected  "  far  out  Market  Street, 
at  Centre  Square." 

Philadelpliia  contained  over  three  hundred  houses. 

1684.  —  A  TAX  on  liquors  was  laid  by  the  assembly  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1684.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Virginia  "for 
the  advancement  of  manufactures  for  the  growth  of  the  colony." 

This  act  was  specially  intended  for  the  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  woollen  cloth.  Chalmers  says  "  it  wivs  disallowed  by  the  Committee  of 
Plantations  because  it  was  deemed  contrary  to  the  acts  of  navigation." 

1684.  —  Cranfield,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  retired 
from  that  province. 

He  claimed  to  be  fearful  for  his  safety,  from  the  discontent'of  the  settlers,  and 
fled  to  Boston.  The  people  of  New  Hampshire  sent  agents  to  England  to  com- 
plain of  him,  and  he  asked  to  be  recalled,  '•  that  the  world  might  see  that  it  was 
not  him,  but  the  royal  commission  they  cavilled  at,  and  that  his  real  offence  was 
his  attempt  to  put  the  king's  commands  in  execution."  The  next  year  Deputy- 
Qovcrnor  Barefoote  was  put  in  command. 


1684-5.] 

1684.- 
Canada. 

Ho  I)roug 
made  a  fruitl 
intondaiit,  to 
truopa.     To  i 

1685.—. 
was  issued 

Tills  editio 

by  Green,  and 

While  it  was 

"  We  have  ?)u 

and  correct  tin 

same  parties  m 

for  currying  it 

aiding  the  prii 

ancc. 

1685,  Oct 
cliusetts.  N 
appointed; 

Tlie  conimisf 
Joseph  Dudley  - 

1685. —  W 
government  J 
Jersey,  and  ^ 

Those  for  N 
suggested  them 
tlie  wiit  itself  ha 
Society:  "Lond 
'■an*'  (as  I  am  se 
out  of  the  Crow 
you  the  Gov" 
providence  plant 
bffore  his  Maj 
Easter  in  fifteen 
io  have  and  you 
the  parish  of  Sa 
and  that  voui.iaj 
•lave  in  clo.cd 
requirinir  your  a^ 
'^ill  l)e  proceeded 
e'aime  and  now 
Of  this  Gents  pi 
Nonnansell." 

1685. —  A  ] 
^ew  York. 

It  authorized  h 
^0  specially  inst: 


1684-5.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


143 


1684.  —  Tub  Marquis  do  Dononvillo  was  sent  as  governor  to 
Canada. 

Ho  brouftlit  with  him  a  furtlicr  lupply  of  French  troops.  Dc  la  Barro  had 
made  a  tViiitloMH  c-xpodition  againnt  the  Indians.  l)i>  Cliani,<iKny  was  Hunt  out  as 
intendunt,  to  Canada,  in  tiie  place  of  MeuU's.  lie  brou^lit  with  liim  also  moro 
troops.     To  raise  money  for  the  war,  bi'!s  were  issued  payable  in  France. 

1685.  —  A  SECOND  edition  of  the  Bible,  in  the  Indian  language, 
was  issued  this  year. 

Tills  edition  was  revised  by  Mr.  Eliot  and  the  Rev,  Mr.  Cotton.  It  was  printed 
by  Ort'cn,  and  consisted  of  two  tiiousand  copies.  It  was  six  years  in  the  press. 
Wliiie  it  was  printinjj,  a  letter  from  Mr.  Eliot  to  Mr.  Boyle,  dated  1G8'2,  says : 
"We  have  but  one  num,  viz.,  the  Indian  printer,  that  is  ttl)le  to  eomp<.sc  the  slieets 
and  correct  the  Press  with  understanding."  In  1085,  another  letter  between  the 
lanie  parties  aeknowledj^es  the  receipt  of  nine  hundred  pounds,  in  thr  jo  payments, 
for  carrying  it  throtigli  the  press.  Mr.  Eliot  gave  a  part  of  his  salary  towards 
aiding  tiic  printing,  and  remitted  another  part,  to  pay  Mr.  Cotton  for  his  assist- 
ance. 

1685,  October  8.  —  A  president  and  council,  to  govern  Masaa- 
chusetts,  New  Hampshire,  Maine,  and  King's  Province,  were 
appointed". 

The  commission  was  composed  of  sixteen  persons,  residents  of  New  England. 
Joscpii  Dudley  was  president,  and  Edward  Randolph  secretary. 

1G85.  —  Writs  of  quo  warranto  were  issued  by  the  English 
government  against  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  East  and  West 
Jersey,  and  Maryland. 

Those  for  New  England  were  intrusted  to  Edward  Randolph  to  serve.  lie  had 
suggested  them.  The  following  lett'jr  was  sent  with  the  writ  to  Rhode  Island ; 
the  wvit  itself  has  been  lost.  The  letter  is  in  the  collections  of  the  R.  I.  Historical 
Society:  "London,  October  6,  1(585.  Gentlemen.  This  day  was  delivered  to  my 
hand  (ii8  lam  secondary  to  the  sheriff  of  London),  a  writt  of  cowarranto  ishewing 
out  of  the  Crowno  oflce  of  the  Court  of  King's  bench  at  Westminster,  against 
you  the  Gov"  and  Company  of  the  English  colony  of  the  Rhoade  Island  and  the 
providence  plantations  in  New  England  in  America,  Requiring  your  appearance 
before  his  Majesty  wheresoever  he  shall  then  be  in  Ingland,  from  the  daye  of 
Easter  in  fifteen  days  to  answer  unto  our  Lord  the  King  by  what  warrant  you  claim 
to  hav:  and  youse  divers  libertyes  and  franchiescs  w"'iu  the  sd  Colony  —  vizt,  in 
the  parisli  of  Saint  Michaell  Bnrsiesham,  London,  of  v/hich  you  are  impeached, 
and  that  vo\i  may  not  be  Ignorant  of  any  part  of  the  contents  of  the  sd  writt,  I 
have  in  closed  unto  you  a  true  coppia  of  the  sd  writt  (in  nis  Majesty's  name 
requiring  your  appearance  to  it),  and  aquainting  you  that  in  defalte  thereof  you 
will  be  proceeded  against  to  the  outlawry,  whereby  the  libertys  and  franchises  you 
claime  and  now  Injoye  will  be  forfltcd  to  the  King  and  your  Charter  annulled. 
Of  this  Gents  plese  to  take  notiss,  from  your  humble  servant  (unknown)  Ri. 
Norinansell." 

1685.  —  A  NEW  commission  was  sent  to  Governor  Dongan  of 
New  York. 


It  authorized  him,  with  his  council,  to  enact  laws  and  impose  taxes. 
&l«o  specially  instructed  to  allow  no  printing. 


He  was 


144 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1685-6. 


1685.  —  A  ROYAL  custom-houso  was  established  at  Charleston, 
Carolina. 

The  proprietaries  sent  strict  orders  for  the  enforcement  of  the  acts  of  trade, 
but  the  people  resisted  them  so  strenuously  that  a  writ  of  quo  warranto  was  issued 
against  the  proprietaries,  in  answer  to  whicli  they  proposed  to  surrender  the 
charter. 

1685.  —  In  Maryland  the  collection  of  the  duties  met  with 
great  opposition. 

Though  Lord  Baltimore  hastened  to  England  to  prevent  it,  a  w.it  of  quo  war- 
ranto  was  issued. 

1685.  —  The  clerk  of  the  assembly  in  Virginia,  Beverley,  was 
aeclared  by  the  king  incapable  of  public  employment,  and  the 
governor  was  ordered  to  dissolve  the  assembly  and  appoint  a  fit 
person  for  clck. 

Beverley  had  taken  part  with  the  people  in  their  protests  against  arbitrary  exer- 
cise of  power  by  the  government. 

1685.  —  About  this  time  William^  Penn,  at  his  mansion  house, 
a  few  miles  above  Bristol,  Pennsylvania,  erected  a  malt-house,  a 
brew-houso,  and  a  bakery,  all  under  the  same  roof 

From  the  accounts  of  his  establishment  it  appears  tiiat  Penn  tried  to  manufac- 
ture his  supply  of  beer,  cider,  and  wine.  His  coffee,  in  the  bean,  brought  from 
New  York,  is  charged  at  eighteen  shillings  and  nine  pence  the  pound. 

1685.  —  A  SUPERIOR  horse-mill  was  built  at  Perth  Amboy,  New 
Jersey. 

A  letter,  dated  March  9,  written  to  a  friend  in  Scotland,  and  dated  New  Perth, 
contains  the  following  notice  of  it :  "I  am  told  that  the  mill  will  be  worth  one 
hundred  pounds  a  year,  but  I  am  sure  she  will  be  better  than  lifty  of  clear  money, 
for  every  Scot's  boll  of  wheat  or  Indian  corn  paycs  here  for  grinding  of  it  two 
shillings  sterling.  This  house  and  mill  stands  me  a  great  deal  of  money,  but 
there  is  none  such  in  this  coimtry,  nor  ever  was."  He  says  also  that  the  great 
wheel  was  thirty  feet  in  diameter. 

1685. —  The  privy  council,  in  the  dispute  concerning  their 
boundaries  between  Lord  Baltimore  and  Penn,  assigned  to  Penn 
half  the  territory  between  the  Delaware  and  the  Chesapeake, 
north  of  the  latitude  of  Cape  Henlopcn. 

A  dispute  began  in  Pennsylvania  between  the  assembly,  discontented  with  its 
subordinate  position,  and  the  proprietor,  complaining  of  the  lack  of  his  receipts, 
that  he  had  not  received  even  "  the  pres<  -<t  of  a  skin  or  a  pound  of  tobacco." 

1686,  June  3. —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  by  the 
royal  commission  the  governor  of  all  New  England. 

Ilis  final  instructions  wore  to  demand  the  charters  of  tlic  colonics,  and  to  pro- 
hibit printing.  Before  his  arrival,  the  collector  of  customs,  Randolph,  had 
interdicted  the  printing,  at  Boston,  of  an  almanac  without  his  permission. 

1686,  July  20.  —  The  Rhodo  Island  assembly  resolved  not  to 


1G86.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


145 


stand  suit  with  the  king,  hut  to  submit,  and  send  a  humble 
petition  to  his  Majesty,  asking  a  continuance  of  their  charter 
privileges. 

Tlipy  also  declared  it  "  lawful  for  the  freemen  of  each  town  in  this  colony  to 
meet  together  and  appoint  five,  or  more  or  fewer,  days  in  the  year  for  their  assem- 
bling together,  as  the  freemen  of  each  town  sliall  conclude  to  be  convenient,  for 
the  managing  the  affairs  of  their  respective  towns." 

168G,  July  21.  —  A  special  assembly  was  convened  at  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut,  on  the  reception  of  the  writ  of  quo  warranto 
from  Edward  Randolph,  and  an  agent  was  appointed  to  carry  a 
petition  to  the  king. 

1686,  Dj-X'EMBER  20.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andres  arrived  in  Boston. 

Ills  commission  superseded  Dudley,  and  placed  him  also  in  command  of  Plym- 
outh, Rhode  Island,  and  Connecticut.  Dudley  was  made  by  him  chief  justice,  and 
Randolph  soon  after  secretary.  Andros  was  brought  by  a  frigate  called  the  Rose, 
and  brought  with  him  two  companies  of  royal  tuops;  the  first  ever  stationed  in 
New  Kngland.  It  will  be  well  to  note  here  some  of  the  acts  of  his  government 
whieh  made  it  so  unpopular ;  the  specific  resistance  made  to  them  will  appear  in 
their  right  places.  The  Puritan  theocracy  was  overthrown,  and  the  service  of 
Episcopacy  introduced ;  public  fees  were  greatly  increased,  those  of  probate  about 
twenty-fold ;  town  governments  were  almost  abolished ;  colonics  were  made  simple 
counties ;  land-owners  were  forced  to  great  expense  to  defend  writs  of  intrusion ; 
marriageo  were  finally  forbidden  except  before  an  Episcopal  clergyman,  of  whom 
there  was  only  one  in  Massachusetts ;  passports  were  made  obligatory ;  the  Puri- 
tan form  of  the  oath,  holding  up  the  hand,  was  replaced  by  placing  the  hand  on 
the  Bible ;  the  Quakers  and  other  dissenters  from  Puritanism  were  encouraged  in 
refusing  to  pay  taxes  for  the  supi^  rt  of  the  settled  Puritan  clergy. 

1686,  December  30.  —  The  council  of  Sir  Edmund  Andros  met 
at  Boston. 

It  consisted  of  nineteen  members.     This  was  its  first  and  last  meeting. 

1686.  —  Albany,  New  York,  was  given  a  city  charter  by 
Governor  Dongan. 

1686.  —  The  assembly  in  Carolina  denied  the  authenticity  of 
a  copy  of  the  "  Grand  Model,"  which  the  governor  showed  tliera 
for  the  first  time. 

They  preferred  the  rough  draft  brought  over  by  the  colony.  The  refractory 
members  wer"  expelled. 

1686.  —  A  SECOND  mill  was  built  in  the  town  of  Newbury, 
Ma'-'vchusetts. 

1.  jords  state  that  "  the  townc  being  sensible  of  the  great  want  of  another 
come  i.iill,"  a  committee  was  appointed  to  examine  the  most  suitable  place  or 
places  "  for  ye  setting  up  of  a  mill." 

1686.  —  Jonas  Prescott  set  up  a  saw-mill  in  Groton,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

He  had  hcen  granted  permission  to  use  Stony  Brook  for  this  purpose,  provided 

10 


M 


I 

■J 


11 


V---C 


146 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1686. 


"he  should  accommoclate  the  town  with  merchantable  boards  at  sixpence  a  hun- 
dred feet  cheaper  than  they  were  sold  at  any  other  saw-mills,  and  for  town  pay, 
and  that  tlio  town  be  supplied  before  any  other  persons,  provided,  always,  the  saw 
mill  do  not  hinder  the  corn  mill." 

1686.  —  In  New  York  city,  a  regulation  was  made  concerning 
the  bakers,  of  whom  there  were  twenty-four  in  tlie  city. 

It  was  ordered  that  tliey  should  be  divided  into  six  classes,  and  one  class  be 
appointed  to  Berve  for  each  working-day  of  the  week.  The  population  of  the 
province  was  then  about  twenty  thousand.  TJ-  3  price  of  a  white  loaf  weigh- 
ing twelve  ounces  was  fixed  two  years  before  at  Ax  stivers  wampum. 

1686.  —  About  this  time  fairs  were  commenced  in  the  settle- 
ments of  Pennsylvania,  for  the  purpose  of  trading. 

It  is  said  that  such  was  the  great  scarcity  of  money,  that  at  the  first  one  held 
only  ten  dollars  of  money  was  received  for  sales. 

1686.  —  A  SEMINARY  or  public  school  was  established  by  the 
Friends  in  Philadelphia. 

Its  charter  declares  that  "the  prosperity  and  welfare  of  any  people  depended 
in  a  great  measure  upon  the  good  education  of  their  youth  —  which  cannot  be 
effected  in  any  manner  so  well  as  by  erecting  public  schools  for  tho  purpose  afore- 
said." George  Keith,  a  Scotch  Quaker,  was  the  first  instructor  in  this  school. 
He  was  succeeded  at  the  end  of  the  first  year  by  Thomas  Makin,  the  author  of  two 
Latin  poems  upon  Pennsylvania. 

1686.  —  John  Blackwell,  of  Boston,  petitioned  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts,  for  himself  and  others,  for  liberty  to  start 
a  bank,  which  was  granted. 

The  Massachusetts  Archives  says  :  "And  having  perused  and  considered  a  pro- 
posall  made  to  us  by  John  Blackwell,  of  Boston,  Esqr.  on  behalf  of  him'iclf  and 
divers  others,  his  participants,  as  well  in  England  iw  in  this  country,"  permission 
was  granted  the  "  conservatives  "  of  the  bank  to  issue  bills  on  real  and  personal 
security  and  merchandise.  In  a  pamphlet  entitled  "  A  letter  from  one  in  Boston, 
to  his  friend  in  the  country,  in  answer  to  a  Letter  directed  to  John  Burrill  Enqr. 
1714,"  the  writer  s.ays  :  *' Our  fathers  about  twenty-eight  years  ago  entered  into 
a  partnership  to  circulate  their  notes,  founded  on  land  security,  stamped  on  paper 
as  our  Province  bills  now  are." 

1686.  —  A  PRINTING-PRESS  was  set  up  in  Philadelphia  by  Wil- 
liam Bradford. 

The  press  was  located  at  Schackamaxon,  now  Kensington. 

William  Bradford's  first  publication  is  said  by  some  authorities  to  have  been 
an  almanac  for  1G87,  by  Daniel  Leeds,  "  student  in  Agriculture."  There  is  a  copy 
of  it  in  the  Philadelphia  Library.  The  following  extract  from  tho  Council  Book 
would  seem  to  indicate  that  an  almanac  was  printed  by  Bradford  before  this  dntc. 
The  extract  is  dated  "  1085,  9"^  day  U  month,  or  November  9*."  The  secretary 
reporting  to  the  council  that  in  "  the  chronologic  of  the  Almanac  sett  forth  by 
Samuel  Atkins,  of  Philadelphia,  and  printed  by  William  Bradford,  of  the  same 
place,  there  was  these  words ;  (the  beginning  of  government  here  by  the  Lord 
Penn),  the  Council  sent  for  Samuel  Atkins,  and  ordered  him  to  blot  out  the  words 


1687-8.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


147 


Lord  Penn ;  and  likewise  for  William  Bradford,  the  printer,  and  gave  him  charge 
not  to  print  any  thing  but  wliat  sliall  liavc  lycence  from  the  Council." 

1G87,  October  26.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros,  with  troops,  went  to 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  to  compel  a  surrender  of  the  charter. 

The  assembly  was  in  session,  and  sat  until  evening,  when  suddenly  the  lamps 
were  put  out,  and  on  religliting  them,  the  charter,  wliich  had  been  lying  on  the 
table,  had  disappeared.  It  was  then  hidden  in  a  tree,  known  thereafter  as  the 
Charter  Oak,  and  preserved  from  him.  lie,  however,  took  possession  of  the  gov- 
ernment, writing  upon  the  volume  of  the  records  his  transfer,  and  inscribing  upon 
it,  in  capitals,  the  word  Finis.  Captain  Joseph  Wadsworth  took  the  charter  and 
Bt'cretcd  it. 

1687,  October.  —  The  jurisdiction  of  the  disputed  Narvagan- 
sett  territory  was  given  to  Rhode  Island,  by  Governor  Andros. 
This  was  the  territory  set  aside  as  the  King's  Province. 

1687,  November.  —  Governor  Andrea  visited  Rhode  Island, 
and  at  Newport  demanded  the  charter,  but  as  it  could  not  be 
found,  he  broke  the  seal  of  the  state. 

Tlie  charter  had  been  intrusted  by  Governor  Clarke  to  his  brother,  who  kept 
it  concealed.     A  new  seal  was  made  as  soon  as  it  was  needed. 

1687.  —  This  year  there  were  six  ch  irches  of  baptized  Indiana 
in  Massachusetts,  twenty-four  native  preachers,  and  eighteen 
assembhes  of  catechumens  professing  Christianity. 

1687.  —  Bricks  and  pan-tyles  paid  a  duty  on  importation  into 
New  York  of  forty  shillings  on  the  liundred  pounds'  worth. 

1687.  — The  Baron  la  Ilonton  visited  Niagara. 

1687.  —  A  NEW  assembly  in  Carolina  proved  more  refractory 
than  the  last. 

The  freemen,  it  is  said,  chose  "  such  members  as  engaged  to  oppose  the  gover- 
nor  in  all  things."  The  attempt  being  made  to  collect  the  quit-rents,  the  assembly 
imprisoned  the  secretary  of  the  province,  and  set  the  governor  at  defiance. 

1687.  —  An  army  from  Canada  proceeded  against  the  Indians. 

It  consiated  of  eight  hundred  French  regulars,  a  thousand  Canadian  troops,  and 
three  hundred  friendly  Indians.  They  built  a  fort  at  Niagara,  and  ravaged  the 
country  of  the  Seneca  Indians. 

1688,  April  7.  —  A  new  commission  was  sent  to  Sir  Edmund 
Andros,  extending  his  government  over  all  New  England,  tind 
annexing  New  York  and  the  Jerseys. 

He  was  given  a  council  of  forty-two  persons.  Five  were  to  be  a  quorum  in 
certain  cases,  and  seven  at  any  time.  Liberty  of  conscience  was  permitted,  but 
the  freedom  of  the  press  was  subject  to  the  will  of  Andros. 

1688,  July  5.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  received  his  new  com- 
nission,  and  moved  his  headquarters  to  New  York. 

1688. — The  price  ia  Pliiladelpbia  for  spinning  worsted  or 


M  " 


148 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1688-9. 


linen  was  two  shillings  the  pound,  and  for  knitting  coarse  yarn 
stockings,  half  a  crown  a  pair.  For  weaving  linen  half  a  yard 
wide,  twelve  pence  a  yard.  Wool  carders  were  paid  twelve 
pence  a  pound,  and  journeymen  tailors,  twelve  shillings  a  week 
and  "  their  diet." 

1688.  —  Mr.  Clayton,  in  a  letter  of  this  date  to  the  Royal 
Society,  speaks  of  the  superior  quality  of  the  clay  found  in  Vir- 
ginia, and  says  he  had  made  a  largo  crucible  of  it,  which  was  the 
best  he  had  ever  seen. 

He  mentions  also  the  pipes  and  pots,  very  handsomely  made,  by  the  Indians, 
out  of  clay. 

1688.  —  The  King's  Chapel,  the  first  Episcopal  church,  was 
built  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1688.  —  The  discontent  in  Virginia  increased.  The  governor, 
Effingham,  went  to  England,  and  the  assembly  sent  an  agent  there 
to  complain  of  his  conduct. 

During  Effingham's  absence,  the  president  of  the  council,  Nathaniel  Bacon, 
administered  the  government. 

1688.  —  The  Iroquois  made  peace  with  the  French,  who  aban- 
doned their  Ibrt  and  surrendered  the  prisoners  they  had  made. 

Some  of  their  Indian  prisoners  had  been  shipped  to  France  to  serve  in  the 
galleys. 

1689.  —  A  "NEWS  PLACARD,"  a  sheet  to  be  posted  up,  giving 
the  news,  is  said  to  have  been  printed  this  year  in  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1689.  —  A  RELIGIOUS  controversy,  which  became  very  acri- 
monious, began  between  the  Quakers  of  Pennsylvania  and  the 
settlers  of  New  England. 

It  began  by  a  tract  written  by  George  Keith,  of  Philadelphia,  and  printed  by 
"William  Bradford,  arraigning  the  ministers  and  churches  of  New  England  for  their 
persecution  of  the  Quakers. 

1689.  —  Six  years  after  its  settlement,  Philadelphia  contained 
one  thousand  houses,  and  freighted  ten  ships  for  the  West  Indies 
alone,  with  the  produce  of  the  province.  About  this  time  four- 
teen cargoes  of  tobacco  were  exported  in  a  year. 

1689.  —  A  PUBLIC  high  school  was  established  in  Philadelphia 
and  chartered  by  Penn. 

1689.  —  The  three  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware  began  to 
question  the  authority  by  which  they  had  been  transferred  to  the 
jurisdiction  of  Pennsylvania. 

1689.  —  CoLETON,  the  governor  of  Carolina,  declared  martial 
law,  and  called  out  the  militia. 

1689,  April  18.  — r  News  having  been  received  at  Boston  of 


1689.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


149 


the  successful  revolution  in  England  and  the  flight  of  King  Jamea, 
a  meeting  was  held  at  the  town  house,  and  Governor  Androa  was 
summoned  to  surrender  the  government. 

Captain  George  of  the  frigate  Rose  was  seized  and  put  in  prison,  and  the  next 
day  the  castle  surrendered.  Twenty-five  officers  of  the  government  were  im- 
prisoned. 

1689,  April  23. —  The  news  reached  Rhode  Island,  and 
Dudley,  the  chief  justice,  was  seized  and  imprisoned. 

1689,  May  1.  —  The  freemen  of  Rhode  Island  met  at  Newport 
and  resumed  the  government  under  the  charter. 

An  address  was  prepared  to  "  the  present  supreme  power  of  England,"  stating 
what  had  been  done,  and  praying  that  it  might  be  confirmed. 

1689,  May  9.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  was  convened 
and  the  charter  resumed. 

1689,  May  22.  —  In  Massachusetts,  a  convention  of  represcLta- 
tives  from  the  towns  was  held,  and  it  was  voted  to  reorganize  the 
government  with  the  same  officers  who  had  been  superseded. 

Plymouth  had  before  resumed  its  government.  The  officers  in  Massachusetts 
accepted  provisionally,  saying  they  did  "not  intend  an  assumption  of  charter 
government." 

1689,  May  23.  —  The  council  in  Virginia  proclaimed  William 
and  Mary  "  Lord  and  Lady  of  Virginia." 

They  did  so  only  after  orders  were  received  from  the  privy  council  of  England. 

1689,  May  26.  — The  news  was  received  at  Boston  that  William 
and  Mary  had  ascended  the  throne. 

As  the  news  spread,  the  new  dynasty  was  proclaimed  throughout  New  Engl.and. 

1689,  June  1.  —  An  insurrection  of  the  people  in  New  York 
city  captured  the  fort,  and  the  militia,  consisting  of  five  com- 
panies, making  their  captain,  Jacob  Leisler,  commander,  agreed 
to  hold  the  fort  "  for  the  present  Protestant  power  that  rules  in 
England." 

The  Protestant  sentiment  of  the  people  was  greatly  excited  by  a  rumor  of  a 
plot,  by  the  adlierents  of  James  II.  to  massacre  those  opposed  to  Catliolicism.  A 
committee  of  s.afcty,  consisting  of  ten  members,  Dutch,  Huguenot,  and  English, 
made  Leisler  "captain  of  the  fort,"  and  authorized  him  "to  use  the  power  and 
autliority  of  commander-in-chief  until  orders  shall  come  from  their  majesties;" 
meanwhile  "to  do  all  such  acts  as  are  requisite  for  the  good  of  the  province, 
takin;,'  council  with  the  militia  and  civil  authority  as  occasion  may  require."  A 
deputation  from  Connecticut  promised  aid,  and  advised  persistence.  Leisler 
wrote  to  the  king  an  account  of  his  proceedings,  and  Nicholson,  the  governor, 
loft  the  province  for  England.  The  members  of  the  council  retired  to  Albany, 
where  tiiey  claimed  to  be  the  only  true  government,  denounced  Leisler  as  an  "arch 
rebel,"  and  professed  loyalty  to  the  new  sovereigns  in  England. 

1689.  —  Albany,  fearing,  an  attack  from  ^he  Indians,  had  asked 


150 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1689. 


aid  from  New  York,  which  Leisler  sent,  but  the  council  refused 
to  receive  it,  and  asked  aid  from  Connecticut,  which  was  given. 

1689,  July  30.  —  An  order  was  issued  from  the  English  gov- 
ernment, requiring  the  authorities  of  Massachusetts  to  send  Sir 
Edmund  Andros  and  the  rest  of  the  prisoners  to  England  by  the 
first  vessel. 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  cscilpcd  from  the  castle  in  which  he  was  imprisoned,  and 
fled  to  Newport,  where  he  was  captured  and  sent  hack  to  Boston,  and  again  im- 
prisoned. The  order  from  England  had  heen  obtained  from  William  III.  by  the 
representations  of  Increase  Mather,  who  had  before  the  revolution  gone  to  Eng- 
land to  represent  the  cause  of  the  colony. 

1689,  August.  —  The  Iroquois  broke  their  peace  with  the 
French,  and  surprising  Montreal,  spread  terror  all  over  Canada. 

About  two  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  were  killed  and  as  riany  carried  off  as 
captives.  The  population  of  Canada  amounted  at  this  time  to  about  eleven  thou- 
sand persons,  and  was  scattered  sparsely  over  an  immense  ter/itory.  While  the 
head-waters  of  the  rivers  flowing  into  the  Atlantic  were  wholly  unexplored,  tmd 
much  of  the  coast  itself  was  unvisited,  the  fur  traders  and  missionat.'es  of  tiie 
French  had  explored  the  lakes  of  the  West,  the  Mississippi  in  its  entire  length, 
and  many  of  its  tributaries.  The  population  of  Acadia  did  not  exceed  two  thou- 
sand, none  of  the  settlements  being  much  more  tlun  trading  stations.  The 
Indians  were,  however,  entirely  under  French  influence,  'ind  added  nmch  to  their 
strength. 

1689,  August.  —  A  convention  in  Maryland  deposed  Lord  Bal- 
timore, and  proclaimed  William  and  Mary. 

It  was  called  by  an  "association  in  arms  for  the  defence  of  the  Protestant 
religion."  All  the  counties  were  not  represented.  A  story  had  been  circulated 
that  the  Papists  were  in  league  with  the  Indians  to  massacre  the  Protestants. 
The  council  had  delayed  to  proclaim  the  new  sovereigns.  Lord  Baltimore  sent 
orders  to  do  so  by  a  special  messenger,  who  arrived  after  the  insurrection  had 
successfully  established  itself.  The  convention  sent  an  address  to  the  new  sover- 
eigns, and  a  letter  to  Leisler,  at  New  York. 

1689.  —  Circular  letters  were  sent  from  England  to  the  colo- 
nies, confirming  the  authority  of  colonial  officers  holding  com- 
missions from  the  late  king. 

Under  this  the  revolutionary  government  in  Maryland  retained  command  for 
three  years.  Later,  a  letter  to  New  York,  addressed  to  "  such  as,  for  the  tiniL' 
being,  administer  affairs,"  was  received  by  Leisler,  and  under  it  he  assumed  the 
title  of  lieutenant-governor,  arrested  his  chief  opponents,  and  called  an  assembly. 

1689,  October.  —  Count  Frontenac  arrived  in  Canada  as  gov- 
ernor. 

He  had  been  recommissioned,  and  brought  with  him  troops,  supplies,  and  such 
Indian  captives  as  had  survived  the  galleys,  and  a  plan  for  conquering  and  occu- 
pying New  York.  While  he  advanced  by  land,  the  Chevalier  dc  la  Coffinierc  was 
to  attack  it  by  sea.  The  garrison  had  retired  from  Fort  Frontenac,  after  burning 
the  fort.     Three  war  parties  were  soon  sent  out. 


next,  there  to 


1690.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOETU  AMERICA. 


161 


1690.  —  The  whale-fishery  was  commenced  on  a  large  scale  in 

Nantucket. 

From  the  enrliest  period  of  the  settlement  of  the  country  this  branch  of  fishing 
had  been  practised  near  the  shore  in  small  boats,  but  in  this  year  the  first  distant 
voyage  for  tills  specific  purpose  was  made  from  this  port. 

Ichabod  Paddock,  from  Cape  Cod,  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  man  in  Nan- 
tucket  who  captured  a  whale  in  a  boat  from  the  shore.     He  did  so  this  year. 

1690.  —  Berwick,  Maine,  was  assaulted  by  the  Indiana,  who 
killed  thirty  of  the  settlers,  carried  olf  fifty-four  captives,  and 
burned  all  the  buildings. 

The  Indians  were  one  of  Frontenac's  parties. 

1690.  —  PouGHKEEPSiE,  on  the  Hudson  River,  was  settled  by 
Dutch  families  from  New  York  city. 

In  1778  the  legislature  was  convened  at  Poughkeepsic  by  Governor  Clinton, 
which  gave  its  assent  to  the  articles  of  confederation ;  and  here,  on  .Inly  26,  1788, 
the  national  constitution  was  ratified  by  the  state  convention  assembled  for  the 
purpose.  In  1 854  a  city  charter  was  granted  the  town.  There  are  large  iron- 
works established  hero,  various  factories,  and  Vassar's  brewery  works,  from  which 
over  tliirty  thousand  barrels  of  ale  a  year  are  sent. 

1690,  February.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  sent  from  Boston, 
as  a  prisoner,  to  England  for  trial. 

The  charges  against  Andres  were  prepared  by  Sir  Henry  Ashurst,  Increase 
Mather,  and  others,  and  were  answered  by  him.  A  copy  of  the  charges,  and  the 
reply,  are  in  the  State  P.aper  Office  in  London.  The  charges  were  dis:  lissed  by 
William  III.  on  the  ground  of  insufficiency;  that  Andros  had  done  nothvig  which 
his  instructions  did  not  fully  warrant. 

1690,  February  8.  —  The  Indians  from  Canada  attacked  and 
slauglitored  the  settlement  at  Schenectady.  A  few  inhabitants 
escaped  and  fled  to  Albany. 

This  massacre  produced  a  great  excitement  throughout  all  the  colonies,  and 
miule  the  necessity  of  union  for  their  defence  more  apparent.  The  Five  Nations 
sent  a  delegation  of  their  chiefs  to  Albany  on  a  visit  of  condolence.  "  Bretheren," 
tlicy  said,  "  we  come  with  tears  in  our  eyes  to  bemoan  the  blood  shed  at  Schenec- 
tady by  the  perfidious  French.  Bretheren,  be  patient.  Send  to  New  England. 
Tell  them  what  has  happened.     They  will  lend  us  a  helping  hand." 

1690,  March  19.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  sent 
out  an  invitation  to  the  other  cohmies  to  meet  and  take  measures 
for  their  defence.  This  was  the  first  call  for  a  general  congress 
in  America. 

The  order  was  thus  entered:  "Their  majestys'  subjects  in  these  northern 
plantations  of  America  having  of  late  been  invaded  by  the  French  and  Indians, 
and  many  of  them  barbarously  murdered,  and  nre  in  great  danger  of  further 
mischiefs  :  For  the  prevention  whereof,  it  is  by  this  court  thought  necessary  that 
letters  be  written  to  the  several  governors  of  the  neighbouring  colonics,  desiring 
them  to  appoint  commissioners  to  meet  at  New  York  on  the  last  Monday  of  April 
next,  there  to  advise  and  conclude  on  suitable  methods  in  assisting  each  other  for 


152 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ri690. 


the  safety  of  the  whole  land,  and  that  the  governor  of  New  York  be  desired  to 
signify  the  same  to  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  parts  adjacent." 

1690,  Apri".  2.  —  Jacob  Leisler,  then  acting  as  governor  of  New 
York,  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  governors,  and  on  the 
Ist  of  May  the  delegates  from  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  Connecti- 
cut, and  New  York  met,  and  agreed  to  raise  eight  hundred  and 
fifty-five  men. 

The  delegates  from  Massachusetts  were  William  Stoughton  and  Samuel  Sewall ; 
from  Connecticut,  Nathaniel  Gold  and  William  Pitkin;  from  I'lymouth,  ,Iolm 
Walley;  from  New  York,  Jacob  Leisler  and  1'.  D.  Lanoy,  tlie  mayor  of  tiio  city. 
The  agreement  provided  for  the  contingent  to  be  furnished  by  each  of  the  colo- 
nies ;  the  major  commanding  the  force  to  l)e  appointed  by  the  lieutenant-ji^ovcrnor 
of  New  York,  and  the  next  in  command  by  the  colonies  of  Massacliiisctts,  I'lym- 
outh,  and  Connecticut.  Tliat  "  all  plunder  and  capture  (if  any  happen)  shall  bo 
divided  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  according  to  the  custom  of  war."  Tliat  the 
major  and  the  rest  of  the  conmiissioued  officers  should  form  a  council  of  war. 
That  the  soldiers  sent  out  should  be  employed  in  no  other  service  than  tliis, 
■without  the  further  consent  of  tiie  colonies.  That  the  "officers  be  required  to 
maintain  good  order  among  the  soldiers,  to  discountenance  and  punish  vice,  and 
as  much  as  may  be  to  keep  the  Sabbath  and  maintain  the  worship  of  God."  The 
lesolvc  to  attack  Canada  was  the  result  of  the  meeting. 

1690,  August  2.  —  The  law  officers  of  the  crown  rendered  an 
opinion  that  the  charter  of  Connecticut  having  been  not  revoked, 
but  suspended,  remained  still  in  full  force. 

This  opinion  was  also  given  later  concerning  Rhode  Island,  and  this  decision 
justified  the  resumption  of  the  government  by  both  colonies. 

1690,  August  12.  —  An  expedition,  under  Sir  William  Phipps, 
Bailed  from  Boston  to  conquer  Canada. 

It  consisted  of  thirty-two  vessels,  and  was  defeated  at  Quebec.  To  pay  the 
expenses  of  this  expedition,  the  first  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made.  Earlier  in 
the  year,  Phipps  had  commanded  an  expedition  which  captured  Port  Royal  and 
pillaged  the  country.  The  land  forces  to  attack  Montreal  were  equally  unsuccess- 
ful. 

1690,  September  25.  —  The  first  newspaper  in  America  was 
issued  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  by  Richard  Pierce.  It  was 
suppressed  by  the  legislature,  because  "  it  came  out  contrary  to 
law,  and  contained  reflections  of  a  very  high  nature." 

The  only  copy  of  the  first  number  of  this  issue  which  is  known  to  exist  was 
found  some  years  ago  in  the  Colonial  State  Paper  Office  in  London.  It  bears  tiie 
following  date  and  imprint :  "  Boston,  Thursday,  September  2i"ith,  1G90.  Printed 
by  R.  Pierce  for  Benjamin  Harris,  at  the  London  Coffee  House,  1G90."  The 
Publisher  promises  that  the  country  "  shall  be  furnished  once  a  nioneth,  (or,  if  a 
Glut  of  Occurences  happen,  oftencr,)  with  an  Account  of  such  considerable 
things  as  have  occurred  unto  our  notice ;  to  give  a  faithful  relation  of  all  such 
things;  to  enlighten  the  public  as  to  the  occurrents  of  Divi.ic  Provii  rice," the 
circumstances  of  public  affairs  at  home  and  abroad;  to  attempt  tlie  cu.  ing,  or  at 
least  the  charming  of  the  spirit  of  lying  then  prevalent ;  and  to  aid  in  tracing 
out  and  convicting  the  raisers  of  false  reports.     It  gives  a  summary  of  current 


1690-1.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


153 


events,  of  the  departure  of  the  expedition  under  Sir  Wni.  Phipps  for  Canada;  of 
tlie  ravages  of  tiic  sniall-pox,  and  a  inulif^nant  fever  at  Boston ;  of  a  Are  there  on 
tiie  IGtli  and  17th  which  burned  several  houses,  caused  one  death,  and  destroyed 
tlie  "  best  furnished  Printing  Press  of  those  few  we  know  of  in  America."  It 
mentions  the  capture  of  St.  Christopher  by  the  French,  and  the  landing  of  King 
William  in  Ireland  at  tlie  head  of  an  army,  together  with  otlier  items  of  news. 
This  entire  paper  is  reprinted  in  Hudson's  Jouriialiam  in  the  United  States. 

Benjamin  Harris,  who  published  this  paper,  was  a  printer  and  bookseller  from 
London,  M-here  the  discontent  of  the  authorities  witli  liis  publications  caused  him 
to  go  to  Boston,  in  New  England.  He  subsequently  moved  from  the  London 
Colfee  House  to  Cornhill,  where  he  operated  a  press  chiefly  for  booksellers.  In 
1G'J2  lie  had  a  commission  from  Governor  Phipps  to  print  the  laws. 

1G90,  OcTODEB  29.  —  The  small-pox  broke  out  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

It  was  so  virulent  that  the  assen.bly  was  not  held  there  this  year. 

1690.  —  Thk  six  councillors  from  the  three  southern  counties 
of  Pennsylvania  seceded,  and  set  up  an  independent  government 
for  tliemsclves. 

William  Penn  finally  consented  to  it,  and  appointed  Markham  his  deputy  for 
the  Delaware  counties,  and  Lloyd  his  deputy  for  Pennsylvania.  Early  the  next 
year  Penn  himself  was,  by  an  order  of  the  privy  council  in  England,  deprived  of 
his  administration  of  both  these  provinces. 

1G90.  —  Samuel  Green,  a  son  of  the  superintendent  of  the 
first  press  at  Cambridge,  and  his  wife,  who  was  a  most  efficient 
aid  to  him  in  his  business  of  printing,  died  of  the  small-pox  in 
Boston,  and  his  brother,  Bartholomew  Green,   commenced  the 

business. 

Bartliolo  w  Green  was  for  about  forty  years  the  printer  for  the  government, 
and  the  leai    wj  publisher  in  Boston. 

1690.  —  This  year,  in  New  York,  a  number  of  the  London 
GazcUi ,  it  is  said,  was  reprinted  in  order  to  give  the  public  infor- 
mation of  the  events  which  had  transpired. 

This  copy  of  the  Gazette  is  said  to  have  contained  an  account  of  an  engage- 
ment with  the  French.  It  is,  however,  quite  problematical  whether  this  is  true, 
since  at  this  time  there  is  no  record  of  the  existence  of  u  printing-press  in  New 
York  city. 

1690,  December.  —  The  first  issue  of  paper  money  was  made 
by  Massachusetts.  • 

It  was  to  p.ay  the  expense  incurred  for  the  expedition  against  Canada.  Until 
1704  the  issue  was  cancelled  each  year,  each  issue  being  considered  a  loan  for  its 
amount.  The  notes  ranged  from  five  shillings  to  five  pounds,  and  the  amount 
issued  was  forty  thousand  pounds.  They  were  receivable  for  taxes,  and  redeem- 
able out  of  any  money  in  the  treasury. 

1691,  March. —  Colonel  Henry  Sloughter  arrived  at  New  York 
with  a  commission  as  governor  from  William  III. 


154 


ANNALS  or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1691. 


An  indopcndunt  company  of  EnKli^li  Roldicra  was  Rcnt  over  at  the  Ramo  time, 
for  the  defence  of  the  province.  Sloughtur  caused  the  arrest  of  Lcisler  and  lUi 
council  for  hi^h  treason. 

1691,  April.  —  William  III.  granted  a  charxor  to  a  college  in 
Virginia. 

It  was  intended  to  educate  ministers  for  tho  Church  of  England,  and  also  for 
the  education  of  the  Indians.  The  collef^e  was  provided  with  a  president,  six 
professors,  and  a  hundred  seliulurs,  more  or  less,  who  had  a  representative  in  tlio 
House  of  Burgesses.  It  was  under  the  control  of  a  rector  and  eighteen  visitors, 
who  filled  their  own  vacancies.  The  king  granted  quit-rents,  unpaid,  amounting 
to  two  thousand  pounds,  twenty  thousand  acres  of  land,  a  duty  on  tobacco,  and 
tiie  office  of  surveyor-general,  while  the  assembly  granted  it  a  duty  on  skins  and 
furs. 

1691,  May  16.  —  Jacob  Leisler  and  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Mil- 
borno,  wore  hanged,  and  their  heads  then  severed  from  their 
bodies. 

Jacob  Leislcr  was  a  native  of  Frankfort,  Germany,  and  emigrated  as  a  soldier 
to  New  Amsterdam  in  IGCO.  Soon  commencing  business  as  a  mcrcli  nt,  he  was 
successful,  and  in  1G83  was  appointed  one  of  the  commissioners  of  a  court  of 
adminilty.  A  hearty  supporter  of  tho  cause  of  popular  rights  against  the  aristo- 
cratic tendency  of  the  rulers  then  in  authority,  he  was  imprisoned  by  Andres. 
When  the  popular  movement  overthrew  the  government  established  by  James  II., 
Leisler  accepted  the  position  of  lieutenant-governor  from  a  "  committee  of 
safety,"  composed  of  delegates  from  tho  several  towns  .ind  the  city.  His  admin- 
istration was  rigorous.  The  opposition  pursued  him  with  rancor,  and  finally  a 
special  court,  of  which  .Joseph  Dudley,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  judge, 
tried  him  for  treason,  and  sentenced  him,  with  his  son-in-law,  Jacob  Milborne, 
to  death.  On  the  scaffold  he  ended  his  remarks  by  saying:  "I  am  a  dying  man, 
and  do  declare  before  God  and  the  world  that  what  I  have  done  was  for  King 
William  and  Queen  Mary,  for  the  defence  of  the  Protestant  religion,  and  tiie  good 
of  the  country.  I  am  ready  —  I  am  ready."  Increase  Mather,  in  a  letter  to 
Dudley,  the  judge  who  condemned  him,  written  January  20,  1708,  says:  "lam 
afraid  that  the  guilt  of  innocent  blood  is  still  crying  in  the  e.ars  of  the  Lord 
against  you ;  I  mean  the  blood  of  Leisler  and  Milborne.  My  Lord  Bellamont 
said  to  me  that  he  was  one  of  the  committee  of  parliament  who  examined  the 
matter,  and  that  those  men  were  not  only  murdered,  but  barbarously  murdered." 
The  dying  speeches  of  Leisler  and  Milborne  are  in  the  Documentary  History  of 
New  York.  The  Privy  Council  recommended  their  estates  to  be  restored,  and 
Parliament  subsequently  reversed  their  attainder  for  treason. 

1691,  August  6.  —  The  governor  and  council  of  New  York,  in 
a  petition  to  the  king,  advocated  the  union  of  the  colonies. 

They  said :  "  There  can  be  nothing  in  America  more  conducive  to  your 
majesty's  dignity  and  advantage,  and  for  the  safety  of  your  majesty's  subjects 
upon  this  continent,  than  that  Connecticut,  East  and  West  New  Jersey,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  the  three  lower  counties  (Delaware),  be  re-annexed  to  your  Majesty's 
province  (New  York),  which  will  then  be  a  government  of  sufficient  extent." 

1691,  October  7. — The  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay  was 


1691.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


155 


incorporatofl  by  a  charter  isBUod  by  William  and  Mary,  witli  Sir 
Williivin  Pliipps  as  governor. 

By  its  tornn  this  charter  covered  the  followinit  territory :  The  colony  of  Mnssa- 
chusetts  llay,  the  colony  of  New  Plymouth,  the  province  of  M.  ino,  the  territory 
called  Acudiu,  Nova  Scotia,  uud  uU  thiU  tract  of  land  called  Sagadahoc,  lyint; 
between  Nova  Scotia  and  Maine.  Westward,  it  extended  towards  the  South  Sea 
as  fur  as  the  colonies  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut,  and  the  NarrnKansett 
country.  The  Kovornor,  lieutcnant-ffovernor,  and  secretary,  were  appointed  by 
the  crovn.  The  governor  had  a  veto  on  the  acts  of  the  general  court,  the  repro- 
gentatives  of  which  were  elected  by  the  people,  while  the  councillors,  for  the  flr.st 
year  nominated  by  the  crown,  were  yearly  elected  afterwards  by  the  representa- 
tives and  the  previous  council.  A  superior  court  was  established  from  whioh 
appeals  lay  to  the  king  in  council.  Toleration  was  given  to  all  sects  but  papists. 
The  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  all  possessors  of  a  freehold  of  forty  shillings, 
or  personal  property  of  forty  pounds. 

1691.  —  The  first  assembly  convened  in  New  York  after  the 
Revolution  consisted  of  seventeen  delegates. 

Its  acts  stand  first  in  the  series  of  New  York  statutes,  the  iJutch  usages  being 
now  abandoned.  One  of  its  acts  was  the  repeal  of  all  former  laws.  The  king 
vetoed  a  statute  declaring  the  right  of  the  people  to  legislate  through  an  assembly ; 
but  the  assembly  was  not  consequently  abandoned. 

1691.  —  Under  the  authority  of  the  act  passed  in  1G81,  all  the 
flour  not  bolted  in  New  York  city  was  ordered  to  be  seized. 

This  year  a  petition  was  sent  to  the  king,  as  follows:  " The  humble  addrosa 
of  the  Governor  and  Council  of  your  Majesty's  Trovince  of  New  Yorke  and  De- 
pendencys,  August  Cth,  1G91,"  in  which  it  was  stated:  "New  Yorke  is  the 
Metropolis,  is  scituate  upon  a  barren  island,  bounded  by  Hudson's  River  and  the 
East  Hiver,  that  runs  into  the  Sound,  and  hath  nothing  to  support  it  but  trade, 
which  chiefly  flows  from  flower  and  bread  they  make  of  tiie  come  the  west  end 
of  Long  Island,  and  Zopus  (Esopus)  produccth,  which  is  sent  to  the  West  Indies ; 
and  there  is  brought  in  return  from  thence  a  liquor  called  Runime,  the  duty 
whereof  considerably  incrcaseth  your  Majestie's  revenue." 

1691.  —  A':  act  of  the  assembly  of  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
was  passed  this  year  to  encourage  the  making  of  "  engines  Tor 
the  propagating  the  Staples  of  the  Colony." 

1691.  —  The  assembly  in  Virginia  appointed  searchers  and 
examiners  of  leather. 

A  special  colonial  treasurer  was  created  to  receive  the  tax  on  liquors  imported, 
and  that  on  furs. 

1691.  —  Colonel  Church  led  an  expedition  against  the  East- 
ern Indians. 

He  destroyed  an  Indian  village  at  the  s'te  of  Lcwiston,  Maine,  on  the  Andros- 
coggin, putting  a  number  of  captives  to  death  without  regard  to  age  or  sex. 

1691,  November.  —  Port  Royal  was  recaptured  by  the  French. 

An  armed  ship  fVom  France,  commanded  by  Villcbon,  captured  it.  Villebon 
established  himself  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's,  and  supplied  the  Eastern 
Indians  with  arms  and  ammunition. 


:■ 


it 

f'l 


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m 


156 


ANNALS  OF  NOUTH  AMERICA. 


[1C92. 


1692,  May  14.  — Sir  William  Phipps  arrived  at  Boston,  aud 
entoreci  upon  his  duties  as  governor. 

1G02,  July  2.  —  Sir  William  Phipps  wrote  to  Rhode  Island, 
requiring  by  iiis  commisHion  the  command  of  the  militia  of  that 
colony  to  Ix;  given  him,  and  asking  a  statement  of  their  numbers 
to  be  sent  him. 

Ho  Hoon  nftcr  acnt  commiBsions  to  bo  distributod,  by  wliich  those  hoUlinff 
positions  wore  displiicccl.  Tiic  assembly  was  eonveiied  AuRUst  2,  and  ordered 
the  i)i-oNont  ofHcorH  to  hold  their  positions,  and  prepared  an  address  to  the  king. 
Durin)^  the  winter,  Phipps  came  to  Uiiode  Lshind,  a\id  read  liis  commission  to  the 
governor,  who  replied,  that  if  the  assembly  had  any  further  reply  to  make,  ho 
would  write  it. 

1692.  —  The  persecution  of  witchcraft  culminated  this  year. 
Sir  W^illiam  Phipps,  bv  the  advice  of  his  council,  organized  a 
special  court  for  the  trial  of  tho  accused. 

By  the  orgiinizution  of  the  superior  co-^rt,  the  specinl  one  for  witch  trials  was 
superseded.  The  general  court  having  b/  an  act  made  witchcraft  a  onpital 
offence,  the  king  vetoed  it,  and,  after  more  than  twenty  persons  had  been  exe- 
cuted, despite  tlic  efforts  of  the  Mathers  and  other  ministers  to  sustain  the  excite. 
inent,  public  opinion  prevailed,  and  there  wcro  no  more  convictions. 

1692.  —  An  ordinance  was  issued  by  Charles  II.  of  Spain, 
making  it  a  capital  oflence  for  any  foreigner  to  enter  the  Spanish 
possessions  without  a  royal  permit. 

Even  ISpimiards  wore  forbiddc  n,  under  severe  penaltiea,  from  visiting  olier 
than  their  own  country.  Ships  putting  into  ports  in  distress  were  confiscatt  d. 
The  inhabitants  of  different  provinces  were  forbidden  any  intercourse  with  ea  ii 
other,  and  trade  of  all  kinds  was  subjected  to  burdensome  taxes,  everything  solii 
being  subject  to  a  duty.  To  enforce  this  ordinance,  a  guard  of  vessels  was  organ- 
iz;!d  along  tlie  coast  of  the  Spanish  possessions,  and  the  rigor  with  which  it  per- 
formed its  duty  was  one  of  the  chief  causes  why  the  Spanish  commerce  from 
America  came  to  bo  considered  almost  as  a  free  field  for  the  adventurers  of  other 
nations  tu  gather  plunder  in. 

1692,  September.  —  Benjamin  Fletcher  was  sent  as  governor 
of  New  York. 

1692. — A  ROYAL  letter  w^as  sent  to  all  the  colonics,  except 
Carolina,  ordering  them  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  Now  York 
against  tho  Indians  of  Canada. 

A  colonial  congress  for  arranging  the  quotas  was  also  suggested. 

1692,  October.  —  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  appointed  gover- 
nor of  Virginia  as  the  successor  of  Etfingham. 

The  assembly  of  Virginia,  before  the  accession  of  Andros,  passed  nets  for 
"the  more  effectual  suppressing  tiie  several  sins  and  offenses  of  swearing,  curs- 
ing, profaning  God's  holy  name,  Sabbath  abusing,  drunkenness,  fornication  and 
adultery."  They  were  most  of  them  punished  with  fines  of  various  amounts,  one 
third  of  which  was  given  the  informer,  one  third  to  the  church  of  the  parisli,  and 
one  third  to  the  minister.    Kesisting  runaway  slaves  were  to  be  killed  "by  guns. 


1692-3.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


157 


or  nny  otlicr  wny  whntgocvor,"  tho  mnstcr  in  sucli  cn«c«  receiving  from  tlic  i)ul)lic 
four  lliDUsnnd  pounilit  of  tol)acco.  Any  wliite  inun  or  woman  IntorniiirryinK  with 
»ninn>,  nnilntto,  or  Imliiin,  wan  to  bu  ItiiniNlu'd.  Wliito  wonu-n  liavin^?  mulatto 
cliililrin  witliout  murriaBC,  to  piiy  fiftct-n  i)oun(l.s  uti-rliiig.  or  to  l)o  sold  for  five 
ycnrH,  tl\c  cliild  to  bo  b  jund  as  a  servant  until  tliirty  years  old.  No  slave  was  to 
be  frued  unless  the  person  K'vini?  liini  liii  freedom  sitotild  within  six  montlis  i)ay 
the  cost  of  his  tran»4portation  out  of  tlie  eountry.  (iuilty  slaves  were  to  be  tried 
l)y  a  commission  issued  by  tho  governor,  "without  tho  solemnity  of  a  jury." 
Owners  were  responsible  for  tho  damage  done  by  slaves  "  whero  there  is  no 
Cliristian  overseer." 

1602. —  (lEORGB  Keith,  in  Pluladolphia,  havinp;  charged  tho 
Friends  with  a  doparturo  from  their  pacific  principles  by  aiding 
ill  tho  capture  of  a  privateer,  a  contest  arose  in  which  Bradford, 
wlio  had  printed  his  pamphlets,  became  involved,  and  his  press 
and  materials  wore  seized,  and  he,  with  McComb,  tho  publisher, 
imprisoned,  but  released  after  tho  trial. 

1692.  —  The  tcvp  of  York,  Maine,  contracted  with  a  person  in 
Portsmouth  to  orect  a  grist-mill  for  them,  giving  a  grant  of  tho 
land  necessary,  tho  use  of  tho  stream,  a  plot  of  ground  with  cer- 
tain privileges  for  cutting  lumber,  and  agreeing  that  tho  towns- 
people should  carry  their  grain  to  bo  ground  there  as  long  as  tho 
mill  was  kept  in  repair. 

1692.  —  A  ROYAL  commission  provided  for  Now  Hampshire, 
that  a  governor;  a  council,  and  a  house  of  representatives  should 
bo  elected  by  tho  towns. 

Tlicy  were  to  form  two  bodies,  sitting  separately,  and  acting  as  co-ordinato 
brandies. 

1692.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  order 
requiring  buildings  of  a  certain  sizo  to  bo  of  stone  or  brick,  and 
to  bo  covered  with  slates  or  tiles. 

1692.  —  William  Copley  was  sent  to  Maryland  with  a  com- 
mission as  governor. 

An  iisscinbly  repealed  tho  laws  in  existence,  and  enacted  a  new  code.  The 
Ciiurch  of  England  was  established  by  law.  The  province  was  divided  into  thirty 
parishes,  and  every  tithablc  taxed  forty  pounds  of  tobacco  for  the  support  of  the 
parish  ministers. 

1693,  January.  —  The  town  book  of  Waterbury,  Connecticut, 
contains  an  order  that  "  tharo  was  sequesterd  the  great  brook 
from  edman  Scots  lot  down  to  Samuell  hickox,  Jr.  lot  for  to  build 
a  fulling  mill." 

There  is  no  evidence  that  a  mill  was  built  there  before  1728,  or  1730. 

1693,  February  17.  —  A  royal  patent  was  granted  to  Thomas 
Neale,  for  the  period  of  twenty-one  years,  to  establish  post  routes 
in  America. 

He  authorized  Andrew  Hamilton  to  carrj  out  the  work.     He  arranged  the 


158 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1693. 


routes,  and  proposed  to  the  Massachusetts  government,  Mrxch  SO,  to  eitablish  a 
weekly  mail  from  Boston  to  Virginia. 

1693,  April.  —  The  assembly  of  Vi.ginia  authorized  rates  of 
postage,  and  the  establishment  of  a  post-offi  ^e  in  each  county. 

The  act  mentioned  tlie  patent  to  Thomas  Noalc. 

1693,  June  9.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  accepted  the 
proposed  plan  of  a  weekly  mail  to  Virginia,  and  the  council 
agreed  to  it. 

The  rate  was  sixpence  for  a  single  letter  fn.m  Boston  to  Rhode  Island,  nine 
pence  to  Connecticut,  a  shilling  to  New  York,  f  fteen  pence  to  Pennsylvania,  and 
two  shillings  to  Maryland  and  Virginia.  A  fur  her  charge  of  one  penny  was  made 
upon  all  letters  which  had  lain  two  days  at  th.'  office  uncalled  for,  and  were  then 
delivered  at  the  house.     All  foreign  letters  v  ere  charj^td  two  pence. 

1693.  —  A  FULLING-MILL  was  built  at  New  London,  Connec- 
ticut. 

It  was  built  on  the  Nahantic  River  by  Peter  Hockley,  and  was  the  first  in  the 
town. 

1693.  —  A  LETTER  of  this  date,  speaking  of  the  condition  of  the 
settlers  in  the  Swedish  colony  in  Delaware,  after  they  came 
under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  proprietary  government  of  Penn- 
sylvania, says  tliey  were  exporters  of  bread,  grain,  flour,  and  oil. 

"  Our  wives  and  daughters  employ  themselves  in  spinning  wool  and  flax,  and 
many  of  them  in  weaving,  so  that  wf  have  good  reason  to  thank  the  Almighty  for 
our  daily  support." 

1693.  —  The  government  of  Massachusetts  relaxed  its  order 
concerning  the  cutting  of  pine-trees,  in  favor  of  John  Wheel- 
wright. 

It  gave  him  permission  to  cut  trees  from  the  public  lands,  in  consideration  of 
his  building  a  saw-mill  at  Cape  J'orpoise  River. 

1693.  —  The  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  of  five 
churches  in  the  province. 

One  in  the  city,  one  in  Richmond,  two  in  Westchester,  and  two  in  Suffolk. 
"A  good,  sufficient  Protestant  minister"  was  to  be  settled  in  each,  their  salaries 
raised  by  taxation. 

1693.  —  The  first  paper-mill  in  America  was  erected  about  this 
year,  on  a  small  rivulet,  now  called  Paper-mill  Run,  in  Roxbor- 
ough,  near  Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

This  mill  was  owned  by  William  Rlttenhousc,  his  son  Nicholas,  Williaxu  Brad- 
ford, the  first  printer  in  Philadelphia,  and  Thomas  Tresse  of  Philadelphia.  Each 
of  the  two  last  owned  one  fourth.  The  precise  date  of  its  erection  is  not  known, 
but  as  Bradford  owned  a  part  of  it,  it  must  have  been  before  he  left  Philadelpliia,  in 
1693.  The  Rittcnhouses  (or  Rittenhousen)  are  said  to  have  settled  in  Philadel- 
phia about  IfiOO,  having  emigrated  from  Arnheim,  on  the  Rhine,  in  tlie  Batavian 
province  of  Guelderland,  where  the  family  had  for  some  generations  been  engag'-'d 


1693.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


159 


in  paper-making.  They  first  settled  in  New  York,  while  it  was  a  Dutch  province, 
and  subsequently,  moved  to  Philadelphia.  There  is  extant  a  lease  made  by  William 
Bradford  of  liis  share  of  the  mill  for  ten  years  to  William  and  Nicholas,  or  Clause 
Rittcnhouse.  It  is  dated,  "  this  24th  day  of  Sept.,  in  y"  year  of  our  Lord,  1C97 ;  " 
and  the  terms  were,  "that  they,  the  said  William  and  Clause  Rittenhouse  shall 
pay  and  deliver  to  said  William  Bradford,  his  exec",  or  assigns,  or  their  order,  in 
Pliiladclphia,  y"  full  quantity  of  Seven  Ream  of  Printing  Paper,  Two  Ream  of 
good  writing  paper,  and  Two  Ream  oi  blue  paper,  yearly  and  every  year  dur- 
ing y«  said  Term  of  Ten  Years."  The  mill  was  afterwards  carried  away  in  a 
fresliet. 

1693.  —  Massachusetts  contained  at  this  time  about  eighty 
churches,  and  New  England  about  one  hundred  and  twe:.ty. 

The  clmrches  in  Massacluisetts  were  supported  by  taxation  to  pay  the  ministers' 
salary.  Each  town  had  to  have  a  church,  and  the  minister  had  a  life  tenure  of 
his  office,  from  whicli  he  could  .lot  be  displaced  except  for  cause,  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  a  council  of  the  neighboring  churches.  The  minister  was 
"called"  by  the  church,  and  "settled"  by  the  concurrence  of  a  majority  of  the 
voters  of  the  parish.  This  last  ceremony  was  necessary  to  make  the  town  liable 
for  his  salary.  To  play,  travel,  or  work  on  Sunday  was  prohibited  by  statute, 
and  the  constables  and  tithing-men  were  "  to  restrain  all  persons  from  swimming 
in  the  waters,  unnecessary  and  unreasonable  walking  in  the  streets  or  fields  of 
the  town  of  Boston  or  other  places,  keeping  open  their  shops,  or  following  their 
secuhir  occasions  or  recreations  in  the  evening  preceeding  the  Lord's  day,  or 
any  part  of  said  day  or  evening  following." 

1693.  —  The  proprietors  of  Carolina  voted  to  abandon  the 
"Grand  Model." 

The  vote  was,  that  "  as  the  people  have  declared  they  would  rather  be  gov- 
erned by  the  powers  granted  by  the  charter,  without  regard  to  the  fundamental 
constitutions,  it  will  be  for  their  quiot,  and  the  protection  of  the  .ell  disposed, 
to  grant  their  request."  As  the  "Grand  Model"  had  never  been  practically 
carried  out,  the  government  remained  nmch  as  it  was.  Each  of  the  proprie- 
taries had  two  delegates,  one  for  the  southern  province,  and  the  other  at  Albe- 
marle, these  in  eacli  province  constituting  the  council.  The  governors  were 
rt'inatcdly  changed.  Tliis  year  John  Arclidale,  a  Quaker,  who  had  by  purchase 
become  one  of  the  proprietaries,  was  appointed  to  tl>e  office. 

1693.  —  The  attorney-general  decided  that  the  charter  of  Rhode 
Island  was  valid,  and  tliat  the  colony  was  right  in  refusing  the 
control  of  the  militia  to  Governor  Phipps. 

The  answer  was  given  in  answer  to  the  address  sent  to  the  king  by  the 
assembly.  The  address  was  presented  to  the  Council,  who  referred  it  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  who  referred  it  to  the  Attorney-General.  His  answer  was  :  "  I 
see  nothing  in  point  of  law  but  that  their  majesties  may  gratify  the  petitioners, 
and  confirm  their  charter,  and  explain  the  eastern  boundary  as  is  desired." 

1693.  —  William  Bkadford  removed  from  Philadelphia,  and 
set  up  1  press  in  New  York  city,  where  before  there  had  been 

none. 

Bradford  was  soon  after  appointed  printer  to  the  government,  with  a  salary 


160 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1693-4. 


of  fifty  pounds  a  year,  and  held  this  position  for  about  thirty  years.     lie  was  also 
the  public  printer  for  New  Jersey. 

1693.  —  The  laws  of  the  province  of  New  York  were  first 
printed  this  year  by  William  Bradford,  in  a  small  folio  volume, 
in  the  imprint  of  which  he  announces  himself  as  "  Printer  to 
their  Majesties,  at  the  sign  of  the  Bible." 

It  is  supposed  that  Bradford  still  retained  an  interest  in  his  press  in  Philadel- 
phia, which  was  managed  by  lleinior  .Jansen.  A  few  books  with  his  imprint  are 
still  in  existence. 

1693.  —  Governor  Fletcher,  of  New  York,  in  obedience  to 
an  order  from  the  king,  called  a  meeting  of  commissioners  from 
the  New  England  provinces,  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, at  New  York,  to  arrange  concerning  their  common  de- 
fence. 

He  says  "  that  some  sent  commissioners,  others  none.  Those  that  came  pre- 
tended they  could  not  proceed  to  act  without  a  full  meeting ;  so  that  design  was 
frustrated." 

Fletcher's  commission  had  authorized  him  to  command  the  militia  of  New 
Jersey  and  Connecticut.  On  a  visit  to  Hartford  concerning  this  matter,  the 
assembly  quoted  their  charter,  and  Wadsworth,  the  commander  of  the  militia, 
ordered  the  drums  to  beat,  so  that  the  reading  of  Fletcher's  commission  could 
not  be  heard.  Fitz-John  Winthrop  was  sent  to  Europe  by  Connecticut,  and  the 
objection  made  to  Fletcher's  commission,  that  it  infringed  upon  the  charter  of 
Connecticxit,  was  sustained.  The  same  decision  was  given  to  the  case  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Governor  Phipps,  whose  comnussion  gave  him  the  command  of  the 
militia  of  that  province. 

Fletcher's  commission  had  also  authorized  him  to  administer  the  governments 
of  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware.  Going  to  Philadelphia,  he  called  an  assembly  in 
which  delcgiitcs  from  both  provinces  were  present.  The  assembly  would  not 
organize  for  business  until  the  existing  laws  and  liberties  of  the  province  were 
confirmed,  which  was  done. 

1694.  —  Orders  from  council  fixed  the  quota  of  troops  each 
colony  should  furnish  for  the  common  defence. 

New  York  was  threatened  by  the  French  and  Indians.  This  order  was  issued 
after  an  opinion  had  been  given  by  the  attorney-general,  who  decided  that  cacii 
colony  had  excl.sive  control  over  its  own  militia  in  times  of  peace,  but  that  in 
case  of  war,  for  the  common  defence,  the  chief  commander  could,  witli  the  aiJ 
and  assistance  of  the  governor,  order  out  a  cert.ain  proportion  of  the  troops,  leaving 
enough  at  home  to  provide  for  defence.  Orders  were  given  to  Mossaclmsetts  for 
three  hundred  and  fifty  men  for  the  defence  of  Albany ;  Rhode  Island,  forty- 
eight,  to  servo  under  the  governor  of  New  York ;  and  Connecticut  for  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  men. 

1694,  August.  —  Commissioners  from  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Massachusetts,  and  Connecticut  met  the  chiefs  of  the  Five 
Nations  at  Albany  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  Indians  from 
making  peace  with  the  French. 

Governor  Fletcher  represented  New  York;  Governor  Hamilton,  New  Jersey; 


1694.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


161 


John  Pynchon,  Samuel  Sewall,  and  Pcirce  Townsend,  Massachusetts ;  and  John 
Allen  and  Caleb  Stanley,  Connecticut.  There  were  twenty-five  sachems,  with 
other  Indians,  present.  The  journal  of  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Wadsworth,  who 
i\ccon)iianied  the  delegation  from  Massachusetts,  has  beea  printed  in  the  Massa- 
cliusetts  Collections. 

1694. — Tub  monopoly  of  bolting  flour  held  by  New  York 
city  was  repealed,  througli  the  earnest  remonstrance  of  the  coun- 
ties of  Long  Island  and  the  Hudson  River,  by  an  act  of  the  gen- 
eral assembly  "  against  unlawful  by-laws." 

This  repeal  of  the  monopoly  was  considered  such  a  calamity  that  the  merchants 
and  city  fathers  of  New  York  city,  fearin{?  the  inevitable  ruin  of  the  city,  used 
every  exertion  to  have  it  restored.  They  petitioned  the  governor,  memorialized 
jiis  successor,  and  finally  raised  money  to  send  an  agent  to  London  to  petition  the 
king,  praying  for  the  repeal  of  the  law  abolishing  the  monopoly. 

1694.  —  Carolina  coined  halfpence. 

1694. — The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  forbade  the  exportation 
of  "  any  timber,  planks,  boards,  oak  bolts,  staves,  heading,  hoops, 
or  hoop-poles,  except  to  some  parts  over  the  broad  seas." 

The  motive  given  for  this  legislation  was  the  better  encouragement  of  building 
fillips  and  other  vessels  within  the  province.  The  manner  in  which  such  legis- 
lation was  received  by  the  other  colonies  appears  in  a  letter  from  Governor 
Fletcher  of  New  York  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  this  year.  He  speaks  of  the 
Jerseys  "  making  war  upon  us  in  jtoint  of  trade,"  and  refers  to  the  above  act, 
"  ])}'  which  they  will  draw  the  shipping  thither,  and  establish  a  free  port  to  the 
great  prejudice  of  this  place,  and  sink  the  trade  greatly:  Mv  pay  no  duty  to  the 
kiiifj,  and  all  will  flock  to  it.     We  already  feel  that  of  1'  Ivania,  where  they 

trade,  under  no  regulations ;  this  being  much  nearer,  and  upon  the  same  river 
with  us,  will  utterly  ruin  the  revenue  of  the  Province." 

1694.  —  Governor  Phipps  of  Massachusetts  wa?  summoned  to 
England,  to  answer  the  charges  brought  against  him. 

lie  died  soon  after  his  arrival  in  England,  and  the  Earl  of  IJellamont  was 
appointed  to  the  place.  Until  Bellamont's  arrival,  the  lieutenant-governor,  Stough- 
ton,  exercised  the  authority. 

1694.  —  Two  more  independent  companies  arrived  in  New 
York  from  England. 

They  were  sent  to  aid  in  its  defence. 

1694,  —  The  administration  of  his  provinces  was  restored  to 
Penn. 

lie  sent  over  Markham  as  his  deputy,  who  called  an  assembly,  which  n  fused 
to  submit  to  the  subordinate  position  assigned  them  by  the  frame  of  government. 
It  had  been  disregarded  by  Fletcher  during  his  administration. 

1694.  —  Nicholson  was  appointed  royal  governor  of  Mary- 
land. 

The  capital  was  removed  from  St.  Mary's  to  Annapolis.     An  act  was  passed 
establisliing  free  schools,  for  the  support  of  which  duties  on  the  importation  of 
11 


162 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1694-  6. 


negroes  and  epirits,  iind  tlic  export  of  skins,  furs,  beef,  and  pork,  were  appro- 
priated. 

1691-5.  —  A  PESTILENCE  raged  among  the  cattle  in  Mary- 
land. 

Over  twenty-five  tliousand  cattle  and  sixty-two  thousand  hogs  are  said  to  have 
been  lost. 

1695.  —  Rice  was  first  planted  in  South  Carolina. 

A  vessel  from  Madagascar,  with  seed  on  board,  put  into  port  at  Charleston, 
and  John  Archdale,  governor  of  the  state,  jjrocured  the  seed,  and  induced  the 
planters  to  sow  it.  Tliree  years  later,  in  1(11)8,  sixty  tons  were  exported  from 
Charleston  to  England.  A  nnlitia  law  was  i)assed,  giving  the  power  to  the  gov- 
ernor to  excuse  such  from  serving  as  he  thought  had  religious  scruples  against  it. 

1695.  —  The  assembly  of  Now  York  passed  an  act  declaring 
"that  the  vestrymen  and  churchwardens  have  power  to  call  a 
dissenting  Protestant  minister,  and  that  he  is  to  bo  paid  as  the 
act  directs." 

By  official  influence  and  management,  the  churches  passed  gr.adually  into  the 
hands  of  the  Episcopalians.  Trinity  chureli.  New  York  city,  was  one  of  the 
churches  erected  i)y  the  act  of  l(i03. 

1695.  —  Annapolis,  Maryland,  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  with 
a  resident  collector  and  naval  officer. 

1695,  October  3.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act 
fixing  the  pay  of  the  public  officers. 

Such  service  had  been  heretofore  generally  gratuitous.  Now  the  governor  was 
given  ten  pounds  a  year,  tlie  deputy  governor  six,  the  assistants  each  four,  and 
the  deputies  three  shillings  a  day  during  the  session,  with  a  iine  of  six  for  non- 
attendance. 

1695.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  prohibited  the  export 
for  one  year  of  dressed  or  undressed  deer-skins. 

1695.  —  Virginia  and  Maryland  each  voted  money  to  aid  in  the 
defence  of  New  York. 

1696.  —  An  act  of  the  Virginia  assembly  fixed  the  salary  of  the 
ministers  at  sixteen  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco,  besides  per- 
quisites, and  a  glebe  to  be  provided  by  the  parish. 

There  were  about  fifty  parishes  in  the  province. 

1696.  —  A  NEW  act  of  settlement  secured  to  the  assembly  of 
Pennsylvania  the  right  of  originating  laws. 

A  veto  power  was  reserved  for  the  pro[)rietary.  Markham  was  forced  to  grant 
this,  since  the  assembly  refused  otherwise  to  grant  money  for  the  aid  of  New 
York.     Penn  never  sanctioned  the  act. 

1696.  —  The  Dutch  Reformed  Church  was  chartered  by  the 
New  York  assembly. 

They  were  ecclesiastically  dependent  upon  the  Presbytery  of  Amsterdam. 


1696.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


163 


1696.  —  The  fort  at  Pemaquid  was  captured  by  the  French  and 
Indians. 

The  Massachusetts  gencrsil  court  petitioned  the  king  that  New  Hampshire, 
Kliode  Isliind,  and  Connecticut  miglit  be  ordered  to  aid  in  the  defence  of  lier  ter- 
ritory, the  burden  of  which  now  came  entirely  upon  her. 

1696.  —  The  Spaniards  from  Vera  Cruz  erected  a  fort  at  Pen- 
sacola,  Florida. 

1696,  May.  —  The  house  of  deputies  of  tlie  Rhode  Ishind 
assorably  was  constituted  a  separate  branch  of  the  assembly, 
with  power  to  choose  their  own  speaker  and  clerk. 

1696,  July.  —  A  French  force  from  Canada  was  so  successful 
against  tlie  Indians  that  they  sued  for  peace. 

Eort  Frontenac  was  rcoccupicd.  and  communication  with  the  posts  on  the  lakes 
reopened. 

The  fort  at  Pemaquid  was  captured  by  the  French  fleet  under  D'Ibberville,  a 
native  of  Canada. 

1696.  —  The  French  Protestant  refugees  who  had  settled  in 
the  province  of  Carolina  were  naturalized  by  the  legislature. 

This  act  of  justice  was  done  in  answer  to  tlieir  petition.  Heretofore  the 
Enghsh  prejudice  of  the  colonies  had  led  to  the  persecution  of  the  Huguenots, 
though  those  settlers,  both  here  and  elsewhere  in  the  country,  wherever  they 
st'ttled,  were  noted  for  their  virtue  and  enterprise. 

1696.  —  "  The  Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations"  was  organized 
by  an  act  of  Parliament,  to  control  the  interests  of  the  colonial 
trade  and  government. 

From  this  time  it  served  as  the  repository  of  all  official  knowledge  upon  these 
subjects,  and  as  the  agency  for  communication  with  the  governors  of  the  various 
provinces.  Yearly  reports  from  the  governors  were  rec^uired  to  questions  ad- 
dressed them  by  the  board. 

The  board  was  composed  of  a  president  and  seven  members,  known  as  "The 
Lords  of  Trade."  At  the  same  time  any  direct  trade  l)etween  Ireland  and  the 
colonics,  except  the  export  of  horses,  servants,  and  provisions,  was  prohibited. 
An  oatii  w:is  imposed  upon  the  governors  of  the  chartered  colonies  to  enforce  the 
acts  of  tnule.  All  colonial  acts  or  usages  in  conflict  with  them,  past  or  future, 
were  declared  null.  The  king's  revenue  officers  in  the  colonies  were  given  the 
sanif  powt-r  those  in  England  hud,  and  Edmund  Itandolph  was  placed  at  their  head 
as  surveyor-general. 

1696.  —  The  common  council  of  New  York  city,  in  an  address, 
said:  "When  the  bolting  began,  1678,  there  were  only  34:^ 
houses.  In  1696  there  were  594.  The  revenue  in  1678,  79  and 
1680,  not  exceeding  £2000;  in  the  year  1687,  £5000.  In  1687 
there  were  3  ships,  7  boats,  8  sloops.  In  1694  there  were  60 
ships,  40  boats,  62  sloops;  since  which  is  a  decrease.  In  1687 
New  York  killed  400  beefs,  in  1694,  near  4000.  Lands  had 
advanced  ten  times  in  value.     If  this  Act  (the  act  of  1694,  abol- 


164 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEllICA. 


[1G97. 


islung  tho  monopoly  of  bolting)  continue,  many  families  in  New 
York  must  perish." 

This  same  year  the  population  complained  of  a  scarcity  of  bread,  and  the 
bakers  being  summoned  to  explain,  said  they  could  not  purchase  flour.  Tlio 
aldermen  being  ordered  to  inquire  into  the  matter,  reported  that  there  were  in  tho 
city  only  seven  hundred  bushels  i)f  corn,  and  the  population  being  six  tliousand, 
it  would  not  suffice  for  a  week's  support.  They  ascribe  this  result  to  "  the 
liberty  and  latitude  that  every  planter  hath  lately  taken,  of  making  his  house  or 
farm  a  market  for  his  wheat,  or  converting  the  same  into  flour  by  boalting  of  itt," 
and  this  under  pretence  of  a  privilege  they  conceive  they  have  obtained  by  virtue 
of  a  law  of  the  General  Assembly  entitled  an  act  against  unlawful  by-laws. 
Further  on  they  say  :  "  The  calamity  hath  produced  anarchy  in  the  Province,  and 
destroyed  the  reputation  of  New  York  flour." 

1G97,  March  16.  —  The  Earl  of  BoUamont  was  appointed  gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire,  and 
captain-general  of  all  tho  forces  of  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut, 
and  the  Jersevs. 


Courts  of  vice-admiralty  were  organized  in  all  the 


1697.- 
colonies. 

The  privateering  in  tho  wars  with  France  had  very  generally  approached  piracy. 
It  was  the  era  of  Captain  Kidd.  These  courts  had  power  to  try  admiralty  and 
revenue  cases  without  .a  jury.  The  crews  of  these  vessels,  many  of  which  were 
really  pirates,  spent  their  money  freely  in  the  colonial  ports,  and  were  looked  on 
with  such  favor  that  Virginia  was  the  only  colony  wliich  promptly  complied  witii 
the  directions  sent  out  from  England  for  their  suppression. 

1697.  —  "Very  good  serges,  druggets,  crapes,  camblets  (part 
hair)  and  good  plushes,  with  several  other  woolen  clothes,  besides 
Linnen,"  are  spoken  of  as  produced  by  the  settlements  at  Salem, 
Burlington,  and  other  parts  of  New  Jersey. 

Hemp  and  flax  were  cultivated,  and  wild  hemp  was  used  to  some  extent.  Fairs 
were  held  two  or  three  times  a  year  in  tlie  towns  for  the  disposal  of  tho  products 
of  their  industry. 

1697.  —  An  effort  was  made  to  introduce  the  manufacture  of 
linen  and  woollen  cloth  into  Maryland,  but  with  no  permanent 
success. 

1697.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  sent  a  circular  letter  to 
the  assemblies  of  all  the  states  as  far  south  as  Maryland,  askinjjf 
aid  for  the  defence  from  an  anticipated  attack  from  Canada  and 
France. 

The  peace  soon  proclaimed  made  it  unnecessary. 

1697,  December.  —  The  peace  of  Ryswick  between  England 
and  France  was  proclaimed  in  Boston. 

By  the  terms  of  the  treaty  each  country  was  to  retain  the  same  territory  in 
America  it  had  held  at  the  beginning  of  the  war.  Commissioners  to  ascertain 
boundaries  were  provided  for,  but  never  appointed.     I'eace  was  also  made  with 


1698.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


165 


the  Eastern  Indians,  by  whose  attacks  the  outlying  eastern  towns  had  suffered  so 
severely,  many  of  them  being  entirely  destroyed,  and  the  growth  of  the  whole 
territory  seriously  retarded. 

1698.  —  The  wages  of  hand-sawyers  in  Philadelphia  and  Bur- 
lington were  six  to  seven  shillings  a  hundred  feet  for  sawing  pine 
boards. 

1698,  April.  —  Earl  Bellamont  arrived  in  New  York. 

His  instructions  were  to  investigate  the  charges  against  Fletcher,  to  enforce  the 
acts  of  trade,  suppress  piracy,  and,  if  possible,  capture  Kidd. 

1698.  —  A  COURT  of  chancery  was  established  in  New  York, 
the  governor  acting  as  judge. 
A  new  census  gave  18,067  inhabitants. 

1698.  —  Massachusetts  would  not  pass  laws  to  enforce  the  acts 
of  trade. 

"They  were  too  much  cramped  in  their  liberties  already,  and  they  would  be 
great  fools  to  abridge,  by  a  law  of  their  own,  the  little  that  was  left  them,"  was 
the  way  the  councillors  stated  it.  At  this  time  the  doctrine,  that  they  were  Eng> 
lishnien  and  entitled  to  all  the  ptivilegcs  of  Englishmen,  was  conmion,  while  a 
minister  maintained  "  they  were  not  in  conscience  bound  to  obey  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land, having  no  representatives  there  of  their  own  choosing."  In  Connecticut 
and  Rhode  Island  the  same  opinions  were  held. 

1698,  November  23.  —  Orders  from  the  British  cabinot  were 
Bent  to  all  the  governors  of  the  colonies  to  capture  Cap  Kidd, 
should  he  appear  in  their  ports. 

1698.  —  William  Penn  proposed  "  a  brief  and  plain  scheme 
how  the  English  Colonies  in  the  North  pa^ts  of  America,  —  viz., 
Boston,  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia  and  Carolina,  —  maybe  made 
more  useful  to  the  crown  and  one  and  another's  peace  and  safety 
with  an  universal  concurrence." 

His  plan  was,  that  they  should  appoint  representatives,  or  deputies,  enough  to 
make  a  congress  of  twenty  persons,  whicli  should  meet  once  a  year,  or  oftener  if 
necessary,  at  some  central  point,  probably  New  York,  and  that  they  should  hear 
and  adjust  "all  matters  of  complaint  or  difference  between  province  and  prov- 
ince;"  "consider  the  ways  and  means  to  support  the  union  and  safety  of  these 
provinces;"  "and  that  in  times  of  war,  the  king's  high  commissioner  shall  be 
(ji'ncral  or  chief  adviser  or  chief  commander  of  the  several  quotas,"  for  the  good 
and  benefit  of  the  whole. 

1698.  —  Governor  Nicholson  succeeded  to  the  governorship 
of  Virginia. 

He  opposed  all  attempts  at  manufactures,  and  advised  parliament  to  prohibit 
tlie  introduction  in  the  province  of  the  manufacture  of  cloth. 

1698.  —  This  year  Virginia  and  Maryland  imported  from  Great 
Britain  goods  to  the  value  of  £310,135  —  a  larger  amount  than 
in  any  one  of  the  next  forty  years. 


166 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMEllIOA. 


[1698. 


l! 


1698.  —  It  was  ordered  in  Connecticut,  tliia  yenr,  that  the  gov- 
ernor,  or  deputy  governor  and  magistrates,  should  bo  called  tho 
upper  house,  and  the  deputies  the  lower  house,  and  that  they 
should  sit  apart;  no  bill,  however,  to  become  a  law  without  the 
consent  of  both. 

1698.  —  A  COMMITTEE  was  appointed  in  New  York  to  addrosa 
tho  king  upon  the  subject  of  the  repeal  of  the  monopoly  of  bolt- 
ing flour. 

The  city  rccorilcr,  in  a  letter  to  thein,  says  hu  "is  grieved  to  find  tlie  prent 
lieat  he  saw  among  them,  at  the  hist  n)eetings,  wlien  the  great  eoncern  in  hand  is 
considered,  no  less  than  the  livelihood  of  all  the  inhabitants  of  New  York." 

1698.  —  Thomas  Parsons  owned  this  year  a  grist-mill  at  Frank- 
fort, Pennsylvania;  and  Richard  Dungworth  owned  another  not 
far  distant  in  Oxford  township. 

They  were  both  probably  on  Tacony  Creek. 

1698.  —  An  Englisliman,  writing  of"  the  province  of  Pennsyl' 
vania  this  year,  speaks  of  the  "  famous  Derby  river,  which  comes 
down  from  the  country  by  Derby  Town,  whereon  are  several 
mills,  fulling  mills,  corn  mills,"  etc. 

"  The  water  mills  far  exceed  those  of  Kngland,  both  for  quickness  and  grind- 
ing good  moal,  there  being  great  choice  of  good  timber  and  earlier  corn  than  in 
tlie  aforesaid  place ;  they  are  made  by  one  Peter  Deal,  a  famous  and  ingenious 
workman,  especially  for  inventing  such  machines." 

1698.  —  The  first  tannery  was  established  in  Newark,  New 
Jersey. 

In  1676  the  town  admitted  Samuel  Whitehead,  a  shoemaker  from  Elizabetii- 
town,  as  a  freeman,  "on  condition  of  his  supplying  it  with  shoes." 

1698.  —  T:iE  college  in  Virginia  was  called  William  and  Mary, 
and  had  been  erected  at  Middle  Plantation,  and  an  act  was  passed 
to  erect  a  capitol  there  for  the  assemblies  and  courts. 

A  town  to  be  called  Williamsburg,  and  to  be  laid  out  in  the  form  of  a  W,  Mas 
designed.  For  the  erection  of  the  capitol  a  tax  of  fifteen  sliillings  on  each  ser- 
vant imported,  "not  born  in  England  or  Wales,"  and  twenty  shillings  on  "every 
negro  or  other  slave,"  was  laid.  Religious  toleration,  in  consequence  of  orders 
from  England,  was  extended  to  dissenters,  though  those  who  denied  the  existence 
of  a  God,  or  the  Holy  Trinity,  or  the  truth  of  the  Christian  religion,  or  the  divine 
authority  of  the  Old  or  New  Testaments,  were  disqualified  from  oflice,  from  re- 
dress in  the  courts,  from  acting  as  executors  or  guardians,  and  were  to  be  impris- 
oned for  three  years.  Non-attendance  upon  church  once  in  two  months,  except 
for  cause,  was  fined,  the  penalty  not  to  bt  exacted  from  those  who  as  often  as 
once  in  two  months  attended  some  duly  licensed  dissenting  chapel. 

1698.  —  A  PARTY  of  emigrants  from  Massachusetts  settled  in 
Carolina,  twenty  miles  from  Charleston,  and  called  the  spot  D<  r- 
Chester. 

A  Congregational  church  was  gathered  in  Charleston,  and  by  an  act  of  the 


1G98-1700.]  ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


167 


assembly  tlu>  Episcopal  clmreh  there  was  endowed  with  a  parsonage  and  yearly 
income,  and  the  Huguenots  were  enfranchised. 

1698.  —  The  trade  to  Africa  was  thrown  open. 

It  had  been  a  monopoly  in  the  hands  of  the  Iloyal  African  Company.  The 
tniJu  in  slaves  increased. 

1699.  —  The  first  settlement  in  Louisiana  was  made  by  French 
Canadians  under  D'Ibberville,  near  tiie  mouth  of  the  Mississippi. 

Tlie  settlement  was  within  the  limits  of  tlie  present  state  of  Mississippi. 
l)'Ihl)ervilk'  was  the  llrst  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  from  its  mouth.  Tliey  pro- 
ceeded as  far  as  the  Red  River,  and  knew  it  was  the  Mississi|)pi  by  receiving  froni 
the  Indians  a  letter  to  La  Salle,  which  had  been  left  witli  them  l)y  Tonli  fourteen 
years  before. 

1G99.  —  Calliens  became  governor  of  Canada,  Frontenac  hav- 
ing died. 

1G99,  March. — •Instructions  were  sent  to  Lord  Bcllamont  to 
examine  into  the  alleged  irregularities  in  the  colonies,  with  a 
view  of  taking  away  their  charters. 

It  was  charged  tliey  refused  to  take  oatiis  of  allegiance,  tluit  they  encouraged 
illegal  trafBc,  assumed  admiralty  powers,  and  refused  to  submit  to  the  royal 
courts  established. 

1G99.  —  An  act  of  the  assembly  of  Maryland  empowered  com- 
niissionors  to  grant  licenses  for  the  sale  of  liquors. 

The  price  was  twelve  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco  in  Annapolis,  or  witliin  two 
miles  of  it,  and  elsewhere  four  hundred  pounds. 

The  j)ri(;e  of  liquors  were  also  to  be  fixed  by  the  county  commissioners  and  the 
mayor  of  tlie  city  of  St,  Marys  in  .January  and  August,  and  five  humlred  pounds 
of  toliaeco  was  the  penalty  for  selling  above  them.  Strong  beer  was  rated  at 
twenty  pounds  of  tobacco  a  gallon,  and  small  beer  at  ten. 

1G99.  —  It  was  enacted  by  parliament  that,  "After  the  first 
day  of  December,  1G99,  no  wool,  woolfels,  yarn,  cloth,  or  woolen 
manufactures  of  the  English  plantations  in  America,  shall  be 
shi[)pGd  in  any  of  the  said  P^nglish  plantations,  or  otherwise 
loaden,  in  order  to  be  transported  thence  to  any  place  whatso 
ever,  under  the  penalty  of  forfeiting  ship  and  cargo,  and  £500 
fiiio  for  each  offence ;  and  the  Governors  of  the  Plantations  and 
Officers  of  Customs  and  Revenue  there,  are  to  see  this  Act,  as  it 
relates  to  the  plantations,  duly  executed." 

1G99.  —  The  population  of  the  colonies  was  estimated  at  this 
time  as  about  two  hundred  and  sixty  thousand.  The  exports  to 
England  of  the  colonies  amounted  to  about  £320,000,  and  the 
imports  to  about  the  same.  Their  other  trade  was  estimated 
to  about  equal  this.  The  duties  collected  more  than  paid  the 
expenses. 

1700.  —  A  HOUSE  of  brick  was  built  in  Wicaco  on  the  Delaware. 


iiii 


168 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1700. 


The  first  houses  built  by  the  Swedes  wlio  settled  in  rennsylvnniii  and  Deluwure 
were  very  rude,  being  oftiie  ehuructer  of  the  huts  eominon  in  Nortii'irn  Kurope  a 
century  before.  This  little  brick  house  was  considered  very  fine  when  flnisiiid. 
It  remained  standing  quite  into  this  century. 

1700.  —  A  COMMISSION  waa  sent  to  Bollamont  to  investigate  the 
violations  in  Rhode  Island  of  tlie  acts  of  trade. 

The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  acts  "for  enabling  the  governor  to  put  in 
execution  the  statutes  of  trade,"  and  '•  for  putting  in  force  tlie  laws  of  England  in 
all  cases  where  no  particular  law  of  tiiis  colony  hath  provided  a  remedy."  Con- 
necticut also  offered  to  give  security  to  obey  the  acts  of  trade. 

1700.  —  Captain  Kidd  appeared  openly  in  Boston,  Massaehu- 
setts,  and  wf.s  arrested  and  sent  to  England. 

1700.  —  Parliament  authorized  the  appointment  of  commis- 
sioners in  the  colonies  to  try  pirates,  "  notwithstanding  auy 
patents." 

Under  this  act  many  pirsites  were  tried  in  courts  specially  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose, and  executed. 

1700.  —  A  SCHOOL  for  the  education  of  ministers  was  estab- 
lished at  Saybrook,  Connecticut. 

It  was  the  germ  from  whicli  eventually  Yale  College  arose. 

1700.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  laws  for  the 
suppression  of  piracy  and  illegal  trade. 

They  begged  to  be  excused  from  voting  three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  towards 
the  defence  of  New  York,  which  had  been  asked  for  a  requisition  from  the  king, 
but  voted  two  thousand  pounds  to  sustain  the  government.  They  also  passed 
rigid  laws  for  the  regulation  and  punishment  of  negro  slaves. 

1700. —  A  SEPARATE  custom-house  was  established  for  East 
Jersey. 

New  Yorkliad  claimed  to  be  the  sole  port  of  entry  for  New  .Tersey;  but  on  a 
trial  in  Entrland  upon  this  point,  the  right  of  Now  Jersey  to  a  custom-house  of  its 
own  was  decided.  The  settlers  petitioned  for  the  removal  of  the  proprietary 
autliority. 

1700.  —  A  Frih;nds'  meeting-house  was  built  this  year  at  Salem, 
New  Jersey,  of  brick,  at  a  cost  of  four  hundred  and  fifteen  pounds, 
thirteen  shillings. 

It  does  not  appear  whether  the  bricks  were  imported  or  not. 

1700.  —  Robert  Calef  published  "  More  Wonders  from  the  In- 
visible World." 

It  was  an  answer  to  Cotton  Mather,  and  denounced  the  action  of  the  ministers 
and  magistrates  of  New  England  in  the  witchcraft  delusion.  His  book  was  pub- 
licly burned  in  the  yard  of  Harvard  College  by  order  of  Increase  Mather.  Its 
practical  common  sense,  however,  had  a  great  influence  in  effectually  ending  tlie 
belief  in  witchcraft.  Calef  was  a  merchant  in  Boston,  and  died  at  Roxbury,  April 
13,  1719. 


1701.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTII  AMERICA. 


1G9 


1701.  —  A  ciiAUTEB  was  agreed  upon  by  Penn  and  the  assembly 
for  the  colony  of  Pennsylvania. 

It  provided  for  an  nssenil)ly  to  meet  yearly,  conslstinf?  of  four  dolegnted  ftom 
each  county,  or  a  greater  number  if  tiic  governor  and  assembly  should  agree  to  it. 

Tills  assembly  was  to  choose  a  speaker  and  other  offleern,  "  to  be  judges  of  the 
qualiflcalions  and  e'-'rtions  of  their  own  members,  nit  upon  tlu!ir  own  adjourn- 
ments, appoint  eommitte  -s,  prepare  bills,  inipea<rh  criminals,  and  redress  griev- 
ances, witii  all  other  powi'rs  and  privileges  of  assembly  aecoriliiig  to  the  rights  of 
frcu-born  subjects  of  Kngiand,  and  llie  customs  in  any  of  the  tiueen's  plantations 
in  America."  The  li-gislature  consisted  of  only  one  branch,  the  council  liaviiig  no 
other  power  than  that  of  advising  the  fiovernor.  Under  tlio  original  settlement  in 
1(582,  as  well  as  tiie  forma  tried  in  1GH;J  and  1G9G,  provisions  hail  been  made  for  a 
representative  assembly.  This  was  known  as  the  "  Cliarter  of  rrivileges."  Tlie 
Delaware  counties  were  allowed  a  separate  administration.  Liberty  of  conscience 
was  specially  secured,  and  the  qualification  of  voters  was  made  a  freehold  of  fifty 
acres,  or  fifty  pounds. 

1701.  —  A  CHARTER  was  issued  by  TVilliara  Penn  to  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

It  provided  for  holding  two  markets  a  week  and  two  fairs  a  year,  on  the  16th 
and  two  following  days  of  May  and  November  of  each  year.  The  government  of 
the  cily  was  vested  in  a  close  corporation,  the  original  members  of  which  were 
appointed  by  Penn,  and  who  had  the  perpetual  power  to  fill  all  vacancies.  I'enn 
returned  to  England,  leaving  the  management  of  his  private  afl'airs  in  the  handa 
of  James  Logan. 

not.  —  About  this  time  Matthew  Houlgate  built  a  fulling-mill 
upon  the  Wisahickon,  in  Pennsylvania. 

The  date  of  this,  one  of  the  first  mills  of  this  kind  in  the  province,  is  only  ap- 
proximate. Fulling-mills  are  spoken  of  as  in  operation  on  the  Darby  Kiver,  about 
live  miles  from  riiiladelphla,  before  this. 

1701.  — The  Lords  of  Trade  wrote  to  Lord  Bellamont:  "This 
declining  to  admit  appeals  to  his  Majesty  in  council  is  a  matter 
that  you  ought  very  carefully  to  watch  against  in  all  your  govern- 
ments. It  is  a  humor  that  prevails  so  much  in  proprietary  and 
charter  colonies,  and  the  independency  they  thirst  after  is  now  so 
notorious,  that  it  has  been  thought  fit  tiiese  considerations,  to- 
gether with  other  objections  against  these  colonies,  should  be 
laid  before  parliament ;  and  a  bill  has  thereupon  been  brought 
into  the  House  of  Lords  for  re-uniting  the  right  of  government 
in  their  colonies  to  the  crown." 

A  court  in  New  Hampshire  had  refused  to  allow  an  appeal  to  the  king  from  ita 
decision.     (See  Belknap's  New  Hampshire.) 

1701,  June. — Joseph  Dudley  was  appointed  governor  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New  Hampshire,  and  was  made  vice-admiral  over 
these  places,  and  also  of  Rhode  Island  and  King's  Province. 

1701.  —  An  Essaij  upon  the  Gouernmeni  of  the  English  Planta- 


170 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMEIIICA. 


[1701. 


lions  on  the  Continent  of  America,  by  an  American,  was  publishoj 
tliis  yoar  ii    fiondon. 

It  criticised  l'<-nn'H  and  Davonunt'a  plann,  and  makca  the  suKPfoatinn  tliat  tho 
di'le^utcH  hIiuuIU  be  iiiuru  equuily  prupurtiuiiud,  and  llie  niuutings  bu  liuld  in  difTur* 
cat  plucea. 

1701,  —  Betuoit,  Michigan,  was  founded  by  Antoino  Do  La 
Motto  Cadillac. 

Tlio  site  of  the  city  liad  been  vJHited  as  early  as  ICIO,  and  tradin/j;-posts  for  furs 
liud  bi'on  for  a  loiif^  time  eHtabliHiicd  in  Mieiii^an  t)y  tlic  French.  In  I7l>;i,  aloii); 
witii  tiio  other  French  ])(>88G8sion8,  the  settlenienta  in  Michigan  came  under  tiio 
dominion  of  the  Kngliith. 

1701.  —  The  Board  of  Trade  complained  to  the  king  of  tho 
conduct  of  tho  chartered  colonics. 

The  grounds  of  their  complaint  were  that  the  colonics  "had  not  in  general 
complied  with  the  lute  act  of  rarliamenc;"  that  "they  not  only  assumed  the 
power  of  making  by-hiws  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  and  destructive  to 
trade,  but  refused  to  tiuusniit  tiiiir  acts  or  to  allow  appeals,  and  continued  to  bo 
tho  retreats  of  pirates  and  illegal  traders  and  the  receptacle  of  contrabuitd  mer- 
chandise; "  they  lowered  the  value  of  coins,  thus  interfering  witli  English  com- 
merce, and  encouraged  "  woolen  and  other  numufactures  i)roper  for  England," 
and  "contrary  to  the  true  intent  of  such  establishments."  In  consequence  the; 
advised  the  resumption  of  their  charters,  and  the  establishment  of  "  such  an 
administration  of  government  as  sliall  make  them  duly  subservient  to  Englar/'i." 

1701.  —  In  Massachusetts  and  New  Yovk  acts  were  passed  to 
prevent  Jesuit  or  popish  priests  from  entering  their  borders. 

Any  such  was  to  be  perpetually  imprisoned,  and  executed  if  they  att:;mpti'J 
to  escape. 

1701.  —  Tnis  year  permission  was  granted,  on  petition,  to  Jolin 
Arnold,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  place  a  wind-mili  on  Fort 
Hill,  "  on  the  Town's  laud,"  paying  such  rent  as  the  selectmen 
should  order. 

1701.  —  The  merchants  of  New  York  complained  to  tho  Board 
of  Trade,  and  then  to  the  House  of  Commons,  of  Lord  Bellaniout's 
administration. 


An  inquiry  was  ordered,  but  Bellamont's  death  put  an  end  to  it. 
tent  was  caused  by  his  zealous  enforcement  of  the  acts  of  trade. 


The  disoon- 


1701.  —  Nanfan,  tho  lieutenant  governor,  assumed  the  admin- 
istration of  afiairs  in  New  York. 

A  violent  dispute  arose  between  the  two  factions  in  tho  province.  The  assem- 
bly expelled  Kobcrt  Livingston,  the  receiver  of  customs,  from  the  council,  and 
tried  Bayard  for  treason. 

1701.  —  Robert  Livingston,  of  New  York,  in  a  letter  to  the 
Lords  of  Trade,  advised  that  "  one  form*  of  government  be  estab- 
lished in  all  the  neiglibouring  colonies  on  this  continent." 


1701-2.] 

His  plan 
wit :  —  That 
'J'liut  some 
sylvunia,  an 
New  lIam]>H 

1701,  A 
at  Montrei 

Envoys  w 
discontented 

1702.  — 
Miis><achus 

It  was  buil 
tlien  a  jiart  ol 

1702.— 
goiiurui  on 

1702,  M.^ 
and  Spain. 

Hostilities  i 
issued  by  some 

1702.  — i 

Most  of  the 
mcnt  was  also 

1702.  — y 
I'^ronch  Can 

This  is  the 
dians  made  but 

1702.-1 
given  to  Ed 
wliose  title 


1701-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


171 


lliH  plan  proposed  "  tliiit  tlicy  hi;  diviilorl  into  throe  di  ^tinot  RovommontH,  to 
wit: — riiiit  Virijiniii  iiiul  Miiryliind  be  imni'xod  t«)  North  iind  South  Carolina. 
Timt  Bomo  pnrt  of  Connecticut,  Now  York,  East  and  VVi'st  Now  Jersey,  Tonn- 
gyivaniu,  and  Now  (^a«tlo  l)o  addod  toRotlier,  and  tliat  to  Masdachusotts  b"  addoJ 
New  lianipuliiro  and  Ulxidu  l.slund  and  tlio  rost  of  C-'onnocticut." 

1701,  August.  —  A  lasting  peace  waa  coucludoJ  by  tho  Freuoh 
at  Moiiti'uul  with  tliu  IiuIianM. 

EnvoyH  were  sent  from  tiio  Five  Nations,  tlieir  old  onomios,  who  hegan  to  bo 
discontented  witli  tlic  Enffli.sli  cncronchmontM  on  tlieir  territory. 

170'J.  —  The  first  iron  furnaco  iu  tho  county  of  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  wan  erected. 

It  was  huilt  hy  Lainhort  DoMpard,  with  his  asiociatos,  in  tho  town  of  I'unibroke, 
then  a  part  of  Duxboro'.     It  was  finally  almndoned  for  want  of  fuel. 

1702.  —  About  tliia  time  "cotton  patches  "had  become  quite 
goii'Jial  on  tho  plantations  of  South  Carolina. 

170'.^,  May  4.  —  War  was  declared  by  England  against  Franco 

and  Spain. 

Hostilities  wcro  declared  in  all  tho  colonics,  and  privateer  coniiuissions  were 
issued  l)y  Komu  of  them. 

1702.  —  A  French  settlement  was  made  at  Mobile. 

Most  of  the  settlers  at  the  n\outli  of  the  Mississi])pi  removed  to  it.  A  scttlo- 
mcnt  was  also  made  on  Dauphin  Island,  at  the  entrance  to  Klobilc  IJay. 

1702.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  uiado  at  Vincennes,  Indiana,  by 
French  Canadians. 

Tills  is  the  first  authentic  date  in  regard  to  its  occupancy  by  whites.  The  In- 
dians made  but  little  opposition  to  the  new  comers. 

1702.  —  The  governorship  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  was 
given  to  Edward  Hyde,  tho  cMest  pou  of  tho  Earl  of  Clarendon, 
whose  title  was  Lord  Corn[)ury. 

His  instructions  wore  elaborate,  comprising  nearly  one  hundred  articles.  The 
council  for  New  Jersey  consisted  of  twelve  persons,  appointed  by  tho  crown  from 
a  list  of  names  furnished  liy  the  governor,  and  liulde  to  be  dismissed  by  iiini,  tho 
grounds  for  such  dismission  being  sent  to  England.  The  lower  house  of  tiio 
assembly  consisted  of  twenty-four  delegates,  equally  divided  between  East  and 
AVcst  .Tevsoy.  Tlioywere  required  to  be  owners  of  at  least  one  tiiouf^and  acres  in 
frwliold,  and  were  chosen  for  an  indefinite  period.  Tho  right  of  stiffriigo  was 
restricted  to  freeholders,  or  owners  of  personal  property  to  the  value  of  fifty 
pounds.  The  assemlily  sat  together  Mutil  173S,  when  the  council  was  made  a  sej)- 
arato  branch,  tho  governor  withdrawing  from  it,  and  no  longer  serving  as  its  prc- 
s'lling  officer.  Liberty  of  comicience  was  guaranteed  to  all  "except  Papists." 
Quakers  could  hold  office,  an  affirmation  being  substituted  for  an  oath.  Tho 
clmichos  built  were  to  be  maintained,  and  more  to  be  built;  "the  Book  of  Com- 
mon Prayer  read  each  Sunday  and  lioly-day,  and  the  blessed  sacrament  adminis- 
tered according  to  the  rites  i/f  the  Church  of  England."  A  glebe  and  i>arsonage, 
with  a  "  competent  maintenance,"  were  to  be  provided  for  each  "  orthodox  "  min- 


rv-  ^J 


172 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1702-3. 


ister,  a  oortiflcatc  from  the  bishop  of  London  of  his  conformity  "  to  the  doctrine 
and  discipline  of  tlie  Church  of  England  "  being  necessary.  No  printing  waa 
allowed  with-)ut  a  "  special  license  "  from  the  governor.  Justices  of  the  peace 
had  jurisdicti  )n  in  cases  under  forty  shillings;  in  civil  cases  cou.ity  courts  of 
common  pleas ,  and  in  criminal  cases  county  courts  of  general  sessions,  composed 
of  all  the  justices  of  the  county.  Appeals  from  these  lay  to  a  supreme  court  of 
three  judges,  thence  to  the  governor  and  council,  and  thence  to  the  privy  council 
in  England.  The  governor  had  the  probate  of  wills  and  granting  of  marriage 
licenses,  and  claimed  the  power  of  a  court  of  chancery.  The  assembly  prevented 
the  establishment  of  the  Church  of  England  by  persistent  refusals  to  vote  grants 
for  the  purpose. 

1702,  September  3.  —  Governor  Dudley  visited  Rhode  Island, 
and  claimed,  as  vice-admiral,  the  command  of  the  militia  of  that 
colony. 

Their  numbers  were  estimated  at  two  thousand  men.  Governor  Cranston  re- 
plied, that  he  could  not  comply  with  the  order  until  the  assembly  met.  It  was 
claimed  that  the  charter  gave  the  command  of  the  troops  to  the  civil  authorities, 
and  that  its  authority  was  jjaramount.  Dudley  ordered  the  major  to  parade  his 
troops  the  next  morning,  but  the  major  replied  he  could  not  order  them  out  except 
he  had  orders  from  the  assembly  or  the  govei-nor.     The  troops  did  not  appear. 

l'^02,  September.  —  William  Penn  was  made  the  agent  of 
Rhode  Island  in  England. 

1702.  —  The  proprietors  of  New  Jersey  ceded  their  right  of 
jurisdiction  to  the  crown. 

Tliis,  they  said,  had  "long  been  a  very  expensive  feather."  They  retained 
their  property  iri  the  soil,  and  their  claim  to  quit-rents. 

1702.--  An  expedition  was  undertaken  from  Carolina  against 
the  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine. 

A  part  of  the  expedition  went  by  sea,  and  a  part  by  land ;  but,  Spanish  vessels 
appearing  from  Havana,  the  force  retreated,  leaving  their  ships  and  stores. 

1702,  December.  —  Miles  Poster,  of  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  re- 
ceived from  the  Boaid  of  Proprietors  a  grant  of  a  town  lot  for 
having  built  the  first  sloop  launched  at  that  place. 

1702.  —  The  first  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made  by  Carohna. 

The  issue  wus  made  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  expedition  against  St.  Angus- 
tine.  The  amount  issued  was  six  thoasand  pounds.  A  tax  was  laid  on  peltries 
and  lifjujrs  to  pay  the  bills  of  credit  in  three  years;  a  double  tax  was  laid  upon 
UL  '-i(!sident  traders. 

i.03.  —  In  Carolina,  both  in  the  northern  and  bouthern  prov- 
inces, money  was  voted  for  building  churches  and  supporting  the 
ministeis. 

The  proprietaries  weic  anxious  to  establish  the  Church  of  England,  but  the 
dissenter.s  opposed  it.  From  the  time  ')f  Archdale,  it  became  a  custom  for  the 
governor  of  the  loiithern  province  to  give  a  commission  as  deputy  to  the  governor 
of  the  nortliern  one ;  Init  in  nil  other  respects  they  remained  separated,  each  hav- 
ing its  own  council  and  assembly. 


1703-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


173 


17^3.  —  The  Episcopal  church  was  established  in  Maryland. 

Protestant  diasenters  were  tolerated ;  and  it  was  tlic  introduction  of  thia  clause 
in  the  act  which  secured  it  from  the  veto  wliicli  had  boon  given  tliree  times  to  a 
similar  act.  Catholics  were,  however,  forbidden  to  teach  or  preach,  and  mass 
could  not  be  said  publicly. 

1703.  —  The  three  counties  comprising  Delaware  were  finally 
separated  from  Pennsylvania,  and  were  given  a  distinct  assembly. 

Until  the  Revolution,  however,  the  same  governor  and  council  presided  over 
the  two  states,  and  not  until  177G  did  the  inhabitants  of  Delaware  adopt  a  con- 
stitution. 

1703.  —  In  February,  John  Clarke  received  a  grant  of  twenty 
acres  on  the  southern  branches  of  the  Rahawck  "  for  his  euoour- 
agement  in  fitting  up  a  fulling-mill "  in  that  part  of  New  Jersey. 

This  was  the  first  mill  of  the  kind  in  the  province. 

170";  May  12.  —  Commissioners  from  Rhode  Island  and  Con- 
necticut met  at  Stcnington,  and  agreed  upon  a  lino  between  the 
two  coloniea. 

It  was  substantially  the  same  that  remains  to-day.  By  this  mutual  arrangement, 
r.  dispute  which  had  lasted  forty  yer.rs,  and  had  been  the  cause  of  [)ensivc  and 
useless  Utigation,  was  settled. 

1V03.  —  The  assembly  of  New  York  refused  to  make  any  more 
extraordinary  appropriations,  unless  the  money  was  Sj  ont  by  a 
treasurer  of  <heir  own. 

Thev  had  voted  money  for  the  erection  of  uatterics  at  tlie  Narrows,  and  could 
got  no  satisfactory  account  of  its  expenditure. 

1703.  —  Nf;ws-LETTEUS,  or  written  circulars  containing  news, 
were  sent  this  year  by  John  Campbell,  the  postmaster  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  to  Fitz  John  Winthrop,  the  governor  of  Con- 
necticut. 

In  the  Proeeedings  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  for  1800-7  will  be 
found  nine  of  these  letters,  beginning  in  April  and  ending  in  October.  Such  let- 
tors  were  sent  to  all  the  governors  of  New  England,  and  were  the  natural  precur- 
sors of  the  newspaper. 

1704.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  prohibited  the  exporta- 
tion of  leather,  deer-skins  dressed  in  the  hair,  and  beaver  and 
other  skins. 

The  acts  were  passed  .m  petitions  of  the  sho  'makers,  saddlers,  felt-makers,  and 
others.  The  price  of  shoes  was  fixed  —  men's  at  six  shillings  and  six  pence, 
women's  at  five  shinings. 

1704.  —  By  an  act  passed  by  the  British  parliament :  "  For  en- 
couraging the  importation  of  naval  stores  from  her  Majesty's 
plantations  in  America,"  bounties  were  for  the  first  time  offered 
0.  four  pounds  a  ton  on  tar  and  pitch,  three  pounds  upon  turpen- 


174 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1704. 


tine,  and  six  pounds  upon  water-rotted  hemp.     Upon  all  masts, 
yards,  and  bowsprits,  one  pound  a  ton  of  forty  feet. 

The  bounty  on  hemp  increased  its  culture,  particuhirly  in  Virginia  and  Caro- 
lina, and  improved  the  quality,  so  that  the  heni])  from  Virginia  was  said  to  be  equal 
to  any. 

1704.  —  A  PROCLAMATION  by  Queen  Anne  fixed  the  rates  for 
Spanish  and  other  foreign  coins  in  the  cobnies. 

The  Spanish  dollar  was  rated  at  four  shillings  and  six  pence.  This  made  the 
pound  sterling  =  $i^.  New  England  coinage  being  twenty-five  percent,  less,  the 
pound  in  New  England  coinage  was  worth  $3.33. 

1704,  March.  —  Deerfiekl,  then  the  north-western  frontier  town 
of  New  England,  was  attaclced  and  destroyed  by  the  French  and 
Indians. 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  rewards  for  Indian  prisoners  or 
scalps.  Captain  Church  was  sent  against  the  French  settlements  on  .he  Penob- 
scot and  the  east,  with  six  hundred  men.  Ilis  orders  were  not  to  attack  Port 
Royal.  It  was  estimated  that  every  Indian  scalp  taken  during  this  war  cost  the 
colony  about  a  thousand  pounds. 

1704,  April  24.  —  The  Boston  News  Letter,  the  first  successful 
periodical  issue  in  America,  was  begun  tbis  year. 

John  Campbell,  the  postmaster,  was  the  proprietor  of  this  issue.  It  was  printed 
weekly.  For  fifteen  years  it  was  iho  only  newspaper  in  the  colonies.  It  was  at 
first  printed  l)y  Bartholomew  Green.  From  1707  to  1711,  it  was  printed  by  .John 
Allen,  wlio  commenced  at  the  first  date.  In  1711,  Allen's  establishment  being 
destroyed  by  fire.  Green  again  commenced  its  printing;  and  in  1722  it  passed  into 
his  possession,  and  continue  !  n  tliat  of  his  family  until  17G6.  The  first  number 
contained  but  one  advertiseni-nt,  and  that  was  the  proprietor's,  as  follows ;  — 

"  Advehtisemknt. 

"This  News  letter  is  to  be  continued  Weekly;  and  all  persons  wh  >  have  any 
Houses,  Lands,  Tenements,  Fams,  Ships,  Vei-sels,  lioods.  Wares  or  Mercliau- 
dizes  &.C.  to  be  Sold  or  Let;  or  Servants  Run-away,  or  (ioods  Stole  or  Lost:  may 
have  the  same  inserted  at  a  Heasonable  Hate,  from  TweJvp  pence  to  F've  Shillings, 
and  not  to  exceed:  Who  may  agree  with  .lolm  Campbel  Post-master  of  iioslon. 

*'  All  Persons  in  Town  and  Country  may  have  said  News-Letter  every  Week, 
Yearly,  upon  reasonable  terms,  agreeing  with  John  Campld  Post-Master  for  the 
same." 

The  News-Letter  contir  .led  in  existence  seventy-two  years,  for  eighteen  of 
which  it  was  imder  CampbeU's  control.  A  complete  file  of  it  (the  only  one  known) 
is  in  the  New  York  Historical  Society's  library.  John  Campbell  died  March  4, 
1728,  aged  seventy-five.  Tli'>  News-Letter  continued,  with  various  changes  in  its 
proprietorship,  until  it  ceased  in  March,  1770,  on  the  evacuation  of  Boston  l)y  the 
British  troops,  it  having  been  loyal  to  the  British  government,  and  the  only  paper 
issued  in  the  city  during  its  siege  by  Washington. 

1704,  —  The  cancellation  of  the  paper  money  issued  thib  ^ear 
by  Massachusetts  was  postponed  for  two  years. 

1704.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  prohibited  the 
exportation  of  gunpowder,  and  authorized  "  the  undert  ..kers  of 


1704-5.] 

the  powder 
magistrate. 
The  order  w 

1704.  — A 
asseiribly  of 
tivation. 

1704.  — Ti 
members  of 
rites  of  the 
their  adhesio 

The  dissenter 

1704.  —  Ti 
great  that  it 

1704.  — Fr 

The  funds  for 
upon  non-resider 

1704.  —  Dr 

1704.  — Th 
to  Penn,  the  j 

They  charged 
The  memorial  wa 

1705.  — Lo 
York,  reportii 

"lamwellinfi 
a  woollen  nianufa 
any  man  may  wci 
coarse  Clotli,  and 
in  tills  province 
land  I  submit  to  I 
declare  iny  opinici 
tiic  main  tree  (En 
to  England,  and  t 
ilicy  have,  tiuit,  a 
lures  here  as  pi'oj 
can  see  they  can 
without  the  help 
government,  woul 
boured  in  their  lu 
of  people  this  cou 

1705.  — Tin 
and  the  Churc 

A  board  of  vkc 
""••  niorals  of  botii 
■'"'le  bishop  of  Lor 
"'e  dissenters  dem 


1704-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


175 


the  powder-mill"   to  impress  workmen   by  a  warrant  from  a 
magistrate. 

The  order  was  made  previously  to  this  date. 

1704.  —  A  DUTY  was  laid  on  the  importation  of  hops  by  the 
asseiribly  of  Pennsylvania  in  order  to  encourage  their  home  cul- 
tivation. 

1704.  —  The  assembly  of  CaroLiia  passed  an  act  obliging  all 
members  of  the  assembly  to  take  the  sacrament  according  to  the 
rites  of  the  Church  of  England,  or  subscribe  a  declaration  of 
their  adhesion  to  that  church. 

The  dissenters  objected,  but  tlic  cliurchmon  had  a  majority  of  one. 

1704.  —  The  production  of  rice  in  Carolina  had  become  so 
great  that  it  was  put  in  the  list  of  "  enumerated  articles." 

1704.  —  Free  schools  were  established  in  Maryland. 

The  funds  for  tlieir  sujiport  were  raised  by  duties,  double  rates  being  imposed 
upon  non-residents.     Finally  a  free  school  was  established  in  each  county. 

1704.  —  Delaware  petitioned  for  a  royal  governor. 

1704.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  addressed  a  memorial 
to  Penn,  the  proprietary. 

Tliey  charged  him  with  various  offences,  and  finally  with  betraying  the  colony. 
The  memorial  was  drawn  up  by  David  Lloyd,  their  speaker. 

1705.  —  Lord  Cornbury,  the  governor  of  the  province  of  New 
York,  reporting  to  the  Board  of  Trade,  said, — ■ 

"  I  am  well  informed  that  upon  Long  Island  and  Connecticut  they  are  setting  upon 
a  woollen  manufacture,  and  1  myself  have  seen  serge  made  upon  Long  Island  that 
any  man  may  wear.  Now  if  they  begin  to  make  serge,  they  will,  in  time,  make 
coarse  CHoth,  and  then  fine ;  we  have  as  good  fuller's  earth  ."ml  tobacco  pipe  clay 
in  tills  province  as  any  in  the  world;  how  far  this  will  be  for  the  service  of  Eng- 
land I  submit  to  better  judgements ;  but,  however,  I  hope  I  may  be  pardoned  if  I 
docliire  my  opinion  to  be  that  all  the  colloneys  which  are  but  twigs  belonging  to 
the  main  tree  (England)  ought  to  be  kept  entirely  dependent  upon  and  subservient 
to  England,  and  thi;t  can  never  be,  if  tliey  are  suffered  to  goe  on  in  the  notions 
they  have,  tliat,  as  they  are  Englishmen,  soa  they  may  set  up  the  same  manufac- 
tures here  as  people  nuiy  do  in  England;  for  the  consequence  will  be,  if  on(!e  they 
can  see  they  can  eloatln  t'leinselves,  not  only  comfortably,  but  handsomely  too, 
without  the  help  ot  Englatul,  tliey,  who  are  already  not  very  fond  of  submitting  to 
government,  would  soon  think  of  putting  in  execution  designs  they  had  long  har- 
boured in  their  hearts.  Tb;-  will  not  seem  strange,  when  yu  consider  what  sort 
of  people  this  country  is  iniialjited  by." 

1705.  —  The  piovince  of  Carolina  was  divided  into  parishes, 
and  the  Church  of  England  legally  established. 

A  board  of  twenty  lay  commissioners  were  appointed,  with  power  to  supervise 
the  morals  of  both  clergy  and  laity,  and  authority  to  present  and  remove  ministers. 
The  bisliop  of  London  complained  of  it  as  an  intrusion  on  hia  episcopal  rights,  and 
the  dii-senters  denounced  it  as  a  Star-Chamber. 


176 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1705. 


1705,  December.  —  An  expedition  from  Carolina  attacked  tlio 
Spanish-Indian  settlements  in  Florida. 

James  Moorc,  with  fifty  white  men  and  a  thousand  Creek  Indians,  marcliod 
through  the  woods  against  tlicm.  Tlic  Spanii^h  fort  was  too  strong  for  tlicni,  hut 
tliey  pluiulered  and  burned  the  Indian  clmrelics  and  villages,  and,  removing  the 
native  Indians,  gave  the  country  to  their  Indian  allies.  It  was  settled  by  the  Sem- 
inoles,  and,  when  they  were  removed  in  the  next  century,  traces  of  the  old  Span- 
ish settlemeuts  were  found  overgrown  by  forests. 

1705.  —  The  government  of  Virginia  was  given  as  a  sinecure 
to  tlie  Earl  of  Orkney,  who  appointed  as  his  deputy  to  discharge 
the  duties  of  the  office  Edward  Nott. 

The  deputy  received  two  fifths  of  the  salary,  his  principal  obtaining  the  re- 
maining twelve  hundred  pounds.  The  arrangement  thus  introduced  continued  in 
practice  for  sixty-three  years,  the  successive  incumbents  of  the  office  being  Lord 
Albemarle,  Lord  Loudoun,  and  General  Andierst. 

1705.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  made  a  fifth  revision  of  the 
Virginia  Code. 

All  children  were  "  to  bo  bond  or  free,  according  to  the  condition  of  their 
mothers."  All  servants  imported,  "  who  were  not  Christians  in  their  native 
country,"  were  to  "be  slaves,  notwithstanding  a  conversion  to  Christianity  after- 
ward." Negroes,  mulattoes,  and  Indians  could  not  hold  offlie,  bear  witness,  or 
own  slaves.  The  child  of  an  Indian,  tlie  child,  grandchild,  or  great-grandcliild  of 
u  negro,  were  to  be  esteemed  mulattoes.  Masters  were  not  to  "  whip  a  Christian 
white  servant  naked,"  without  an  order  from  a  justice  of  the  j)eace,  under  pen- 
alty of  ii  fine.  Servants,  "  not  being  slaves,"  justices  were  bound  to  listen  to  their 
complaints.  Runaway  and  irreclainiiible  slaves  might  be  killed,  servants  might 
be  "dismembered."  Each  county  had  two  burgesses,  elected  by  the  freeholders. 
Those  entitled  to  vote  were  fined  for  neglecting  to  do  so.  The  vote  was  di  tcr- 
mined  "  upon  view,"  unless  a  poll  was  demanded,  when  it  was  taken  viva  voce, 
tiic  sheriff  keeping  the  roll.  Every  settler  had  p.  right  to  fifty  acres  of  land,  and 
more  by  the  payment  of  a  shilling  for  each  ten  acres,  up  to  a  limit  of  five  hundred 
acres.  Settlers  with  more  than  five  tiihable  slaves  or  servants  might  take  up  two 
hundred  adiiitional  acres,  but  no  single  patent  for  land  should  exceed  four  thou- 
sand acres.  Patents  were  void  in  three  years  unless  "  seated  and  planted  liy  the 
building  of  one  house  of  wood  after  the  usual  manner  of  building  in  this  colony," 
and  clearing,  planting,  and  tending  one  acre.  Entails  could  bo  docked  only  by  an 
act  of  the  assembly. 

1705.  —  The  laws  of  Connecticut  against  the  Quakers  were 
declared  void  by  a  royal  order  in  council. 

1705.  —  Dudley,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  proposed  an 
exchange  of  prisoners  with  the  governor  of  New  France,  whicli 
was  accepted. 

The  governor  of  New  France  proposed  a  suspension  of  hostilities,  which  tlio 
general  court  refused.  The  negotiations,  however,  took  some  time.  Dudley  was 
accused  of  sharing  in  tlie  sliipment  of  munitions  in  the  ship  cent  witli  the  prison- 
ers, and  four  Boston  merchants  were  imprisoved  and  fined  for  it,  though  the  jro- 
cccding  was  annulled  in  England. 


1706-.7.] 
1706.— 

Of  the  m 
Harvard  grac 
emigrants. 

1706,  Ai 
expedition 

l.e  assail 
formed  tlic  at 
liunilred  Fren 

1706.— 

It  consistei 
voted  to  its  re 

1706.  —  ' 
address  to  ' 

His  friends 
crnor,  and  the 
and  equity,  Ev 
diction;  and  a 
under  the  char 
luniation. 

1707.  — 1 
complaints  e 
colonial  soci 

Evans  was  i 

1707.-1 
lifhing  the  ( 
and  proviih'i 

The  iiiiniste 
Hon.  This  (>st 
legal  ecclesia.vt 

1707.— 

test  agaiib 
decided  tiie 

The  ((ueen, 
direc'ed  steps  t 

1707. 
^vork  the  co 

Tlie  (andho 
produced.     TIk' 
Mni.-'.iiry,  and 

1707,  Feb 
to  control  til 

The  law  was 
slioemakers." 


A 


1706-7.] 


iNNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


177 


170G.  —  The  first  presbytery  was  hold  at  Philadelphia. 

Of  the  menibors  forming  it,  only  one  (Jedidiah  Andrew3  of  New  England,  a 
Harvard  graduate)  was  born  in  this  country.  All  the  others  were  Scotch  or  Irish 
emigrants. 

1706,  August.  —  Charleston,  in  Carolina,  was  attacked  by  an 
expedition  of  Spaniards  and  French. 

1  ..e  assailants  were  repulsed.  One  French  frigate  and  four  Spanish  sloops 
formed  the  attacking  force.  The  frigate  was  captured,  and  nearly  half  the  eight 
hundred  French  troops  who  landed  killed  or  made  prisoners. 

1706.  —  A  SECOND  issue  of  paper  money  was  made  in  Carolina. 

It  consisted  of  eight  thousand  pounds,  and  the  same  taxes  as  before  were  de- 
voted to  its  redemption. 

1706.  —  The  assembly  in  Pennsylvania  made  an  affectionate 
address  to  Penn. 

His  friends  liad  a  majority.  A  dispute  arose,  however,  between  Evans,  the  gov- 
ernor, and  the  assembly,  concerning  the  establishment  of  a  supreme  court  of  law 
and  equity,  Evans  wishing  to  reserve  for  himself  and  the  council  the  equity  juris- 
diction; and  as  no  compromise  could  ))0  made,  he  exercised  tlie  right  he  claimed 
under  tlic  cliarter,  but  which  the  assembly  denied,  of  establishing  courts  by  proc- 
lamation. 

1707. — The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  sent  to  Penn  a  list  of 
complaints  against  Evans,  the  governor,  and  Jn  nes  Logan,  the 
colonial  secretary. 

Kvans  was  recalled. 

1707.  —  The  assembly  of  Sonth  Carolina  passed  an  act  estab- 
li^ihing  the  Church  of  England  as  the  religion  of  the  province, 
and  providing  for  its  support  at  the  public  expense. 

The  ministers  weie  to  be  appointed  by  the  commissary  of  the  liishop  of  I^on- 
don.  Tills  eslablishment  gradually  absorbed  the  Dissenters,  and  remained  the 
legal  ecclesiastical  establishment  until  the  Revolution. 

1707.  —  The  Dissenters  of  South  Carolina  brotight  their  vro- 
test  against  the  acts  of  1704  before  the  House  of  Lords  ^hc 
decided  tiiey  were  unreasonable  and  illegal. 

Tiie  queen,  by  the  advice  of  the  crown  lawyers,  proclaimed  tlio  acts  void,  and 
direc*ed  steps  to  be  taken  for  the  forfeiture  of  the  proprietary  rights. 

1707.  —  A  COMPANY  was  formed  at  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  to 
work  the  copper  mines. 

'I'lie  (andholders  worked  the  mine,  paying  the  town  ten  shillings  for  each  ton 
produced.  The  proceeds  to  be  use*,  in  supporting  "an  able  schoolmaster  in 
ISini.«''ury,  and  aiding  Yale  College." 

1707,  February.  —  The  assembly  of  I^hodo  Island  legislated 
to  control  the  prices  of  hides  and  shoes. 

The  law  was  "  for  preventing  the  deceits  and  abuses  by  tanners,  curriers,  and 

slvoe  makers." 

12 


11 


178 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1707-8. 


1707.  —  An  expedition  sailed  from  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
against  Acadie. 

It  was  ropulsoil  at  Port  Royal,  and  the  troops  suflTored  much  from  disease. 
The  expedition  consiuted  of  a  thousand  men,  under  Coh)nc'l  Marcli,  and  wero 
accompanied  hy  an  English  frigate.  They  burned  the  houses  and  killed  tlif 
cattle,  and  destroyed  the  crops  along  the  Tort  Royal  River.  Rhode  Island  iind 
New  Hampshire  contributed  to  the  expedition,  and  issued  their  first  bills  of  credit 
to  pay  tlie  expense. 

1707.  —  The  proclamation  to  regulate  the  currency  was  re- 
enforced  by  an  act  of  Parliament. 

1707. —  GuRDON  Saltonstall  was  elected  governor  of  Con- 
necticut. 

He  was  minister  of  New  London,  and  held  the  office,  by  re-election,  seventeen 
years.  His  election  was  an  innovation  upon  the  original  rule,  by  which  not  only 
ministers,  but  ruling  ciders  were  disqualified  for  holding  civil  oflices. 

1707.  —  A  JURY  in  New  York  acquitted  two  Dissenting  mis- 
sionaries, who  had  been  prosecuted  by  order  of  Cornbury,  the 
governor. 

Cornbury  claimed,  by  liis  instructions,  to  deny  the  right  of  preachers,  or 
schoolmasters,  to  exercise  their  functions  without  a  license  from  tlie  bishop. 

1708.  —  New  Jersey  petitioned  to  have  a  separate  govern- 
ment from  New  York,  and  Lewis  Morris  represented  to  the 
English  secretary  of  state  Cornbury's  vices  and  offences. 

The  population  of  the  state  was  then  about  forty  thousand. 

1708.  —  Cornbury  was  removed  from  tlie  governorship  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey,  and  Lord  Lovelace  appointed  his 
successor. 

Cornbury's  creditors  in  New  York  arrested  him,  but  succeeding  soon  to  the 
earldom  of  Clarendon,  the  privilege  of  peerage  discharged  liim  from  jail.  Love- 
lace died  soon  after  his  arrival,  and  Ingolsby,  the  lieutenant-governor,  assumed 
the  administration. 

1708.  —  The  Connecticut  assembly  approved  the  Saybrook 
Platform. 

It  had  been  drawn  up  by  a  synod,  and  introduced  the  ' '  Consociations "  of 
ministers. 

1708.  —  Haverhill,  on  the  Merrimac,  was  destroyed  by  the 
French  and  Indians. 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  petitioned  the  queen  to  assist  in  the  con- 
quering of  Canada  and  Acadie. 

1708,  April  28.  —  The  first  general  census  of  Rhode  Island 
was  ordered  by  the  asser  .bly. 

It  was  found  there  were  .  dl  inhabitants,  of  whom  1016  were  freemen;  S6 
white  and  426  colored  servants. 


1708-9.J 

1708, 
Board  of 
tories. 

lie  says 
their  linen  i 
they  used  tt 
ways  are  noi 
niul,  perhaps 
I  have  been 
of  fine  stuffs 
never  be  con 
interest  and 
Colonel  11 
plied  to  tlie  I 

1708,  0 
New  Have 
taining  of 
liunt  after 

1709,  Oc 
at  New  L(ji 
tion  agains 

The  meetir 
fleet  (I'd  not  a 
commissioners 

1709.— 
London,   C( 
mended  by 

Re  printed 
several  serinv<r 
Green,  a  son 
yi '  h  a  salary  o 

1709.  — 
Imguages, 
of  B.  Greer 

1709. 
first  issue  o 

They  were  i 
Canada,  und 
tion  0}  a  fle. 
t-'oming  of  ♦he 
part  in  the  pri 
penscs.  New  I 
called  upon  by 
not  in  conscienc 
the  queen,  howi 
accept. 


( 


1708-9.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


179 


1708,  August.  —  A  letter  from  Colonel  Heathecote  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  from  New  York,  speaks  of  their  linen  manufac- 
tories. 

He  says  "  he  had  labored  hard  to  divert  the  Americans  from  going  on  with 
their  linen  and  woolen  manufactures.  But  that  already  three  quarters  of  what 
they  used  they  made,  especially  the  coarse  sort,  and  if  some  speedy  and  effectual 
ways  arc  not  found  to  put  a  stop  to  it,  they  will  carry  it  on  a  great  deal  further, 
and,  perhaps,  in  time,  very  much  to  the  prejudice  of  our  manufactories  at  home. 
I  have  been  discoursed  with  by  some  to  assist  them  in  setting  up  a  manufactory 
of  fine  stuffs,  but  I  have,  for  the  present,  put  it  by,  and  will,  for  my  own  part, 
never  be  concerned  in  it,  nor  any  other  of  that  nature,  but  will  use  ail  the  littld 
interest  and  skill  I  have  to  prevent  it." 

Colonel  ncathecote  was  a  member  of  the  council  of  the  province,  and  had  ap- 
plied to  the  Board  of  Trade  for  the  contract  to  supply  naval  stores. 

1708,  October  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut,  sitting  at 
New  Haven,  voted  fifty  pounds  "  for  the  bringing  up  and  main- 
taining of  dogs  in  the  northern  frontier  towns  in  that  colony,  to 
hunt  after  the  Indian  enemy." 

1709,  October.  —  A  congress  of  several  governors  was  held 
at  New  London,  Connecticut,  to  consult  concerning  an  expedi- 
tion against  Canada. 

The  meeting  was  at  the  request  of  Colonel  Vetch.  As  the  expected  British 
fleet  dnl  not  arrive,  nothing  was  done,  and  later,  a  nieoting  being  held  at  Boston, 
commissioners  were  sent  to  England  to  ask  for  aid. 

1709.  —  A  PRINTING-PRESS  was  established  tliis  year  at  New 
London,  Connecticut,  by  Thomas  Short,  from  Boston,  recom- 
mended by  B.  Green. 

He  printed  the  next  year  the  Saybrook  riatform  of  Church  Discipline,  and 
Feveral  sermvms,  but  died  in  three  or  four  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  Timothy 
Green,  a  son  of  Sanuiel  Green,  Jr.,  of  Boston,  who  was  made  the  public  printer 
w'h  a  salary  of  fifty  pounds  a  year. 

1709.  —  An  edition  of  the  Psalms,  in  the  English  and  Indian 
linguagcs,  was  issued  by  the  Cambridge  press,  with  the  imprint 
of  B.  Creen  and  J.  Printer  on  the  title. 

1709,  —  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  New  Jersey  made  their 
first  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  issued  to  meet  the  expenses  of  preparing  for  an  expedition  against 
Canada,  und  iken  by  order  of  the  English  government,  by  whom  the  co-opera- 
tion of  a  fle»'i  vas  promised.  The  defeat  of  the  allies  in  Spain  prevented  tho 
coming  of  *he  et,  and  the  expedition  was  abandoned.  Rhode  Island  'bo  took 
part  in  the  pri^iaration  for  the  expedition,  .and  issued  bills  of  credit  for  the  ex- 
penses. Kew  Hampshire  furnished  her  quota.  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania, 
called  upon  1)y  Governor  Gookin  to  aid,  protested,  "  with  all  humility,  they  could 
not  in  conscience  provide  money  to  hire  men  to  kill  each  other."  They  tendered 
the  queen,  however,  a  present  of  five  hundred  pounds,  which  Gookin  refused  to 
accept. 


180 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1710. 


1710,  September  18.  —  An  expedition  against  Port  Royal 
Bailed  from  Nantasket,  where  it  had  rendezvoused. 

The  fleet  consisted  of  twelve  ships-of-war  and  twenty-four  transports.  Of 
these,  fourteen  were  in  the  pay  of  Massacliusotts,  two  of  New  Hampshire,  throe 
of  Riiode  Island,  and  five  of  Tonneetieut.  They  carried  five  regiments,  under 
the  eommand  of  General  Nicholson.  In  six  days  they  arrived  at  Port  Royal  and 
laid  siege  to  it. 

1710,  October  2.  —  Port  Roval  surrendered. 

The  loss  to  the  expedition  was  some  fifteen  men.  The  name  of  Port  Royal 
was  changed  to  Annapolis  Royal. 

1710.  —  Tub  Drinkwater  Iron  Works,  near  Abington,  Massa- 
chusetts, were  erected. 

Cannon  and  shot  were  east  here  in  the  Revolution. 

1710.  —  Penn  wrote  a  letter  to  the  assembly  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  winch,  after  recapitulating  the  history  of  the  province,  he  sug- 
gested, tliat  unless  more  harmony  should  prevail,  ho  would  be 
obliged  to  rid  himself  of  the  government  of  the  province. 

It  had  been  such  an  expense  to  him,  that  he  had  borrowed  money  from  his 
London  agent  at  usurious  interest,  and  secured  it  by  a  mortgage  on  the  province. 
He  now  began  negotiations  for  selling  his  sovereignty  to  the  queen  for  twelve 
thousand  pounds,  reserving  to  himself  the  quit-rents  and  the  property  in  the  soil. 

1710. — An  act  of  parliament  extended  the  British  post-office 
system  to  America. 

Neal's  patent  hatl  expired.  New  York  was  made  the  chief  office,  and  the  mails 
•were  brought  over  the  Atlantic  by  regular  packets.  Tlie  rates  of  postage  wore 
regulated.  A  line  of  posts  was  soon  established  on  Neal's  routes,  extending 
north  as  far  as  the  Piscataqua,  and  south  to  Philadelphia.  South  of  this,  as  far 
as  Williamsburg  in  Virginia,  the  mail  left  as  often  as  letters  enough  were  col- 
lected to  pay  the  postage,  and  even  more  irregularly  as  fur  south  as  Carolina. 

1710.  — lloBERT  Hunter  arrived  in  New  York  as  governor. 

The  assembly  he  calloi^.  refused  to  make  a  grant  for  more  than  a  year's  revenue, 
in  place  of  the  seven  years'  revenue  which  had  been  the  custom.  The  queen, 
it  was  claimed,  spent  yearly  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  maintaining  troops  and 
ships  for  the  defence  of  New  York  ;  and  it  was  threatened  to  raise  a  revenue  by  act 
of  parliament.  Hunter  wrote  home  finally  that  the  assembly  was  resolved  to  put 
itself  on  a  footing  with  those  of  the  chartered  colonies,  and  he  could  not  pre- 
vent it. 

1710.  —  Alexander  Spotswood  was  sent  as  lieutenant  to  Vir- 
ginia. 

He  car-ied  with  him  the  queen's  consent  to  the  extension  of  the  Habeas  Corpus 
Act  to  the  province.     Spotswood  went  with  an  expedition  over  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1710.  —  During  this  year  and  the  next  many  thousands  of 
Germans,  refugees  in  England  from  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  wore 
sent  over  to  the  colonies  of  America. 


1711.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


181 


Some  three  thousand  were  sent  to  settle  on  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  under 
indentures  to  serve  the  queen  as  "grateful  subjects  in  the  production  of  tar." 
They  were  soon  dissatisfied  with  serving,  and  after  it  had  cost  some  *,wcnty  thou- 
sand pounds  more  to  sujjport  tliem  tiian  tliey  produced,  their  indentures  were 
cancelled,  and  they  formed  the  most  industrious  settlements  in  the  valley  of  the 
Schoharie  and  the  upper  waters  of  the  Mohawk.  Three  or  four  thousand  were 
also  sent  tc  Pennsylvania,  and  another  body  into  North  Carolina.  It  was  by 
these  settlers  that  the  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed  Churches  were  founded 
and  supported. 

1711,  June.  —  A  congress  of  governors  was  held  at  New  Lon- 
don, Connecticut,  to  decide  concerning  the  quotas  from  the 
different  colonies. 

G(!neral  Nicholson  had  arrived  at  Boston  with  the  news  that  the  fleet  might  be 
expected  soon,  and  with  ordf-rs  to  attack  Canada,  and  commands  for  New  Eng- 
land, New  York,  New  Jersey ,  and  Pennsylvania,  to  have  their  quotas  in  readi- 
ness. 

1711,  July  30.  —  An  expedition  against  Canada  sailed  from 
Boston. 

A  fleet  to  assist  had  arrived  from  England  on  the  21st  of  June.  The  fleet  con- 
sisted of  fifteen  ships-of-war  and  forty  transports,  under  the  command  of  Sir 
Ilovenden  Walker.  Five  British  regiments  and  two  colonial  ones,  aggregating 
nearly  seven  thousand  men,  were  embarked  on  the  fieet.  On  the  same  day  Gen- 
eral Nicholson  started  for  Albany  to  take  command  of  a  force  which  was  to 
proceed  by  land  against  Montreal.  This  force  is  variously  stated  to  have  been 
four  thousand  and  two  thousand,  eight  hundred  of  which  were  Indians. 

1711,  August  22. — The  fleet  was  bo  injured  by  a  storm  that 
the  expedition  was  abandoned. 

The  fleet  had  reached  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  was  waiting  for  the  transports. 
By  the  stortn  nearly  a  thousand  men  were  lost.  The  land  expedition,  iiaving 
heard  of  the  disaster  before  reaching  Lake  Champlain,  also  returned.  For  this 
I'xpedition  Massaelmsetts  furnished  forty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit,  and 
New  York  issued  ten  thousand  pounds ;  Pennsylvania,  as  a  present  to  the  queen, 
contributed  two  tnousand  pounds. 

1711.  —  A  Swiss  settlement  in  North  Carolina,  near  the  mouth 
of  tlie  Neuse,  called  their  town  New  Berne. 

The  Germans  sent  out  by  the  proprietors  settled  themselves  on  this  river. 
The  Tusearoras  considering  this  an  infringement  upon  their  lands,  seized  the 
surveyor-general,  Lawson,  burned  him  at  the  stake,  and  commenced  a  war. 
South  Carolina  sent  a  small  militia  force  to  assist  the  colonists,  together  with  a 
larj^u  body  of  friendly  Indians,  and  the  Tusearoras  agreed  to  peace. 

1711.  —  By  an  act  )f  parliament,  a  penalty  of  one  hundred 
poimds  was  attached  u)  the  ciHtiiJg  of  white  or  other  pine  trees, 
growing  upon  lands  not  owned  as  private  property,  or  such  as 
were  marked  by  the  surveyor,  in  New  England,  New  York,  and 
New  Jersey. 

The  penalty  was  recoverable  in  a  court  of  admiralty,  where  the  trial  was  with- 
out jury. 


182 


ANNALS  OF  NOUTII  AMERICA. 


[1711-12. 


1712-13.] 


1711.  —  A  SUPERIOR  COURT,  of  fivo  judgos,  clioson  aimuallyby 
the  assembly,  was  organized  in  Connecticut. 

It  exercised  the  judicial  iiutliority  heretofore  lield  by  the  nsaistants. 

1712.  —  A  BANK,  or  stock  of  forty-eight  thousand  pounds,  was 
created  in  South  Carolina. 

IJills  of  credit  were  issued  to  this  amount,  and  loaned  upon  mortgages  of  real 
estate,  to  be  repaid  in  yearly  instalments. 

1712.  —  A  SECOND  grist-mill  was  erected  for  New  Londoni 
CoiHiecticut,  on  the  Falls  of  Jordan  Brook,  by  Richard  Mauwa- 
ring. 

1712.  —  Andrew  SouLEs  Bradford,  the  oldest  son  of  William 
Bradlbrd,  who  in  1708  was  admitted  a  freeman  of  New  York 
city,  returned  to  Philadelphia,  and  took  charge  of  the  press  his 
father  had  loft  there. 

The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  resolved  to  have  the  laws  printed,  and  appointed 
a  committee  "  to  treat  with  .laeob  Taylor  and  the  otiier  j)rinter8  in  the  town," 
concerning  the  expense.  The  contract  was  linally  given  to  Andrew  Uradtbrd, 
who  issued  them  the  next  year  in  a  folio  volume  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  pages. 

Andrew  ISoules  Bradford  was  b'  n  in  I'hiladelphia.  His  printing-housu  was 
in  Second  Street,  lie  also  kept  a  bookstore,  sold  tea,  and  carried  on  a  bindery. 
He  was  printer  to  the  government,  and  in  17il2  was  postmaster  of  the  province. 

1712.  —  The  Tuscaroras  renewed  the  war  in  North  Carolina. 

The  South  Carolina  forces  returning  home,  pillaged  some  of  the  Indian  vil- 
lages, and  carried  ofl"  their  inhabitants  to  sell  as  slaves.  Spotswood,  the  gover- 
nor of  Virginia,  having  intluenced  the  assembly  to  vote  assistance,  sent  it,  uud 
succeeded  in  making  peace  with  a  portion  of  the  Tusc-iroras. 

1712. —  The  monopoly  of  trade  with  Louisiana  had  been 
granted  to  Anthony  Crozat. 

Croz.it  agreed  to  send  two  ships  a  year  from  France  with  goods  and  emigrants. 
He  had  also  the  right  to  import  yearly  a  cargo  of  slaves  from  Africa.  The 
French  government  agreed  to  pay  lifty  thousand  livres  ($10,000)  a  year  towards 
the  support  of  the  civil  and  military  establislnnent. 

1712,  April.  —  A  real  or  protended  plot  of  the  slaves  in  Now 
York  city  caused  great  excitement  throughout  the  province. 

Nineteen  of  the  accu^jc  1  were  hanged.  The  city  contained  at  this  time  five 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  forty  inhabitants. 

1712,  June.  —  A  slave  code  was  enacted  in  South  Carolina. 

Slaves  without  a  pass  were  to  be  arrested  and  punished  on  the  spot  by  "mod- 
erate chastisement."  Negro  houses  were  to  be  searched  once  a  week.  The 
punishment  of  a  slave  for  theft,  for  the  first  offence,  was  public  and  severe  whij)- 
ping ;  for  the  second,  loss  of  his  ear,  or  branding  on  his  forehead ;  for  the  third, 
having  his  "nose  slit;"  for  the  fourth,  "death  or  other  punishment,"  at  tlio 
discretion  of  the  court.  Two  justices  and  three  freeholders  made  a  competent 
court  foi  sentencing  a  slave  to  death,  the  owner  to  be  indemnilied  at  the  public 


oxpengo.  R 
fourth  such  I 
(lii'd  under  tl 
An  owner  k 
intention,"  w 
otiier,  twentj 
was  made  h 
Uliristian  rel 
free." 

1712,  Ji 
duty  of  tv 
into  the  pi 

It  was  refi 
allowed  six  i 
Indian  slaves 

1712,  Ai 

ing  the  iui] 

The  act  r 

burglaries,  th 
of  late,"  !)i'(>n 
Miijesty's  plai 

1713.— 

In  1848  it 
iH'ing  the  jioir 
of  cotton  and  ' 

1713.- 
Colonel  Jol 
orcct  a  .saw 

1713.— 

Jersey,  of 
whose  fiith( 
ills  dauglite 
The  place 

1713,  API 
war  with  Fj 

Acadie,  now 
jurisdiction  of 
pany  a  contrae 
Anieri?a,  and 
World,  forty-e 

1713.  — i 
Carolina  raai 

The  Indians 
and  sold  as  .slav 
ward,  were  take 


1712-13.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


183 


oxponsp.  Runaway  slaves  wore  to  bo  trontcd  with  similar  harshness.  For  tlio 
fourth  Hudi  tin  onincc,  a  man  "  was  to  bi-  K^'l'i"  tlu'  ownt-r  to  l)o  roimbursod  if  lio 
(liod  undi-r  the  opiTution ;  if  a  woman,  whipped,  branded,  and  her  loft  oor  cut  off. 
An  owner  killinj^  liis  slave  tbrout^li  "wantonness,  bloody-mindedness,  or  cruel 
intention,"  was  fined  fifty  pcninds  "current  money;  "  if  tiie  slave  belonged  to  an- 
other, twenty-flve  jJonmLi  to  tlio  public,  und  the  slave's  value  to  the  owner.  It 
was  made  lawful  for  slaves,  ne^fro  or  Indian,  to  be  baptized,  and  receive  the 
t'lirislian  religion;  but  "ho  or  they  shall  not  therolbro  bu  uianumittud  or  sot 
free." 

1712,  Junk.  —  An  act  was  passed  in  Pennsylvania  placing  a 
duty  of  twenty  pounds  upon  all  negroes  and  Indians  brought 
into  the  province  liy  land  or  water. 

It  was  refunded  if  they  were  ro-exported  within  twenty  days.  Travellers  were 
allowed  six  months  before  claimin^r  the  drawback,  and  to  have  two  "  negro  or 
Indian  slaves"  atfemling  them.     The  queen  disallowed  and  repealed  this  act. 

1712,  AucusT.  —  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  totally  prohibit- 
ing the  importation  of"  Indian  slaves  under  pain  of  tbrleiture. 

The  a(!t  recites  "that  diverse  conspiracies,  outrages,  barbarities,  murders, 
burglaries,  thefts,  and  other  notorious  crimes  and  enormities,"  have,  "especially 
of  late,"  been  committed  by  "  Indians  and  other  slaves,"  within  "several  of  her 
Majesty's  plantations  in  America." 

1713. —  WoRCESTEii,  Massichnsetta,  was  permanently  settled. 

In  1848  it  was  incorporated  as  a  city.  It  is  an  important  railroad  centre, 
being  the  jjoint  of  junction  of  six  difToront  lines.  It  is  a  great  manufacturing  place 
of  cotton  and  woollen  goods,  machinery,  iron-works,  and  agricultural  implements. 

1713.  —  TiiR  town  of  New  London,  Connecticut,  granted  to 
Colonel  John  Livingston  what  right  it  had  to  Sawmill  Brook,  to 
erect  a  saw-mill  and  fulling-mill. 

1713.  —  A  LARtJB  brick  house  was  built  at  Tladdonlield,  New 
Jersey,  of  bricks  brought  from  England  by  Elizabeth  Haddon, 
whose  father  had  purchased  four  hundred  acres  there,  and  sent 
his  daughter,  aged  twenty,  to  make  a  settlement. 

The  i)laco  was  named  after  him. 

1713,  April  11.  —  The  treaty  of  Utrecht  was  signed,  and  the 
war  with  Franco  and  Spain  ended. 

Acadie,  now  Nova  Scotia,  Newfoundland,  and  Hudson's  Bay  passed  imder  the 
jurisdiction  of  England.  By  the  treaty  Spain  passed  over  to  tiio  South  Sea  Com- 
pany a  contract  with  the  French  Guinea  Comi)any  for  supplying  slaves  to  Spanish 
America,  and  the  South  Sea  Company  contracted  to  land  yearly,  in  the  New 
World,  forty-eight  hundred  slaves,  for  ihirty  years. 

1713.  —  A  FORCE  of  militia  and  friendly  Indians  from  South 
Carolina  marched  against  the  Tuscaroras,  who  were  conquered. 

The  Indians  taken  captive  by  the  friendly  Indians  were  sent  to  South  Carolina 
and  sold  as  slaves.  The  Tuscaroras  abandoned  their  territory,  and  going  north- 
ward, wore  taken  into  the  confederacy  of  the  Five  Nations,  as  u  sixth  nation. 


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ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1713-15. 


1713.  —  North  Carolina  issued  her  first  bills  ot  credit. 

The  amount  vas  eight  thousand  pounds,  and  was  issued  to  meet  tliu  expenses 
of  the  Indian  war. 

1714.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  built  upon  Chester  Creek,  Dela- 
ware. 

It  was  afterwards  owned  by  a  Mr.  Wilcox,  who  used  to  furnish  Franklin  with 
paper.     The  mill  was  still  in  operation  in  18G0,  and  the  paper  made  by  hand. 

1714. — New  York  issued  bills  of  credit  to  the  amount  of  twenty, 
seven  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  pounds  to  pay  its  arrears 
of  debt. 

1714,  June  15  — The  Rhode  Island  assembly  burned  publicly 
bills  of  credit  amounting  to  one  thousand  one  hundred  and  two 
pounds,  eight  shillings  and  six  pence. 

They  had  been  received  for  taxation  and  were  thus  redeemed. 

1714.  —  A  BANK  or  stock  of  fifty  thousand  pounds  was  created 
in  Massachusetts. 

It  was  a  scheme  similar  to  that  in  South  Carolina,  and  w<'\s  to  last  five  years, 
the  loans  being  made  for  that  time  upon  mortgages,  the  intccst  and  one  fifth  the 
principal  being  paid  annually.  The  amount  was  distributed  nmong  the  counties, 
in  the  ratio  of  their  taxation,  and  placed  in  the  hnnds  of  trustees  to  be  loaned. 
This  pbi.n  was  carried  out  in  preference  to  a  proposition  for  a  private  bank  to 
issue  bills  upon  its  own  responsibility. 

1714.  —  Duties  anrl  other  burdensome  regulations  were  imposed 
by  the  government  of  New  Jersey  upon  the  exportation  of  various 
articles  to  the  other  provinces. 

1714.  —  James  Franklin  settled  in  Boston,  having  brought  a 
press  with  him  from  England,  which  he  set  up. 

1714.  —  Painters'  colors  were  advertised  for  sale  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

1714.  —  French  trading  settlements  were  made  upon  the 
Alabama  and  Red  rivers. 

The  first  was  near  the  present  site  of  Montgomery. 

1714.  —  The  Board  of  Trade,  at  the  accession  of  the  House 
of  Hanover  to  the  English  throne,  was  curtailed  of  its  powers,  and 
made  a  committee  for  reference  and  report,  dependent  upon  the 
secretary  of  stat§  for  the  southern  department,  as  it  was  called. 

1715.  —  Governor  Hunter  of  New  York  wrote  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  upon  the  subject  of  the  union  of  the  colonies. 

He  said :  "  It  is  matter  of  wonder,  that  hitherto  no  effectual  method  has  been 
thought  of  for  uniting  tho  divided  strength  of  these  provinces  on  the  continent  for 
the  defence  of  the  whole." 


1715.  — A  DUTY  of  three  pence  a  gallon  was  laid  on  wine  and 


1715.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


185 


rum  imported  into  Maryland,  except  from  England,  or  in  vessels 
built  and  owned  in  the  colony. 

1715,  July.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  a  bank 
or  loan. 

Forty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  from  five  pounds*  to  one  shilling  were  issued, 
apportioned  among  the  towns,  and  lent  at  five  per  cent,  interest  for  ten  years 
upon  mortgages  to  twice  the  value  of  land,  A  thousand  pounds  of  the  interest 
money  was  to  be  used  yearly  to  redeem  the  i\otes,  and  the  rest  for  the  expenses 
of  the  government. 

1715.  —  Linseed  oil  was  made  in  New  York. 

1715.  —  Another  issue  of  bills  of  credit  was  made  by  New 

York. 

The  bills  were  issued  for  erecting  fortifications  and  making  presents  to  the 
Indians,  and  were  to  be  redeemed  in  twenty-one  years  by  the  collection  of  an 
excise  duty  on  spirits. 

1715,  November.  —  The  laws  of  North  Carolina  were  revised, 
all  laws  not  specially  re-enacted  being  repealed. 

Tliese  laws  are  the  earliest  extant.  They  were  enacted  at  "  a  general  bien- 
nial Assembly,  held  at  the  house  of  Captain  Richard  Sanderson,  at  Little  River," 
and  begin,  "By  his  Excellency  ihe  Palatine,  and  the  rest  of  the  true  and  absolute 
Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  present  General 
Assembly  for  the  north  east  part  of  the  said  province."  Among  these  laws  were  : 
one  for  the  -'better  observing  the  Lord's  day,  and  also  for  suppressing  profanc- 
ness,  immorality,  and  divers  other  vicious  and  enormous  sins ; "  another  for 
"establishing  the  cimrch,  and  appointing  select  vestries ;  "  liberty  of  conscience 
was  guaranteed,  and  the  Quakers  allowed  to  aflSrm;  the  laws  of  England  were 
declared  "  the  laws  of  this  land,"  and  "  the  common  law  is  and  shall  be  in  force, ' 
Seven  years  possession  of  land  barred  the  right  of  entry. 

1715.  —  Orders  were  sent  from  England  to  all  the  colonial 
governors  not  to  consent  to  aiiy  laws  affecting  British  trade,  un- 
less they  contained  a  clause  suspending  their  operation  until  they 
received  the  royal  assent. 

A  bill  had  been  introduced  "for  regulating  the  chartered  governments,"  but 
roused  such  opposition  it  was  withJra^■n.  In  Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  and  the 
two  Carolinas,  the  royal  assent  was  not  necessary  for  the  jiassage  of  laws,  and 
hence  the  opposition  to  their  charters. 

1715.  —  The  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  Gookin,  refused  to 
allow  Quakers  to  affirm,  and  in  consequence  the  administration 
of  justice  was  stopped. 

Gookin  placed  this  interpretation  upon  nn  act  of  parliament  to  apply  for  flvo 
years  to  tlie  colonies,  allowing  Quakers  to  affirm  in  some  cases,  but  making  an 
oatli  obligatory  in  jurymen  and  witnesses.  The  council  and  assembly  complained, 
and  Gookin  was  recalled. 

1715.  — An  Indian  war  commenced  in  South  Carolina. 


186 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1715-16. 


The  Yamassets,  along  the  north  branch  of  the  Savannah  River,  began  it,  and 
were  joined  by  the  Catawbas,  Cherokees,  and  Creeks,  all  of  whom  had  taken  part, 
as  friendly  Indians,  in  the  late  war  with  the  Tuscaroras.  Martial  law  was  pro- 
claimed by  Governor  Craven,  and  an  embargo  laid  on  all  s'  ^ping.  AiJ  was 
sent  the  colon^  by  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Governor  Huni  ,  of  New  York, 
though  the  assembly  of  the  last  declined  granting  assistanwe,  &i>  tliey  had  never 
received  any  from  Carolina.  Governor  Craven  at  the  head  of  the  forces,  among 
which  were  such  slaves  as  could  be  trusted,  drove  the  Yamassees  back,  and  ths 
other  tribes  soon  made  peace.  The  war  lasted  about  two  years,  and  its  dama,je 
was  estimated  at  about  one  hundred  thousand  pounds.  About  the  same  amount 
had  been  issued  for  expenses,  in  bills  of  credit.  Governor  Spotswood,  writing  the 
Board  of  Trade  tliis  year,  said,  "  the  Indians  never  break  with  the  £iiigUsh  with- 
out gross  provocation  from  the  persons  tradiiig  with  the  i." 

1715.  —  The  population  of  the  colonies  was  reported  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  as  consisting  of  434,600,  of  which  375,750  were 
whit*;,  and  58,850  negroes. 

Massachi'  ,etts  had  the  largest  population,  being  96,000,  of  whom  2000  were 
negroes.  V'^irginia  stood  next  with  23,000  whites  and  9500  negroes.  The  immi- 
gration during  the  past  twenty-five  years  had  consisted  chiefly  of  negroes  and 
indented  fa.jrvants,  chiefly  Irish  and  German.  The  majority  of  the  population  had 
been  born  or  the  soil. 

1715.  — 'Yh7^  administration  of  Maryland  was  restored  to  Lord 
Baltimore,  tht*  son  of  the  original  proprietor. 

Ht  had  become  a  Protestant,  and  dying  soon  after,  his  infant  son  Charles,  the 
fifth  Lord  Baltimore,  succeeded  to  the  title.  The  administration  continued  in 
tlie  hands  of  John  Hart.  This  re-establishment  gave  the  proprietor  all  the  pow- 
ers of  an  hereditary  king.  Twelve  councillors  appointed  by  him  formed  the  upper 
house  of  the  assembly,  and  the  highest  legal  tribunal  of  the  province.  Four 
delegates  from  each  county,  and  two  from  Annapolis,  formed  the  lower  house,  and 
Were  elected  every  three  yenrs  by  the  freeholders,  and  possessors  of  personal 
property  to  the  amount  of  forty  pounds.  The  election  was  by  viva  voce,  and 
those  entitled  to  vote  were  fined  for  not  doing  so.  The  slave  code  which  had 
just  been  revised  continued  in  force.  All  children  born  of  "negroes  and 
slaves  "  were  slaves  for  their  natural  lives.  Baptism  should  not  confer  freedom. 
"  Any  person  whatsoever,"  travelling  out  of  his  county  without  a  pass  under  seal, 
could  bo  arrested  and  confined  until  the  production  of  a  "  certificate,"  tliat  he  or 
she  was  not  a  servant,  and  before  being  set  at  liberty  had  to  pay  the  jailer  ten 
pounds  of  tobacco  a  day,  and  two  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco,  or  twenty  days 
service  to  the  person  making  the  arrest.  Branding,  fining,  and  imprisonment 
were  the  punishments  for  the  second  offence  of  blasphemy,  and  death  the  third. 
The  yearly  production  of  tobacco  in  the  province  amounted  to  tliirty  thousand 
hogsheads  of  five  hundred  pounds  each. 

1716.  —  The  parishes  of  South  Carolina  were  made  election 
districts. 

The  population  had  been  before  so  scattered  that  for  ninety-nine  years,  says 
Ramsey,  Charleston  had  been  the  centre  and  source  of  judicial  power.  The 
tliirty-six  members  of  the  assembly  were  distributed  among  the  districts,  tlicir 
elections  being  held  at  the  parish  churches. 


1716-17.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


187 


1716,  October.  —  Samuel  Shute  arrived  in  Massachusetts  as 
governor. 

1716.  —  Another  bank  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  was 
organized  in  Massachusetts. 

It  was  distributed  among  the  counties,  and  loaned  on  mortgag  a. 

1716. — The  school  established  at  Say  brook  was  transferred  to 
New  Haven. 

The  name  of  Yale  College  was  given  in  honor  of  a  benefactor  of  that  namo. 

1716.  —  A  DISPUTE  arose  in  New  Jerse}"^  concerning  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  act  relating  to  the  affirmation  for  Quakers. 

Tlic  chief  justice  decided  that  the  act  of  parliament  did  not  repeal  the  colonial 
acts  allowing  Quakers  to  always  afBrm,  but  the  clerk  thought  differently,  and  re- 
fused to  admit  grand  jurymen  without  an  oath.  Governor  Hunter  supported  the 
chief  justice. 

1716.  —  Lemoine  de  Bienville  built  Fort  Rosalie  on  the  bluflf 
at  Natchez,  Mississippi. 

A  town  began  to  grow  up  about  it.  In  1729  the  fort  and  adjoining  settle- 
ments were  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  but  were  rebuilt  a  few  months  later  by  the 
French. 

1717.  —  A  LOAN  or  bank  was  organized  by  New  Hampshire. 

Its  issue  was  fifteen  thousand  pounds,  which  M-ere  loaned  as  in  Massachusetts. 

1717.  —  The  duties  imposed  in  1714  by  the  government  of 
New  Jersey  were  repealed/as  being  "  prejudicii'  to  tho  inhabi- 
tants." 

1717.  —  The  laws  of  Yirginia,  preventing  the  recovery  of 
foreign  debt,  prohibiting  the  assembling  of  Quakers,  and  the 
holding  of  office  by  any  one  who  had  not  resided  three  years  in 
the  colony,  were  repealed  by  proclamation. 

The  attention  of  the  Board  of  Trade  had  been  called  to  them. 

1717.  —  Sir  William  Keith  was  appointed  governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania, to  succeed  Gookin,  who  had  been  removed. 

1717.  — A  dispute  arose  in  Maine  with  the  king's  surveyor  of 
the  woods,  concerning  the  ownership  of  the  pine-trees. 

It  was  maintained  that  the  trees  belonged,  not  to  the  king,  but  to  the  people. 

1717.  —  South  Carolina  appealed  to  the  king  and  then  to  the 
parliament  to  have  the  province  placed  "  under  the  immediate 
protection  of  the  king." 

a  tax  of  ten  per  cent,  to  redeem  the  bills  of  credit  had  been  laid  upon  the  im- 
portation of  British  goods,  against  which  the  English  merchants  protested  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  and  the  proprietaries  disallowed. 

1717.  —  Crozat  relinquished  his  patent  for  Louisiana,  and  the 


1 


m 

'' . 

188 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1717-18. 


exclusive  trade,  for  twenty-five  years,  was  granted  to  the  Com- 
pany of"  the  West. 

Crozat'8  administration  had  been  pecuniarily  a  loss  to  him.  The  Company  of 
the  West  M'as  also  known  as  the  Mississippi  Company,  and  the  Company  of  the 
Indies.  It  enjoyed,  beside  the  monopoly  of  the  trade  with  Li  -'isiana,  a  monopoly 
of  the  fur  trade  with  Canada.  It  was  the  company  which  obtained  such  reputa- 
tion from  Law's  connection  with  it.  It  imdertook  to  introduce  six  thousand  white 
settlers,  and  half  as  many  negroes.  Grants  of  land  were  made  to  private  persons 
who  undertook  to  make  settlements ;  such  a  grant  of  twelve  miles  square,  on  the 
Arkansas,  was  given  to  Law,  who  undertook  to  settle  it  with  fifteen  hundred 
Germans.  At  the  date  of  the  transfer  of  the  patent,  the  colony  contained  about 
seven  hundred  people,  soldiers  included. 

1717.  —  Bellamy,  a  noted  freebooter,  was  wrecked  on  the 
shore  cf  Cape  Cod. 

Only  five  or  six  of  the  crew  (!SC8ped,  who  were  captured  and  hanged.  John 
Theaeh,  another  famous  freebooter,  was  captured  by  two  ships  sent  from  the 
Chesapeake  by  Spotswood,  the  governor  of  Virginia. 

1717. — The  assembly  of  New  York  made  an  issue  of  bills 
of  credit  to  the  amount  of  forty-eight  thousand  pounds. 

It  was  issued  to  pay  debts  overlooked,  due  to  councillors,  members  of  the 
assembly,  and  others.  The  grand  jury  remonstrated,  and  were  reprimanded  by 
the  assembly. 

1718.  —  Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  then  known  as  Hickory 
Town,  was  settled. 

In  1730  it  received  its  present  name,  in  1818  was  made  a  city.  In  1777,  Con- 
gress uat  tlicrc  for  a  few  days,  and  from  there  Thomas  Paine  wrote  his  famous 
letter  to  Lord  Howe.  It  was  the  capital  of  the  state  from  1799  to  1812.  There 
is  a  large  manufactory  for  rifles,  for  the  quality  of  which  the  place  has  long  been 
famous. 

1718.  —  New  Orleans  was  founded. 

It  soon  acquired  importance  from  having  been  granted  to  the  company  formed 
by  John  Law  in  Paris,  two  years  previously. 

When  the  "  Mississippi  Bubble,"  as  Law's  scheme  was  called,  hurst,  the  French 
resumed  the  control  of  the  country,  and  the  navigation  of  the  river  was  declared 
free. 

1718.  — The  Company  of  the  West  introduced  the  culture  of 
silk,  rice,  and  indigo  into  Louisiana. 

1718,  Mat.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act 
empowering  the  justices  throughout  the  province  to  four  times  a 
year  fix  the  prices  for  liquors ;  the  town-crier  was  to  proclaim 
them,  und  they  were  to  be  written  out  and  affixed  to  the  doors  of 
the  court-house. 

For  the  first  offence  the  fine  was  twenty  sliillings,  for  the  third  fire  pounds,  and 
the  loss  for  three  years  of  the  right  to  sell. 


1718-19 

1718, 
mission  1 
an  ordiu! 

1718.- 

1718.- 

1718.- 
refuge  or 

He  was  i 
Carolina,  tri 
cost  the  pre 

1719.- 
ave raged 

1719,  M 
setts  and 
two  coloni 

1719.— 

colony  of  ] 
derry,  Ircl; 


^■^•PimiiPr 


1718-19.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


189 


liere 
:  been 


ormed 


of 


1718,  June.  —  The  common  council  of  Philadelphia  gave  per- 
mission to  such  of  the  trades  as  deaired  it,  to  frame  and  present 
an  ordinance  by  which  they  should  be  incorporated. 

1718.  —  Linseed  oil  was  made  in  Connecticut. 

1718.  —  A  ROPE-WALK  was  erected  in  New  York  city. 

1718.  —  Steed  Bonnet,  at  the  head  of  a  body  of  pirates,  took 
refuge  on  the  coast  about  Cape  Fear. 

lie  was  captured  by  an  expedition  sent  against  him  from  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  tried,  found  guilty,  and  executed  with  some  forty  others.  His  capture 
cost  the  province  about  ten  thousand  pounds. 

1719.  —  From  this  year  to  1725  the  clearances  at  Philadelphia 
averaged  one  hundred  and  nineteen  yearly. 

1719,  May.  —  The  disputed  boundary  line  between  Massachu- 
setts and  Rhode  Island  was  settled  by  commissioners  from  the 
two  colonies. 

1719.  —  Londonderry,  in  New  Hampshire,  was  settled  by  a 
colony  of  Protestant  Irish,  who  named  the  place  after  London- 
derry, Ireland,  from  whence  they  came. 

This  was  one  of  the  first  settlements  made  by  the  Protestant  Irish  in  this 
country,  who,  known  as  the  Scotch-Irish,  have  been  of  such  service.  In  1842,  the 
descendants  of  tliis  original  settlement  were  estimated  at  over  twenty  thousand. 
I'rom  the  advent  of  these  settlers  an  era  of  improvement  in  the  linen  industry  of 
tiie  country  dates.  The  settlement  at  Londonderry  very  soon  established  it  in 
tiieir  midst,  and  extended  it  throughout  New  England.  The  introduction  of  the 
Irish  potato,  it  is  said,  is  also  to  be  ascribed  to  this  class  of  settlers. 

1719,  December  21.  —  The  Boston  Gazette,  the  second  news- 
paper in  America,  was  issued. 

William  Brooker  had  been  appointed  postmaster  in  the  place  of  John  Camp- 
bell, and  conimCiifjed  thic  sheet,  because,  it  is  said,  that  Campbell  refused  to  send 
liis  sheet  through  the  mails.  The  News  Letter  said  of  it,  "I  pity  the  readers  of  the 
new  paper,  its  sheets  smell  stronger  of  beer  than  of  midnight  oil.  It  is  not  read- 
ing lit  for  the  people !  "  While  the  Gazette  continued  in  Brookcr's  possession,  it 
was  piinttid  by  James  Franklin,  Benjamin's  brother. 

1719,  December  22. —  Andrew  Bradford,  in  connection  with 
John  Copson,  began,  in  Philadelphia,  the  publication  of  the 
Araerican  Weekly  Mercury,  the  third  newspaper  in  America. 

About  a  year  after  the  establishment  of  the  Mercury,  Bradford  was  siimmoned 
before  the  governor  and  council  for  an  article  which  had  given  offence,  and  com- 
pelled to  humbly  apologize  for  it,  being  told  at  the  same  time  "  that  he  nmst  not 
presume  to  publish  anything  relating  to  the  affairs  of  this  or  any  other  of  his 
Majesty's  colonies  without  the  permission  of  the  governor  or  secretary." 

Bradford  was  the  postmaster  of  Philadelphia.  He  died  November  24,  1742, 
»nd  his  widow  conducted  the  paper  afterwards. 

1719.  —  Richard  Warden  advertises  in  Bradford's  Mercury, 
at  Philadelphia,  that  he  makes  and  sells  "  good  long  Tavern 


190 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1719. 


Tobacco  pipes  at  four  shillings  a  gross,  or  three  shillings  for  a 
larger  quantity,  and  also  burns  pipes  for  eight  pence  a  gross." 

1719.  —  A  COPPER  MINE  was  discovered  in  Hanover,  Hudson 
County,  New  Jersey,  by  Arent  Schuyler. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  worked  before  by  the  earlier  Dutch  settlers.  At  tlie 
time  of  the  Revolution,  the  shaft  had  been  sunk  nearly  200  feet.  About  1745, 
the  proprietor,  Col.  John  Schuyler,  imported  a  steain-onpne  from  England,  to 
punip  the  water  from  the  mine,  and  Josiah  Hornblowcr  came  over  with  it  and  set 
it  up.  It  is  said  to  have  been  the  third  steam  engine  erected  in  America,  and  was 
probably  one  of  Ncwcomen's  atmospheric  engines.  It  continued  in  isc  for  over 
forty  years. 

1719.  —  The  legislature  of  Maryland  passed  an  act  by  which 
one  bundled  acres  of  land  should  be  laid  off  to  any  one  who 
would  eroct  furnaces  and  forges  in  the  province. 

The  year  before  samples  of  iron  from  Maryland  and  Virginia  had  been  received 
in  England.  During  the  next  thirty  years  eight  furnaces  and  nine  forges  were 
erected  in  Maryland. 

1719.  —  The  lead  mines  of  Missouri  were  discovered  about  this 
date. 

They  were  owned  by  the  Mississippi  Company,  and  in  1723  were  granted  to 
M.  Renault,  who  had  first  explored  them. 

1719.  —  In  South  Carolina  the  assembly  declared  the  proprie. 
tors  had  forieited  their  rights  in  the  province,  and  appointed 
James  Moore  to  govern  the  colony  in  the  king's  »'  ne,  and  also  a 
council  of  twelve. 

This  revolutionary  proceeding  was  the  culmination  of  a  long  dispute.  Robert 
Johnson  had  been  sent  out  as  governor,  with  instructions  from  the  proprietaries 
to  dissent  to  various  acts  of  the  assembly.  Johnson  kept  them  secret,  but  the 
assembly  becoming  aware  of  them,  maintained  that  the  proprietaries  could  not 
set  aside  acts  of  the  assembly  which  the  governor  had  once  approved.  Trott,  the 
chief  justice,  denying  this,  was  impeached.  The  proprietaries  ordered  the  assem- 
bly dissolved,  and  the  new  assembly  carried  through  the  revolution.  Tiioy  asked 
Johnson  to  act  in  the  king's  name,  and  on  his  refusal  appointed  Moore  as  gov- 
ernor. 

1719.  —  The  House  of  Commons  passed  a  resolution  "  that  the 
erection  of  manufactories  in  the  colonies  tended  to  lessen  their 
dependency  on  Great  Britain." 

1719.  —  Shute,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  claimed  his 
instructions  gave  him  the  control  of  the  printing-press,  but  the 
attorney- general  said  he  could  find  no  law  to  justify  an  indict- 
ment against  the  printers. 

The  House  had  made  a  remonstrance  concerning  the  acts  of  the  king's  sur- 
Teycr,  which  Shute  asked  them  not  to  print,  and  threatened  to  prevent  their  doing 
•0,  and  ordered  the  printers  indicted,  with  above  result.  His  appeal  to  the  Board 
of  Trade  received  no  answer. 


1719-21 

1719.. 
consent 
payment 

1720.  - 
began  th 

Spinning 

1720.  - 
Law's  CO 
accompar 
country,  i 

Renault  i 
thfc  ores  beii 

1720.- 
PennsylvjE 

1720.- 
It  was  att 

1720,  0( 
New  York 

The  asscn 
the  Indians  fj 

1720.-- 
looking  the 

By  the  troj 
puia  of  Nova 
extent  of  Aci 
embraced  onl 


1719-21.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


191 


1719.  — An  order  was  sent  to  all  the  royal  governors  to  not 
consent  to  any  further  issue  .of  bills  of  credit,  except  for  the 
payment  of  current  expenses. 

1720.  —  SoBfE  Irish-Scotch  settlers  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
began  the  manufacture  of  linen. 

Spinning  schools  were  established. 

1720.  —  The  French  government  granted  a  patent  to  John 
Law's  company  to  work  the  Missouri  lead  mines;  and  Renault, 
accompanied  by  a  mineralogist,  La  Motte,  came  out  to  this 
country,  and  the  Potosi  and  La  Motte  mines  were  opened. 

Renault  returned  to  Franco  in  1742.  Up  to  that  time  not  much  had  been  done, 
thfc  ores  being  smelted  by  being  heaped  up  with  logs  and  burned. 

1720.  —  Coventry  forge,  on  Froncli  Creek,  Chester  County, 
Pennsylvania,  was  erected  about  this  time. 

1720.  —  A  FORGE  was  erected  in  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  attacked  in  1728  by  the  Indians,  but  they  were  repulsed  by  the  workmen. 

1720,  October.  —  William  Burnet  was  appointed  governor  of 
New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

The  assembly  of  New  York  passed  an  act  to  prevent  the  French  traders  with 
the  Indians  from  obtaining  their  supplies  from  Albany. 

1720.  —  Ttte  French  built  Louisburg,  at  Cape  Breton,  over- 
looking the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 

By  the  treaty  of  Utreciit,  the  French  had  gradually  withdrawn  from  the  penin- 
sula of  Nova  Scotia,  into  the  Island  of  St.  John's.  A  question  arose  as  to  the 
extent  of  Acadic,  as  surrendered  by  »he  treaty.  According  to  ;he  French,  this 
embraced  only  Nova  Scotia,  as  it  is  now  known. 

1720.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  allowed  taxes  to 
be  paid  in  certain  articles  of  produce,  at  fixed  rates. 

172G.  —  Legal  steps  were  taken  in  England  to  vacate  the 
charter  of  Carolina. 
Pending  the  process,  the  crown  assumed  the  jurisdiction. 

1721.  —  Charlevoix  visited  Niagara,  and  describes  it  in  a  let- 
ter to  Madame  de  Maintenon. 

He  accompanied  a  party  led  from  Montreal  by  Joucaire,  who  had  been  a  prisoner 
among  the  Senccas,  and  adopted  by  them.  Charlevoix  was  then  on  his  way  to 
New  Orleans.  A  permanent  trading  pout  was  established  on  the  site  of  La  Salle's 
station. 

1721.  —  Governor  Burnet,  of  New  York,  erected  a  trading 
station  near  the  mouth  of  the  Genesee. 

This  was  the  first  time  the  English  flag  was  planted  on  the  Western  lakes.  A 
claim  was  made  to  the  territory  north  and  west  of  Lake  Ontario,  as  belonging  to 
the  Indians  under  English  protection. 


192 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1721. 


1721.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  issued  forty  thousand 
pounds  of  bills  of  credit. 

They  were  loaned  in  Bmiill  sums  on  mort^gcs  of  real  estate. 

1721.  —  Stone  was  first  quarried  at  Trenton,  Now  Jersey. 

1721,  June  13.  —  A  second  bank,  or  loan,  was  created  by  the 
assembly  of  Rhode  Island. 

Forty  thourand  pounds  were  iasued  of  bills  of  credit,  on  the  same  terms  as  the 
former  loan.  Hemp  or  flax  was  to  bo  received  in  payment  of  the  interest  on  the 
loans,  the  former  at  eight  pence,  and  the  latter  at  ten  pence  a  pound.  Specie  was 
80  scarce  that  an  English  lialfpcnny  passed  for  three  halfpence. 

1721.  —  The  sraall-pox  raged  this  year  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts. 

It  had  been  brought  from  the  West  Indies.  There  were  5889  cases,  of  which 
844  were  fatal.  '">r.  Zabdiel  Boylston  introduced  inoculation,  trying  it  on  hia  own 
son  first.  Cotton  Mather  had  seen  in  the  transactions  of  the  Royal  Society  an 
account  of  it,  and  brouglit  it  to  Dr.  TJoylston's  attention.  Groat  opposition  wns 
niado  to  its  introduction  by  the  other  practitioners,  anil  it  was  denounced  as  an 
impious  attempt  to  thwart  the  providence  of  God,  who  in  his  wisdom  sent  the 
small-pox.  A  mob  threatened  to  hang  those  practising  it,  and  a  lighted  grenade 
was  thrown  into  Cotton  Mather's  house. 

1721.  —  Sir  Francis  Nicholson  was  sent  to  South  Carolina  as 
provisional  royal  governor. 

He  brought  with  him  an  independent  company  of  soldiers,  which  was  main- 
tained at  the  expense  of  the  crown.  They  were  stationed  on  the  Altamaha,  to 
serve  as  a  defence  on  the  outposts  against  the  Spaniards.  An  assembly  he  called 
confirmed  all  the  late  revolutionary  proceedings,  and  eatablislied  tlie  system  of 
local  elections,  which  the  proprietors  had  objected  to.  It  also  voted  a  revenue  to 
be  raised  by  a  tax  on  liquors,  other  goods,  and  negroes  imponcd,  which  was 
intrusted  to  a  treasurer  of  theix  own. 

1721.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  ordered  that  all  com- 
mon drunkards  should  be  publicly  posted  as  such  by  the  town 
councils,  and  all  dealers  forbidden  to  sell  liquor  to  such. 

The  law  was  afterwards  extended,  making  the  posting  obligatory  in  all  adjoin- 
ing towns. 

1721,  August  7.  —  James  Franklin  established  the  New  Eng- 
land Courant,  at  Boston;  the  third  newspaper  in  the  colony. 

The  Courant  having  given  offence  to  the  clergy  and  some  members  of  the  gov- 
ernment, the  proprietor  was  imprisoned  on  a  warrant  from  the  speaker,  and  on 
order  obtained  from  the  general  court  forbidding  its  publication  until  its  contents 
were  submitted  to  tlie  secretary  of  the  province.  The  committee  appointed  by 
the  general  court  reported,  in  172?,  as  follows :  "  The  committee  appointed  to 
consider  of  the  paper  called  the  New  England  Courant,  published  Monday  the 
fourteenth  current,  are  humbly  of  opinion  that  the  tendency  of  t)ic  said  paper  is 
to  mock  religion,  and  bring  it  into  contempt,  that  the  Holy  Scriptures  arc  therein 
profanely  abused,  that  the  revered  and  faithful  ministers  of  the  gospel  are  injuri- 
ously reflected  on,  His  Majesty's  Government  affronted,  and  the  peace  and  good 


1722.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


193 


order  of  Ilis  Majesty's  subjects  of  ibis  Province  disturbed,  by  tlio  said  Con  rani  ; 
and  for  precaution  of  ti»o  liico  ofFencc  for  tbo  future,  tlie  Coniniitteu  humbly  pro- 
pnse,  Tliat  .James  Franklin,  liie  printer  and  publisiier  tbcreof,  be  strictly  forbidden 
by  this  Court  to  print  or  publish  the  Ntw  England  Courani,  or  any  other  paniphlot 
or  paper  of  the  like  nature,  except  it  bo  first  supervised  by  the  secretary  of  this 
Province ;  and  the  Justices  of  His  Majesty's  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  the  County 
of  Suflblk,  at  their  next  adjournment,  bo  directed  to  take  sufficient  bonds  of  the 
said  Franklin  for  Twelve  months  time."  The  question  of  inoculation,  which  the 
Courant  opposed,  was  supported  by  the  Mathers  and  other  clergymen,  though 
the  bishops  of  England  opposed  it.  The  writers  for  the  Courant  were  called 
tiic  Hell-Fire  Club,  by  the  clergy  and  authorities. 

The  Courant  was  continued,  however,  without  such  censorship,  being  issued  in 
♦lie  name  of  James's  brother,  Benjamin,  even  after  the  latter  had  left  Boston  for 
riiiladelphia.  Unwilling  to  submit  to  the  requirements  of  the  assembly,  James 
Franklin  left  Boston  finally,  and  went  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

1722,  September  14.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Albany  with 
tho  cliiefs  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Governor  Spotswood  of  Virginia,  Keith  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Burnet  of  New 
York,  negotiated  a  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations,  by  which  it  was  agreed  that  no 
more  hunting  or  war  parties  should  be  sent  by  these  nations  into  the  region  cast 
of  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1722,  September  22.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Albany  with 
the  chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Governor  Keith  with  four  members  of  the  council  of  Pennsylvania,  the  gov- 
ernor of  New  York  with  seven  commissioners  for  xudian  affairs,  and  the  chiefs  of 
tlie  Six  Nations  were  present.  Tanaehaha  was  the  Indian  speaker;  he  was 
translated  into  Dutch,  and  then  into  English.  The  league  already  formed  was 
renewed.     The  Historical  Register  for  1723  has  the  proceedings. 

1722.  —  Governor  Spotswood,  of  Virginia,  was  removed,  and 
Hugh  Drysdale  appointed  in  his  place. 

Spotswood  was  made  postmaster-gener.-d  of  the  colonies. 

1722.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  offered  a  premium 
for  sail  duck  and  linen,  made  within  the  province  from  materials 
of  domestic  production. 

1722.  —  Massachusetts,  to  make  change,  issued  one,  two,  and 
three  pence  pieces,  printed  on  parchment,  to  the  amount  of  five 
hundred  pounds. 

The  pieces  were  round,  square,  and  six-sided. 

1722.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  granted  to  William 
Boiden,  of  Newport,  a  bounty  of  twenty  shillings  for  each  bolt 
of  duck  manufactured  by  him  of  hemp  grown  in  the  province 
and  equal  in  quality  to  good  Holland  duck. 

Borden  was  to  have  this  bounty  exclusively  for  five  years,  and  this  term  was 
extended  to  ton  years.  In  1725  he  received  a  loan,  for  three  years,  of  five  hun- 
dred pounds,  from  the  public  treasury.  In  1728  he  was  loaned  three  thousand 
pounds,  in  bills  of  credit,  to  be  printed  at  his  expense,  and  loaned  him  without 

13 


194 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1722. 


interest,  for  ten  yoftrs,  on  liis  giving  good  security  to  repay  it  nt  timt  time,  llo 
was  to  make,  yearly,  one  hundred  und  flfty  bolts  of  good  nicrchuntahle  duck.  In 
1781  the  assembly  relieved  him  from  producing  the  stipulated  (quantity,  and  con- 
tinued tlic  bounty  on  such  amount  as  he  should  produce. 

1722.  —  The  aPBembly  of  Pennsylvania  made  an  issue  of'fiftoon 
thousand  pounds,  in  bills  of  credit,  to  which  Governor  Keith 
assented. 

It  was  to  be  loaned  out  on  plate  or  n  id  estate,  at  flvo  per  cent,  interest,  pay- 
able in  eight  yearly  inAtalmcnts.  Loan  offices  were  establish! -d  in  each  county, 
and  the  loans  were  to  range  from  ten  pounds  ten  shillings  to  one  hundred  pounds. 
If  the  money  remained  in  the  office  six  months  without  being  borrowc',  loans 
might  be  made    i  two  hundred  pounds. 

1722.  —  Timothy  Cutter,  the  rector  of  Yale  College,  was 
excused  from  his  rectorship,  on  account  of  his  conversion  to 
Episcopacy. 

Provision  was  made  for  securing,  in  future,  satisfactory  evidence  from  all 
rectors  of  "  the  soundness  of  their  I'ul'h,  in  opposition  to  Armenian  and  prelatical 
corruptions." 

1722.  —  Copper  ore  from  the  plantatioiis  was  placed  by  par- 
liament on  the  list  of  enumerated  articles. 

The  discovery  of  copper  deposits  in  New  York  was  the  cause  of  this  action. 

1722.  —  An  expedition  from  Massachusetts  destroyed  the  Jesuit 
settlement  at  Norridgewock,  on  the  Upper  Kennebec. 

The  Jesuit  Father  Haslcs  escaped,  but  his  papers  were  captured.  The  Indians 
retaliated  by  burning  Brunswick,  a  recent  settlement  on  the  Androscoggin. 

1722.  —  The  Pouth  Carolina  assembly  passed  an  act  for  the 
issue  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit. 

Twenty-eight  traders  in  Charleston  protested  to  the  governor,  Nicholson, 
Against  this  issue.  They  said  that  "every  legislative  engagement  for  rccallin;? 
the  various  emissions  of  bills  had  been  broken  through  by  every  assembly."  The 
assembly  pronounced  this  protest  as  a  "false  and  scandalous  libel,"  and  corn- 
knitted  its  authors  for  a  breach  of  privilege.  The  bill  was  refused  assent  in  Eng- 
land, and  instructions  were  sent  to  the  governor  to  consent  to  no  law  for  a  further 
issue  of  bills  of  credit,  nor  to  any  act  tending  to  divert  the  use  of  the  sinking  fund 
already  established  for  the  redemption  of  the  issues  in  circulation.  Such  was  tlic 
■carcity  of  circulation,  however,  that  the  assembly  made  rice,  at  a  fixed  rate,  a 
legal  tender  for  the  payment  of  debts. 

1722.  —  Daniel  Coxb  published,  in  London,  A  Description  of 
the  English  Province  of  Carolina,  by  the  Spaniards  called  Florida, 
and  by  the  French  La  Louisiane. 

His  book  proposed  that  all  the  British  colonics  on  the  continent  should  be 
"  united  under  a  legal,  regular,  and  firm  establishment,  over  which  a  lieutenant  or 
supreme  governor  should  be  constituted  and  appointed  to  preside  on  the  spot,  to 
whom  the  governors  of  each  colony  should  be  subordinate."    He  also  proposed 


1722-3.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


196 


the  election  of  deputies  from  each  province,  to  form  a  "great  council  or  general 
ronvcntion  of  tlie  8tate«  of  the  colonies."  Daniel  Coxc  was  the  son  of  a  largo 
land  proprietor,  had  resided  in  the  country  many  years,  visited  most  of  the  colo- 
nics, been  speaker  of  the  New  Jerse/  assembly,  and  died  in  Trenton  in  1739, 
r/iiilu  holding  the  office  of  judge  in  tlie  superior  court  of  that  state. 

1722.  —  The  Spanian^s  obtainod  possession  of  Pensacola, 
Florida,  in  conseqiienco  of  the  peace. 

Witliin  the  past  three  years  it  had  twice  fallen  into  the  possession  of  tlie 
French. 

1722.  —  The  Spaniards  established  military  posts  in  Texas. 

1722.  —  The  failure  of  Law's  Royal  Bank  put  an  end  to  the 
active  immigration  in  Louisiana. 

The  colony  contained  several  thousand  inhabitants,  but  was  still  dependent 
upon  France  and  Saint  Domingo  for  its  supplies.  Charlevoix,  who,  in  January 
of  this  year,  arrived  at  New  Orleans,  speaks  of  it  as  containing  a  large  wooden 
wareliouse,  a  shetl  for  a  cliuroh,  two  or  three  small  houses,  and  a  number  of  huts 
crowded  together  without  any  order. 

1723.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  made  another  issue  of 
bills  of  credit  for  thirty  thousand  pounds. 

They  were  issued  on  the  same  terms  as  the  loan  of  the  year  before. 

1723,  —  Connecticut  furnished  aid  tc  Massachusetts  for  her 
defence  against  the  Indians. 

It  was  at  first  refused.  The  Mohawks  reftised  to  take  up  arms  in  favor  of 
Massachusetts,  though  frequent  attempts  were  made  to  induce  them  to  do  so. 
Their  reply  was  tl'iit  the  surest  way  for  Massachusetts  to  obtain  peace  with  tlie 
Indians  was  to  restore  to  them  their  lands  and  captives  held  as  prisoners. 

1723.  —  The  school  system  in  Maryland  was  introduced  prac- 
tically. 

Boards  of  visitors,  seven  for  each  county,  were  appointed  with  power  to 
fill  vacancies,  and  purchase  in  each  county  one  hundred  acres  for  a  boarding- 
Bchool.  Tlie  teachers  were  to  have  twenty  pounds  a  year,  and  the  use  of  the  land, 
and  were  to  be  "  good  school  masters,  members  of  the  Church  of  England,  and 
of  pious  lives  and  conversation,  and  capable  of  teaching  well  the  grammar,  good 
writing  and  the  mathematics,  if  such  can  conveniently  be  got." 

1723.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  forbade  the  importation  from 
Delaware  or  Pennsylvania,  of  "  bread,  beer,  flour,  malt,  wheat, 
Indian  corn,  or  other  grain  or  meal." 

Stallions  running  wild  could  be  shot,  to  prevent  "the  extravagant  multitudes 
of  useless  horses  that  run  in  the  woods."  The  law  was  copied  from  one  in  force 
in  Virginia. 

1723.  —  South  Carolina  coined  pence  and  two-pence  pieces. 

1723.  —  The  duty  laid  in  Virginia  on  the  importation  of  spirits 
and  negroes  was  repealed  by  proclamation. 


1 


iips'i^)."'*; 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1723-4. 


In  order  to  stop  the  prftctlce  "of  levying  customs  on  the  trade  of  England." 
A  duty  on  the  importation  of  convicts  was  kIso  repealed. 

1723.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  suggested  the  holding 
of  a  convention  of  the  colonies. 

This  suggestion  the  Board  of  Trade  pronounced  to  be  a  nmtinous  proposal. 

1724.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  reimposed  the  duty  on  spirits 
when  imported  from  elsewhere  than  Great  Britain. 

The  Board  of  Trade  had  intimated  that  tlio  duty  on  spirits  was  not  objection- 
able, provided  it  was  exacted  from  the  colonial  consumer,  instead  of  from  the 
English  exporter. 

1724.  —  The  importation  of  slaves  to  Virginia  noAv  averaged 
one  thousand  a  year. 

Free  negroes,  mulattoes,  and  Indians,  though  fi  eholders,  were  deprived  the 
right  of  voting;  and  no  slave  was  to  be  emancipated,  "except  for  meritorious 
ficrvices,  to  be  adjudged  of  by  the  governor  and  council,  and  a  license  thereupon 
had  and  obtained." 

1724.  —  Joseph  Talcot   \yas  elected  governor  of  Connecticut. 

Saltonstall  died. 

1724.  —  Fort  Dummer  was  erected  by  Massachusetts,  to  pro- 
tect the  towns  on  the  Connecticut  River  from  the  Indians. 

It  was  upon  the  site  of  Brattleborough,  Vermont,  and  was  the  first  settlement 
within  tho  territory  of  that  state. 

1724.  —  A  second  expedition  from  Massachusetts  surprised 
Ncrridgewock. 

The  settlement  was  pillaged  and  burned,  and  Rasles,  with  bome  thirty  of  his 
Indian  disciples,  was  slain. 

1724.  —  This  year  the  ship-carpenters  of  London  complained 
of  the  increase  of  ship-building  in  the  colonies,  but  the  Board  of 
Trade  did  not  dare  venture  to  recommend  its  prohibition. 

1724.  —  The  first  insurance  office  in  the  colonies  was  started 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1724.  —  The  first  convention  of  booksellers,  for  the  regulation 
of  the  trade,  met  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 
Their  specific  object  was  to  increase  the  prices  of  books. 

1724.  —  February  18.  — The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  au 
act  requiring  a  property  qualification  for  becoming  a  freeman. 

The  person  was  to  be  worth  one  hundred  pounds,  or  be  in  receipt  from  real 
estate  of  in  income  of  two  pounds  a  year.  The  eldest  son  of  a  freeman  might 
vote  in  his  father's  right.  The  law  was  not  to  disfpenchisu  those  who  were  free- 
men already,  without  this  qualification.  At  the  same  assembly  the  law  by  which 
the  freemen  of  the  towns,  though  not  of  the  colony,  were  forbidden  to  vote  for 
the  deputies,  was  repealed. 


1724-5 

1724, 
prevent 
for  the 

1724. 

assembl 

sail- clot 

Thene 

1724. 
use  of  8( 

1724. . 
cles  shal 
for  food  1 

1724.- 
pabannoc 

They  m 
erected  a  fe 
in  which  it 

1724.  - 
under  the 
vent  at  N 
agreed  to 
liad  also  a 
rites  with 

The  pries 

of  Ursuline 

Boldiers  and 

mander,  two 

general,  a  cl 

Superior  Coi 

supreme  autl 

posed  of  a  di 

four  in  crimii 

orange  liad 

Wheat  and  t 

the  Illinois  c( 

1725  — 
dress  to 
holding  a  g 

The  two  br 
The  lords  jus 
8"ited  to  it,  t( 

1725 

office,  and  : 

1725,  Oc 
publication 


1724-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTE  AMERICA. 


197 


1724,  October.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act  to 
prevent  the  tearing  of  the  bills  of  credit  into  fractional  parts, 
for  the  making  of  change. 

1724.  —  Richard  Rogers,  of  New  London,  appealed  to  the 
assembly  of  Connecticut  for  the  exclusive  right  to  manufacture 
Bail-cloth,  such  as  he  displayed  sampler  of 

The  next  year  the  patent  was  given  him. 

1724.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  prohibited  the 
use  of  scarfs  at  funerals,  as  a  "  burdensome  custom." 

1724.  —  The  authorities  of  Massachusetts  ordered  that  "  mus- 
cles shall  not  be  used  lor  making  lime,  or  anything  else,  except 
for  food  and  bait  to  catch  fish." 

1724.  —  An  iron  mine  and  furnaces  were  working  on  the  Rap- 
pahannock, in  Virginia. 

They  were  operated  by  Colonel  Alexander  Spotswood,  and  were  probably 
erected  a  few  years  before  this  date,  wliich  is  when  The  Present  State  of  Virginia, 
in  which  it  y>  as  mentioned,  was  printed. 

1724.  —  In  Louisiana  the  lower  part  of  the  province  was 
under  the  religious  regulation  of  the  Capuchins,  who  had  a  con- 
vent at  New  Orleans ;  the  upper  part  was  under  the  Jesuits,  who 
agreed  to  keep  at  least  fourteen  priests  in  the  territory.  They 
had  also  a  house  at  New  Orleans,  but  could  perform  no  religious 
rites  without  permission  from  the  Capuchins. 

The  priests  of  both  orders  were  supported  by  the  French  government.  A  convent 
of  Ursuline  nuns  was  established  at  New  Orleans.  Six  hundred  and  fifty  French 
soldiers  and  two  hundred  Swiss  were  maintained  in  the  province.  Their  com- 
mander, two  lieutenants,  a  senior  counsellor,  three  other  counsellors,  an  attorney- 
general,  a  clerk,  and  such  other  directors  as  might  be  in  the  province,  formed  the 
Superior  Council,  of  which  th**  senior  counsellor  was  president,  and  was  tho 
Bupreme  authority  in  civil  a.  a  criminal  matters.  Other  local  tribunals  were  com- 
posed of  a  director  or  agent  of  the  company,  aided  by  two  inhabitants  in  civil,  and 
four  in  criminal  cases.  The  chief  products  were  rice,  tobacco,  and  indigo.  The 
orange  had  been  introduced  from  St.  Domingo,  and  the  fig  from  Provence. 
Wheat  and  flour  were  beginning  to  be  received  from  the  French  settlements  in 
the  Illinois  country. 

1725  —  A  CONVENTION  of  ministers  held  in  Boston  sent  an  ad- 
dress to  the  general  court,  asking  them  to  appoint  a  time  for 
holding  a  synod. 

The  two  branches  of  the  general  court  disagreed,  and  the  matter  was  postponed. 
The  lords  justices  hearing  of  it  wrote  a  letter  reprimanding  tliosc  who  had  a»- 
6"nted  to  it,  terming  such  a  proposition  an  invasion  of  her  Majesty's  supremacy. 

1725. —  Governor  Keith  of  Pennsylvania  was  removed  from 
office,  and  Patrick  Gordon  was  sent  out  to  take  his  place. 

1725,  October  16.  —  William  Bradford  began  in  New  York  the 
publication  of  the  New  York  Gazette. 


w 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1725-6. 


It  was  a  weekly  paper.  Bradford  was  sixty  years  old  when  ho  commenced  it. 
Ho  died  in  New  York,  May  23,  1752,  aged  ninety-two.  ilis  tombstone  ia  in  Trin- 
ity Church-yard.  The  Oazette  was  published  by  him  through  1742.  In  1743  its 
name  was  changed  to  the  New  York  OazHte  or  Weekly  Post-Boy,  which  was  pub- 
lished by  James  Parker,  who  had  been  an  apprentice  to  Bradford,  and  had  run 
kway.     It  did  not  continue  long  in  existence. 

1725.  —  There  was  launched  at  Grotou,  Connecticut,  a  ship  of 
seven  hundred  tons. 

It  was  built  by  John  JeffVey,  who  had  emigrated  from  England,  and  was  given 
a  ship-yard  by  the  town  on  condition  of  his  building  this  '*  great  ship,"  which  ho 
contracted  to  moke  the  largest  ship  that  had  ever  been  constructed  in  this  country. 

1725.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  passed  two  laws  to 
encourage  the  making  of  salt  in  the  colony. 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  as  no  more  bills  of  credit  could  be  issued,  the  assembly 
added  to  tlic  bill  for  yearly  revenue  a  clause  to  stop  the  redemption  of  the  bills  of 
credit,  which  had  been  reduced  to  eighty-seven  thousand  pounds.  The  council 
objected  to  this  provision ;  and  the  assembly  denied  their  right  to  amend  money 
bills. 

1725.  —  The  Penobscot  Indians  proposed  a  peace,  in  which  the 
Norridgewocks  took  part,  and  the  war  ended. 

Public  trading-houses  were  established  to  furnish  the  Indians  supplies  at  cost ; 
and  not  being  subject  to  the  greed  of  private  traders,  the  Indians  kept  the  pcacu 
many  years. 

1726.  —  In  January,  John  Powell,  of  Boston,  memorialized  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  proposing,  if  suitably  aided,  to 
have  twenty  looms  for  making  sail-cloth  at  work  in  fifteen  or 
eighteen  months.  That  it  would  require  five  hundred  pounds 
for  each  loom  capable  of  producing  fifty  pieces  of  duck  a  year. 

A  committee  appointed  to  investigate  the  proposition  reported  in  June,  recom- 
mending a  bounty  of  twenty  shillings  for  each  piece  of  duck,  "thirty  six  yards 
long,  and  thirty  inches  wide,  a  good  even  thread,  well  drawn  and  of  a  good  briglit 
color,  being  wrought  wholly  of  good  strong  water-rotted  hemp  or  flax,  of  tlio 
growth  of  New  England,  and  that  shall  weigh  between  forty  and  fifty  pounds, 
each  bolt,  and  for  fourteen  years,  as  is  usual  m  Great  Britain  and  elsewhere,  and 
the  memorialist  be  allowed  three  thousand  pounds,  he  giving  such  security  as 
your  Court  may  appoint,  two  thousand  |>ounds  in  hand,  and  the  other  one  thou- 
sand when  he  has  perfected  five  hundred  pieces  of  canvas,  that  shall  pass  tlio 
survey." 

1726.  —  It  was  ordered  in  Massachusetts  that  hemp  and  flax 
should  be  taken  by  the  public  treasury  in  payment  of  taxes. 

Hemp  at  the  rate  of  four  pence  a  pound,  and  flax  at  the  rate  of  six  pence  a 
pound. 

1726.  —  Iron-works  were  iu  operation  in  Delaware. 

Governor  Keith  of  Pennsylvania  was  the  proprietor.  Their  location  is  not 
known. 


1726-7.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


19a 


1726.  —  William  Parks  set  up  a  press  this  year  at  Annapolis, 
Maryland. 

The  printing  for  Maryland  had  previously  been  done  by  Andrew  Bradford,  at 
Fliiladclpliia. 

1726.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  erected  this  year  upon  a  half  acre 
of  ground  set  apart  in  1719  upon  Tower  Hill,  in  New  London, 
Connecticut. 

1726.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  made  at  Penacook,  where  a  town 
was  laid  out. 

The  settlemont  was  afterwards  called  Rumford;  and  in  1765  its  name  wa« 
changed  to  Concord.  U  is  now  the  capital  of  New  Hampshire,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  city  in  1853.  The  first  settlement  was  made  under  the  authority  of 
Massacliusetts,  which  claimed  all  this  territory  as  within  her  chartered  limits. 

1726.  —  The  disputed  boundary  of  Rhode  Island  and  Connecti- 
cut was  settled  before  the  king  in  council. 

The  suit  had  lasted  six  years. 

1726.  —  A  GRANT  was  obtained  by  Burnet,  governor  of  New 
York,  from  tlie  Indians,  of  a  strip  of  territory  sixty  miles  deep, 
along  the  borders  of  the  lakes. 

It  extended  along  Lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  from  Oswego  to  Cayuga  (now  Cleve- 
land), and  was  "  to  be  protected  by  the  English  for  the  use  of  the  tribes." 

1726,  DrcEMBER.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  passed  an 
act  for  a  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

The  council  refused  to  pass  it. 

1726.  —  An  explanatory  charter  was  sent  to  Massachusetts, 
which  the  general  court  felt  obliged  to  accept. 

In  it  the  governor  was  expressly  given  the  right  to  cancel  the  election  of  the 
speaker,  and  the  house  was  forbidden  to  adjourn  by  its  own  vote  for  longer  than 
two  days. 

1727,  January  20.  —  A  royal  decree  was  published  fixing  the 
boundary  line  between  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island. 

The  Board  of  Trade  had  reivc-tcd  to  the  Privy  Council,  and  the  report,  which 
was  in  accordance  with  the  agreement  made  before,  was  accepted. 

1727,  February.  —  Jonathan  Edwards  was  settled  minister  at 
Northampton,  Massachusetts,  as  a  colleague  to  his  grandfather 
Solomon  Stoddard. 

Jonathan  Edwards  was  born  at  East  Windsor,  Connecticut,  October  6,  1708, 
and  died  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  Marcli  22, 1758.  As  a  theological  metaphysician, 
his  reputation  and  influence  have  been  very  great.  He  carried  out  the  doctrines 
of  Calvin  to  tlieir  logical  results.  After  twenty-four  years'  pastorate  of  the  church 
ut  Northampton,  he  was  forced  to  resign,  as  the  church  refused  to  accept  his  rigid 
rule  requiring  conversion  as  a  preliminary  for  the  sacrament.  From  Northampton 
lie  went  to  Stockbridge,  Massachusetts,  as  a  missionary  to  the  Indians,  and  there 


m 


200 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1727. 


wrote  his  "Inquiry  into  the  Freedom  of  the  Will."  In  1758  ho  was  installed  as 
president  of  Princeton  College,  of  which  his  son-in-law,  Aaron  Burr,  hod  been 
president.     Here  he  died  of  small-pox  after  a  residence  of  a  few  weeks. 

I'i27,  March  20. —  The  New  England  Weekly  Journal,  the 
fourth  newspaper  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Knecland.  In  1741  it  was  united  with  the  Gazette, 
and  was  discontinued  in  1752. 

1727.  —  The  provisions  of  the  clause  in  the  Navigation  Act  of 
1G63,  referring  to  the  importation  of  salt  and  wine,  were  ex- 
tended also  to  Pennsylvania,  and  subsequently  to  New,  York. 

1727.  —  William  Parks,  at  Annapolis,  printed  "a  complete 
collection  of  the  laws  of  Maryland,"  and  began  the  issue  of  the 
Maryland  Gazette  at  Annapolis,  the  first  newspaper  in  Maryland. 

He  continued  it  until  173G,  when  he  went  to  Virginia  to  establish  a  newspaper 
there.  In  1745  it  was  revived  by  Junas  Green.  With  the  exception  of  a  short 
period,  at  the  passage  of  tlie  Stamp  Act,  it  continued  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Green, 
and  of  his  descendants,  xintil  in  1839  it  was  discontinued,  and  the  St.  JUarj/'s 
Gazette  took  its  place.     A  file  of  it  is  in  the  Maryland  Stiite  Library. 

1727.  —  William  Gouch  was  appointed  governor  of  Virginia. 

Drysdale  had  died. 

1727.  —  Burnet  was  removed  from  the  governorship  of  New 
York,  and  made  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  built  this  year  a  fort  at  Oswego,  partly  at  his  owti  expense. 

1727.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Hampshire  disputed  the  title 
of  Massachusetts  to  the  lands  that  colony  claimed. 

Both  of  the  provinces  made  grants  freely  in  it  in  order  to  induce  settlers. 

1727.  —  It  was  granted  to  the  Episcopalians  of  Massachusetts 
that  the  tax  assessed  on  them  for  the  support  of  the  ministers 
might  be  devoted  to  the  support  of  their  own  clergy. 

1727.  —  The  planters  of  South  Carolina  agreed  to  pay  no  taxes. 

They  claimed  to  be  unable  to  do  so  from  ti  i  want  of  a  ,y  money  in  circulation, 
and  desired  a  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit.  Allen,  the  chief  justice,  having 
refused  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  for  a  councillor  named  Smith,  who  had  been 
active  in  getting  up  this  association,  a  party  of  about  two  hundred  and  fifty  plant- 
ers rode  into  Charleston,  and  set  him  free.  They  presented  at  the  siune  time  a 
statement  of  their  grievances.  A  special  session  of  the  assembly  was  called  by 
the  council.  It  impeached  the  chief  justice,  and  quarrelled  with  the  council,  ad- 
journed on  its  own  authority,  and,  when  summoned  again,  refused  to  appear. 

1727.  —  A  NEW  assembly  in  New  Hampshire  limited  its  exist- 
ence and  that  of  its  successors  to  three  years. 

It  also  gave  all  owners  of  a  freehold  ot  fifty  pounds  in  the  election  district, 
whether  residents  or  not,  the  right  to  vote  for  members  of  the  assembly.  To  be  ft 
representative  required  a  freehold  six  times  as  large.  The  council  api)ointed  by 
tlie  king  consisted  of  twelve  members,  and  served  as  a  court  of  appeals. 


1728.] 

172! 
bethto 

Thee 
sion  of  \ 
wJio  resii 

.  1728 
tioned 
practisi 

His  pel 
a  curious 
steel,  suffl 
operation 
brouglit  tl 

1728, 
bank,  or 

The  loa 
the  expiral 
more;  and 

1728.  - 
sachusetl 
Daniel  1 
Hancock, 

The  cone 

to  make  one 

pniier;  and 

five  reams  o 

be  not  less  ti 

on  the  Nepo 

tlie  twonty-f 

Woodman,  v 

1731  witli  a 

before.     Hoi 

bookseller  ai 


1728.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


201 


1728.  —  There  was  another  paper-mill  in  operation  at  Elizsr 
bethtown,  New  Jersey,  at  this  time. 

The  date  of  its  erection  is  not  known,  but  at  this  time  it  came  into  the  posses* 
sion  of  William  Bradford,  tlicn  governir.ent  printer  for  the  province  of  New  York, 
who  resided  here  for  some  time. 

1728,  May.  —  Joseph  Higby,  of  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  peti- 
tioned the  general  court  for  a  monopoly  for  twenty  years  "of 
practising  the  business  or  trade  of  steel  making." 

His  petition  states  tliat  he  had,  *'  with  groat  pains  arid  cost,  fouad  out  and  obtained 
a  curious  art,  by  which  to  convert,  change,  or  transmit  common  iron  into  good 
steel,  sufficient  for  any  use,  and  was  tlie  very  first  that  ever  pcrfoimcd  such  an 
operation  in  America."  Ho  was  granted  a  patent  for  ten  years,  provided  he 
brought  the  art  to  "  any  good  and  reasonable  perfection,  within  two  years." 

1728,  June.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  created  a  third 
bank,  or  loan  of  forty  thousand  pounds. 

The  loan  was  to  run  for  thirteen  years.  The  first  bank  had  been  renewed  at 
the  expiration  of  the  term  of  ten  years  originally,  and  was  now  extended  tliree 
more ;  and  the  same  course  was  followed  with  the  second  bank. 

1728.  —  On  the  13th  of  September  the  general  court  of  Mas- 
sachusetts granted  the  privilege  for  ten  years  of  a  paper-mill  to 
Daniel  Henchman,  Gillam  Phillips,  Benjamin  Faneuil,  Thomas 
Hancock,  and  Henry  Dering. 

The  conditions  of  this  privilege  were,  that  in  the  first  fifteen  months  they  wore 
to  make  one  hundred  and  fifty  reams  of  brown  paper  and  sixty  reams  of  printing- 
paper  ;  and  the  next  year  to  make  fifty  additional  reams  and  afterwards  twenty- 
five  reams  of  superior  writing-paper  additional.  The  whole  yearly  production  to 
be  not  loss  than  five  hundred  reams.  Tlie  mill  was  erected  in  Milton,  near  Boston, 
on  the  Noponset  Kiver,  below  the  head  of  tide-water,  so  that  for  six  hours  out  of 
the  twenty-four  its  operation  was  suspended.  An  Englishman,  named  Henry 
Woodman,  was  employed  as  foreman ;  and  as  they  furnished  the  legislature  in 
1731  with  a  sample  of  the  pjiper  they  made,  the  mill  was  probably  built  the  year 
before.  Henchman,  who  seems  to  have  been  one  of  the  cliief  promoters,  was  a 
bookseller  and  publisher  in  Boston. 

1728.  —  In  December  of  this  year,  Samuel  Keimer,  in  Phila- 
delphia, commenced  the  issue  of  The  Universal  Instructor  in  all 
Arts  and  Sciences,  and  Pennsylvania  Oazdle,  the  second  news- 
paper irisued  in  Pennsylvania. 

Samuel  Keimer  had  just  established  the  second  press  in  Philadelphia  in  1723, 
when  Benjamin  Franklin  made  his  first  visit  there  at  seventeen  years  of  age. 
Franklin  found  Keimer  setting  up  an  elegy  upon  a  young  printer,  named  Aquilla 
Rose,  wliich  he  was  composing  mentally  at  the  same  time.  Ho  gave  Franklin 
employment.  Having  eventually  sold  out  his  business,  he  went  to  Barl)ad()es  and 
established  the  Barbadoes  Gazette,  the  first  paper  published  in  the  Caribbee  Islands. 
Keimer  died  in  1738. 

Keimer  sold  his  paper  to  Benjamin  Franklin  before  ho  had  carried  it  on  a  year. 
On  the  28th  of  September,  1729,  Franklin  condensed  the  title  of  the  paper  to  the 
Pennsylvania  Gazette,  and  it  continued  under  liis  management  until  17C5.     Afler 


J 


m 


202 


AKNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1728-9. 


i;  I 


changing  its  name  to  the  Philadelphia  Gazette,  ceasing  to  appear  from  1802  to 
1804,  again  changing  to  Rolf's  Gazette  in  November  3,  1845,  it  was  merged  with 
the  North  American,  and  ended  its  career  of  one  liundred  and  seventeen  years. 

1728.  —  LuYKAS  HooGHKERCH  was  granted,  on  petition,  by  the 
city  of  Albany,  New  York,  a  lease  of  two  acres  "  upon  y"  gailo- 
hill,  adjoining  and  near  a  small  run  of  water,  for  y"  term  of  fifty 
years,  for  y**  use  of  a  Brick-kiln  and  plain,  provided  he  and  his 
heirs  and  assigns  pay  therefor  to  the  Freemen  of  the  city, 
twelve  shillings  yearly  and  every  year,  and  he  doth  not  stop  the 
Beads  and  passes." 

It  was  tlie  custom  in  Albany  to  grant  such  leases. 

1728.  —  Four  furnaces  are  said  to  have  been  in  operation  in 
Ptinn^y'vania. 

1'^:'3.  —  The  council  of  South  Carolina  wrote  to  the  Duke  of 
Newcastle  that  *•  the  government  was  reduced  to  the  lowest 
extremity,"  "  that  the  royal  prerogative  was  openly  trampled 
on,"  and  "  they  were  insulted  by  the  delegates  within  doors  and 
the  tumult  without." 

1728.  —  The  Baptists  and  Quakers  in  Massachusetts  were 
allowed  to  pay  over,  for  the  use  of  their  own  clergy,  the  minis- 
terial tax  collected  from  them. 

1728.  —  The  schoolmasters  in  Maryland  were  required  by  the 
assembly  to  teach  gratis  as  many  poor  children  as  the  visitors  of 
the  schools  should  direct. 

1728.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  issue  of 
fifty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

Dummer,  the  lieutenant-governor  then  in  authority,  had  to  sign  it,  though 
against  liis  instructions,  as  the  only  means  of  getting  liis  salary. 

1728.  —  The  population  of  Canada  was  about  thirty  thousand, 
Quebec  having  five. 

Most  of  tlie  officers  of  the  government  were  established  there.  The  adminis- 
tration was  vested  in  a  governor,  an  intendant,  and  a  supreme  council.  The  cus- 
tom of  Paris  was  the  law  of  New  France.  Tlie  chief  trade  was  in  furs.  By  an 
edict  of  Louis  XIV.,  the  nobles  in  Canada  could  engage  in  tliis  trade  without 
iiyury  to  their  nobility ;  but  it  was  chiefly  in  the  hands  of  the  middle  class  of 
Montreal  and  Quebec.  The  lands  on  the  banks  of  the  St.  Lawrence  were  held  by 
feudal  tenure  as  seigniories ;  their  cultivators  were  known  as  habitans,  and  were 
generally  bette''  off  than  lords,  who  looked  chiefly  to  places  in  the  state,  or  oiBce 
in  the  army,  for  their  incomes.  Sufficient  coarse  linen  manufactories  were  estab- 
lished to  supply  the  local  demand. 

1729,  April.  —  Burnet,  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  called 
the  general  court  at  Salem,  and  in  August  adjourned  them  tc 
Cambridge. 

The  dispute  concerning  the  governor's  salary  had  lasted  for  years.  The  suc- 
cessive governors  had  been  instructed  to  demand  a  permanent  salary  of  a  thou- 


1729.] 

sand  pou 
pute  havi 
autJioritic 
who  liad  1 
to  the  po« 

1729, 

forbiddi 

The  aci 

1729, 
settleme 

Two  hu 
in  some  cai 
both  of  ins 

1729.- 

It  was  ir 

1729.- 
ing  tiie  pi 

"For  eat 

half  of  rum, 

gill  and  a  ha 

seven  pence 

nine  pence ; 

for  each  quai 

sixpence;  ft 

pence.     For 

quarts  of  oat 

turo,  six  pen( 

1729.  — 
each,  of  fla 

They  were 

.  1729.— 
into  Marylt 
^Villiamsbu 
and  the  Co 

William  Pa 
'and,  having,  i 

.  1729.  — ( 
"Jg  the  vari 
of  their  owi 

1729.  — S 
to  the  crow 

rendered  hu 
soil. 

The  amount 
M2d  more  for 


1729.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


203 


Iminis- 
le  cus- 
JBy  an 

}ithout 

IBS   of 

[eld  by 
■were 
office 

I  estab* 

[allod 
Im  tc 

|c  sac- 
,  thou- 


sand pounds,  but  the  general  court  proferred  to  vote  the  salary  yearly.  This  dis- 
pute having  coinmcncod,  other  subjects  arose,  and  botli  parties  appealed  to  the 
autliorities  in  England.  In  tlic  midst  of  tlic  discussion  Burnet  died,  and  Belcher, 
wiio  had  been  sent  by  the  general  court  to  London  as  their  agent,  was  appointed 
to  tlie  position. 

1729,  October.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
forbidding  practising  lawyers  from  being  deputies. 

Tl»e  act  was  repealed  at  the  next  session,  but  was  afterwards  repassed. 

1729,  November.  —  The  Natchez  Indians  attacked  the  French 
settlement  at  Fort  Rosalie. 

Two  hundred  of  tlie  settlers  were  massacred.  The  slaves,  being  unmolested, 
in  some  cases  joined  the  Indians.  This  attack  caused  great  fear  at  New  Orleana, 
both  of  insurrection  of  the  slaves  and  Indian  hostilities. 

1729.  —  Baltimore,  Maryland,  was  laid  out  as  a  town. 

It  was  incorporated  in  1796. 

1729.  —  In  Salem,  New  Jersey,  the  court  made  a  rule  prescrib- 
ing the  price  and  quantity  of  drink  to  be  sold  in  the  county. 

"For  each  nib  of  punch,  made  with  double  refined  sugar  and  one  gill  and  a 
half  of  rum,  nine  pence ;  for  each  nib  made  with  single  refined  sugar,  and  one 
gill  and  a  half  of  rum,  eight  pence ;  for  eacli  nib  made  with  Muscavado  sugar  etc. 
seven  pence ;  for  cacli  quart  of  tiff,  made  with  half  a  pint  of  rum  in  the  same, 
nine  pence ;  for  each  pint  of  wine,  one  shilling ;  for  cacli  gill  of  rum,  three  pence ; 
for  eacli  quart  of  strong  beer,  four  pence ;  for  each  gill  of  brandy,  or  cordial  dram, 
six  pence ;  for  each  quart  of  mctheglin,  nine  pence ;  for  each  quart  of  cider,  four 
pence.  For  a  hot  dinner,  eight  pence ;  for  breakfast  or  supper,  six  pence.  Two 
quarts  of  oats,  three  pence;  stabling  and  good  hay,  each  night,  six  pence;  pas- 
ture, six  pence." 

1729.  —  Two  hundred  and  fifty-five  casks,  of  seven  bushels 
each,  of  flaxseed,  were  this  year  exported  from  Philadelphia. 

Tliey  were  valued  at  one  pound  thirteen  shillings  a  cask. 

1729.  —  William  Parks,  who  introduced  the  printing-press 
into  Maryland,  in  this  year  set  up  the  first  press  in  Virginia,  at 
Williamsburg,  and  this  year  printed  Stith'a  History  of  Virginia, 
and  the  Colonial  Laws. 

William  Parks  was  for  some  time  public  printer  for  both  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land, having,  it  is  said,  an  allowance  of  two  hundi'cd  pounds  from  each  province. 

1729.  —  Connecticut  and  New  Hampshire  passed  laws  allow- 
ing the  various  sects  to  apply  the  ministerial  tax  to  the  support 
of  their  own  clergy. 

1729.  —  Seven  of  the  eight  proprietors  of  Carolina  relinquished 
to  the  crown  for  a  certain  sum ;  the  eighth,  Lord  Carteret,  sur- 
rendered hiis  right  of  jurisdiction,  but  retained  his  interest  in  the 
soil. 

The  amount  paid  was  seventeen  thousand  five  hundred  pounds,  and  five  thou- 
sand more  for  arrears  in  quit-rents,  estimated  at  nine  thousand  pounds     Lord 


»,-.•,>■;     I  ( 


m 


!   -/ 


204 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1729-30. 


Carteret's  proportion  was  set  off  for  liiin  next  to  the  Virginia  line,  which  had  been 
recently  surveyed  as  far  west  as  the  Blue  Ridge. 

1729.  —  When  the  news  arrived  of  the  sale  of  Carolina  to  the 
crown,  the  governor  of  North  Carolina,  Everard,  made  large 
grants  of  land,  without  stipulation  of  p'-ico,  or  reserving  any  quit- 
rent,  and  the  assembly  made  an  issue  of  forty  thousand  pounds  in 
bills  of  credit. 

1720.  —  The  king  in  council  confirmed  the  law  of  inheritance 
in  Connecticut,  by  which  daughters  with  sons  were  joint  heirs, 
and  lands  were  distributed  equally,  the  eldest  son  having  a 
double  share. 

Tliis  was  the  hiw  in  New  England,  as  well  as  in  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Delaware. 

1730.  —  Eleazer  Phillips,  of  Boston,  this  year  set  up  the  first 
press  in  Charh  -ton,  South  Carolina. 

The  colonial  government  of  the  province  had  offered  a  reward  of  a  thousand 
pounds  to  any  printer  who  would  settle  in  the  province.  Three  printers  went 
there  in  consequence,  and  the  next  year  Phillips  obtained  the  appointment  of 
public  printer,  but  died  soon  after. 

1730.  —  An  act  was  passed  in  Pennsylvania  to  increase  the 
issue  of  bills  of  credit  to  seventy-five  thousand  pounds. 

It  also  provided  for  its  reissue,  so  that  this  amount  should  be  kept  in  circulation 
for  ten  years.  The  proprietaries  consented  to  this  issue  on  condition  of  receiving 
an  equivalent  for  their  loss  in  qnit-rents  from  the  depreciation  of  the  paper  money, 
and  instructed  the  governor  to  consent  to  no  more  issues.  The  dependence  of  the 
colonies  upon  foreign  trade  was  tiio  chief  cause  of  the  depreciation  of  their  bills 
of  credit.  The  widow  of  Penn  having  died,  the  sovereignty  of  the  province  was 
reunited,  under  Penn's  will,  in  his  throe  sons  (John,  Thomas,  and  Richard)  by  Ills 
second  wife.     The  eldest  son  had  a  double  share. 

1730.  —  The  dispute  concerning  his  salary  continued  with  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  and  the  new  governor,  Belcher. 

1730.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  "  act  for 
continuing  the  encouragement  for  raising  hemp,  and  imposing 
penalties  on  persons  manufacturing  unmerchantable  hemp  into 
cordage." 

A  bounty  of  three  halfpence  a  pound  was  granted  by  the  assembly  in  addition 
to  that  allowed  by  parliament. 

1730.  —  The  first  shipment  of  hemp  from  the  colonies  to  Eng- 
land was  made  this  year. 

It  consisted  of  five  thousand  pounds  raised  in  New  Englar.  a,  and  three  hun- 
dred pounds  raised  in  Virginia.  Besides  these,  raw  silk,  some  iron,  copper  ore, 
and  beeswax  from  Virginia  were  the  first  instalments  of  new  products. 

1730.  —  The  French  in  Louisiana,  with  the  assistance  of  the 
friendly  Choctaws,  defeated  the  Natchez  Indians. 

The  prisoners  taken  were  sent  to  St.  Domingo,  and  sold  as  slaves. 


1730-1. 

1730. 
a  treaty 

lie  heh 
their  princ 
return  all : 

1730.- 
of  South 

He  had 
of  quit-ren 

1730.- 

was  setti 

1730.- 

The  sett 
1751,  and  ir 
one.  In  18 
facturing  fa 
flfly-four  fee 

1730.- 
known  as 

Dr.  Edmi 
London  a  d( 
pounds  to  Gc 
invention.     ( 

1730. — 
Rhode  Isls 

The  popu 
thousand  thr< 
hundred  and  i 

1731.— 
had  institu 
tures  set  u 
gatiou  or  a 
this  year, 
wholly  corr 
nists,  know: 
legislate  ag 
fullest  and  ] 

The  report 
Rhode  Island, 
fallen  into  the 
families  only; 
estates  of  the  i 
«ged  without  a 
'^ere  not  their  i 
use  of  their  fan 


1730-1.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


205 


1730.  —  Sir  Alexander  Gumming  was  sent  to  Carolina  to  make 
a  treaty  with  the  Cherokoes. 

lie  held  several  councils  with  them,  nnd,  returning,  carried  with  him  seven  of 
their  principal  chiefs,  who  nindo  a  treaty  with  tiie  Board  of  Trade,  promising  to 
return  all  runaway  slaves,  and  acknowledged  themselves  subjects  of  Great  Britain. 

1730.  —  Robert  Johnson  was  sent  as  tho  first  royal  governor 
of  South  Carolina. 

He  had  been  governor  before.  He  brought  with  him  a  remission  of  the  arrears 
of  quit-rents,  and  a  present  of  munitions  of  war. 

1730.  —  PuRRYSBURG,  the  first  town  on  the  Savannah  River, 
was  settled  by  a  company  of  Swiss  immigrants. 

1730.  —  Manche3TER,  New  Hampshire,  was  settled. 

The  settlement  was  called  Dcrryflcld,  was  incorporated  under  that  name  in 
1751,  and  in  1810,  by  act  of  the  legislature,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  present 
In  1846  the  town  received  a  city  charter.     Its  growth  is  owing  to  its  manu- 


one 


facturing  facilities,  being  on  the  Mcrrimac  lliver,  where  the  fall  of  tho  river  is 
flfty-four  feet  in  a  mile,  giving  power  for  tho  most  powerful  machinery. 

1730.  —  Thomas  Godfrey,  of  Philadelphia,  invented  what  is 
known  as  Iladley's  quadrant. 

Dr.  Edmund  Hadley,  of  London,  the  next  year  gave  to  the  Royal  Society  of 
London  a  description  of  the  same  invention.  The  Society  voted  two  hundred 
pounds  to  Godfrey,  and  decided  that  they  were  both  entitled  to  the  merits  of  the 
invention.     Godfrey  was  a  self-instructed  mathematician. 

1730.  —  By  order  of  the  Board  of  Trade  a  census  was  taken  of 
Rhode  Island. 

The  population  was  found  to  be  about  eighteen  thousand,  of  whom  fifteen 
thousand  three  hundred  were  whites,  sixteen  hundred  an  '  fifty  colored,  and  nine 
hundred  and  eighty-five  Indians. 

1731.  —  The  House  of  Commons,  through  the  Board  of  Trade, 
had  instituted  an  inquiry  "  with  respect  to  laws  made,  maaufac- 
tures  set  up,  or  trade  carried  on,  detrimental  to  the  trade,  navi- 
gation or  manufactures  of  Great  Britain."  The  report  was  made 
this  year.  The  information  thus  acquired  Avaa  very  probably  not 
wholly  correct,  the  amounts  returned  being  less,  since  the  colo- 
nists, knowing  full  well  that  the  purpose  of  gathering  it  was  to 
legislate  against  their  interests,  would  not  be  careful  to  give  the 
fullest  and  most  accurate^e turns. 

The  report  read  as  follows:  "In  New  England,  New  York,  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island,  Pennsylvania  and  the  County  of  Somerset  in  Maryland,  they  have 
fallen  into  the  manufacture  of  woolen  and  linen  cloth  for  the  use  of  their  own 
families  only ;  for  the  product  of  these  colonies  being  chiefly  cattle  and  grain,  tho 
estates  of  the  inhabitants  depended  wholly  on  farming,  which  could  not  be  man- 
aged without  a  certain  quantity  of  sheep ;  and  their  wool  would  be  entirely  lost 
were  not  their  servants  employed  during  the  winter  in  manufacturing  it  for  the 
use  of  their  families. 


206 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1731. 


"  Flax  and  hemp  being  likcwiso  easily  raised,  the  inhabitants  manufactured 
them  into  a  coarse  sort  of  cloth,  bags,  traces,  and  halters  for  their  horses,  which 
they  found  did  more  service  than  those  tliey  had  fVotn  any  part  of  Europe. 

"  However,  the  high  price  of  labor  in  America  rendered  it  impracticable  for 
people  there  to  manufacture  their  linen  cloth  at  less  than  twenty  per  <jent.  dearer 
than  that  which  is  exported  from  home  for  sale.  It  were  to  be  wished  that  some 
expedient  might  be  fallen  upon  to  direct  their  thoughts  from  undertakings  of  tliiH 
nature ;  so  much  the  rather  because  these  manufactures,  in  process  of  time,  may 
bo  carried  on  in  greater  degree,  unless  an  early  stop  be  put  to  their  progress  l)y 
employing  them  in  naval  stores.  Wherefore  we  take  leave  to  renew  our  repeated 
proposals,  that  reasonable  encouragement  be  given  to  the  same.  Moreover,  wo 
find  that  certain  trades  carried  on  and  manufactures  set  up  there  are  detrimentnl 
to  the  trade,  navigation  and  manufacture  of  Great  Britain.  For  the  state  of  these 
plantations  varying  almost  every  year  more  or  less,  so  in  their  trade  and  manufac- 
tures, as  well  as  in  other  particulars,  we  thought  it  necessary  for  His  Majesty's 
service,  and  for  the  discharge  of  our  trust,  from  time  to  time  to  send  general 
queries  to  the  several  governors  in  America,  that  we  might  be  the  more  exactly 
informed  of  the  condition  of  the  plantations;  among  which  were  several  that 
related  to  their  trade  and  manufactures,  to  which  we  received  the  following 
returns,  viz. : 

"  The  Governor  of  New  Hampshire  in  his  answer,  said  that  there  were  no 
■cttlcd  manufactures  in  that  rrovincc,  and  that  their  trade  principally  consisted 
in  lumber  and  fish. 

"  The  Governor  of  Massachusetts  Bay  informed  us  that  in  some  parts  of  this 
Province  the  inhabitants  worked  up  their  wool  and  flax  into  an  ordinary  coarse 
cloth  for  their  own  use,  but  did  not  export  any.  That  the  greatest  part  of  the 
woolen  and  linen  clothing  worn  in  this  Province  was  in  ported  from  Great  Britain, 
and  sometimes  from  Ireland ;  but  considering  the  ex  -sive  price  of  labor  in  New 
England,  tlie  merchant  could  afford  what  was  imported  cheaper  than  what  was 
made  in  the  country.  There  were  also  a  few  hat  makers  in  the  maritime  towns, 
and  that  the  greater  part  of  the  leather  used  in  that  country  wo^  manufactured 
among  themselves,  etc. 

•*  They  had  no  manufactures  in  the  province  of  New  York  that  deserves  men- 
tioning; their  trade  consisted  chiefly  in  furs,  whale  bone,  oil,  pitch,  tar  and  pro- 
visions. No  manufactures  in  New  Jersey  that  deserve  mentioning ;  their  trade 
being  chiefly  in  provisions  shipped  from  New  York  and  Pennsylvania.  The  chief 
trade  of  Pennsylvania  lay  in  their  exportation  of  provisions  and  lumber;  no 
manufactures  being  established,  and  their  clothing  and  the  utensils  for  their 
houses  being  all  imported  from  Great  Britain.  By  further  advices  from  New 
Hampshire,  the  woolen  manufacture  appears  to  have  decreased;  the  common 
lands,  on  which  the  sheep  used  to  feed,  being  now  appropriated,  and  the  people 
almost  wholly  clothed  with  woolen  from  Grc.it  Britain.  The  manufacture  of  flax 
into  linens,  some  coarse  and  some  fine,  daily  increased  by  the  great  resort  of  peo- 
ple from  Ireland  thither,  who  arc  skilled  In  th«t  business.  By  late  accounts 
from  Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New  England,  the  assembly  have  voted  a  bounty  of 
thirty  shillings,  for  every  pioce  of  duck  or  canvass  made  in  the  Province.  Some 
other  manufactures  arc  carried  on  there,  and  brown  holland  for  women's  wear, 
which  lessens  the  importation  of  calicoes,  and  some  other  sorts  of  East  India 
goods.  They  also  make  some  small  quantities  of  cloth,  made  of  linen 
and  cotton,  for  ordinary  shirting.  By  a  paper  mill  set  up  three  years  ago, 
they  make  to  the  value  of  £200  sterling  yearly.  There  are  also  several  forges 
for  making  bar  iron,   and  some  furnaces  for  cast  iron  or  hollow  ware,  and 


1731.] 

one  slittir 

tlic  woole 

clothing  o 

but  are  mi 

Majesty's 

furnaces  u 

ships  are  I 

and  silks, 

made  in  I 

plained  to 

and  our  V 

There  are  i 

"  By  tli< 

can  affect  ( 

quantity  of 

they  would 

sity  of  nial 

foreign  sug 

&c.,  which  I 

produce  of  i 

nies  do  not 

since  inform 

"  By  the 

know  of  anj 

dom.    They 

which  are  of 

that  in  this  I 

to  the  West 

"  The  Go 

there  are  iroi 

but  he  takes 

nor  of  Conn 

colony  is  tin 

cattle,  "wine, 

the  West  Ind 

wise  find  that 

erally  employ 

crafts ;  others 

they  could  n< 

Bermuda  Isle 

"From  thi 

carried  on  and 

•<•  the  northw 

Britain,  partic 

wliich  is  not  to 

nearly  the  sam 

to  exchange  fo 

*ell  as  under  g 

may  be  added, 

"le  mother  cou 

™«tters  detrimc 

peat  and  submi 


1731.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


207 


one  Hllttinff  mill  and  n  mnnufticturo  for  naiU.  The  Oovernor  writes  concerning 
the  woolen  mnnufncture,  that  the  country  people,  who  URcd  to  ninkc  inoHt  of  their 
clothing  out  of  their  own  wool,  do  not  now  make  a  third  part  of  what  tliey  wear, 
but  are  mostly  clothed  with  British  manufacture.  The  Surveyor  General  of  hi« 
Majesty's  woods  (Jeremiah  Dunbar)  writes  that  they  have  in  New  ^inglund  six 
furnaces  and  nineteen  forges  for  making  iron ;  and  that  in  tliis  Province  many 
ships  are  built  fur  the  French  and  Spaniards,  in  return  for  rum,  molasses,  wines 
and  silks,  which  they  truck  there  by  connivance.  Great  quantities  of  hats  are 
made  in  New  England,  of  which  the  company  of  hatters  in  London  have  com- 
plained to  us  that  great  quantities  of  these  hats  are  exported  to  Spain,  Portugal, 
and  our  West  India  Islands.  Thrv  also  mak^  all  sorts  of  iron  for  shipping. 
There  arc  several  still-houses  and  sugar  bakeries  et•^abli8hed  in  New  England. 

"  By  the  last  advices  from  New  York  there  n'e  no  manufactories  there  that 
can  afleot  Great  Britain.  There  is  yearly  imported  into  New  York  a  very  largo 
quantity  of  the  woolen  manufactures  of  this  Kingdom,  for  their  clothing,  which 
they  would  be  rendered  incapable  to  pay  for  and  would  he  reduced  to  the  neces- 
gity  of  making  for  themselves,  if  they  were  prohibited  from  receiving  from  the 
foreign  sugar  colonies  the  money,  rum,  molasses,  cocoa,  indigo,  cotton,  wool 
&c.,  which  they  at  present  take  in  return  for  provisions,  horses  and  lumber,  tho 
produce  of  that  province  and  of  New  Jersey,  of  which  he  afflrms  the  British  Colo- 
nies do  not  take  above  one  half.  But  the  company  of  hatters  of  London  have 
since  informed  us  that  hats  are  manufactured  in  gn  .it  quantities  in  this  province. 

"  By  the  letters  from  the  Deputy-Governor  of  i'ennsylvania,  he  does  not 
know  of  any  trade  in  that  Province  that  can  be  considered  injurious  to  this  King- 
dom. They  do  not  export  any  woolen  or  linen  manufactures ;  all  that  they  make, 
which  are  of  a  coarse  sort,  being  for  their  own  use.  We  are  further  informed 
that  in  this  Province  they  built  many  brigantines  and  small  sloops,  which  they  sell 
to  the  West  Indies. 

"  The  Governor  of  Rhode  Island  informs  us,  in  answer  to  our  queries,  that 
there  are  iron  mines  there,  but  not  a  fourth  part  enough  to  serve  their  own  use ; 
but  he  takes  no  notice  of  any  manufactures  there.  No  returns  from  the  Gover- 
nor of  Connecticut.  But  we  find  by  some  accounts  that  the  produce  of  this 
colony  is  timber,  boards,  all  sorts  of  English  grain,  hemp,  flax,  sheep,  black 
cattle,  "wine,  horses,  goats  and  tobacco.  That  they  export  horses  and  lumber  to 
the  West  Indies,  and  receive  in  return  sugar,  salt,  molasses  and  rum.  We  like- 
wise find  that  their  manufactures  are  very  inconsiderable ;  the  people  being  gen- 
erally employed  in  tillage,  some  few  in  tanning,  shoemaking,  and  other  handi- 
crafts ;  others  in  building,  and  in  joiners',  tailors'  and  smiths'  work,  without  which 
they  could  not  subsist.  No  report  is  made  from  Carolina,  the  Bahama,  or  the 
Bermuda  Isles. 

"  From  the  foregoing  statement  it  is  observable  that  there  are  more  trades 
carried  on  and  manufactures  set  up  in  the  Provinces  on  the  continent  of  America 
to  the  northward  of  Virginia,  prejudicial  to  the  trade  and  manufactures  of  Great 
Britain,  particularly  in  Now  England,  than  in  any  other  of  the  British  colonics ; 
which  is  not  to  be  wondered  at,  for  their  soil,  climate,  and  produce  being  pretty 
nearly  the  same  with  ours,  they  have  no  staple  commodities  of  their  own  growth 
to  exchange  for  our  manufactures,  which  puts  them  under  greater  necessity,  as 
well  as  under  greater  temptations,  for  providing  themselves  at  home ;  to  which 
may  be  added,  in  the  charter  governments,  the  little  dependence  they  have  upon 
the  mother  country,  and  consequently  the  small  restraints  they  are  under  in  any 
matters  detrimental  to  her  interests.  And  therefore  we  humbly  beg  leave  to  re- 
peat and  submit  to  the  wisdom  of  this  Honorable  House  the  substance  of  what 


208 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1731. 


wc  formerly  propoBcd  in  our  report  on  tlio  Bilk,  linin  nnd  woolon  niniiufucturci 
horelnbefore  reoitod,  namely  —  wlietlier  it  niiKl't  not  bo  fxpcdicit  to  g'wn  tlioso 
Coloniea  proper  encouruKement  for  turning  tliclr  indiiHtry  to  hucIi  munuiacturci 
nnd  products  nn  iniKlit  l>e  of  aervicu  to  Great  Britain,  uud  nioru  ^urticulurly  to  lliu 
production  of  naviii  ittorci." 

1731.  —  In  a  description  of  South  Carolina,  written  by  Peter 
Purry,  ho  says:  "Flax  and  cotton  thrive  admirably,  and  hemp 
n'rowa  thirteen  to  fourteen  feet  high,  but  as  lew  people  know 
how  to  order  it,  there  is  very  little  cultivated." 

1731,  January  8.  —  Thomas  Whiimarsh,  who  succeodod  Phil- 
lips as  printer  in  Charleston,  sot  up  the  South  Carolina  Gazette, 
the  first  paper  in  the  province. 

In  1733  he  died  of  the  epidemic  that  rnged  there,  nnd  was  succeeded  by  Lewis 
Timoth6e,  a  I'rench  Protestant  refugee,  who  hod  worked  for  Franklin  in  IMula- 
delphia. 

1731,  June.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  another 
bank  or  loan,  to  the  amount  of  sixty  thousand  pounds. 

A  portion  of  the  interest  paid  upon  the  loans  was  to  bo  used  in  paying  a 
bounty  of  five  shillings  for  every  barrel  of  whale-oil,  n  penny  a  pound  for  bone, 
and  five  shillings  a  quintal  for  codfish  caught  by  Rhode  Island  vessels  and  brought 
to  the  colony. 

1731,  August.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  suspended 
the  redemption  of  the  bills  ol  credit,  and  made  a  new  issue  of 
one  hundred  and  four  thousand  pounds. 

The  issue  was  to  pay  the  debts  contracted  during  the  past  four  years  of  con- 
fusion ;  they  also  passed  an  act  to  confirm  defective  and  obsolete  titles. 

1731,  September  27.  —  The  Weekly  Rehearsal  appeared  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Jeremy  Gridley,  nnd  was  printed  by  "  J.  Draper  for  the 
author."  Gridley  became  attorney-general,  and  died  in  17C7.  On  the  21.st  of 
August,  1735,  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Boston  Evening  Post.  It  was  then 
in  the  possession  of  Thomas  Flee*^  On  the  9th  of  March,  1741,  the  general 
court  ordered:  "That  the  Attorney  General  do,  as  soon  as  may  be,  file  nn  Infor- 
mation against  Thomas  Fleet,  the  publislier  of  the  said  paper,  in  His  Majesty's 
Superior  Court  of  Judicature,  Court  of  Assize  and  General  Gaol  Delivery,  in 
order  to  his  being  prosecuted  for  his  said  offence,  as  law  and  Justice  requires." 
The  offence  was  publishing  a  simple  matter  of  news,  which  the  Court  "termed  a 
scandalous  and  libelous  Reflection  upon  His  Majesty's  Administration."  No 
further  proceedings  were  taken  on  the  matter.  On  the  24th  of  April,  1775,  tlie 
Post  appeared  for  the  last  time.  It  had  tried  to  be  so  neutral  in  the  rapidly  cul- 
minating dispute,  that  it  had  contained  not  a  word  concerning  the  battles  of 
Lexington  and  Concord,  which  had  just  taken  place. 

1731. — At  Belcher's  request,  the  secretary  of  state  allowed 
him  to  accept  a  grant  for  a  year. 

As  he  firmly  refused  to  disobey  his  instructions  concerning  the  issue  of  bills 
of  credit,  the  public  officers  and  the  soldiers  remained  unpaid  nearly  two  years. 


1731, 

The  H 
(Ired  mill 
nii'iit,  if  I 
thin  and  • 
done,  how 

1731. 

number 

wore  es( 

Hixteen  I 

Iiats  a  w 

the  VVes: 

accordin, 

l)y  the  fb 

Ibllowing 

"No  ha 

board  any  \ 

upon  any  lu 

other  plunta 

offender  shn 

thereof,  and 

signing  any 

cles,  shall,  1 

were  obliged 

apprentices, 

1731.- 

age  the  m 

The  mayo 
finest  piece  o 
npxt  fair  in  S 
tliird  best ;  tl 
were  offered  i 
brought  into  ; 

1731.— 
50,289  pen 
8632. 

1731.-- 

01"  glass-ma 
1731.- 


1731.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMEUICA. 


209 


1731.  —  TiiK  French  mado  a  nottlomont  at  Crown  Point. 

Tlio  RcttK'iiu'nt  WHS  iiuido  by  ii  \n\rty  from  Montroiil,  and  was  Mrithin  ono  luin- 
(Irt'd  miU'8  of  Allmiiy.  The  Now  York  aMgenibly  resolved  "that  tliis  encroch- 
mont,  if  not  prevented,"  wonhl  i)r()ihiee  "the  ini)«t  pernieiotis  eonf*equenccR  tu 
thin  and  otlier  eohinieH,"  and  informed  tlio  otiier  colonies  of  it.  Nothing  was 
(lone,  iiowover,  to  diNturb  the  Freneii  in  their  peaceful  pusHCSHion  of  tiio  post. 

1731. —  A  81'KCIAL  cominittoo  reported  to  parliament  that  tho 
number  of"  hats  exported  from  New  York  and  New  England 
wore  estimated  at  ton  thousand  a  year.  In  Boston  there  wore 
sixteen  hatters,  ono  of  whom  waa  said  to  commonly  linish  forty 
liats  a  week.  Tho  hats  were  sent  to  the  Southern  plantations, 
the  West  Indies,  and  Ireland,  and  not  a  few  to  Great  Britain, 
accordinj:!^  to  the  complaint  mado  to  tho  Board  of  IVado  this  year 
by  tho  felt-makers  of  London.  Parliament,  therefore,  paBSod  tho 
following  act :  — 

"  No  hats  or  felts,  dyod  or  undyed,  flniahod  or  unflnlshed,  shall  be  put  on 
board  any  vessel  in  any  place  within  any  of  tho  British  plantations ;  nor  be  laden 
upon  any  horse  or  other  carriage  to  tho  intent  to  be  exported  from  thence  to  any 
other  plantation,  or  to  any  other  place  whatever,  upon  forfeiture  thereof,  and  tho 
oflVnder  shall  like  wise  pay  £500  for  every  such  offence.  Every  person  knowing 
tiicreof,  and  willinH;ly  aiding  therein,  shall  forfeit  £10.  Every  officer  of  customs 
signing  any  entry  oiitward,  or  warrant  for  tho  shipping  or  exporting  of  said  arti- 
cles, shall,  for  every  offence,  forfeit  £500."  ]iy  tho  same  statute  all  hat-makers 
wore  obliged  to  serve  an  apprenticeship  of  seven  years,  nor  have  more  than  two 
apprentici's,  while  no  negro  was  allowed  to  work  at  tho  business  of  hat-making. 

1731.  —  A  SUBSCRIPTION  was  taken  up  in  Maryland  to  encour- 
age the  manufacture  of  linen. 

The  mayor  and  council  of  Annapolis  offered  flvo  pounds  as  a  reward  for  tho 
finest  piece  of  linen,  grown  and  woven  in  Maryland,  whicli  wos  presented  at  the 
next  fair  in  September;  three  pounds  for  the  next  best,  and  forty  shillings  for  tho 
third  best ;  tho  linen  to  remain  the  property  of  the  exhibitor.  Similar  rewards 
were  offered  in  IJaltimore.  This  year  over  sixty  wagon  loads  of  flax-seed  wero 
brought  into  IJaltimore  for  shipment. 

1731.  —  A  CENSUS  in  New  York  showed  tho  province  contained 
50,289  persons,  of  whom  7231  were  negroes.  The  city  contained 
8632. 

1731.  —  As  late  as  this  year,  it  is  said,  there  was  not  a  potter 
or  glass-maker  in  the  province  of  South  Carolina. 

1731. —  Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  or  the  Old  State 
House,  was  begun  this  year. 

1731.  —  Edward  Bradley  advertised  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Gazette  that  he  silvered  looking-glasses,  and  sold  window-glass 
by  the  box. 

1731.  —  The  Hon.  Daniel  Oliver,  a  merchant  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  who  died  this  year,  left  a  spinning-school  he 
had  erected  at  a  cost  of  six  hundred  pounds,  for  the  education 
of  the  children  of  the  poor  in  the  art  of  spinning. 

U 


m 


210 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1731-2. 


1731.  —  BuRRiNGTON  was  appointed  governor  of  North  Caro- 
lina by  Newcastle,  tUe  secretary  of  state. 

He  announced  a  remission  of  quit-rents,  hut  rejected  with  eontcnipt  the  protest 
of  the  assembly  regarding  the  extortionate  fees.  The  assembly  refused  to  pass 
any  acts  or  to  vote  a  revenue,  and  complained  to  England  of  his  "violence  and 
tyranny." 

1732.  —  Wilmington,  Delaware,  was  founded  by  Thomas 
Willing,  who  gave  it  tb  ■■  name  of  Willing  Town,  afterwards 
changed  to  the  present  name. 

In  1832  it  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  the  largest  town  in  the  state,  and  it  is 
noted  for  its  manufactures,  especially  of  steam  engines,  railway  cars,  oar  springs, 
and  matches. 

1732,  Pebruaby,  —  A  report  was  made  to  tlie  British  parlia- 
ment "  that,  in  Massachusetts,  an  act  was  made  to  encourage  the 
manufacture  of  paper,  which  laAv  interferes  with  the  profit  made 
by  the  British  merchants  on  foreign  Paper  sent  thither." 

1732,  May.  —  Richard  Fry  advertised  in  Thomas  Fleet's  paper, 
the  Beliearsal,  that  he  v/ould  furnish  blank  books  twerty  per 
cent,  cheaper  than  they  could  be  had  from  London. 

He  also  returns  thanks  to  the  public  for  following  his  directions  in  previous 
advertisements  "for  gathering  rags,  and  hope  they  will  continue  the  like  method, 
having  received  upwards  of  seven  thousand  weight  already." 

1732,  Jdne9.  —  A  charter  was  issued  to  twenty-one  trustees 
"  for  establishing  the  colony  of  Georgia  in  America." 

It  conveyed  seven  undivided  eighths  of  the  territory  between  the  Savannah 
and  Altamaha  /.vers,  and  westward  from  the  heads  of  these  rivers  to  the  Pacific 
Ocean.  Lord  Oartcret  soon  after  conveyed  to  them  his  eighth  part  of  the  territory, 
which,  as  one  of  the  late  proprietaries  of  Carolina,  he  claimed.  These  trustees  had 
power  to  increase  their  number,  and  exclusive  right  of  legislation  for  twenty-one 
years.  Their  acts  wc  rot  to  be  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  England,  and  had  no 
force  until  approved  the  king  in  council.  A  "free  exercise  of  religion "  was 
guaranteed  to  all,  "except  papists."  "All  liberties,  franchises,  and  immunities 
of  free  denizens  and  natural  born  subjects,"  were  guaranteed  to  "all  and  every 
the  persons  that  shall  hnppen  to  be  born  within  the  same  province,"  in  all  respects 
as  if  born  in  Greet  Britain.  A  council  of  thirty-four  formed  the  executive.  Fif- 
teen of  these  we.-e  nominated  in  the  charter,  the  others  to  be  elected  by  the 
trustees.  They  could  grant  land  on  such  terms  as  they  saw  fit,  but  not  directly 
or  indirectly  to  any  trustee,  and  not  more  than  five  hundred  acres  to  any  one 
person. 

1732,  September.  —  William  Cosby,  who  had  succeeded  to  the 
governorship  of  New  York,  became  involved  in  a  quarrel  with 
his  council. 

He  wrote  the  Board  of  Trade:  "That  it  was  necessary  to  insist  on  the 
king's  prerogative  at  a  time  when  his  authority  is  so  openly  opposed  at  Boston, 
end  proper  to  make  examples  of  men  in  order  to  deter  others  from  being  advo- 
cates for  B  iston  principles."    He  had  suspended  several  members  of  the  council. 


1732.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


211 


1732,  Septfmber  27.  —  James  Franklin  commenced  in  New- 
port, Rhode  Island,  the  Rhode  Island  Gazette. 

James  Franklin  died  in  1735,  and  the  p'-388,  after  his  death,  was  managed  by 
his  widow,  Anne  Franklin,  assisted  by  her  daughters  as  compositors.  She 
printed  for  tlie  government  an  edition  of  the  laws  of  the  colony,  a  folio  volume 
of  tlirec  hundred  and  forty  pages,  and  other  tilings.  Her  son  James  succeeded  to 
the  business  in  1752.  Only  twelve  issues  of  the  Gazette  are  known  to  have  been 
publislu^d.     It  was  printed  upon  a  half  sheet  of  cap  paper. 

1732,  October.  —  The  bounty  In  Rhode  Island  upon  wolves 
was  raised  to  ten  pounds  each. 

1732,  October.  —  The  Philadelphia  library  was  organized. 

It  was  the  first  subscription  library  in  the  country.  Benjaniin  Franklin  was 
one  of  its  projectors.  Tiie  subscription  was  two  pounds,  and  a  yearly  fee  of  ten 
shillings.  Franklin  was  librarian  the  second  year,  and  printed  the  catalogue  of 
the  collection. 

1732.  — The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  petitioned  for  a  separate 
governor  from  that  for  New  York. 

Montgomery  had  died.     Their  request  was  refused. 

1732. — Poor  Richard's  Almanac,  by  Benjamin  Franklin,  was 

puWished. 

1732.  —  Stages  were  started  to  run  between  New  York  and 
Boston,  the  journey  occupying  fourteen  days. 

1732.  —  In  De  Witt's  Farm  Map  of  New  York  city,  a  farm 
which  about  this  year  belonged  to  Sir  Peter  Warren,  is  called 
the  "  Glass  House  Farm." 

Glass  is  said  to  have  been  manufactured  before  this  in  New  York  city. 

1732.  —  The  import  duty  laid  upon  the  importation  of  negro 
slaves  by  the  colonies  was  repealed  by  order  of  the  king. 

1732.  —  About  this  time  a  paper-mill  was  erected  on  Chester 
Creek,  in  Delaware  County,  Pennsylvania. 

Writing  and  printing  paper  and  pasteboard  were  made  here.  Bank-note  paper, 
used  in  the  continental  currency,  was  made  also  in  this  place  by  hand  process. 
The  mill  continued  in  operation  until  it  was  demolished  in  1829.  The  date  of 
the  erection  of  this  mill  is  not  certainly  known.  Mr.  Joel  Munsell,  in  his  History 
of  Paper  and  Paper- Making,  gives  1714  as  the  date  of  its  erection,  but  other 
authorities  give  later  dates. 

1732.  —  The  Mississippi  company  abandoned  Louisiana  to  the 
French  crown. 

Bienville  was  appointed  governor.  The  Chickasaws  began  to  be  hostile  to 
the  French,  and  attack  their  boats  upon  the  Mississippi  on  their  passage  from 
above  to  New  Orleans. 

1732.  —  The  young  proprietor  of  Maryland  arrived  in  the 
province. 


m 


212 


ANNALS  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1732-8. 


1732. — The  Board  of  Trade  reported  to  parliament  in  ex- 
planation of  the  complaints  made  by  the  Britisli  merchants  of 
excessive  issues  of  paper  money  in  the  colonies ;  of  duties  on 
British  goods  ;  discriminations  in  favor  of  colonial  ships  ;  and  of 
the  extension  of  manufactures  in  America. 

The  Board  said:  "That  in  Massachusetts,  the  chief  magistrate  and  every 
other  ofHcer  being  wholly  dependent,  the  governors  are  tempted  to  give  up  the 
prerogative  of  the  crown  and  the  interest  of  Britain.  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island, 
and  Maryland  being  under  no  obligivtion  to  transmit  their  laws,  or  indeed  to  give 
any  account  of  their  proceedings,  it  is  not  surprising  that  governments  constituted 
like  these  should  be  guilty  of  many  irregularities.  Pennsylvania  had  evaded  her 
charter,  having  transmitted  since  the  year  1715  no  acts  of  assembly  for  the  royal 
revision,  except  occasionally  an  act  or  two.  Even  tlie  royal  governors  had  been 
negligent  in  sending  in  tlie  bills  which  the  provincial  legislatures  frequently  endeav- 
ored to  enact  repugnant  to  the  laws  and  interests  of  Britain,  which  however,  nad 
been  always  disapproved  when  at  length  received."  New  instructions  were  sent 
to  the  governors  of  the  colonies  to  refuse  assent  to  any  laws  tending  to  injure 
English  trade,  or  giving  merchants  in  the  colonies  advantaget,  over  British  mer- 
chants. An  act  was  also  passed  "  for  the  more  speedy  recovery  of  debts  in 
America,"  by  which  depositions  were  given  the  force  of  personal  testimony,  and 
lands  and  slaves  were  made  subject,  upon  such  evidence,  to  execution,  upon  sim- 
ple contracts  as  well  as  upon  written  contracts. 

1732.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  voted  a  petition 
to  the  king  for  the  recall  of  the  instructions  to  the  governor. 

Their  agent  was  instructed,  if  their  petition  was  not  granted,  to  present  it  to 
the  House  of  Commons. 

1733,  January. —  A  colony  for  Georgia,  under  the  direction 
of  Oglethorpe,  touched  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

It  consisted  of  about  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  persons  in  thirty-five  families. 
The  recorder  and  two  bailiff's  constituted  their  town  court,  with  general  jurisdic- 
tion. The  Carolina  assembly  voted  a  supply  of  cattle,  rice,  and  boats.  They 
settled,  May  18,  upon  a  bluff  in  the  Savannah  River,  called  Yan;acraw,  in  the 
possession  of  the  Creek  Indians,  who  permitted  the  settlement.  Subsequently,  at 
a  council,  the  Creeks  agreed  to  allow  thom  all  the  land  below  tide-water  between 
the  Savannah  and  the  Altamaha,  excij  t  the  three  southern  islands  on  the  coast 
and  a  reservation  above  the  town.  The  town  was  laid  out,  a  palisade  made  on 
the  land  side,  and  a  fort  built  and  mounted  with  cannon.  Ten  acres  were  laid  out 
for  an  experimental  garden  for  vines,  mulberry-trees,  and  drugs,  and  a  store- 
house built.  The  company  had  chosen  for  their  seal  a  group  of  silk-worms  witli 
the  motto,  JVb»  sibi  sed  aliis  (not  for  themselves,  but  for  others),  and  the  culture 
of  silk  was  expected  to  be  an  important  industry.  A  fresh  importation  of  immi- 
grants soon  arrived,  among  whom  were  forty  Jews,  whom  the  trustees  instru'cteil 
Oglethorpe  to  give  no  encouragement. 

Savannah,  in  December,  1789,  was  granted  a  city  charter.  It  is  the  largest 
city  in  the  state,  has  one  of  the  best  southern  ports,  and  does  a  large  business  in 
exporting  cotton,  rice,  and  lumber.  Before  the  late  war,  steamers  ran  regularly 
to  New  York,  Boston,  Philadelphia,  and  the  West  Indies.  It  is  the  terminus  of 
three  railroad  lines,  —  that  between  Charleston  and  Savannah,  the  Central  road, 
connecting  with  all  the  roads  in  the  north  of  the  state,  and  the  Gulf  Railroad. 


1733.] 

173 
lotteri 

Thei 
pie  have 
pounds ■ 
chasing 

1733 
genera 
to  parli 

Parlia 
orders,  ai 
to  ruin  th 
groundles 
the  depen 
(Belcher) 
might  int( 
least  burd 
supplies. 

1733, 
bank  or 

The  int( 
a  pier  on  E 
to  be  divide 

1733,  I 
WeeUy  J 

It  was  f( 
which  was 
Lieutenant- 

1733, 
lished  a 
bills  of  CI 

The  cou 
concur,  but 
Such  a  com 


rwge,  anc 


1733.- 

Nevvport, 

It  was  th 
hundred  and 
the  bounty 


1733.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


213 


1733,  January  23.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  suppressed 
lotteries,  in  private  hands,  which  had  recently  been  established. 

Their  reason  was,  that  by  these  "  unlawful  games,  called  lotteries,  many  peo- 
ple have  been  led  into  a  foolish  expense  of  money,"  A  penalty  of  five  hundred 
pounds  was  imposed  on  the  promoters,  and  a  fine  of  ten  pounds  on  those  pur- 
chasing tickets. 

1733,  May.  —  The  king  decided  against  the  petition  from  the 
general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  the  colonial  agents  appealed 
to  parliament. 

Parliament  was  asked  to  intercede  "  with  his  majesty  to  withdraw  the  royal 
orders,  as  contrary  to  their  charter,  and  tending  in  iheir  nature  to  distress,  if  not 
to  ruin  them."  The  Commons  resolved  that  the  complaint  "  was  frivolous  and 
groundless,  a  high  insult  upon  his  majesty's  government,  and  tending  to  shake  off 
the  dependency  of  the  colony."  The  Board  of  Trade  suggested  to  the  governor 
(Belcher)  that  if  the  general  court  persisted  in  refusing  supplies,  parliament 
might  interfere,  and  asked  "what  duties  may  be  laid  in  New  England  with  the 
least  burden  tu  the  people."  The  result  was  that  the  general  court  voted  the 
supplies. 

1733,  August.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  a  fifth 
bank  or  loan  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

The  interest  was  five  per  cent.,  and  that  of  the  first  year  was  used  for  building 
a  pier  on  Block  Island  for  the  use  of  the  fisheries.  The  rest  of  the  interest  was 
to  be  divided,  half  to  the  public  treasury  and  the  other  half  to  the  towns. 

1733,  November  5.  —  The  first  number  of  the  New  York 
WeeJdj/  Journal  appeared. 

It  was  founded  by  John  Peter  /  'or,  and  was  in  opposition  to  the  Oazetie, 
which  was  in  the  interest  of  the  t  ivernor,  William  Cosby,  and  his  successor, 
Lieutenant-Governor  George  Clarke. 

1733,  November  7.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  pub- 
lished a  reclamation  warning  the  people  against  receiving  the 
bills  of  credit  of  Rhode  Island. 

The  council  proposed  prohibiting  their  circulation,  but  the  house  refused  to 
concur,  but  recommended  the  merchants  to  combine  in  refusing  to  take  them. 
Such  a  combination  was  made,  but  soon  fell  through. 

1733,  December  3.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  empowered 
the  clergy  of  all  denominations  to  perform  the  ceremony  of  mar- 
riage, and  fixed  the  fee  at  three  shillings. 

Only  the  clergy  of  the  Church  of  England  and  the  Quakers  had  previously  this 
authority.     This  privilege  had  been  accorded  the  Quakers  by  the  king. 

1733.  —  The  first  regularly  equipped  whaling  vessel  arrived  at 
Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  the  sloop  Pelican,  owned  by  Benjamin  Thurston.  She  brought  one 
hundred  and  fourteen  barrels  of  oil  and  two  hundred  pounds  of  bone,  upon  wliich 
the  bounty  was  paid. 


214 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1733-4. 


1733.  —  A  COLONY  of  Swiss  settled  at  Purrysl'urg,  South  Caro- 
lina, under  the  leadership  of  John  Peter  Furry,  of  Neufchatel. 

Cotton-seed,  probably  from  the  Levant,  were  planted  by  them,  and  they  tried 
to  establish  the  culture  of  »ilk. 

1733.  —  South  Carolina  coined  pence. 

1733.  — The  first  Freemasons'  lodge  in  the  country  was  organ- 
ized at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1733.  — John  Harris  obtained  from  the  proprietaries  of  Penn- 
sylvania a  grant  of  three  hundred  acres  of  land  on  the  left  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  River,  and  purchased  five  hundred  acres 
more  from  the  Indians. 

This  land  was  the  site  of  Harrisburg,  the  capital  of  Pennsylvania. 

In  1753  Harris's  son  was  granted  the  right  to  build  a  ferry  over  the  river;  in 
1784  the  town  was  laid  out,  and  then  called  Louisbourg;  but  in  1791  the  name 
was  changed  to  its  present  one,  and  in  1812  the  seat  of  the  state  government  was 
removed  there  from  Lancaster. 

1733.  —  Maryland  issued  ninety  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit. 

Each  county  was  to  have  a  thousand  pounds  to  pay  for  public  buildings. 
Three  thousand  pounds  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  erection  of  a  government  house. 
A  certain  sum  to  be  paid  planters  for  the  tobacco  they  burned,  and  the  rest  to  be 
lent  out  at  four  per  cent,  interest,  p.ayable  one  third  in  1748,  and  the  rest  in  17G4, 
the  interest  forming  a  sinking  fund  for  the  redemption  of  the  bills.  They  were 
made  a  legal  tender  for  everything  but  proprietary  and  clergy  dues. 

1733.  — The  parliament  imposed  a  duty  upon  sugar,  molasses, 
and  rum  imported  into  the  colonies  from  the  Dutch  or  French 
West  Indies.     The  act  to  be  limited  to  three  years. 

The  act  was  intended  to  force  the  colonies  to  buy  their  supplies  of  these  arti- 
cles from  the  British  West  India  Islands.  The  manufacture  of  rum  had  become 
an  important  industry  in  New  England.  Rhode  Island  protested  against  this  act 
as  "  highly  prejudicial  to  her  charter,"  but  the  Commons  refused  to  receive  the 
petition  on  the  ground  that  the  bill  was  a  money  bill.  New  York  petitioned  the 
House  of  Lords,  saying  that  it  was  only  in  the  produce  of  the  West  Indies  that 
their  exports  there  could  be  paid  for.  The  agent  of  New  York,  Partridge,  wrote 
the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  in  forwarding  the  petition,  that  "  besides  the  injury  the 
bill  will  be  in  itself,  almost  tantamount  to  a  prohibition,  it  is  divesting  tlie  colony 
of  their  rights  as  the  king's  natural-born  subjects  and  Englishmen,  in  levying 
subsidies  upon  them  against  their  consent,  when  they  are  annexed  to  no  country 
in  Great  Britain,  have  no  representatives  in  Parliament,  nor  arc  any  part  of  the 
Legislature  of  this  Kingdom."  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  expressed 
itself  also  in  opposition  to  the  act.  A  great  deal  of  molasses  was  imported,  but 
very  little  duty  was  paid. 

1734. —  The  city  of  New  York  made  public  provision  for 
"  The  relief  and  setting  on  work  of  poor,  needy  persons,  and 
idle  vagabonds,  and  sturdy  beggars,  and  others  who  frequently 
commit  great  depredations,  and  having  lived  idly  become  de- 
bauched and  thievish." 


I 


1734.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


215 


An  ordinance  was  passed  for  the  erection  of  a  poor-house  on  the  common,  two 
stories  higli,  and  fifty-six  feet  by  twenty-four.  It  x.'sia  furnished  with  spinning 
wheels,  materials  and  tools  for  shocmaking,  flax  and  knitting  needles,  and  other 
appliances  for  the  occupation  of  its  inmates. 

1734.  —  The  first  silk  raised  in  Georgia  was  taken  to  England 
by  Mr.  Oglethorpe. 

The  culture  of  silk  was  specially  encouraged  by  the  founders  of  Georgia. 
Lands  were  granted  for  it,  bounties  were  offered  for  it,  and  skilled  workmen  from 
all  parts  of  Europe  sent  over.  Trees  and  silk-worm  eggs  were  liberally  provided. 
This  first  produce  amounted  to  eight  pounds.  An  Italian  and  his  family,  the 
second  who  had  been  engaged,  was  paid  five  hundred  and  twenty  pounds,  for  six 
years,  to  take  charge  of  the  filature.  Next  year  a  lot  was  sent  over,  from  which  a 
silk  dress  was  woven  and  presented  to  Queen  Caroline,  who  M'ore  it  at  the  next 
levee.  The  accounts  of  the  trustees  contain  a  charge,  dated  1738,  "  for  making 
a  rich  brocade  and  dyeing  the  silk  from  Georgia  £26." 

1734.  —  A  PAPER  of  cotton  seed  was  sent  to  the  settlement  of 
Georgia,  and  planted. 

1734.  —  A  LETTER  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  from  Patrick  Gordon, 
the  governor  of  Pennsylvania,  mentions  the  production  of  silk  in 
that  province,  in  small  quantities,  equal  to  French  or  Italian. 

1734.  —  An  iron  furnace  was  set  up  by  Philip  Livingston,  of 
Albany,  New  York,  at  Limerock,  Connecticut. 

Castings  were  made  here  in  1736.  This  was  the  first  of  the  series  of  founderies 
sot  up  in  this  region.  In  the  Revolution,  the  Council  of  Safety  spent  over  a  thou- 
sand pounds  in  fitting  up  a  furnace  to  cast  shot  and  cannon,  and  keep  the  force 
sufficient  to  run  it  at  work. 

1734.  —  Governor  Crosby,  of  New  York,  alludes  to  the  discov- 
ery of  rich  mines  in  New  Jersey,  and  of  lead  in  New  York. 
He  says,  "  but  as  yet  no  iron  work  is  set  up  in  this  province." 

1734.  —  A  Catholic  church  was  built  in  Philadelphia,  and 
mass  publicly  celebrated. 

Governor  Gordon  thought  it  should  be  prohibited,  but  the  council  maintained 
the  charter  of  liberties  protected  it,  and  the  church  was  unmolested.  A  new  sect, 
called  the  Dunkers,  first  appeared  among  the  German  settlers.  Various  sects 
were  in  the  province,  but  each  supported  its  own  ceremonies  without  any  com- 
pulsory laws. 

1734,  November.  —  Gabriel  Johnston  was  sent  as  the  governor 
of  North  Carolina. 

Barrington  was  reprimanded  and  removed.  The  crown  officers  were  paid  fVom 
the  quit-rents,  but  as  the  legal  provision  for  their  collection  was  left  to  the  assem- 
bly, their  amount  and  collection  was  a  constant  source  of  dispute  between  that 
body  and  those  who  were  to  receive  them. 

1734.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  levied  a  duty  of  five  per  cent. 
on  the  value,  on  the  importation  of  negro  slaves. 


216 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1734. 


It  was  payable  "by  the  buyer,"  and  continued  in  force  until  the  Revolution, 
being  at  times  increased. 

1734.  —  Lord  Baltimore  petitioned  the  king  to  be  confirmed 
in  his  title  to  the  Avhole  peninsula  between  the  Chesapeake  and 
the  Delaware. 

He  had  come  out  chiefly  to  settle  the  boundaries  of  his  province,  and  before 
starting  had  signed  an  agreement  with  Penn's  heirs,  fixing  the  southern  boundary 
of  Delaware  by  a  line  drawn  due  west  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  tlie  Chesapeake, 
tlie  west  boundary  being  a  tangent  from  the  middle  point  of  this  lino  to  a  circle 
of  twelve  miles  radius  refund  Newcastle.  The  southern  boundary  of  Pennsyl- 
vania was  a  line  due  west  tnrough  this  tangent  to  a  parallel  of  latitude  fifteen 
miles  south  of  Philadelphia.  A  dispute  having  arisen,  peace  was  ordered  until 
the  English  court  of  chancery  should  decide  it.  Baltimore  returning,  Ogle 
resumed  the  administration. 

1734.  —  An  "  evangelical  community,"  from  Salzburg,  with 
their  ministers,  established  themselves  in  Georgia,  and  settled 
above  Savannah,  calling  their  village  Ebenezer. 

1734,  February.  —  In  Rhode  Island,  a  bounty  of  one  pound 
was  paid  for  bears,  and  the  same  lor  wild  cats. 
In  1736  the  bounty  on  bears  was  raised  to  three  pounds. 

1734.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island, 
supplementary  of  one  passed  a  few  years  before,  "  for  regulating 
mills  within  the  colony." 

1734.  —  The  Boston  Weekly  Post  Boy  commenced  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Ellis  Huske,  the  postmaster,  who  is  supposed  to  have  sug- 
gested the  Stamp  Act  of  17C5  to  the  British  government.  It  lived  about  twenty-five 
years. 

1734,  November  17.  —  John  Peter  Zenger  was  arrested  by  the 
authorities  of  New  York  city  on  a  charge  of  libel. 

He  was  kept  in  prison  nine  months  before  he  could  get  a  trial.  The  governor, 
William  Cosby,  issued  a  proclamation  on  November  6,  in  which  certain  numbers 
of  the  iVew  York  Weekly  Journal  atg  said  to  contain  "diverse  scandalous!.  Viru- 
lent, False  and  Seditious  reflections,  not  only  upon  the  whole  Legislature,  in  gen- 
eral, and  upon  the  most  considerable  Persons  in  the  most  distinguished  stations  in 
the  Province,  but  also  upon  His  Majesty's  lawful  and  rightful  Government  and 
just  Prerogative,"  and  offering  a  reward  of  fifty  pounds  for  the  discovery  of  their 
author.  In  another  proclamation,  twenty  pounds  reward  was  offered  for  tlie  - 
discovery  of  the  "author  of  two  late  scandalous  songs  or  Ballads,  printed  and 
dispersed  in  this  city,  highly  defaming  the  Administration  of  His  Majesty's  Gov- 
ernment in  this  Province."  The  specific  libel  upon  which  Zenger  was  tried  was 
this  sentence :  "  the  people  of  this  city  (New  York)  and  province  think,  as  mat- 
ters now  stand,  that  their  liberties  and  properties  are  precarious,  and  tliat  slavery 
is  like  to  be  entailed  on  them  and  their  posterity,  if  some  past  things  be  not 
amended."  Tlic  trial  took  place  on  the  4th  of  August,  1735,  the  Journal  being 
still  issued.     The  copies  containing  the  libels  and  the  ballads  were  burned  by  the 


hangman 

80,  and  tl 

the  Penn 

made  a  in 

not  guilty 

174G.     Hi 

until  175i 

country  w 

Bradford. 

spinet  into 

iniportanci 

to  be  rouse 

1735, 
establish 
Savanna! 

1735.- 
town,  net 
publicati( 

The  quai 
paper,  the  ( 
the  Revoluti 
liis  descenda 
and  extracts 

1735.- 
Island,  W£ 

Cannon  a 

1735. 
general  cc 
years." 

1735.— 

No  papists 
tlioir  own  ex 
grant,  howev 
irere  to  have 
acres,  subjeci 
revert  to  the 
out  special  ])c> 
prohibited.  ] 
Band  pounds  f 

i735.- 
claimants  a 

Van  Dam 
lieJng  senior 

1735.— 
to  collect  tl 
It  was  resis 


1735.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


217 


a  colony  in   Georgia,  on   the  Ogeechee,  south  of 


hangman.  TIjc  corporation  of  the  city  refused  to  attend,  though  directed  to  do 
80,  and  the  provincial  assembly  did  the  same.  Andrew  Hamilton,  the  speaker  of 
the  Pennsylvania  assembly,  was  brought  from  Philadelphia  to  defend  Zengcr,  and 
made  a  most  effective  and  noticeable  speech.  The  jury  brought  in  a  verdict  of 
not  guilty.  Zenger  continued  the  publication  of  the  Journal  until  Iiis  death  in 
I74G.  His  widow  then  carried  it  on  until  his  son  succeeded  to  it,  and  managed  it 
until  1752,  when  it  died  of  inanition.  Zenger  was  a  German,  and  came  to  this 
country  when  he  was  thirteen  years  of  age.  He  learned  his  trade  of  printer  from 
Bradford.  He  was  a  man  of  enterprise  and  is  said  to  have  imported  the  first 
spinet  into  this  country.  His  contest  for  the  freedom  of  the  press  was  of  great 
importance  in  strengthening  the  spirit  of  independence  which  was  then  beginning 
to  be  roused  in  the  colonies. 

1735,   January.  —  The   Moravians,  under  Count  Zinzendorf^ 
established 
Savannah. 

1735.  —  Christopher  Sower  commenced  printing  in  German- 
town,  near  Philadelphia,  about  this  time,  and  this  year  began  the 
publication  of  a  quarterly  journal  in  German. 

The  quarterly  was  afterwards  changed  to  a  monthly,  and  after  1744  to  a  weekly 
paper,  the  Germantown  Gazette,  and  was  continued  by  his  son  until  the  war  of 
the  Revolution,  A  complete  file  of  this  paper  is  still  in  the  possession  of  one  of 
his  descendants.  Sower  also  published  the  first  German  almanac  in  Pennsylvania, 
and  extracts  from  the  Laws  of  the  Province,  translated  into  German. 

1735.  —  The  Hope  Furnace,  on  the  Patuxet  Uiver,  in  Rhode 
Island,  was  built  by  Samuel  Waldo. 

Cannon  and  other  munitions  of  war  were  made  hero  in  the  Revolution. 

1735.  —  Roland  Houghton,  of  Boston,  was  granted  by  the 
general  court  a  monopoly  for  his  "  new  theodolite,  to  last  seven 
years." 

1735.  —  The  trustees  of  Georgia  issued  proposals  to  settlers. 

No  papists  were  to  be  allowed  in  the  settlement.  To  all  others  emigrating  at 
their  own  expense,  fifty  acres  of  land  were  given  for  each  indented  servant;  no 
grant,  however,  to  exceed  five  hundred  acres.  Servants,  at  the  end  of  their  term, 
were  to  have  twenty  acres.  Settlers  sent  out  by  the  trustees  were  to  have  fifty 
acres,  subject  to  a  quit-rent  of  ten  shillings.  On  failure  of  male  heirs,  all  land  to 
revert  to  the  trustees,  subject  to  a  right  of  dower.  No  land  to  be  alienated  with- 
out special  permission.  No  rum  was  allowed,  and  all  trade  with  the  West  Indies 
prohibited.  Negro  slavery  was  prohibited.  A  further  grant  of  twenty-six  thou- 
sand pounds  from  parliament,  increased  the  means  of  thj  trustees. 

x735. —  Crosby,  the  governor  of  New  York,  having  died,  two 
claimants  arose  for  the  office. 

Van  Dam  and  George  Clarke,  both  of  whom  claimed  the  office  by  virtue  of 
being  senior  councillor,  issued  orders  and  assumed  authority. 

1735.  —  Johnston,  the  governor  of  North  Carolina,  undertook 
to  collect  the  quit-rents  on  his  own  authority. 

It  was  resisted.     His  death  soon  occurred. 


M 


2tS 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1735-6. 


1735.  —  The  French  in  Louisiana  attempted  the  conquest  of 
the  Chickasaws  by  two  simultaneous  attacks. 

An  expedition  from  New  Orleii.is  ascended  the  Tombigbee  to  its  head,  and 
attacked  the  Chickasaw  stronghold  in  its  vicinity,  but  were  defeated  and  driven 
back.  Another  expedition  from  the  Illinois  attacked  a  more  northerly  fort  of  the 
Chickasaws,  and  were  also  defeated.  Its  leader,  D'Artagnette,  with  others,  was 
captured  and  burned  at  the  stake.  Bills  of  credit  were  issued  in  Louisiana,  pay- 
able in  France. 


1736.  —  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  wag  incorporated  as  a 
town,  having  been  settled  by  emigrants  from  Long  Island.    • 

During  the  war  it  was  at  various  times  the  head-quarters  of  the  opposing 
armies.  In  1784  it  received  a  city  charter.  It  is  extensively  engaged  in  manu- 
factures, the  establishments  employing  about  fifteen  hundred  hands,  and  capital  of 
$1,600,000. 

1736,  June  14.  —  A  line  of  stages  was  started  between  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

The  Rhode  Island  assembly  granted  it  a  monopoly  for  seven  years. 

1736.  —  The  Warwick  charcoal  blast  furnace,  on  the  south 
branch  of  French  Creek,  Pennsylvania,  was  erected. 

This,  with  Bedding's  furnace,  on  tho  same  creek,  cast  cannon  for  the  govern- 
ment during  the  Revolution. 


cast  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut,  by 


1736.  —  Bells  were 
Abel  Parmlee. 

He  petitiorcu  the  general  court  for  a  monopoly  for  twenty  years,  but  was 
refused.     His  petition  states  that  his  was  the  first  bell  foundery  in  the  colonies. 

1736.  —  William  Parks  commenced  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia, 
the  Virginia  Gazette,  the  first  newspaper  in  that  province. 

It  was  sometimes  printed  on  a  half  sheet  of  foolscap,  and  sometimes  on  a  whole 
one.  It  was  under  the  influence  of  the  governor.  Parks  continued  it  until  his 
death  in  1750.  The  next  year  it  appeared  with  the  imprint:  "Printed  by  Wm. 
Hunter,  at  the  Post  Office,  by  whom  persons  may  be  supplied  with  this  paper. 
Advertisements  of  a  molerate  length  for  three  shillings  for  the  first  week,  and 
two  shillings  each  week  after."  At  Hunter's  death,  in  1761,  it  was  enlarged  and 
published  by  Joseph  Royle ;  at  his  death  by  Purdic  and  Dixon  until  the  Revolu- 
tion.    During  the  Revolution  Purdie  managed  it. 

1736. —  Governor  Johnston,  of  North  Carolina,  having  died, 
the  lieutenant-governor,  Broughton,  succeeded. 

The  assembly  issued  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit.  They 
were  to  be  lent  out  at  eight  per  cent,  interest,  five-eighths  of  which  was  to  be  made 
a  sinking  fund  for  their  redemption,  two-eighths  to  be  used  to  assist  "poor  Prot- 
estants "  who  should  settle  new  townships,  and  tho  rest  for  the  management  of 
the  business. 

1736.  —  A  COMPANY  under  Oglethorpe  arrived  at  Savannah. 
It  consisted  of  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  persons,  whom  the  trustees  agreed 


1736-7.] 

to  support 
Altaniuha. 
Simons,  an 
foon  becan 
further  sou 

1736.  - 
vannali,  ( 

lie"  and  h 

1737,  A 
councils  e 
Nova  Sco 
^ew  Ham 

Both  parti 
ingtho  boun 
and  RN  it  nov 
and  Mnssachi 
west  from  a  p 
This  WHS  nioi 
settled  under 

1737.  —  ^ 
royal  instn 

It  made  a 
nnd  fifty  poun 
npplicd  to  the 
tlio  counties,  a 
not  I'M-frcr  than 
to  pay  first  for 

1737.- 
nor's  orders 
the  assembl; 

1737.— G 
William  Bui 

1737.  -^  A 
placing  a  taj 
a  public  spi 
ciiildren  of 

This  instituti 

much  excited  ct 

Boston  and  estt 

establish  the  sch 

now  Tremont  St 

adistafl'.    When 

the  Common  wit 

skill  in  their  use 

I  ing  public  attent; 

i^gan  about  tliis 


1 


1736-7.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


219 


to  support  a  year.  A  colony  of  Iliijhlandcrs  also  settled  New  Inverness,  on  tho 
Altanmlm.  A  new  town  called  Fredorica  was  cstabliHhed  on  the  Island  of  St. 
Simons,  and  a  post  called  Augusta,  at  tho  head  waters  of  the  Savannali,  which 
toon  became  a  flourishing  trading  station.  Posts  were  established  on  tiio  coast 
furtlicr  south,  as  far  as  St.  John's,  wliich  was  claimed  as  tho  limits  of  the  charter. 

1736. — John  Wesley  established  a  Methodist  society  in  Sa- 
vannah, Georgia. 

He  and  liis  brothv,r  Charles  came  out  with  Oglethorpe  in  tho  second  company. 

1737,  AufJUST  1.  —  A  commission  of  twenty  persons,  five  of  the 
councils  each  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Rhode  Island,  and 
Nova  Scotia,  settled  a  dispute  concerning  boundaries  between 
New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts. 

Both  parties  appealed,  and  tho  king  in  council  decided  the  question  concern- 
ing the  boundary  of  Maine  as  a  part  of  Massachusetts,  as  tlic  commission  had, 
and  as  it  now  exists ;  the  decision  concerning  the  boundaries  of  New  Ilampsliiro 
and  Massacliusetta  was,  that  the  southern  line  of  New  Hampshire  sliould  run  due 
west  from  a  point  three  miles  north  of  the  most  soutlierly  bend  of  tlie  Merrimac. 
This  w><3  more  than  New  Hampshire  aslced,  and  included  lands  whicli  had  been 
settled  under  grants  from  Massachusetts. 

1737. — ■  Clarke  was  confirmed  as  governor  of  Now  York  by 
royal  instructions,  and  called  an  assembly. 

It  made  a  new  issue  of  bills  of  credit  for  forty-eight  thousand  three  Imndrcd 
nnd  fifty  pounds.  Eight  tliousand  three  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  were  to  bo 
applied  to  the  current  expenses  of  tho  province,  the  vest  was  distributed  among 
tlie  counties,  and  loaned  on  mortgages  for  twelve  years  at  four  per  cent.,  in  sums 
not  hirger  tlian  one  hundred  pounds,  and  not  less  than  twenty-five.  Tho  interest 
to  pay  first  for  currcntexpenses,  and  then  used  for  the  bi  ncfit  of  tho  province. 

1737.  —  The  officers  in  North  Carolina  who,  under  the  gover- 
nor's orders,  distrained  lor  the  quit-rents,  were  imprisoned  by 
the  assembly. 

1737. —  Governor  Broughton,  of  South  Carolina,  died,  and 
William  Bull,  the  president  of  the  council,  succeeded. 

1737.  —  An  act  of  the  assembly  of  Massachusetts  was  passed, 
placing  a  tax  on  carriages  and  other  luxuries  for  the  support  of 
a  public  spinning-school  in  Boston,  "  for  tho  instruction  of  tho 
children  of  tho  town." 

This  institution  had  been  founded  some  time  before.  Tho  public  had  become 
much  excited  concerning  the  subject.  Some  of  tho  Scotch-Irish  liad  settled  in 
Boston  and  established  a  linen  manufactory.  A  public  meeting  was  called  to 
estaijlisli  the  school,  and  a  handsome  brick  building  was  erected  for  it  on  what  is 
now  Tremont  Street.  Its  front  was  decorated  with  the  figure  of  a  woman  holding 
a  distaff.  When  the  school  was  openeu,  the  women,  rich  and  poor,  gathered  on 
the  Common  witli  their  spinning-wheels,  and  engaged  in  a  friendly  competition  of 
siiiil  in  tlieir  use.  The  school  was  continued  several  years,  and  the  result  of  turn- 
ing public  attention  in  tins  direction  was  very  marked  in  tho  improvements  wliich 
tegan  about  tliis  time  to  bo  made  in  the  processes  of  cloth-making. 


220 


ANNATES  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1737-8. 


1737.  —  Copper  coins  wore  struck  in  Granby,  Connecticut, 
from  motul  obtained  from  the  mines  at  Simebury. 

Tlicy  were  struck  by  Joseph  Iligby,  und  were  known  as  Granby  coppers.  They 
are  now  very  scarce. 

1738.  —  Chelsea,  then  called  Winnisimmet,  and  a  part  of  Bos- 
ton, was,  with  two  other  settlements,  incorporated   under  its 

.  present  name. 

.  Tlie  ronson  of  the  change  was,  that  the  people  found  It  Inconvenient  to  attend 
the  town  meetings  in  Boston,  the  means  of  comnmnication  being  by  the  ferry,  the 
oldest  in  the  United  Stf.tes  liaving  been  started  in  1G31.  CheUeu  has  u  high  repu- 
tation for  sliip-building. 

1738.  —  Easton,  Penn.,  was  laid  out,  and  incorporated  in  1789. 

During  the  Revolution,  General  Washington  mode  it  the  place  of  deposit  for 
British  prisoners.  It  is  a  manufacturing  depot,  the  neighboring  country  containing 
inexiiiiustible  beds  of  iron  ore  of  the  best  quality,  and  there  are  three  blast  fur- 
naces, manufacturing  about  thirty  thousand  tons  of  pig-iron  per  annum.  It  is  the 
terminus  of  the  Lehigh  Valley,  celebrated  for  its  anthracite  coal,  and  by  means 
of  railroads  has  an  unbroken  connection  with  New  York  and  the  lakes.  It  is  also 
the  outlet  of  a  rich  agricultural  country,  and  exports  largely  flour,  corn  tncal,  and 
whiskey.     Lafayette  College  was  founded  here  In  1832. 

1738,  August. — Another  bank,  or  loan  of  one  hundred  thou- 
sand pounds,  was  created  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  similar  to  those  previously  created,  with  the  exception  that  the  principal 
and  interest  of  the  loans  were  secured  by  mortgage  on  real  estate.  In  the  pre- 
vious ones  only  the  principal  had  been  so  secured. 

1738.  —  George  Thomas  was  made  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

For  two  years,  Logan,  the  president  of  the  council,  had  administered  the  gov- 
ernment. 

1738.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  New  York  disfranchising  the 
Jews. 

1738.  —  Lewis  Morris,  the  president  of  the  council,  was  ap- 
pointed governor  of  New  Jersey. 

Ho  had  been  chief  justice  of  New  York,  and  was  removed  by  Crosby. 

1738.  —  A  MESSAGE  was  sent  to  St.  Augustine,  Florida,  to 
demand  of  the  Spaniards  the  return  of  the  runaway  slaves  from 
South  Carolina,  and  was  peremptorily  refused. 

All  trade  with  the  Spanish  settlements  in  America  was  strictly  prohibited  by 
the  home  government,  and  in  Spain  itself  only  the  port  of  Cadiz  was  permitted. 
The  taxes  also  laid  on  trade  stimulated  smuggling.  To  prevent  this  the  Spaniards 
kept  lleets  along  the  coast,  which  were  frequently  injudicious  in  the  exercise  of 
their  authority.  Tlie  runaway  slaves  who  went  to  Florida  were  sheltered,  given 
land.s,  and  organized  into  military  companies.  Oglethorpe  returned  again  this 
year  with  a  regiment  of  soldiers  and  a  commission  as  military  commander  for 
Georgia  and  the  Carolinas.  "To  give  no  offence,  but  to  repel  force  by  force," were 
his  instructions. 


1739.- 
tlie  erect 

1739.- 
Sower  in 

1739.- 
andl7-il, 
auccossfuJ 

Miss  Eliz 
of  eighteen 
married  Mr. 
Cotcsworth  1 
of  indigo. 

1739,  J 
agreed  to 
Florida. 

The  negoti 

1739,  M^ 
of  Masaach 
vantage  his 

Ho  claimec 
"whereby  the 
tions."  His  fu 
of  unimproved 

1739.  --  ] 
and  was  th 
precincts. 

1739.  — 

saws. 

Twelve  hun 
negroes,  were  n 
Pliis.    Their  ra 


'^m^^ 


1739.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


221 


1739.  —  The  assombi/  of  Maryland  passed  a  law  to  encourage 
the  erection  of  grist-inilla. 

1739.  —  A  German  newspaper  was  issued  by  Christopher 
Sower  in  Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

1739.  —  Extracts  from  the  diary  of  Miss  Lucas,  of  this  year 
and  1741,  speak  of  the  pains  sho  had  taken  to  plant  cotton  seed 
successfully. 

Miss  Eliza  Lucas  was  the  daughter  of  the  pfovornor  of  Antigua,  and  at  the  age 
of  eighteen  was  in  charge  of  a  plantation  in  South  Carolina.  She  afterwards 
married  Mr.  Pinekney,  of  South  Carolina,  and  became  the  mother  of  Charles 
Cotcsworth  Pinekney.  She  had  also  experimented  successfully  with  the  culturo 
of  indigo. 

1739,  January.  —  Commissioners  from  England  and  Spain 
agreed  to  settle  the  dispute  as  to  the  limits  of  Carolina  and 
Florida. 

The  negotiations  were  broken  off  before  they  were  completed. 

1739,  March.  —  Joseph  Mallinson  petitioned  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  for  a  grant  of  land,  in  consideration  of  the  ad- 
vantage his  manufacture  of  hollow-ware,  such  as  pots,  had  been. 

Ho  claimed  to  bo  the  *'8ole  promoter"  of  casting  them  in  sand  moulds, 
"whereby  the  province  saved  annually  at  least  twenty  thousand  pounds  importa- 
tions." His  furnace  was  in  Duxbury.  The  court  grunted  him  two  hundred  acres 
of  unimproved  land. 

1739.  —  North  Carolina  had  a  population  of  ten  thousand, 
and  was  this  year  divided  into  three  counties,  and  these  into 
precincts. 

1739.  —  The  French  again  attempted  to  conquer  the  Chicka- 

saws. 

Twelve  hundred  French  soldiers,  with  twice  as  many  friendly  Indians  and 
negroes,  were  assembled  at  the  bluff  upon  the  Mississippi,  now  the  site  of  Mem- 
phis.   Their  ranks  were  so  thinned  by  disease  that  they  withdrew. 

1739,  August.  —  Oglethorpe  made  a  new  treaty  with  the 
Creeks  by  which  they  acknowledged  themselves  subjects  of 
Great  Britain,  and  agreed  to  exclude  from  their  territory  all  but 
English  settlers. 

Oglethorpe  travelled  through  the  woods  to  Coneta,  near  the  present  site  of 
Columbus,  on  the  Chattahoochee.  On  his  return  he  found  instructions  from 
England  to  attack  Florida. 

1739,  December.  —  Oglethorpe  captured  the  Fort  of  Picolata, 
thus  securing  the  navigation  of  the  St.  John's. 

1739. — The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  established  .*  loan  office 
to  loan  the  bills  of  credit. 
Its  operation  was  the  lending  the  bills  of  credit  of  the  state  on  real  estate 


222 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1740. 


•ccurity  to  double  tho  value  of  tho  loan,  to  bo  repaid  In  Rixtcon  ycari  by  yearly 
instaltnents.  The  interootwaH  fo\ir  per  cent.  Tho  interoit  bclonKcd  to  the  titato. 
Tlio  instalments,  for  ten  years,  were  re-let  for  tho  rest  of  tlie  term,  until  the  ln.Ht 
six  years,  when  they  were  burned.  Tlio  trustees  of  the  loan  office  were  selecU'd 
fVom  various  parts  of  tlie  state,  and  continued  four  yean  in  office.  The  institu- 
tion continued  in  operation  forty  years. 

1740.  —  The  Wilmington,  a  vessel  for  foreign  trade,  was  built 
at  Wilmington,  Deiuwaro,  by  William  Shipley,  D.  Ferris,  and 
others. 

1740.  —  A  WIND-MILL  was  removed  from  Roxbury  and  placed 
on  Fort  Ilill,  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1740,  August  19.  —  Circulars  were  sent  by  the  Board  of  Trade 
to  all  tlie  colonies,  forbidding  any  further  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 

1740,  September  4.  —  Royal  letters-patent  were  issued  to  five 
commissionora  from  each  of  the  provinces  of  Now  York,  New 
Jersey,  and  Nova  Scotia,  to  settle  the  disputed  boundary  be- 
tween Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts. 

Any  five  of  them  were  to  form  a  quorum,  and  cither  colony  might  appeal  from 
their  decision  witliin  three  months  after  it  was  given,  and  it  was  to  be  final  after 
being  confirmed  by  the  king.     Tlic  colonies  were  to  equally  pay  the  expense. 

1740,  September  23.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created 
another  bank  or  loan,  of  twenty  thousand  pounds,  at  four  per 
cent,  interest. 

These  were  called  New  Tenor  bills ;  they  were  to  be  paid  in  silver  at  nine 
shillings  the  ounce,  or  gold  at  six  pounds,  thirteen  shillings,  and  four  pence  an 
ounce.  A  protest  was  made  against  tliis  issue  by  five  of  the  deputies,  and  entered 
on  tlie  record. 

1740.  —  A  BREWERY  was  established  by  Oglethorpe  in  Georgia, 
to  furnish  beer  for  the  troops. 

Ho  tried  to  stop  the  use  of  ardent  spirits,  and  always  destroyed  it  when  he 
found  it. 

1740.  —  Christopher  Sower  established  a  type  foundery  at 
Germantown,  Pennsylvania. 

Ho  cast  the  types  for  an  edition  of  the  Bible,  in  Oerman,  and  aflerwnrds  cast 
English  types.  The  type  foundery  founded  by  him  is  still  existing  in  tl»o  iiands 
of  his  successors. 

1740.  —  Jonas  Green,  the  son  of  T.  Green  of  New  London,  Con- 
necticut, commenced  printing  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  and  was 
made  public  printer  at  a  salary  of  five  hundred  pounds  currency. 

1740.  —  The  Ancram  iron-works  were  erected  by  Philip 
Livingston  about  fourteen  miles  east  of  the  Hudson,  in  New 
York. 

The  ore  was  obtained  from  Salisbury,  Connecticut. 


1740. 
Creek,  J 

1740. 
South  C 

The  dn 
voted  twoi 

1740.. 

an  orphu 
in  Euglui 

To  t<,/|,. 
New  Knglai 
tills  period  ( 

1740.- 
Florida. 

Forces    w 
Florida  and  ] 

1740.— 
aid  in  the 
can  regime 
by  Spotsw 
01  ^     gini£ 

Virginia  ir 
"the  able  bod 
nicnt,"  for  h^ 
king's  use, — 
indented  sorvn 
assembly  rcmc 
army,  they  koj 

1740.  —  ^ 
and  opposcc 

They  both  m 

called  the   "si 

pounds  in  note 

"le  «  Land  Ban 

pounds  redeeini 

first  was  ad\uc) 

«<■  a  circulation 

favored  by  farm, 

'"bor  was  the  o 

McJiango  of  its 

existing  issues  a 

of  the  currency  ' 

'ators  and  trade 

remedy  was  so  st 

""urrection  of  tl 

from  the  administ 


1740.] 


INNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


223 


1740.  —  Gun-stocks  woro  mado  by  Vander  Pool,  at  Beaver's 
Creok,  Now  York. 

1740.  —  A  oitEAT  fire  destroyod  many  kouHes  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

The  (1niiiu({c  wo*  pstimatod  at  a  million  of  dollars.  The  BritiMii  government 
Totod  twenty  tliouHand  jxtundH  for  tho  relief  of  tho  sufrcrors. 

1740.  —  Gkou^k  WiiiTEFiEi.n  came  over  to  Georgia  and  founded 
an  orphan  house  near  Savannah,  for  which  ho  had  collected  money 
in  Eughiud. 

To  collect  ftirthcr  ftmds  ho  visited  the  northern  colonics,  and  was  invited  to 
New  England,  where  hu  was  inHtrumental  in  aiding  tho  "great  revival,"  which  at 
this  period  excited  the  religious  world  there. 

1740.  —  South  Carolina  voted  money  for  the  attack  on 
Florida. 

Forces  were  raised,  and  Oglethorpe  with  twelve  hundred  men  marched  to 
Florida  and  laid  siege  to  St.  Augustine,  but  was  forced  to  abandon  tho  enterprise. 

1740.  —  All  tho  colonies  except  Georgia  were  called  upon  to 
aid  in  the  war  with  Spain,  and  furnish  thoir  quotas  for  an  Ameri- 
can regiment  of  thirty-six  hundred  men,  which  was  commanded 
by  Hpotswood,  colonial  postmaster-general,  and  late  governor 
01  N  I  ginia. 

Virginia  increased  tho  tax  on  slaves  imported  to  ten  per  cent.,  and  impressed 
"the  able  bodied  persons  in  every  county  who  follow  no  lawful  culling  or  employ- 
ment," for  her  quota,  rcnnsylvania  furnished  four  thousand  pounds  for  tho 
king's  use,  —  the  governor,  Thomas,  to  use  it.  He,  to  raise  the  quota,  enlisted 
indented  servants,  who  obtained  their  freedom  by  entering  the  king's  service.  The 
assembly  remonstrated,  and  when  Thomas  would  not  discharge  such  from  tho 
army,  tliey  kept  the  money  to  indemnify  the  masters. 

1740.  —  Two  banking  schemes  were  proposed  in  Massachusetts, 
and  opposed  by  Belcher  the  governor,  who  forbade  them. 

They  both  went  into  opcmtion,  however,  and  issued  their  notes.  The  first  was 
called  the  "  silver  scheme,"  and  was  to  issue  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
pounds  in  notes,  to  be  redeemed  in  fifteen  years  in  silver ;  the  other,  known  as 
the  "Land  Bunk,  or  Manufactory  Scheme,"  was  to  issue  three  hundred  thousand 
pounds  redeemable  in  twenty  years  in  produce  and  manufactured  articles.  Tho 
first  was  advocated  by  the  merchants  and  traders,  those  to  whom  the  chief  end 
of  a  circulation  appeared  to  be  paying  for  their  foreign  supplies ;  the  second  wns 
favored  by  farmers  and  mechanics,  those  whose  experience  taught  them  daily  that 
labor  was  the  only  source  of  wealth,  and  a  circulation  was  only  a  means  for  tho 
ixchangc  of  its  products.  As  the  laws  authorizing  the  continuance  of  the  then 
existing  issues  uf  circulating  bills  would  all  expire  in  1741,  a  violent  contraction 
of  the  currency  was  in  operation  with  its  inevitable  suffering,  not  only  of  specu- 
lators and  traders,  but  of  producers  also.  The  demand,  therefore,  for  some 
remedy  was  so  strong  that  Belcher,  who  opposed  both  schemes,  was  fearful  of  an 
insurrection  of  the  people  to  force  his  assent,  when,  suddenly,  he  was  recalled 
from  the  administration.     Tl.e  circulation  of  the  schemes  was  partly  issued,  when 


I 


WMM^ 


224 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1741. 


parliament,  extending  to  the  colonies  the  act  prohibiting  the  formation  of  unincor- 
porated joint-stock  companies  with  more  tlian  six  partners,  tlioy  were  obliged  to 
wind  up  their  affairs  prematurely,  and  caused  great  disaster,  tlie  partners  being 
held  individually  responsible  for  the  notes  issued.  Both  in  Massacliusetts  and 
South  Carolina  this  extension  of  tlie  act  was  loudly  complained  of. 

1741.  —  In  January,  a  monthly  magazine,  printed  and  edited 
by  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  entitled  A  General  Magazine  and 
Historical  Chronicle  for  all  the  British  Plantations  in  America, 
was  published  in  Philadelphia. 

The  subscription  price  waa  twelve  shillings  a  year.  It  was  issued  onlv  six 
months. 

This  year  a  second  monthly  magazine,  called  the  American  Magazins,  ^as 
started  in  Fliiladelphia  by  Jolin  Well?. 

It  consisted  of  forty-eight  pages  8vo.,  but  did  not  survive. 

1741,  April.  —  The  expedition  against  tho  Spanish  West 
Indies  met  with  disastrous  failure. 

The  yellow  fever  decimated  the  troops ;  after  several  unsuccessful  atcacks  on 
Carthagcna,  the  attempt  to  capture  it  was  abandoned. 

1741,  June  30.  —  The  commission  decided  concerning  the  dis- 
puted boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island. 

They  had  been  occupied  with  the  case  more  than  two  montlis.  Massachusetts 
appealed  from  every  portion  of  the  decision,  and  Rhode  Island  from  a  part  of  it. 

1741.  —  Behring's  second  and  great  expedition  of  discovery 
started  this  yeai*. 
It  lasted  sixteen  years. 

1741. — William  Shirley  was  appointed  Belcher's  successor 
as  governor  of  Massachusetts. 

1741.  —  To  pay  the  expenses  of  the  troops  raised  for  the  war 
with  Spain,  Massachusetts  made  a  new  issue  of  bills  of  credit. 
Shirley  received  permission  to  consent  to  the  issue. 

1741.  —  Benning  Wentworth  was  appointed  governor  of  New 
Hampshire. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province,  and  was  the  first  independent  governor  of  tins 
state. 

1741,  July.  —  Massachusetts  contributed  five  hundred  troops 
to  an  expedition  against  Cuba,  undertaken  by  the  British  fleet 
under  Vernon. 

The  expedition  was  entirely  unsuccessful. 

1741.  —  In  New  York  city  a  great  excitement  prevailed  from 
a  report  of  a  contemplated  insurrection  of  the  slaves. 

The  city  contained  about  nine  thousand  inhabitants,  of  whom  about  fifteen  hun- 
d  jd  were  slaves.    Like  the  alarms  so  common  in  slave  communities,  it  was 


1742.] 

baseless, 
counsel, 
seventy-c 
and  they 
less  excil 
Catholic  ] 
was  cond( 

1742. 
issued  h 

lie  was 
tuted  tlie  ( 
in  its  oppoi 

1742.. 
was  inve 

M.  Dubi 
present  citj 
«as  separat 
clay's  worfcj 

1742.- 

IJichmonc 
the  mouth  of 
nlso  the  cent; 
In  1779  it  w 
village.  Du 
federate  Stati 

1742.— 

September 
Tile  groun 
rooms. 

Peter  Pan 

from  a  Frenel 

a  public  mee 

though  the  of 

''een  rebuilt, 

IJoston  used  i( 

the  Revolutior 

had  birth   in 

Liberty." 

1742 

J^elaware,  \ 
Orange  Stn 

To  t!:is  mil 
Jersey  and  tho 

1742.  —  . 
pounds  for  i\ 


1742.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


225 


baseless,  and  upon  the  most  insufflciont  evidence,  and  in  a  trial  where  they  had  no 
counsel,  eighteen  were  convicted  and  hanged,  thirteen  burned  at  the  stake,  and 
Beventy-ono  transported.  The  bar  of  New  York  then  consisted  of  eight  members, 
and  they  all  took  part  in  the  trials,  and  vied  with  each  other  in  fanning  the  base- 
less excitement.  It  ended  in  charging  a  non-juring  schoolmaster  with  being  a 
Catholic  priest  in  disguise,  and  inciting  the  slaves  by  a  promise  of  absolution.  He 
was  condemned  and  executed. 

1742.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Journal  and  Weeldy  Advertiser  was 
issued  in  Philadelphia  by  William  Bradford. 

Ho  was  the  grandsson  of  the  founder  of  the  Gazette  in  New  York.  He  insti- 
tuted tlie  Carriers'  Address,  on  January  1,  177G.  His  journal  was  very  efficacious 
in  its  opposition  to  the  Stamp  Act. 

1742.  —  A  COTTON-GIN,  for  separating  the  fibre  from  tLe  seed, 
was  invented  by  M.  Dubreuil  of  Louisiana. 

M.  Dubreuil  built  on  his  plantation,  which  was  situated  on  a  portion  of  the 
present  city  of  New  Orleans,  the  first  sugar-mill  in  Louisiana.  The  cotton  fibre 
was  separated  before  this  by  hand,  and  a  pound  a  day  was  thought  to  be  a  fair 
day's  work. 

1742.  —  Richmond,  Virginia,  was  settled. 

Kichmond  is  at  the  head  of  tide  water,  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  from 
the  mouth  of  the  James  River.  It  has  extensive  cotton  and  tobacco  factories,  is 
also  the  centre  of  large  railroad  connections,  being  the  terminus  of  five  railroads. 
In  1779  it  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state,  at  which  time  it  was  only  a  small 
village.  During  the  late  war  it  was  made  the  scat  of  government  of  the  "  Con- 
federate States." 

1742.  —  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  finished  in 
September,  and  presented  to  the  city  by  its  builder,  Peter  Faneuil. 
The  ground  floor  was  a  market,  over  it  a  town  hall  and  other 

rooms. 

Peter  Faneuil  was  born  in  New  Rochelle,  New  York,  in  1700,  a  descendant 
from  a  French  Huguenot  family.  He  died  at  Boston  March  3,  1743.  In  1740,  at 
a  public  meeting,  he  offered  to  erect  a  market-house  at  his  own  expense ;  but 
though  the  oifer  was  accepted,  it  was  only  by  a  majority  of  seven.  The  hall  has 
been  rebuilt,  being  destroyed  by  fire  in  17G1 ;  and  the  British  when  they  occupied 
Boston  used  it  as  a  theatre.  It  was  so  often  the  meeting-place  of  the  patriots  of 
the  Revolution,  and  so  many  important  debates  and  important  declarations  have 
had  birth  in  the  hall,  that  it  has  often  been  termed  "the  Cradle  of  American 
Liberty." 

1742.  —  The  first  mill  within  the  borough  of  Wilmington, 
Delaware,  was  built  this  year  by  Oliver  Canby,  near  the  end  of 
Orange  Street. 

To  t!:is  mill  the  settlers  of  the  neighborhood  resorted,  and  those  from  New 
Jersey  and  the  inlets  along  the  Delaware  brought  their  grain  in  boats. 

1742.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  voted  three  thousand 
pounds  for  the  king's  use. 
15 


mnm_ 


226 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1742-3. 


The  Board  of  Trade  had  rejected,  after  consideration,  the  doctrine  of  the 
assembly  that  the  proprietaries  should  def  nd  the  province,  in  consideration  of  the 
quit-rents  and  other  revenue. 

1742.  —  A  Spanish  expedition  set  out  from  Havana  against 
Georgia  and  €aroliua. 

It  was  repulsed  by  Oglethorpe  in  an  attack  on  Froderica,  and  returned  without 
eflccting  anything. 

1742.  —  The  discontented  colonists  of  Georgia  sent  Thomas 
Stevens  to  England  with  a  petition  charging  the  trustees  with 
peculation  and  mismanagement. 

The  House  of  Commons  in  committee  of  the  whole  resolved,  "  that  the  petition 
of  Thomas  Stevens  contains  false,  scandalous  and  malicious  charges."  Stevens 
the  next  day  was  reprimanded,  kneeling  before  the  bar  of  tho  House.  The  House 
also  resolved  that  the  importation  of  rum  '■^  would  be  an  advantage  to  the  colony 
of  Georgia,"  so  that  the  trustees  repealed  its  prohibition ;  the  attempt  to  allow  the 
importation  of  negroes  was  defeated  in  the  House  by  a  majority  of  nine.  The 
discontent  in  Georgia  appears  to  have  arisen  chiefly  among  those  of  the  colonists 
who  sought  in  colonization  a  chance  to  make  money  more  by  speculation  than 
by  labor. 

1742.  —  A  LAW  was  enacted  in  Connecticut,  that  settled  min- 
isters who  should  preach,  without  special  invitation,  in  other 
parishes  than  their  own,  should  lose  all  claims  on  their  salaries, 
and  if  they  came  from  other  colonies,  should  be  arrested  as  va- 
grants and  sent  away. 

It  was  aimed  at  the  revivalists. 

1742.  —  A  Gekman  Lutheran  church  was  founded  in  Philadel- 
phia under  the  pastorship  of  Henry  Melchior  Muhlenburg,  from 
Hanover,  Germany,  who  had  just  arrived. 

1742.  —  Thomas  Bladen  was  made  governor  of  Maryland. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province,  and  had  married  a  sister  of  Lord  Baltimore. 
He  soon  quarrelled  with  the  assembly. 

1742.  —  The  American  Philosophical  Society  was  organized  at 
Philadelphia. 

1743.  —  At  Oxford,  in  Warren  County,  New  Jersey,  a  charcoal 
furnace  was  erected. 

It  still  remains,  and  is  said  to  be  the  oldest  in  the  Union. 

1743.  — John  Clarke,  of  Salem,  Massachusetts,  made  an  organ 
for  ike  Episcopal  church  there. 

1743.  —  Christopher  Saur,  or  Sower,  —  it  is  printed  in  both 
ways  in  his  German  and  English  publications,  —  printed  the 
Bible  in  German,  at  Germantown,  near  Philadelphia. 

Th's  Bible  was  in  quarto,  and  contained  1272  pages.  "  The  price  of  our 
newly  finisud  Bible,  in  plain  binding,  with  a  clasp,  will  be  eighteen  shillings; 
but  to  the  poor  and  n'-'cdy  we  liave  no  price." 


1743- 

174; 

to  oth( 
Jersey 

1748 
ship  oi 

He  WB 
its  existej 

1743. 

vantage 

senters, 

The  pr 

Presbytori 

1743.. 

l>rought 

His  lieu 
hood,   and 
Georgia. 

1743. - 
dent  and 

William  I 

1743,  I) 
South  Ca: 

1744,  F 
pounds  wt 

Tlje  interc 
«nd  entered  ( 

1744,  M 

.1744,Jc 
Jiia,  to  trea 

Thort-  wen 
A'ow  York,  a»i 
nal  of  the  seel 
setts  J/tstortci 
appealed  to  bJ 
against  Frajicl 
nies  maintainJ 

,  1744,  Noj 
island  asaeJ 

It  WW  fg^rj 
pounds  each. 


■""■Tipi"^^^ 


1743-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


227 


1743.  — The  oppressive  duties  upon  the  exportation  of  articles 
to  other  provinces  were  re-enacted  by  the  government  of  New 
Jersey,  and  continued  in  force  until  the  Ee volution. 

1748,  August.  —  George  Clinton  Bucceeded  to  the  governor- 
ship of  New  York. 

He  was  an  admiral  in  the  British  navy.  The  assembly  passed  an  act  limiting 
its  existence  to  seven  years,  and  voted  money  to  fortify  Albany  and  Oswego. 

1743. — The  "new  lights"  in  Connecticut  began  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  the  law  allowing  Episcopalians,  and  other  "  sober  dia- 
Banters,"  to  erect  their  own  churches. 

The  pro^asions  of  the  law  were  declared  not  to  apply  to  Congregationalists  or 
Presbyterians. 

1743.  —  Oglethorpe  went  to  England  to  answer  char^efl 
brought  against  him. 

His  lieutenant-colonel  brought  them,  and  on  the  trial  was  convicted  of  &Jse- 
hood,  and  deprived  of  his  commission.    Oglethorpe  did  not  again  return  to 

Georgia. 

1743.  —  The  government  of  Georgia  was  intrusted  to  a  presi- 
dent and  four  councillors. 

William  Stevens  was  mode  president. 

1743,  December.  —  James  Glen  was  appointed  governor  of 
South  Carolina. 

1744,  February  14.  —  Another  bank  or  loan  of  forty  tJiousaad 
pounds  was  made  by  the  Rhode  I^and  assembly. 

The  interest  was  t<>  be  four  per  cent.  A  protest  was  made  against  this  actloQ, 
and  entered  on  the  records. 

1744,  March  31.  —  England  declared  war  against  France. 

1744,  June.  —  A  congress  was  held  at  Lancaster,  Pennsylva- 
nia, to  treat  with  the  Six  Nations  of  Indians. 

There  were  present  commissioners  from  Maryland,  Virginia,  Pennsylvania,  and 
New  York,  and  the  deputies  of  the  Six  Nations,  with  a  large  following.  The  jour- 
nal of  the  secretary  of  the  Maryland  commissioners  is  printed  in  the  Massaclf^u^ 
setts  Historical  Collections,  The  treaty  made  with  the  Indians  at  this  time  was 
appealed  to  by  the  English  subsequently,  to  vindicate  their  claims  to  the  territory 
against  France.  The  Ohio  valley  was  bought  for  four  hundred  pounds,  the  oolo- 
nics  maintained. 

1744,  NoyiaiBBB  28.  —  A  lottery  was  Authorized  by  ihe  Rhode 
Island  assembly. 

It  was  (of  building  a  bridge  in  Providence:  five  thousand  tick^  at  thue^ 
pounds  each,  and  a  thousand  prizes  amounting  to  twelve  thousoo^d  pojundt^. 

1744,  December  11.  -^  The  appeals  of  Massachusotts  and  Rbod^ 
Island  from  the  decision  of  tiie  ^ommissiooers  had  heea.  leferxGd 


228 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1744-6. 


to  the  Committee  on  Plantations,  which  confirmed  the  decision  of 
the  commissioners. 

1744.  —  Leonard  and  Daniel  Barnetz,  from  York,  Pennsylva- 
nia, built  a  brewery  in  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1744.  —  Benjamin  Franklin  published  his  account  of  the  open 
Btove,  or  "  newly  invented  Pennsylvania  fireplace." 

This  is  still  known  as  the  Franklin  stove.  The  publication  was  illustrated  witli 
a  copper  plate. 

1744.  —  The  French,  from  Cape  Breton,  captured  Fort  Canso, 
on  the  northern  end  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Annapolis  was  twice  attacked  by  Canadians  and  Indians,  and  private  ^  from 
Louisburg  threatened  the  entire  destruction  of  the  fisheries,  while  tlu  astern 
Indians  began  again  their  hostilities.  Shirley  proposed  to  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  the  capture  of  Louisburg,  the  strongest  fort  north  of  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico. 

1745.  —  A  STEAM-ENGINE  was  Constructed  and  used  in  the  cop- 
per mine  of  Mr.  Schuyler  in  New  Jersey. 

It  was  probably  a  Newcomen  engine. 

1745,  March.  —  An  expedition  against  Louisburg  set  sail  from 
Boston,  Massachusetts,  under  the  command  of  William  Pepperell, 
of  Maine. 

Massachusetts  provided  ten  vessels,  each  of  the  other  New  England  colonies 
one.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  "Pennsylvania  voted  money.  Connecticut,  New 
Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island  also  furnished  men.  Sailors  to  serve  in  the  nary 
were  impressed  in  Massachusetts  and  Rhode  Island.  After  a  siege  of  seven  weeks 
Louisburg  surrendered.  William  Pepperell  was  made  a  baronet  for  his  services. 
Colonel  Gridley,  who  managed  the  batteries,  laid  out  the  intrenchmeuts  at  Bunker 
Hill. 

1745.  —  The  Indians  pushed  their  ravages  to  Saratoga  in  New 
York. 

Governor  Clinton  wrote  to  the  other  colonies  for  aid.  Massachusetts  declared 
war. 

1745.  —  Massachusetts  issued  bills  of  credit  for  between  two 
and  three  million  pounds. 

They  were  used  for  the  expenses  of  the  Louisburg  expedition. 

1745.  —  Baltimore,  Maryland,  was  incorporated,  and  the  Mary- 
land Gazette  was  published. 

1746,  April  9.  —  Eight  regiments  wore  sent  from  England 
under  General  St.  Clair,  and  orders  were  given  to  raise  an  army 
in  the  colonies  to  take  part  in  an  expedition  against  Canada. 

1746,  May  28.  —  A  royal  decree  was  issued  settling  the  dis- 
puted boundary  of  Rhode  Island  and  Massachusetts  in  accordance 
with  the  decision  of  the  commissioners. 


1746.; 

An  I 
case  hei 

1741 
purchf 
seized 

Thef 
vessels,  ; 

1746 
up  "  ev 

1746. 

De  Fon 

It  livec 

1746. 
of  fifty  ] 
Britain,  i 
sail-clotl 
either  c( 
complete 

1746.- 
in  Thorn; 

It  is  sup] 
1750,  when 
by  the  slieri 

1746. 
attack  on 

They  we 
manded,  bm 
liundred  me 
Island,  thre 
pressnient ; 
liundred;  Pi 
niand  was 
to  lead  in  ud 
English  fleet 
iiies  were  fri 
protect  Bo8t( 
wllueted,  an( 
«ver,  scatten 
to  France. 

1746 

France. 

He  succcc 
"Icath  of  the 
to  the  comma 


mmmm 


?i! 


1746.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


229 


An  appeal  had  been  made  from  the  decision  of  the  plantation  committee,  the 
case  heard  again  before  them,  and  their  decision  reaffirmed. 

1746,  June  12. —  The  Rhode  Island  Assembly  ordered  the 
purchase  and  return  of  twenty-two  Spaniards,  who  had  been 
seized  by  Rhode  Island  privateers,  and  sold  as  slaves. 

The  Spaniards  had  retaliated  by  seizing  a  portion  of  the  crew  of  one  of  the 
vessels,  and  imprisoning  them  in  Havana. 

1746.  —  John  Jerom  and  Stephen  Jerom,  Jr.,  proposed  to  set 
up  "  evaporating  pans  "  for  making  salt  in  Connecticut. 

1746.  —  The  New  York  Evening  Post  was  published  by  Henry 
De  Forrest. 

It  lived  about  a  year  only. 

1746.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  forbidding,  under  a  penalty 
of  fifty  pounds,  the  repairing  or  manufacturing  of  sails  in  trreat 
Britain,  or  the  colonies,  with  foreign-made  sail-cloth,  or  unstamped 
sail-cloth ;  while  under  the  same  penalty  every  vessel  built  iu 
either  country  was  obliged  to  have  her  first  suit  of  sails  made 
completely  of  new  sail-cloth  manufactured  in  Great  Britain. 

1746.  —  A  ROLLING  and  slitting  mill  was  built  by  John  Taylor, 
in  Thornbury  township,  Chester  County,  Pennsylvania. 

It  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  first  in  the  province,  and  was  in  operation  in 
1750,  when  parliament  called  'or  a  return  of  such  enterprises.  It  was  returned 
by  the  sheriff  as  the  only  one. 

1746.  —  Orders  were  sent  to  the  colonies  to  raise  troops  for  an 
attack  on  Canada. 

They  were  to  be  paid  by  the  king.  The  orders  were  subsequently  counter- 
manded, but  not  before  the  levies  were  made.  Massachusetts  raised  thirty-five 
hundred  men;  Connecticut,  a  thousand;  Now  Hampshire,  five  hundred;  Rhode 
Island,  three  hundred;  New  York  voted  sixteen  hundred,  and  resorted  to  im- 
pressment; New  Jersey,  five  hundred;  Maryland,  three  hundred;  Virginia,  one 
liundred ;  Pennsylvania  voted  the  money  for  raising  four  hundred.  The  com- 
mand was  taken  by  Governor  Clinton  of  New  York,  while  William  Johnson  was 
to  lead  in  advance  a  party  of  Indians.  The  troops  collected  at  Albany,  but  the 
English  fleet  promised  to  co-operate  did  not  arrive,  and  at  the  same  time  the  colo- 
nics were  frightened  by  the  news  that  a  French  fleet  liad  sailed  for  America.  To 
protect  Boston,  which  was  supposed  to  be  their  point  of  attack,  the  militia  was 
collected,  and  the  fort  on  Castle  Island  strengthened.  The  French  fleet  was,  how- 
ever, scattered  by  storms,  their  crews' decimated  by  pestilence,  and  they  returned 
to  France. 


La  Jonquiere  was  appointed  governor-general  of  New 


1746. 
France. 

He  succeeded  Beauharnais,  who  had  held  the  office  twenty  years.  On  the 
death  of  the  admiral  commanding  the  French  fleet.  La  Jonquiere  was  appointed 
to  the  command,  and  returned  to  France  with  his  ship. 


-I  ■ 


llfi 


S30 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1746-7. 


1746. — The  Presbyteriana  of  New  Jetsey  commenced  a  col- 
lege at  Elizabethtown. 

In  1748  a  new  charter  was  granted  it ;  and  hi  1757  it  was  moved  to  Princeton. 
Aaron  Burr  was  its  first  president,  Jonathan  Dickenson,  who  wa«  elected  to  tlmt 
office  at  its  formation,  having  died  witliin  a  year. 

1746.  —  Governor  Johnson,  of  North  Carolina,  wrote  to  the 
Board  of  Trade  concerning  his  difficulties  with  the  assembly. 

He  said  "he  could  not  conceive  how  government  can  be  kept  up,  as  the  officers 
irero  obliged  for  subsistence  to  live  dispersed  on  small  plantations,  as  their  salaries 
had  been  eight  years  in  arrears."  The  northern  counties  had  five  members,  and 
the  more  recent  ones  only  two.  Johnson  equalized  them,  and  moved  the  seat  of 
government  to  Wilmington.  The  northern  counties  refused  to  recognize  the  new 
assembly,  or  pay  the  taxes  it  laid. 

1746.  —  Fayetteville,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River,  North  Carolina, 
tvas  settled  by  Scotch  Highlanders. 

They  were  sent  over  for  having  taken  part  in  the  rebellion  of  1745.  The 
tfhangc  in  their  condition  from  retainers  of  a  chief  to  laud-owners  and  rent-payers 
feid'iced  further  emigration. 

1746.  —  Belcher,  formerly  governor  of  Massachusetts,  was 
sent  out  as  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

Since  the  death  of  Lewis  Morris,  the  administration  had  been  in  the  hands  of 
the  council. 

1746.  —  By  the  death  of  John  Penn,  without  issue,  his  brother 
Thomas  succeeded  to  the  proprietorship  of  three  fourths  of  the 
province. 

The  dispute  between  tlie  assembly  and  the  proprietaries  continued.  The  prac- 
tice began  of  giving  secret  instructions  to  the  governor,  which  he  was  obliged  by 
his  bond  to  observe,  but  of  which  he  was  forbidden  to  inform  the  assembly. 

1747,  October  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  ordered 
that  the  laws  and  orders  passed  at  each  session  should  be  printed 
and  distributed  among  the  towns. 

They  had  heretofore  been  copied  in  manuscript,  and  thus  distributed. 

1747,  October.  —  Orders  were  received  from  England  to  aban- 
don the  expedition  against  Canada,  and  disband  the  forces  col- 
lected. 

1747,  Di;oember  4. -— Parliament  appropriated  eight  hundred 
thousand  pounds  to  repay  the  colonies  the  expenses  they  had  in- 
curred in  preparing  for  the  expedition  against  Canada. 

1747.  —  Jared  Eliot,  a  clergyman  in  Connecticut,  published 
this  year  the  first  series  of  essays  on  husbandry  ever  issued  in 
this  country. 

1747.  —  Indigo  was  exported  to  England  from  South  Carolina. 
The  next  year  a  bounty  of  six  pence  a  pound  was  ordered  for  its  cultivation. 


1747.] 

174'J 

NewF 

1747 
the  ha 
vessel. 

The  pi 
and  held 
ing  the  tc 
ealled  oui 
wJio  offer 
and  it  be^ 
ordered  tl 
impressed 

1747. 
claimed 
received 

Their  r 
give  her  c 
Woodstocli 
quent  on  tl 

1747.- 

adelphia, 
defending 

A  rumor 
assembly  rt 

1747.- 
the  first  ( 

In  1750 
the  country 

1747.- 
tlie  ridge 
waters  o: 

He  calleti 
who  had  jus 

1747.- 

1747.- 

against  an 

They  wer 
on  certain  cc 
t!ie  state,  wh 
•eparate  proi 
with  the  appr 
together  for 
dispute  had 
inquiry  orde 


1747.] 


AUnSALB  OF  FORTH  AMERICA. 


291 


1747.  —  La  Galissonnierb  was  appointed  governor-general  of 

New  France. 

1747.  —  Commodore  Knowles,  of  the  British  fleet  then  lying  in 
the  harbor  of  Button,  impressed  several  men  to  serve  on  his 
vessel. 

The  people,  indignant,  captured  several  officers  who  happened  to  be  on  shore, 
and  held  them  as  hostages  for  the  safe  delivery  of  the  captured  men.  Surround- 
ing the  town-ho.ise,  they  demanded  redress  from  the  general  court.  The  governor 
ealled  out  the  militia,  but  they  were  in  no  haste  to  obey.  He  appealed  tu  Knuwles, 
wlio  offered  to  bombard  the  town.  The  governor  had  taken  refuge  in  the  castle, 
and  it  began  to  bo  questioned  whether  this  was  not  an  abdication  The  council 
ordered  the  release  of  the  officers.  Knowles  discharged  the  greater  part  of  the 
impressed  men,  and  sailed  away. 

1747.  —  Certain  towns,  settled  under  grants  of  Massachusetts, 
claimed  to  be  within  the  limits  of  Connecticut,  and  asked  to  be 
received  within  her  jurisdiction. 

Their  request  was  granted  by  Connecticut,  though  Massachusetts  refused  to 
give  her  consent  when  asked.  The  towns  were  Suffleld,  Somers,  Enfield,  and 
Woodstock.  They  wanted  to  escape  the  higher  taxation  of  Massachusetts  conse- 
quent on  the  expense  of  the  recent  war. 

1747.  —  A  VOLUNTEER  military  organization  was  formed  in  Phil- 
adelphia, and  money  was  raised  by  a  lottery  to  build  batteries  for 
defending  the  Delaware. 

A  rumor  had  spread  that  French  privateers  intended  to  attack  the  city,  and  the 
assembly  refused  to  do  anything,  being  chiefly  Quakers. 

1747.  —  Mr.  Law,  the  governor  of  Connecticut,  wore  this  year 
the  first  coat  and  stockings  made  of  Bilk  raised  in  the  province. 

In  1750  his  daughter  wore  the  first  silk  dress  ;uade  from  material  produced  in 
the  country. 

1747.  —  Thomas  Walker,  a  land  surveyor  of  Virginia,  crossed 
tlie  ridge  dividing  the  valley  of  the  Tennessee  from  the  head- 
waters of  the  Ohio. 

He  called  it  the  Cumberland  Mountains  in  honor  of  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
who  had  just  gained  the  victory  at  Culloden. 

1747.  —  Ogle  was  again  made  governor  of  Maryland. 

1747.  —  The  proprietaries  of  New  Jersey  appealed  to  the  king 
against  an  act  passeo  by  the  assembly. 

They  were  supported  by  the  council.  The  act  was  one  of  oblivion  and  pardon, 
on  certain  conditions,  of  settlers  about  Elizabethtown  and  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  state,  who  wore  known  as  squatters,  having  settled  before  New  Jersey  was  a 
leparate  province  on  lands  which  they  claimed  to  have  bought  from  the  Indians, 
with  the  approbation  of  the  then  governor  of  New  York.  These  settlers  had  banded 
together  for  self-protection,  and  resisted  all  attempts  to  dispossess  them.  The 
dispute  had  existed  for  a  long  time,  and  was  finally  referred  to  a  commission  of 
inquiry  ordered  from  England.     The  proprietaries  had  instituted  a  suit  in  the 


• 


ii 


282 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1747-8. 


court  of  chancery  of  England,  which  remained  pending  for  over  a  hundred  years, 
and  was  decided  in  this  century,  when  the  lands  were  ordered  sold.  At  tlie  sale 
the  late  Charlotte  Cushinan  was  present,  and  bought  laige  tracts.  Upon  a  portion 
of  this  land,  which  had  been  considered  almost  worthless  as  a  sandy  barren,  there 
arc  now  thriving  towns,  which,  like  Ilammonton  and  Egg  Harbor,  bid  fair  to  be- 
come one  of  tho  chief  wine-making  districts  of  the  country. 

1747-8.  —  Between  the  Novembers  of  these  years  seven  bags 
of  cotton  were  shipped  from  Charleston  to  Enghiiul. 

They  were  valued  at  three  pounds,  eleven  shillings,  and  five  pence  a  bag.  It 
does  not  appear  certain  that  they  were  entirely  the  produce  of  the  colony. 

1748,  January  4,  —  The  Independent  Advertiser  commenced  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Rogers  and  Fowlo.  Samuel  Adams  iS'  said  to  have  been  the 
chief  promoter  of  the  enterprise,  which  was  the  organ  of  the  liberal  party  then 
rising  into  existence.  In  1750  Rogers  retired  from  the  firm,  and  David  Fowlo 
continued  it.  In  1752  he  was  arrested,  and  confined  several  days  for  refusing  to 
give  the  name  of  tlie  writer  of  an  article  obnoxious  to  the  government.  Tho 
paper  was  discontinued  before  1753. 

1748,  February  25.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  accepted 
a  plan  for  funding  the  issues  of  bills  of  credit,  and  providing  a 
specie  currency  with  the  money  voted  by  parliament  to  repay 
the  expenses  of  preparing  tho  expedition  against  Canada. 

The  plan  was  proposed  by  Thomas  Hutchinson,  afterwards  the  governor. 
Rhode  Island  and  Connecticut  refused  to  adopt  a  similar  plan. 

1748,  April  19.  —  An  armistice  of  four  months  was  proclaimed 
between  England  and  France,  and  notice  of  it  sent  to  the  colonies. 

1748.  —  On  the  23d  of  July  a  congress  was  held  at  Albany, 
New  York,  to  cultivate  friendship  with  the  Six  Nations  and  their 
allies. 

From  New  York  there  were  present  George  Clinton,  the  governor,  and  Cadwal- 
ladcr  Golden,  Philip  Livingston,  James  Dclancy  and  Archibald  Kennedy,  of  the 
New  York  council;  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  William  Shirley;  Thomas 
Hutchinson,  Andrew  Oliver,  and  John  Choate,  as  commissioners ;  and  more  In- 
dians than  had  been  seen  together  before  by  any  one. 

1748,  October  7.  —  The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Aix-Ia- 
Chapelle. 

St.  Mary's  was  fixed  as  the  boundary  of  Florida.  Cape  Breton  and  Louisbur^ 
were  restored  to  the  French,  and  a  new  commission  was  appointed  to  settle  their 
boundaries  in  America. 

1748.  —  A  BOUNTY  of  sixpence  a  pound  was  offered  by  parlia- 
ment upon  all  indigo  raised  in  the  colonies,  and  exported  direct 
to  England. 

1748.  —  Five  hundred  stand  of  arms  for  tho  province  of  Mas- 
sachusetts were  made  by  Hugh  Orr. 


1748.J 

Thcj 
muskets 
ried  awn 

Hugh 
in  1798, 

1748 
vestj-iei 

1748, 

deputy 

Ho  suj 

1748. 
delphia. 

It  was 
sylvania. 
established 

1748.. 
of  tho  qi 

1748.- 
nial  affair 

1748.- 
from  taxa 

1748.^ 
Carolina. 

1748.- 
of  vessels 

1748.- 
ing  Post: 
dulganciei 
Quire  or  T 
chased  of] 

This  year 

Tfhich  was  a 

bought  tliem 

being  large  eJ 

that  lie  saw  nif 

shown  by  thi] 

it  was  not  as  i 

stall  was  fine] 

small  and  ba^ 

1748.. 
^'ew  York  I 

"The  wall) 
hangings,  witi 
quaintcd.     Tlf 


=v 


1748.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


233 


They  were  made  in  his  shop  at  Bridgewatcr,  and  are  supposed  to  bo  the  first 
muskets  made  in  this  country.  Tliey  vcero  deposited  in  Castle  William,  and  car- 
ried away  by  the  British. 

Hugh  Orr  was  a  Scotchman,  and  was  devoted  to  his  adopted  country.  He  died 
in  1798,  aged  eighty-two. 

1748.  —  In  Virginia  tho  assembly  passed  an  act  allowing  parish 
vestries  to  select  their  own  rectors. 

1748.  —  James  Hamilton,  a  native  of  the  province,  was  made 
deputy  governor  of  Pennsylvania. 

Ho  supported  the  proprietary  interests  in  opposition  to  tho  assembly. 

1748.  —  A  FREE  school  and  academy  was  established  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  projected  by  Franklin,  and  became  eventually  the  university  of  Penn- 
sylvania. The  Philadelphia  Library  and  tho  Philadelphia  Hospital  were  also 
established. 

1748.  —  In  North  Carolina  an  act  was  passed  for  the  collection 
of  tho  quit-rents. 

1748.  —  The  Duke  of  Bedford  was  placed  at  tho  head  of  colo- 
nial affairs. 

1748.  —  Virginia  exempted  persons  engaged  in  the  iron- works 
from  taxation  for  seven  years. 

1748.  —  The  Society  Library  was  founded  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

1748.  —  This  year  and  the  next  the  entrances  and  clearances 
of  vessels  at  Philadelphia  were  about  three  hundred  each  year. 

1748. — Thomas  Fleet  advertised  in  his  paper,  the  Boston  Even- 
ing Post:  "  Choice  Pennsylvania  Tobacco  paper,  and  Bulls  or  In- 
dulgancies  of  the  present  Pope  Urban  VIII.,  by  the  single  Bull, 
Quire  or  Ream,  at  a  much  cheaper  rate  than  they  can  be  pur- 
chased of  the  French  or  Spanish  Priests." 

This  year  an  English  cruiser  had  captured  a  Spanish  prize,  in  the  cargo  of 
which  was  a  stock  of  Indulgences,  printed  only  upon  one  side  of  the  sheet.  Fleet 
bought  them  cheap,  and  used  them  to  print  ballads  upon,  the  back  of  each  Bull  bc- 
being  large  enough  to  contain  two  songs  like  "  Black-Eyed  Susan."  Thomas  relates 
that  he  saw  numbers  of  them  made  this  use  of.  The  scarcity  of  paper  at  this  time  is 
shown  by  this  fact,  though  now  that  its  manufacture  was  commenced  in  America, 
it  was  not  as  scarce  as  in  the  earlier  days  of  the  colony,  when  Mr.  Robert  Salton- 
stall  was  fined  by  the  general  court  five  shillings  for  presenting  a  petition  on  so 
email  and  bad  a  piece  of  paper  that  the  court  felt  its  dignity  was  outraged. 

1748.  —  The  Swedish  traveller,  Kalm,  remarks  of  the  houses  in 
New  York:  — 

"  The  walls  of  the  houses  are  whitewashed  within,  and  I  did  not  any  where  see 
hangings,  with  which  the  people  in  this  country  seem,  in  general,  to  be  little  ac- 
quainted.    The  walls  are  quite  covered  with  all  sorts  of  drawings  and  pictures,  ia 


234 


ANKALS  OT  NORTH  AHIBBICA. 


[1741 


111 


•mail  A-inncR.  On  each  aide  of  the  chimneys  they  nsnally  have  «  sort  of  alcove, 
»nd  the  wall  under  the  window  is  wainscoted,  with  benches  near  the  window. 
The  alcoves,  as  well  as  all  of  the  wood  work,  are  painted  with  a  blucish-f^ray 
color."  The  houses  in  A  ibany  conformed  much  to  the  old  style,  but  were  very 
neat.  The  gable  ends,  facing  the  street,  were  of  brick,  while  tbo  walls  were  of 
wood.  This  peculiarity  he  noticed  also  in  New  Jersey.  The  roofs  in  Albany  were 
chiefly  whitc-pinc  shingles,  the  clay  in  the  vicinity  not  being  considered  fit  for 
making  tiles,  while  the  extensive  forests  north  of  the  city  were  already  sufficiently 
used  in  the  manufacture  of  shingles  to  make  the  town  quite  a  market  fur  them. 

1749.  —  The  "  Moravian  Brethren  "  began  to  emigrate  to  Amer- 
ica, encouraged  by  the  act  of  parliament  which  acknowledged 
them  as  belonging  to  the  Established  Church.  Their  chief  geat 
in  this  country  is  at  Bethlehem,  Pennsylvania. 

1749,  March.  —  A  grant  was  madj  in  England  to  the  "  Ohio 
Company  "  of  five  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land  on  the  east 
bank  of  that  river. 

The  company  had  also  the  monopoly  of  the  Indian  trade.  The  French  consid- 
ered this  an  encroachment,  claiming  by  the  right  <>f  discovery  and  occupation  all 
the  lauds  watered  by  the  tributaries  of  the  MissisiM^>pi. 

1749,  April.  —  De  la  Galissonniere,  the  governor- general  of 
New  France,  sent  an  expedition  to  traverse  the  western  country 
from  Detroit  to  the  mountains,  and  take  possession  of  it  for 
France,  warning  English  traders  away  from  it. 

1749,  August  21.  —  The  trustees  of  the  bills  of  credit  of 
Rhode  Island  reported  to  the  assembly  that  more  than  half  a 
million  of  pounds,  of  the  issues  of  the  various  banks,  had  been 
received  by  them. 

As  fast  as  tlioy  were  received  they  were  burned. 

1749.  —  A  SOCIETY  was  formed  in  Boston  for  promoting  indua- 
try  and  frugality. 

The  assembly  purchased  the  '♦  Spinning  House  "  in  Boston,  and  granted  four 
townships  of  land  to  the  foreign  Protestants,  and  the  use  of  the  provincial  frigate 
to  bring  them. 

1749.  —  Bounties  were  offered  by  the  trustees  of  the  settle- 
ment in  Georgia  to  every  woman  who  should  within  a  year  be- 
come skilled  in  reeling  silk ;  and  sheds  for  carrying  on  the  work 
were  built  and  supplied  with  machines. 

Fourteen  young  women  claimed  the  bounty,  and  a  thousand  pounds  of  cocoons 
raised  this  year  were  reeled  by  them  so  well  that  the  silk  commanded  the  highest 
price  in  England. 

1749.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  admitting  silk  free  from 
Georgia  and  Carolina,  in  order  to  encourage  its  production. 

1749.  —  The  trustees  of  Georgia  consented  that  slavery  should 
be  introduced  into  that  province. 

All  masters,  undeir  a  fine  of  five  pounds,  should  compel  their  negroes  "to  at- 


tend at 

The  sottl 
posed  it  \ 
indented 

1749. 

IttrAa 
Ruard  the 
Bay  of  Ft 
tional  outl 

1749. 
France  « 

The  cor 

lish  met  a( 
percau  beti 
«nd  fort  we 
ara  strengti 
lands. 

1749.- 
pose  of  Ic 

It  was  ca 
exclusively  ] 

.1749.- 
Kiver  cole 

"Thcymn 
(fround  has  b 
piece  of  fresl 
are  allowed  U 
Jialf  starved, 
too  early  in  t 
seeds."    The 
ginia  at  abou( 
Virginia.    He 
farmers  of  thi 
for  general  pi 
tobacco-lots,  I 
ern  breeders  ■* 
%8  they  wer 
starved  to  dea 
every  farm.     ■ 
o^-n  grandfatl 
near  turning  o 
"<■  whicli  he  hi 
Wien  any  catl 
into  the  corn-: 

1750 I 

fecture  of  s 


1749-50.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


2d5 


tend  lit  lomo  tiino  on  the  Lord's  day  for  instruction  in  the  Chriiitiftn  religion." 
The  Bettlem  wore  very  strenuous  for  permission  to  hold  slaves.  Those  wlio  op- 
posed it  were  abused  and  traduced,  and  numbers  of  ficm  had  been  introduced  as 
indented  servants  for  life  or  fur  a  hundred  years. 

1749.  —  Halifax  was  established  as  a  fort  and  military  colony. 

It  was  naniod  after  tlic  president  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  and  wiih  intended  to 
guard  tlic  fiHiierics  and  commerce.  Ports  were  also  cstablisliod  at  tlie  head  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  French  in  Nova  Scotia  wore  obliged  to  take  an  uncondi- 
tional oatli  of  allegiance. 

1749.  —  De  la  Jonquiere  entered  on  his  administration  of  Now 
France  as  governor-general. 

The  commissioners  to  settle  the  respective  boundaries  of  the  Freneli  and  Eng- 
lish met  at  Paris,  and  troops  from  Canada  built  the  forts  Beau  Sejour  and  Gas- 
percau  between  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  A  new  mission 
and  fort  were  established  at  Oswegatchie  (now  Ogdensburg),  and  the  fort  at  Niag- 
ara strengthened,  and  the  Indians  excited  against  the  English  claim  over  their 
lands. 

1749.  —  A  LOTTERY  was  opened  in  New  York  city  for  the  pur- 
pose of  founding  a  college. 

It  was  called  King's  College  (now  Columbia).  In  1762  it  was  chartered  as  an 
exclusively  Episcopal  institution. 

1749.  —  The  Swedish  traveller,  Kalm,  speaking  of  the  James 
River  colony,  says :  — 

"  They  make  scarce  any  manure  for  their  corn-fields,  but  when  one  piece  of 
ground  has  been  exhausted  by  continual  cropping  they  clear  and  cultivate  another 
piece  of  fresh  land,  and  when  that  is  exhausted  proceed  to  a  third.  Tlieir  cattle 
are  allowed  to  wander  through  the  woods  and  uncultivated  grounds,  where  they  are 
lialf  starved,  having  long  ago  extirpated  all  the  annual  grasses  by  cropping  them 
too  early  in  the  spring,  before  they  had  time  to  form  their  flowers  or  to  shed  their 
seeds."  The  following  testimony  concerning  the  condition  of  agriculture  in  Vir- 
ginia at  about  this  time  was  t;iven  in  1842  by  the  Honorable  James  M.  Garnett,  of 
Virginia.  He  says,  "  Previous  to  our  revolutionary  war,  as  I  have  been  told  by  the 
farmers  of  that  day,  no  attempts  worth  mentioning  were  made  to  collect  manure 
for  general  purposes,  all  that  was  deemed  needful  being  saved  for  the  g.ardens  and 
tobacco-lots,  by  summer  cowpens.  These  were  filled  with  cattle  such  as  our  mod- 
ern breeders  would  hardly  recognize  as  belonging  to  the  bovine  species.  In  those 
days  they  were  so  utterly  neglected  that  it  wivs  quite  common  for  the  multitudes 
starved  to  death  every  winter  to  supply  hides  enough  for  shoeing  the  negroes  on 
every  farm.  This  was  a  matter  so  generally  and  c-onstantly  anticipated,  that  my 
own  grandfatlier,  as  I  have  heard  from  unquestionable  autliorlty,  was  once  very 
near  turning  off  a  good  overseer  because  cattle  enough  had  not  died  on  the  farm 
of  which  he  had  the  supervision  to  furnish  leather  enough  for  the  above  purpose. 
Wiicn  any  cattle  were  fiittened  for  beef,  almost  the  only  process  was  to  turn  them 
into  the  corn-fields  to  feed  themselves.    Sheep  and  hogs  were  equally  neglected." 

1750.  —  Lynn,  Massachusetts,  began  to  improve  in  the  manu- 
facture of  shoes. 


236 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1750. 


■    ■  iii 


It  ifl  finid  tliat  .Totin  Adam  Dagyr  (a  WclRliman  who  settled  there  thia  year) 
gained  a  n-putation  fur  the  superior  ciiaracter  of  liis  work,  and  tau^lit  many  others 
liis  inetiiodM.  8o  marlced  was  tlio  advance,  tliat,  in  17G4,  a  Dunton  correspondent 
of  tite  London  Chronicle  said  tliat  tlie  shoes  for  women,  made  in  Lynn,  for  stren^^h 
and  Ix'iiiity  suri)a8Bcd  tliosc  usually  imported  from  London. 

1750.  —  The  use  of  tho  Southern  live-oak  in  ship-building  be^ 
gun  about  tliis  year,  and  its  use  added  to  the  reputation  of  Amer- 
ican-built vessels. 

1750,  Fkbruary.  —  Tho  committoo  of  tho  Rhode  Island  assem- 
bly, apf  d  for  the  purpose,  reported  to  the  House  of  Com- 
mons th  -inco  May,  1710,  three  luindrod  and  tv/elvo  thousimd 
three  hundred  pounds  had  been  issued  in  bills  of  credit,  of  which 
one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  thousand  had  been  burned,  and 
one  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  were  now  outstanding. 

The  amount  issued  was  estimated  in  coin  as  worth  about  tliirty-six  thousand 
pounds. 

1750.  —  In  June,  a  public  filature  of  silk  was  opened  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  erected  by  a  subscription,  which  Benjamin  Franklin,  who  was  tho  agent 
of  tho  London  Society  of  Arts  in  the  province,  had  set  on  foot,  and  by  wliieli 
nearly  nine  hundrcrl  pounds  wore  raised.  Tn  1771  two  thousand  and  three  hundred 
pounds  of  cocoons  were  brought  to  this  institution,  and  bought  by  it.  Tliey  came 
from  Pennsylvania,  Now  .Tersey,  and  Delaware. 

175^ 
Jerae' 

It  was  11,  oalem  County,  about  two  and  a  half  miles  from  AUowaystown.  It 
employed  many  Germans,  who  settled  at  Freasburgh. 

1750.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  admitting  bar-iron  from  the 
colonies  free  in  London,  and  pig-iron  in  the  rest  of  England,  and 
forbidding  the  erection  in  the  colonies  of  slitting,  rolling,  and 
plating  mills.     All  new  ones  were  to  be  considered  nuisances. 

In  the  reports  to  parliament  it  appeared  that  Massachusetts  Bay  contained  two 
slitting  and  rolling  mills,  Pennsylvania  one,  and  New  Jersey  one,  not  then  in  use. 
Massachusetts  contained  one  plating  forge,  working  with  a  tilt-hammer ;  Connec- 
ticut, six;  New  York,  one;  New  Jersey,  one,  not  in  use;  Pennsylvania,  one; 
Maryland,  one,  with  two  hammers.  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  New  Jersey 
had  each  one  steel  furnace,  and  Pennsylvania  two. 

1750.  —  Hugh  Gaine  this  year  set  up  a  press  in  New  York 
city,  and  commenced  the  publication  of  the  New  York  Mercury. 

1750.  —  The  trustees  of  the  settlement  in  Georgia  sent  over 
two  commissioners  to  encourage  the  culture  of  silk. 

The  next  year  they  erected  at  Savannah  a  public  silk-house,  or  filature,  which 
went  into  operation  in  May.  Six  thousand  three  hundred  pounds  of  cocoons  were 
received  there  this  year;  two  thousand  of  which  were  sent  by  the  Germans  at  Eben- 
ezer,  and  the  remainder  from  the  orphan  house  founded  by  Whiteficld. 


About  this  time  r\  glass  factory  was  established  in  Now 
>wn  as  Wistar's  Glass- Works. 


1750-5 

1750, 
tied  at 
Ti  0  Cr 

1750. 

Mussacli 

The  pl,i 
house  by  ( 
niatie  perft 

1750.. 
setts  for 

Fort  La\ 

1750.- 
expired,  l 

Tlieduti( 
impedimeiitf 

1750.- 

It  provide 
in  amity  witli 
free  excepted 
and  they  are 
and  shall  foil 
reputed  and  j 
unteer  to  brir 
the  burden  o 
hire  their  owi 
any  trade  on  ( 
othor  than  a  j) 
and  take  the 
niairiiing  of  a 
free,  except  b 
was  enacted  tl 
could  be  sold 
lies,  as  did  als 
in  some  of  the 

1750.— 
silver,  Mass 

The  bills  w( 
the  legal  tendei 
liibiting  the  cin 
necticut  called 

,  1751. -J 
set  up  a  pr 
tlie  Province 

I  sold  for  five 
James  Parke 


1750-51.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


237 


1750.  —  About  this  year  a  colony  of  Quakora  from  Ireland  sot- 
tied  at  Canidon,  South  Carolina,  and  built  sovoral  mills  on  Pino 
Tr  0  Crook. 

1750.  —  The  first  theatrical  performance  took  place  in  Boston, 
MussachuHettfl. 

Tlic  play  was  Otway's  "  Orphan."  It  was  nn  amateur  porfornianro  in  :i  coffee- 
house by  some  yount?  EnffliHliineii.'  The  Beloctnien  passed  u  hiw  forbidding  dra- 
matic performances,  which  was  in  force  for  twenty-flve  years. 

1750.  —  The  covornor  of  Nova  Scotia  appoalod  to  Massachu- 
setts ibr  aid  agamst  the  encroachments  of  the  French. 

Fort  Lawrence  was  built  opposite  Beau  Sejour. 

1750.  —  The  monopoly  of  the  Royal  African  Company  having 
expired,  the  slave-trade  was  thrown  open. 

The  duties  placed  by  the  colonics  on  the  importation  of  slaves  were  considered 
iinpc'dimeiits  to  British  commerce,  and  in  several  cases  received  the  royal  veto. 

1750.  —  The  slave  code  of  South  Carolina  was  revised. 

It  provided  that  "  all  negroes,  Indians,  muhittocs  and  mestizoes  (free  Indians 
in  amity  with  this  government,  and  negroes,  mulattoes  and  mestizoes  wlio  are  now 
free  excepted)  "  "and  all  their  issue  and  offspring  born  and  to  be  born,  shall  be, 
and  they  arc  hereby  declared  to  be  and  remain  forever  hereafter  absolute  slaves, 
and  shnll  follow  the  condition  of  the  mother,  and  shall  be  claimed,  held,  taken, 
reputed  and  adjudged  in  law  to  bo  chattels  personal."  A  white  nuin  might  vol- 
unteer to  bring  a  suit  for  freedom  in  behalf  of  a  person  claimed  to  he  a  slave,  but 
the  burden  of  proof  lay  upon  the  plaintiff.  It  was  forbidden  that  slaves  should 
hire  tlieir  own  time,  or  any  plantation,  own  any  boat,  raise  any  stock,  engage  in 
any  trade  on  their  own  account,  be  taught  to  read  or  write,  or  be  dressed  in  any 
other  than  a  prescribed  cloth.  Any  constable  could  seize  a  negro  better  dressed, 
and  take  the  clothes  for  his  own  use.  Fines  were  imposed  for  the  murder  or 
maiming  of  a  slave.  In  North  Carolina,  as  in  Virginia,  no  slave  could  bo  made 
free,  except  by  the  governor  and  council  for  meritorious  service.  In  Virginia  it 
was  enacted  that  slaves  set  free,  without  the  leave  of  the  governor  and  council, 
could  be  sold  at  auction  by  the  churchwardens.  Slavery  existed  in  all  the  colo- 
nies, as  did  also  the  system  of  indented  servants,  the  regulations  for  these  being 
in  some  of  the  provinces  almost  as  harsh  as  those  for  slaves. 

1750.  —  Tfs  money  voted  by  parliament  having  arrived  in 
silver,  Massachusetts  attempted  a  specie  circulation. 

The  bills  wer^  redeemed  at  twenty  per  cent,  discount,  and  silver  was  declared 
the  legal  tender  at,  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  the  ounce.  Laws  were  made  pro- 
hibiting the  circuUtion  of  bills  of  credit  of  other  colonies  within  her  limits.  Con- 
necticut called  in  hers,  but  Rhode  Island  would  not. 

1751. — James  Parker,  a  native  of  Woodbridge,  New  Jersey, 
set  up  a  press  in  Woodbridge,  where  he  printed  the  "  Laws  of 
the  Province,"  edited  by  Judge  Nevill,  in  a  folio  volume,  which 
sold  for  five  dollars. 

James  Parker  also  published  a  montlily  magazine  for  about  two  years.    He 


iifvl 


III 


tip 


238 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1751. 


removed  his  press  in  1765  for  a  time  to  Burlington,  the  capital  of  the  province, 
and  printed  there  Smith's  History  of  New  Jersey. 

1751.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island 
for  the  encouragement  of  flax  and  wool  growing,  and  their  man- 
ufacture into  cloth. 

1751.  —  The  Sterling  Iron- Works,  a  charcoal  blast  furnace, 
were  erected  at  the  outlet  of  Sterling  Pond,  in  the  southern  part 
of  Warwick,  New  York. 

Tliey  were  built  for  tlie  manufacture  of  anchors,  and  named  from  General  Wil- 
liam Alexander  (Lord  Stirling) ,  who  owned  tlie  land.  They  were  very  important 
works.  The  immense  chain,  stretched  across  the  Hudson  at  West  Point  during 
tlie  Revolution,  was  forged  here,  and  delivered  in  six  weeks,  under  the  superin- 
tendence of  Colonel  Timothy  Pickering,  and  remained  during  the  war  unbroken. 
It  weighed  one  hundred  and  eighty-six  tons,  the  links  weighing  one  hundred  and 
forty  pounds  each. 

1751.  —  The  "  enumerated  articles  "  which  could  be  exported 
only  to  Great  Britain,  or  to  other  colonies,  by  the  prepayment  of 
duties,  were  as  follows :  — 

Ginger,  cotton,  dye-woods,  sugars,  tobacco,  indigo,  molasses,  Airs,  copper  ore, 
pitch,  tar,  turpentine,  masts,  and  spars. 

1751,  March  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  created  an- 
other bank  or  loan  for  twenty-five  thousand  pounds. 

The  interest  was  five  per  cent.  The  assembly  also  passed  an  act  that  the  bills 
were  to  be  worth  silver  at  six  shillings  nine  pence  the  ounce,  and  that  tliis  amount 
was  worth  sixteen  shillings  in  the  new  tenor  bills,  and  sixty-four  shillings  in 
the  old  tenor  notes.  On  these  new  bills  "death  to  counterfeit  this  bill"  vaa 
printed. 

1761,  March  18.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  making  the 
new  year  begin  on  the  l&t  of  January,  instead  of  the  25th  of 
March. 

The  correction  of  eleven  days  in  the  month  was  not  to  take  effect  until  Septem- 
ber, 1752,  the  day  succeeding  the  second  of  which  was  counted  as  the  foorteentU. 

1751,  May  20. — Parliament  passed  an  act  "to  regulate  and 
restrain  paper  bills  of  credit "  in  the  New  England  colonies. 

Unless  they  were  to  be  redeemed  witliin  a  year,  or  in  case  of  war  or  invasion. 
Massadiusetts  had  applied  ^ur  such  a  bill. 

1751.  —  A  CONGRESS  was  held  with  the  Six  Nations  and  their 
allies  on  July  6. 

The  governor  of  New  York,  George  Clinton,  had  invited  all  the  governors  from 
New  Hampshire  to  South  Carolina  to  be  presenc  at  a  congress  with  the  Six  Natitrns, 
and  also  to  send  proper  presents  to  the  Indians.  This  was  the  first  time  South 
Carolina  had  taken  part  in  these  oongressca.  She  aent  one  commissioner,  and  a 
present  which  was  considered  too  small  to  be  effective,  and  six  Indian  delegate* 
belonging  to  the  tribe  of  the  Catawbas,  who  had  been  long  enemies  of  the  Six 


1751^5 

Nations, 
whicli  se 
commiss: 
wallader 
Newdell, 
and  Jolm 
the  conm 

1751. 
explore 

With  a 
and  made 

1751. 

1751. 
of  the  fi 

The  ass 
tion  that  ai 

1752.- 

Troy,  Nt 

The  tra 
Vnndcrheyi 
at  which  tir 
March,  179 
a  second,  A 
makes  it  a  I 
manufactor: 
cars,  collar 
third  incorp 

1752.- 
announce 
imported 
stroke  of 

It  was  pi 
throughout , 
engraved  on 
to  Lancaster 
when  it  has 

1752.- 

thft  erectii 

It  was  fui 

1752.. 
small  4to, 

This  editi 
of  the  Kew 

«>aof  Timot 
*>r  Daniel  H 


1751-2.] 


ANNALS  or  NORTH  AMESICA. 


239 


Nations.  Massachusetta,  Connecticut,  and  South  Carolina  were  the  only  otates 
wliich  sent  presents ;  the  assemblies  of  the  otlier  provinces  declined  so  doing.  The 
commissioneis  from  New  York  were  Governor  Clinton,  and  from  the  council  Cad- 
wallader  Colden,  James  Delancy,  and  Edward  Holland ;  from  Massachusetts,  Jacob 
Newdell,  Joseph  Dwight,  and  Oliver  Partridge ;  from  Connecticut,  William  Pitkin 
and  John  Chester;  and  from  Soudi  Carolina,  William  Bull,  Jr.  The  journal  of 
the  commissioners  from  Massachusetts  is  printed  in  the  Massachusetts  Archives. 

1751.  —  Christopher  Gist  was  sent  by  the  Ohio  Company  to 
explore  their  territory. 

With  an  agent  of  Pennsylvania,  Croghan,  he  penetrated  as  far  as  the  Miami, 
and  made  treaties  with  the  Indiana. 

1751.  —  Henry  Parker  was  made  president  of  Georgia. 

1751.  —  The  king,  in  council,  disallowed  and  declared  void  ten 
of  the  fifty-seven  laws  of  the  revised  Virginia  code. 

The  assembly  addressed  the  king  on  the  subject ;  they  did  not  like  the  sugges- 
tion that  any  of  their  laws  were  subject  to  be  made  void. 

1752.  —  The  first  house  of  any  size  on  the  «?ite  of  the  city  of 
Troy,  New  York,  was  built  by  Matthias  Vanderheyden. 

The  tract  was  laid  out  and  surveyed  between  1786  and  1790.  It  was  called 
Vandcrheyden's  Ferry  until  January  6,  1789,  when  the  name  of  Troy  was  adopted, 
at  which  time  there  were  five  stores  and  about  twelve  houses.  On  the  18th  of 
March,  1791,  it  was  made  a  town.  The  first  state  incorporation  was  April  2,  1801 ; 
a  second,  April  9,  1805 ;  the  city  charter  was  granted  April  12,  1816.  Its  position 
makes  it  a  great  centre  both  for  railroad,  canal,  and  steam  transportation,  and  its 
manufactories  are  extensive,  the  most  important  being  those  of  iron,  coaches, 
cars,  collars,  shirts,  breweries,  and  distilleries.  The  Troy  Savings  Bank,  the 
third  incorporated  in  the  state,  was  established  April  23,  1823. 

1752.  —  The  bell  in  Independence  Hall,  Philadelphia,  which 
announced  tlie  independence  of  the  colonies  on  July  4, 1776,  was 
imported  from  England,  and,  owing  to  its  being  cracked  by  a 
stroke  of  the  clapper,  was  recast  in  Philadelphia  by  Isaac  Norris. 

It  was  probably  owing  to  Mr.  Norris  that  the  inscription,  "Proclaim  liberty 
throughout  all  the  land,  unto  all  tlie  inhabitants  thereof"  (Leviticus  xxv.  10),  was 
engraved  on  it.  In  1776,  while  the  British  held  Pliiladelphia,  the  bell  was  taken 
to  Lancaster.  After  its  return  it  was  used  as  the  state-house  bell  until  1828 ;  since 
when  it  has  been  used  only  on  extraordinary  occasions. 

1752.  —  The  first  use  of  granite  for  building  purposes  was  in 
the  erection  of  King's  Chapel  in  Boston,  Massac'^usetts. 
It  was  furnished  by  #«hn  Haywwrd  of  Sraiatre«. 

1752.  —  .About  this  year  an  edition  of  the  Bible  in  English,  in 
small  4to,  ^  ;    Printed  in  Boston. 

This  edition  w.^  printed  by  Kneeland  and  Green.  Kneeland  was  the  publiAer 
of  the  New  England  Journal,  the  fourth  paper  in  tlie  colony,  and  Green  was  the 
son  of  Timothy  Green,  the  second  printer  of  Connecticut.  The  edition  was  made 
'or  Daniel  Henchman,  of  Boston,  a  bookseller,  and  tiic  builder  of  the  first  pajter- 


^!^^ 


240 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1752. 


1752-^ 


mill  in  New  England.  As  the  English  universities  enjoyed  the  monopoly  in  Eng- 
land of  printing  the  Bible,  and  the  privilege  was  supposed  to  extend  to  tlie  colo- 
nies, this  edition  had  to  be  surreptitiously  issued,  and  was  made  a  copy  of  an 
English  print,  bearing  the  title  of  the  copy  which  served  as  its  model,  viz. :  "Lon- 
don :  Printed  by  Mark  Baskett,  Printer  to  tho  King's  Most  Excellent  Majesty." 
The  edition  consisted  ot  only  seven  or  eight  hundred  copies,  and  tho  circumstances 
under  which  it  was  issued  caused  it  to  excite  no  attention.  Thomas,  the  author 
of  the  History  of  Printing,  who  was  an  apprentice  in  Boston  a  few  years  after- 
wards, heard  the  compositors  who  did  the  work  speak  of  it,  and  tlie  circumstances 
were  related  by  Governor  Hancock,  who  was  a  relative  of  Henchman,  and  owned 
a  copy  of  it.  A  duodecimo  edition  of  the  New  Testament  was  soon  after  issued  in 
the  same  way  by  Rogers  and  Fowle  of  Boston. 

1752.  —  The  Marquis  Du  Quesne  succeeded  as  the  governor- 
general  of  New  France. 

He  sought  to  induce  the  Indians  to  disregard  their  treaties  with  the  English, 
and  Burrendc"  the  traders  of  that  ns'^'on  as  interlopers.  The  Indian  village  Piqua, 
on  the  Miami,  refusing  to  do  this,  was  burned,  the  traders  seized,  and  their  stocks 
confiscated. 

1752,  June.  — The  trustees  of  Georgia  surrendered  their  rights 
under  charter  to  tho  crown. 

Theyhad  had  grants  from  parliament  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-six  thousand  six 
hundred  pounds,  and  seventeen  thousand  six  hundred  pounds  liad  been  contrib- 
uted by  private  persons  to  aid  the  settlement.  There  were  in  the  province  about 
seventeen  Inindred  white  and  four  hundred  negro  inhabitants,  who  lived  in  thi  ?e 
small  towns  and  on  scattered  plantations.  The  exports  for  the  three  preceding 
years  had  amounted  to  not  quite  thirteen  thousand  pounds.  Soon  after  the  sur- 
render the  inhabitants  of  Dorchester,  in  South  Carolina,  which  had  been  settled 
from  New  England,  and  wlio  had  carried  their  church  organization  with  them,  re- 
moved in  a  body,  and  settled  on  the  river  midway  between  the  Savannah  and  AI- 
tamaha. 

1752,  September.  —  The  first  theatrical  performance  by  profes- 
sionals in  the  country  was  held  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia. 

*  The  play  was  the  "  Merchant  of  Venice,"  performed  by  a  company  from  Lon- 
don, under  the  direction  of  William  and  Lewis  Hallam.  A  part  of  the  company 
seems  to  have  performed  before  at  Annapolis,  representing  the  "  Beau's  Strata- 
gem." The  company  was  ambulatory,  and  travelled  through  the  provinces, 
avoiding  Oonnectieut  and  Massaclmsctts,  where  the  law  was  against  them.  In 
1753  theatres  were  opened  in  New  York  and  Annapolis,  Maryland ;  in  Albany,  in 
17G9;  Baltimore,  in  1773;  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  1774;  Newbern,  North 
Carolina,  in  1788,  and  Boston,  Massachusetts,  in  1792. 

1752.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  in  December, 
granted  Isaac  C.  Winslow  and  others  the  sole  privilege  to  make 
glass  in  tho  province. 

1752.  —  Lieutenant-Governor  Robert  Dinwiddie,  of  Virginia, 
who  entered  on  the  office  this  year,  commended  to  the  Board 
of  Trado  the  formation  of  two  great  political  divisions  in  the 
country. 


They 
scheme  1 

1752 

York,  ; 

union  c 

He  ad' 

New  Yorl 

provide  f( 

"From  u 

assemblies 

gether  wit 

1752.. 
Brownsv 

The  Ind 
contented  i 

1753, . 
appeared 

It  was  pi 
conscqiienci 

1753.- 
Indu.stry 
Boston,  J\ 

A  gather 
work,  was  ai 
(irpssed  in  cl 
"  platform, 

1753.  - 

for  the  su 
send  one 

1753.— 
pose  of  bu 

1753.— 
count  of  h 

1753.— 
Isle,  now 

They  after 

1753.- 

"As  the  F 
•^'li",  an  imp 
''  was  a  matte 
mean,  unless 
renee  with  tli 
tiiat  the  Prcnc 
*lio  had  succe 


1752-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


241 


They  were  to  be  a  northern  and  a  southern  one ;  and  with  it  he  proposed  a 
scheme  for  forniiug  an  alliance  with  all  the  Indians. 

1752.  —  Archibald  Kennedy,  tho  receiver-general  of  New 
York,  published  in  London  a  pamphlet  advocating  a  plan  of 
union  of  the  colonies. 

lie  advocated  a  yearly  meeting  of  commissioners  from  the  various  colonies  at 
New  York  or  Albany,  to  arrange  the  quotas  and  apportionate  the  expense,  and 
provide  for  the  joint  paynjcnts  for  the  importation  of  emigrants.  He  says, 
"From  upwards  of  forty  years'  observations  upon  the  conduct  of  our  colonial 
assemblies,  and  the  little  regard  paid  by  them  to  instructions,  if  it  is  left  alto- 
gether with  them  the  whole  will  end  in  altercation  and  words." 

1752. — The  Ohio  Company  built  a  fort  at  Redstone  (now 
Brownsville),  on  the  Monongahela. 

The  Indians  who  had  migrated  to  that  region  from  the  Susquehanna  were  dis- 
contented and  alarmed  at  seeing  this  region  occupied  by  the  English. 

1753,  January  3.  —  The  Boston  Gazette,  or  Weekly  Advertiser, 
appeared  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Samuel  Kneeland.  It  was  discontinued  in  March,  1755,  in 
consequence  of  the  enforcement  of  the  provincial  stamp  act. 

1753.  —  The  anniversary  of  the  Society  for  the  Promotion  of 
Industry  and  Frugality  was  celebrated  with  groat  enthusiasm  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

A  gathering  of  three  hundred  young  women,  each  with  a  spinning-wheel,  at 
work,  was  arranged  on  the  Common,  in  three  rows.  The  weavers  also  assembled, 
dressed  in  clotli  of  their  own  manufacture,  with  one  of  the  number  carried  upon 
a  platform,  at  work  with  her  loom. 

1753.  —  The  tax  on  carriages  was  renewed  in  Massachusetts 
for  the  support  of  spinning-schools,  and  each  town  was  allowed  to 
send  one  person,  at  least,  to  be  gratuitously  instructed  in  the  art. 

1753.  —  A  lottery  was  organized  iu  Baltimore  for  the  pur- 
pose of  building  a  public  wharfl 

1753.  —  In  "  Poor  Richard's  Almanac,"  Franklin  gave  an  ac- 
count of  his  invention  of  the  lightning-rod. 

1753.  —  An  expedition  from  Montreal  built  a  fort  at  Presque 
Isle,  now  Erie,  on  the  southern  shore  of  Lake  Erie. 
They  afterwards  built  forts  at  La  BoDuf  and  Venango. 

1753.  —  The  Board  of  Trade  reported  to  the  king: 

"As  the  French  had  not  the  least  pretence  of  right  to  the  territory  on  the 
Oliio,  an  important  river  rising  in  Pennsylvania  and  running  through  Virginia, 
it  was  a  matter  of  wonder  what  such  a  strange  expedition  in  time  of  peace  could 
moan,  unless  to  complete  the  object  so  long  in  view,  of  conjoining  the  St.  Law- 
rence with  the  Mississippi."  The  English  government  had  at  last  become  aware 
that  the  French  had  long  designed  a  vast  empire  in  America.  Lord  Ilolderness, 
who  had  succeeded  the  Duke  of  Bedford  as  secretary  of  state,  wrote  to  tlie  goT- 

16 


'Im 


3  life 
J"  i(';* 


w 


242 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1753-4. 


i 


ernors  of  Pennsylrania  and  Virginia  that  "whenever  the  French  were  found 
within  the  undoubted  limits  of  their  provinces,"  force  should  be  used  to  repel 
force. 

1753,  September.  —  Dinwiddie  made  a  treaty  with  the  Indians 
on  the  Monongahela,  and  purchased  the  right  from  them  to  erect 
a  fort  at  its  juncture  with  the  Alleghany. 

lie  sent  George  Washington,  then  a  surveyor,  with  a  message  to  the  French 
fort  at  La  Boeuf,  asking  explanations  of  tlieir  encroachments,  and  the  release  and 
indemnification  of  the  captured  traders.  Washington,  witli  Gist,  delivered  his 
message,  and  was  politely  received,  the  commander,  St.  Pierre,  promising  to 
transmit  the  message  to  his  superiors  in  Canada.  In  liis  conversation  with  the 
French  ofKccrs,  W^ashington  found  that  they  had  no  intention  of  giving  up  their 
occupation  of  the  territory. 

1753. —  DiNWiDDiR  sent  an  expedition  to  build  a  fort  at  the 
junction  of  the  Alleghany  and  Monongahela. 

It  was  not  known  whether  it  was  within  the  limits  of  Virginia  or  Pennsylvania. 

1753.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  sent  Peyton  Randolph  as 
their  agent  to  England  to  complain  of  a  fee  recently  imposed  on 
the  patents  for  lands. 

They  did  not  recognize  the  governor's  apprehensions  of  the  French  encroach- 
ments, and  took  no  notice  of  his  request  for  money  to  resist  them.  The  fee,  which 
had  been  for  a  long  time  usual  in  otiier  colonies,  had  been  recently  introduced 
into  Virginia,  and  its  payment  was  there  regarded  as  a  betrayal  of  the  rights  of 
the  people. 

1753.  —  Sir  Danverg  Osborne  was  sent  as  governor  of  New 
York. 

lie  committed  suicide  soon  after  his  arrival,  and  James  Delancey,  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor, succeeded. 

1753.  —  The  Athenreum  Library  was  founded  at  Providence, 
Rhode  Island. 

1754,  January.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  voted  ten  thousand 
pounds  for  the  defence  of  the  frontiers. 

Washington  had  returned  from  his  mission.  Dinwiddie  asked  the  neighbor- 
ing colonies  for  aid.  Pennsylvania  offered  aid  in  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit, 
wliicli  the  governor  could  not  agree  to  on  account  of  his  instructions.  Maryland 
gave  no  aid,  the  assembly  being  engaged  with  Governor  Horatio  Sharpo  in  a 
dispute  concerning  supplies.  North  Carolina  made  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit,  and 
voted  four  hundred  and  fifty  men. 

1754,  April.  —  The  French,  under  Contrecoeur,  drove  away 
Dinwiddle's  soldiers,  who  were  building  a  fort  at  the  head  of 
the  Ohio,  and  commenced  themselves  a  fort  there,  which  they 
called  Du  Quesne. 

A  regiment  of  six  hundred  men  from  Virginia,  with  others  from  New  York 
and  South  Carolina,  had  been  sent  under  Frye  as  colonel  and  Washingion  as 
lieutenant-colonel.     Hearing  this,  the  advance-guard,  under  Washington,  pushed 


I  Hi  I  ip^^iaH 


1754.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


243 


forward,  and  at  Great  Meadows  mot  and  dofeated  an  advance-guard  of  the  French 
under  Junionvillc.  Fryi-  having  died,  Washington  took  command,  and  erected 
Fort  Necessity  at  Great  Meadows.  A  superior  force,  under  M.  de  Villier,  forced 
liiiu  to  retire  from  the  fort  to  Mill's  Creek,  where  he  built  Fort  Cumberland. 

1754.  —  Tbomas  Johnson,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  made  an 
organ  for  the  use  of  a  church. 

1754.  —  Lord  HoLDERNEas  wrote  circular  letters  to  all  the 
governors,  appointing  a  convention  at  Albany  of  delegates 
chosen  by  their  assemblies. 

The  purpose  of  the  congress  was  to  prepare  for  resistance  to  the  aggressions 
of  France  by  renewing  the  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations.  This  was  the  second  call 
for  a  congress  based  on  the  principle  of  representation,  or  for  a  body  composed 
of  delegates  chosen  by  the  assemblies.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and 
tlie  four  colonies  of  New  England,  appointed  delegates.  While  the  treaty  with 
the  Indians  was  making,  the  congress  resolved  to  consider  whether  the  union  of 
tlie  colonics  for  mutual  defence  was  not  desirable.  Franklin  presented  a  plan  he 
had  prepared.  A  committee  was  appointed  to  report  on  it,  and  brought  in,  four 
days  afterwards,  a  paper  they  called  "Short  hints"  for  a  union,  which  was 
accepted  after  debate,  and  it  was  ordered  that  the  commissioners  lay  it  before 
their  constituents,  that  copies  be  sent  to  the  colonies  not  represented  in  the  con- 
gress, and  tiiat  a  copy  be  sent  to  England.  The  congress  adjourned  on  the  11th 
of  July.  The  plan  was  rejected  by  the  assemblies  of  the  colonies,  and  a  copy 
having  been  sent  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  it  was  laid  before  the  king.  No  action 
was  taken  on  it  by  the  Privy  Council.  In  1789  an  article  was  printed  in  the 
American  Museum,  vol.  5,  entitled  Reasons  and  Motives  on  which  the  Plan  of 
Union  was  formed,  written  by  Franklin,  which  ends  with  this  note,  omitted  in 
Sparks's  edition  of  Franklin's  works,  but  evidently  written  by  Franklin  himself. 
"  On  reflection  it  now  seems  probable  that  if  the  foregoing  plan,  or  something 
like  it,  had  been  adopted  and  carried  into  execution,  the  subsequent  separation 
of  the  colonies  from  the  mother  country  might  not  so  soon  have  happened,  nor  the 
mischief  suffered  on  both  sides  have  occurred,  perhaps  during  another  century. 
For  the  colonics,  if  so  united,  would  have  really  been,  as  they  then  thought 
themselves,  sufficient  for  their  own  defence ;  and,  being  trusted  with  it,  as  by  the 
plan,  an  army  from  Britain,  for  that  purpose,  would  have  been  unnecessary. 
The  pretences  for  framing  the  Stamp  Act  would  then  not  have  existed,  nor  the 
other  projects  for  drawing  a  revenue  from  America  to  Britain  by  acts  of  parlia- 
ment, which  were  the  cause  of  the  breach,  and  attended  with  such  terrible 
expense  of  blood  and  treasure ;  so  that  the  diflferent  parts  of  the  empire  might 
8till  have  remained  in  peace  and  union.  But  the  fate  of  this  plan  was  singular. 
After  many  days'  thorough  discussion  of  all  its  parts  in  congress,  it  was  unani- 
mously agreed  to,  and  copies  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  assembly  of  each  province 
for  concurrence,  and  one  to  the  ministry  in  England  for  the  approbation  of  the 
crown.  Tiie  crown  disapproved  it,  as  having  too  much  weight  in  the  democratic 
part  of  the  constitution,  and  every  assembly  as  having  allowed  too  much  to  pre- 
rogative; so  it  was  totally  lost."  "The  Journal  of  the  Proceedings"  of  this 
Congress  has  been  printed  in  the  Pennsylvania  Archives,  and  in  the  Massachusetts 
Eidorical  Society's  Collections. 

1754.  —  The  Society  Library  was  founded  in  New  York. 


(        '; 


11 : 


'i'.X^'i..^^ 


! 


244 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 


[1754-5. 


1755. 


1754.  —  The  lead  mines  on  New  River,  in  Wytho  county, 
Virginia,  were  opened. 

These  mines  arc  still  in  operation. 

1754.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  prohibited  the  exporta- 
tion of  sheep,  and  the  killing  them  under  two  years  of  age  for 
food,  except  for  the  use  of  the  owner's  iamily. 

1754.  —  Charles  Carroll  erected  "at  the  Mount,"  in  Balti- 
more, some  brick  buildings  from  material  imported  lor  the  pur- 
pose. 

1754.  —  The  South  Carolina  assembly  procured  and  distributed 
to  the  planters  indigo  seed  from  Guatemala. 

The  native  plant  was  found  the  Lest,  and  the  culture  commenced  with  spirit. 
Ramsey  says :  **  It  proved  more  really  heneflcial  to  Carolina  than  the  mines  of 
Mexico  or  Peru  are,  or  ever  have  been,  either  to  Old  or  Nbw  Spain." 

1754.  —  The  exports  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  included 
about  five  thousand  tanned  hides,  over  a  thousand  in  the  hair, 
and  nearly  nine  hundred  hogsheads  of  doer  skins. 

The  year  before  North  Carolina  exported  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  of 
tanned  leather,  and  thirty  thousand  deer-skins ;  and  Georgia,  two  years  before, 
exported  nearly  tlirec  hundred  thousand  pounds  of  deer-skins  and  fifty  thousand 
of  leather. 

1754.  —  Maryland  voted  six  thousand  pounds,  and  New  York 
five  thousand,  in  aid  of  Virginia. 

England  sent  ten  thousand  pounds.  Dinwiddle  having  divided  the  Virginia 
regiment  into  companies,  Washington  left  the  service.  A  commissioii  was  received 
from  England  giving  the  chief  command  of  the  forces  to  be  used  against  the 
French  to  Governor  Sharpe  of  Maryland. 

1754.  —  Under  a  form  of  government,  matured  by  the  Board 
of  Trade,  and  authorized  by  the  king,  the  first  representative 
assembly  in  Georgia  was  called  this  year  by  the  governor. 

It  was  composed  of  nineteen  delegates  from  three  districts,  and  had  powers 
similar  to  other  assemblies  in  the  colonies.  John  Reynolds  was  commissioned  as 
governor,  and,  with  the  council,  established  a  general  court,  with  jurisdiction  m 
criminal  matters  and  civil  cases  above  forty  shillings,  with  appeal  to  the  gover- 
nor and  council,  and  finally  to  the  king  in  council.  Oficnces  by  slaves  were  to  be 
tried  by  a  single  justice  without  a  jury. 

1755,  January  1.  —  The  Connecticut  Gazette,  the  first  news- 
paper in  Connecticut,  was  issued  by  James  Parker  &  Co.,  at 
New  Haven. 

1755,  January.  — The  assembly  of  Georgia  met. 

The  deputies  had  to  own  five  hundred  acres  to  be  qualified,  and  voters  had 
to  have  fifty.  This  right  was  soon  given  to  owners  of  town  lots.  Twelve  acts 
•were  passed,  three  of  which  were  against  five  members  who  were  expelled.  The 
militia  was  organized,  roads  laid  out,  fences  regulated,  a  market  organized  at 


Savan: 

est  asc 

tJiousai 

last  act 

trustcei 
Georgii 

175 

was  pi 

It  wr 

tionary 
held  Boi 
lie  i8sue( 
and  five 

1755 
andria. 

Ho  wa 
with  anot 
Point,  ani 
Massacliu 
was  forbi( 
for  two  J 

Wilicll    BOI 

Hampshin 
New  York 
New  Jerse 
vania,  Ho 
governor, 
was  liniitci 
twelve  yc'j 
continued, 
thousand  p 
to  tliat  aga 
be  redeem 
tiirios,  the 
the  assomi 
the  provinc 
Arthur  Do! 
proposed  ai 
and  tlio  as 
Georgia. 

1755,  . 
TJiomas  I 
at  their  n 
be  of  adv 

1755.  - 
to  seek  re 
who  setth 

Some  of 
petitioning 


mmm^ 


1755.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


245 


Savannah,  and  a  light-house  at  Tybee  Island ;  slaves  regulated,  the  rate  of  inter- 
est ascertained,  appropriations  made  for  the  government,  and  an  issue  of  three 
tJiousand  pounds  of  bills  of  credit  ordered.  The  Board  of  Trade  disallowed  this 
last  act.  Money  was  lodged  to  pay  the  sight-bills  for  small  amounts  drawn  on  the 
trustees,  which  had  up  to  this  time  performed  the  function  of  a  circulation  in 
Georgia. 

1755,  April  7.  —  The  Boatori  Gazette  and  Country  Gentleman 
was  publiahed  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  established  by  Edes  and  Gill,  and  was  the  organ  of  the  advanced  revolu- 
tionary i^arty.  In  1775  it  was  temporarily  moved  to  Watertown  while  the  British 
held  Boston.  After  1794  it  was  publislicd  by  Benjamin  Edes  alone,  and  in  1798 
he  issued  his  farewell  address.  The  paper  had  lost  its  influence  and  circulation, 
and  five  years  afterwards  he  died. 

1755,  April. — Braddock  met  the  colonial  governors  at  Alex- 
andria, and  the  plan  of  the  campaign  was  settled  upon. 

Ho  was  in  person  to  lead  the  expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne.  Shirley, 
with  another  force,  was  to  march  against  Niagara.  Johnson  was  to  capture  Crown 
Point,  ana  a  fourth  expedition  was  to  expel  the  French  from  Nova  Scotia.  In 
Massachusetts  the  exportation  of  provisions,  except  to  other  British  provinces, 
was  forbidden,  and  the  treasurer  was  authorized  to  borrow  fifty  thousand  pounds, 
for  two  years,  pledging  the  taxes.  An  excise  tax  was  laid  on  liquor,  against 
wliich  some  of  the  towns  appealed,  but  the  Board  of  Trade  sustained.  New 
Hampshire,  Riiode  Island,  and  Connecticut  issued  bills  of  credit,  and  raised  men. 
New  York  voted  an  issue  of  forty-five  tliousand  pounds  and  eight  hundred  men. 
New  Jersey  issued  seventy  thousand  pounds  and  five  hundred  men.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania, Robert  H.  Morris,  to  whom  Hamilton  had  resigned  the  office  of  deputy- 
governor,  would  not  consent  to  the  issue  of  bills  of  credit  unless  the  excise  tax 
was  limited  to  five  years  for  its  redemption.  The  n.^^embi/  wanted  it  to  be  for 
twelve  years,  since  they  had  the  control  of  the  money  thub  raised.  The  dispute 
continued,  until  the  assembly,  without  consulting  the  governor,  issued  fifteen 
tliousand  pounds,  appropriating  one  third  to  Braddock's  expedition  and  two  thirds 
to  that  against  Crown  Point.  Maryland  voted  an  issue  of  ten  thousand  pounds,  to 
bo  redeemed  in  the  fines  and  forfeitures.  As  these  were  claimed  by  the  proprie- 
turios,  the  council  refused,  and  the  appropriation  went  by  default.  In  Virginia, 
the  assembly  voted  twenty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit ;  the  first  issue  in 
the  province.  North  Carolina  voted  eight  thouhand  pounds.  Tiie  new  governor, 
Arthur  Dobbs,  soon  was  engaged  in  disputes  with  the  assembly.  South  Carolina 
proposed  aid,  but  it  was  defeated  by  a  dispute  between  the  governor  and  council 
and  the  assembly  as  to  the  method  of  raising  it.  No  aid  was  expected  from 
Georgia. 

1755,  May. —  Governor  Morris,  of  New  Jersey,  in  a  letter  to 
Thomas  Penn,  speaks  of  a  fire-engine  the  Schuylers  had  erected 
at  their  mine  in  New  Jersey,  and  suggests  such  an  engine  would 
be  of  advantage  to  a  copper  mine  in  which  Penn  was  interested. 

1755.  —  The  great  earthquake  at  Lisbon,  Spain,  drove  many 
to  seek  refuge  in  this  country,  and  among  them  many  Hebrews, 
who  settled  in  Rhode  Island. 

Some  of  them  were  subsequently  naturalized,  and  others  were  refused  on 
petitioning  for  the  same  privilege.     A  shock  of  an  earthquake  in  New  England 


,iif  !f ! 


',?#* 


il 


i . 


246 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1755. 


this  year  is  supposed  to  have  been  caused  by  the  same  concussion  that  alinoDt 
ruined  Lisbon. 

1755.  —  Sir  Thomas  Robinson,  who  had  succeeded  to  tho 
oversight  of  the  colonies,  together  with  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
the  commander  of  tb^  forces,  prepared  for  a  vigorous  prosecu- 
of  the  war. 

The  colonial  troops  were  made  subject  to  rules  and  discipline  of  the  regulars 
when  serving  with  them,  and  the  assemblies  were  required  to  furnish  quarters 
and  supplies  for  them.  General  Braddock,  with  his  regiments,  was  sent  as  com- 
mandor  to  the  Chesapeake.  Two  regiments,  to  be  paid  by  the  crown,  were 
ordered  raised  in  New  England,  and  the  other  colonies  were  called  upon  for 
their  quotas.  Pennsylvania,  as  the  Quakers  had  scruples  concerning  war,  was 
to  raise  three  thousand  men,  enlisted  by  authority  of  the  crown. 

1755.  —  Mrs.  Pinckney  took  enough  silk  with  her  to  EiT^knd, 
raised  by  herself  in  South  Carolina,  to  make  three  silk  dresses. 

As  Miss  Lucas,  Mrs.  Pinckney  has  been  mentioned  for  her  efforts  at  the  culture 
of  indigo  and  cotton.  One  of  the  dresses  made  from  this  silk  was  presented  to  the 
Princess  Dowager  of  Wales,  another  was  given  to  Lord  Chesterfield,  and  the 
third,  Dr.  Ramsey,  in  1809,  says,  "in  the  possession  of  her  daughter,  Mrs.  Horry, 
is  remarkable  for  its  beauty,  firmness,  and  strength." 

1755.  —  James  Davis  set  up  a  press  in  Newbern,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  this  year,  in  December,  commenced  the  North  Carolina 
Gazette. 

He  was  appointed  postmaster  by  Franklin  and  Hunter,  and  in  1773  published 
an  edition  of  the  Laws  of  the  Province.  The  Gazette  was  printed  about  six  years, 
and  then  discontinued.  On  the  27th  of  May,  17G8,  it  was  revived,  and  continued 
until  after  the  war  began. 

1755.  —  The  mail  was  this  year,  in  New  York,  despatched 
once  a  week,  instead  of  once  in  two  weeks,  as  heretofore. 

1755.  —  At  this  time  Detroit  occupied  about  three  acres, 
which  were  surrounded  by  pickets  from  fifteen  to  twenty-five 
feet  high.  They  were  pierced  by  four  gates,  defended  by 
block-houseb  and  four  guns.  The  houses,  about  eighty  to  one 
hundred  in  number,  were  built  of  logs,  and  divided  by  alleys  ten 
to  sixteen  feet  wide.  The  population  amounted  to  about  thiee 
or  lour  hundred. 

1755.  —  The  neutral  French  in  Acadie,  on  a  suspicion  that 
they  afforded  aid  to  their  compatriots,  were  carried  away  from 
their  homes  and  distributed  throughout  the  colonies. 

An  expedition  for  the  purpose  was  arranged  with  the  English  fleet  under 
Boscawen,  and  did  the  work  in  the  most  atrociously  cruel  way.  The  people  were 
scattered  all  through  the  colonies,  and  had  frequently  to  be  supported  at  the 
public  expense. 

1755.  —  A  French  fleet  sailed  from  Brest  with  four  thousand 
troops,  under  Dieskau,  for  America. 


'^"■•■■Uli^''^  1 


1755-6.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


247 


An  English  fleet  was  sent,  under  Boscnwen,  to  intercept  them  off  Newfound- 
hind.  Most  of  tlio  French  ships  escaped,  and  a  tliousand  men  were  landed  at 
Louisburg. 

1755. — The  French  ambassador  was  recalled  from  London, 
and  the  English  government  issued  letters  of  marque. 

Though  no  war  had  yet  been  declared,  both  parties  had  commenced  hostilities. 

1755,  June.  —  An  expedition  from  Boston,  under  the  command 
of  John  Winslow,  proceeded  against  the  forts  in  the  Bay  of 
Fundy. 

The  expedition  was  easily  successful. 

1755,  July  9.  —  Braddock's  expedition  was  defeated  when 
within  five  miles  of  Fort  Du  Quesne,  and  forced  to  retreat. 

Washington,  who  had  accepted  Braddock's  invitation  to  accompany  him  oa 
aid-de-camp,  conducted  the  retreat,  Bra(i'liu;k  being  killed. 

1755.  —  The  expedition  against  Niagara  reached  Oswego,  and 
built  two  forts,  constructed  boats,  and  made  other  preparations 
for  attacking  Niagara,  but  returned,  putting  off  the  expedition 
until  the  next  season. 

A  garrison  was  left  at  Oswego. 

1755.  —  The  Crown  Point  expedition  built  Fort  Lyman,  called 
al'terwards  Fort  Edward,  at  the  head  of  boat  navigation  on  the 
Hudson,  and  advanced  to  Lake  George,  where  the  battle  of 
Lake  George  was  fought,  and  the  French  driven  to  Crown  Point. 

General  Johnson,  in  command  of  the  colonial  forces,  was  wounded,  and  Gen- 
eral Lymnn,  of  Connecticut,  conducted  the  operations.  Johnson  was  knighted. 
The  French  generitl  Dieskau  was  mortally  wounded. 

1755.  —  Foi  William  Henry  was  built  at  the  head  of  Lake 
George. 

The  French  Iniilt  a  fort  at  Ticonderoga. 

1755.  —  The  defeat  of  Braddock  having  left  the  frontiers  open, 
Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsylvania  voted  further  supplies, 
and  a  convention  of  governors  at  New  York  met  to  arrange  for 
the  next  year's  campaign. 

1756,  January.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  voted  to  enroll 
a  volunteer  militia. 

It  had  been  agreed  by  the  convention  of  governors  to  attack  Fort  Du  Quesne, 
Niagara,  and  Crov/n  Point,  and  that  twenty  thousand  men  were  necessary.  New 
York  voted  seventeen  hundred  men  as  her  quota,  and  an  issue  of  forty  thousand 
pounds.  Franklin  was  made  colonel,  with  .command  of  the  frontier  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  erected  a  chain  of  forts  and  block-houses  from  the  Maryland  line  to 
the  Delaware,  at  tlie  base  of  the  Kittatinny  mountains.  The  proprietary  party  did 
not  like  the  volunteer  militia,  and  the  king  soon  vetoed  it.  Deputy-Governor 
Morris  was  sui)ersedcd  in  May  by  William  Denny. 


i 


;  I 


248 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1756. 


1756-1 


1756,  February.  —  The  Rhode  Islaud  logislaturo  issued  eight 
thousand  pounds  of  bills  of  ci-edit,  to  pay  the  expenses  of  war 
preparations. 

Those  bills  wore  culled  "lawful  money,"  and  were  printed  fVomtyie.  Their 
value  was  stated,  in  silver,  at  six  shillings  and  eight  pence  an  ounce. 

1756,  March.  —  Maryland  granted  forty  thousand  pounds, 
raised  chiefly  by  bills  of  credit. 

T!>e  proprietary  relinquished  his  fines  and  forfeitures.  Tlie  act  of  issue  re- 
quired Papists  to  pay  double  taxes  for  the  redemption  of  the  bills,  and  the  lands 
of  the  proprietary  were  also  taxed.  A  fort  called  Frederick  was  built  on  the 
Potomac,  at  the  bend  nearest  tlie  Pennsylvania  line. 

1756,  March  13.  —  The  parliament  made  a  grant  to  the  colo- 
nies of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  thousand  pounds  for  their  expen- 
ses for  war  purposes  during  the  last  year. 

A  repimcnt  was  to  bo  enlisted  in  the  colonics,  commissions  in  which  were  given 
to  foreign  officers.  Indented  servants  were  enlisted,  their  masters  being  paid  their 
time. 

1756,  May  18.  —  War  was  formally  declared  by  England 
against  France. 

It  had  been  actively  carried  on  by  the  colonists  for  nearly  two  years. 

1756,  June  8.  —  A  bankruptcy  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly 
of  Rhode  Island. 

1756.  —  Washington  had  command  of  the  Virginia  forces. 

They  wore  insufficient,  being  only  about  fifteen  hundred  men,  distributed 
through  the  forts.  The  governor,  Dinwiddle,  wrote  to  the  Board  of  Trade  :  "  We 
dare  not  part  with  any  of  our  white  men  to  any  distance,  as  we  must  have  a 
watchful  eye  over  our  negro  slaves." 

1756,  June.  —  Two  regiments  from  England,  under  General 
Abercrombie,  arrived. 

General  Abercrombie  outranked  Shirley,  who  had  collected  seven  thousand 
men  at  Albany,  together  with  the  remains  of  Braddock's  two  regiments.  The  war 
office  had  given  the  Earl  of  Loudoun  a  commission  as  commander,  and  Abercrom- 
bie delayed  for  his  arrival.  Philip  Schuyler  and  William  Alexander,  known  as 
Lord  Stirling,  served  in  this  campaign. 

1756,  August  15.  —  The  forts  at  Oswego  surrendered  to  the 
French. 

Montcalm,  who  had  recently  arrived  from  France  with  re-enforcements,  with  a 
force  of  five  thousand  men  laid  siege  to  them,  and  the  commanding  officer  being 
killed  the  troops  surrendered  as  prisoners  of  war.  All  the  artillery,  stores,  and 
the  flotilla  built  for  the  attack  on  Niagara  were  captured.  The  French,  to  please 
their  Indian  allies,  destroyed  the  fort. 

1756.  —  Daniel  Fowle,  of  Boston,  set  up  a  press  this  year  in 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  and  issued  on  the  7th  of  October 
the  New  Hampshire  Gazette. 


He  pi 
prisoned 
tiio  cxcis 
of  Meld 

1756 

conceri 

The  p 
people  of 

1756. 

to  succe 

I)«  Qui 

1756. 
pounds  i 

The  m( 

rangers,  to 
It  was  to  b 
service  agj 
Kevolution, 
become  lioi 
an  associat 
making  at 

1756.  - 
Corolina. 

Tlie  asse 
wliich  had  b 
Savannah, a 
Virginia  am 
become  hos 

1757,  J 
Boston,  a 
defence  o 


1757,  A 
one  hundi 

Tiicy  fiaid 
J^ngland  to  ( 
Five  comjiar. 
ilition  that  t« 

1757,  Ji 
Wiisburg 

At  Halifa 
'lis  attack  a 
York. 


mmm 


1756-7.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


249 


He  printed  the  laws  and  did  other  work  for  the  government.  lie  lind  been  im- 
prisoned in  Boston  on  account  of  the  Independent  Advertiser.  lie  iiad  opposed 
the  (fxcise  tax.  Ho  continued  tlie  Gazette  until  1785,  when  it  passed  into  tlie  hands 
of  Melclier  and  Osborn.     Daniel  Fowle  died  in  1787. 

175G.  —  A  DISPUTE  arose  between  South  Carolina  and  Georgia 
concerning  the  navigation  of  the  Savannali  River. 

Tlie  people  of  Georgia  seized  several  vessels  belonging  to  Carolina,  and  the 
people  of  the  latter  had  armed  their  vessels. 

1756.  —  The  Marquis  do  Vaudreuil  de  Cavagnal  was  appointed 
to  succeed  Du  Quesne  as  governor  of"  France, 
I)u  Qucsnc  returned  to  the  navy. 

1756.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  voted  thirty  thousand 
pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

The  money  was  to  bo  devoted  to  the  support  of  twenty-five  companies  of 
rangers,  to  serve  against  tlie  Indians,  who  were  attacking  the  outlying  settlements. 
It  was  to  be  redeemed  by  a  continuance  for  ten  years  of  the  excise  tax.  In  this 
service  against  the  Indians,  Armstrong  and  Mercer,  both  oi  whom  served  in  the 
liuvolution,  took  a  part.  The  Quakers  maintained  that  the  Indians  did  not 
buconie  hostile  until  they  had  been  driven  to  become  so  by  wrongs,  and  formed 
an  association  to  bring  about  a  peace,  wliich  they  succeeded  the  next  year  in 
making  at  Lancaster. 

1756.  —  William  H.  Littleton  succeeded  as  governor  of  South 
Corolina. 

The  assembly  voted  four  thousand  pounds  to  raise  troo^j  t-j  garrison  the  forts 
which  had  been  erected.  Fort  Prince  George,  on  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the 
Savannah,  and  Fort  Loudoun,  on  the  head  waters  of  the  Tennessee.  Troops  from 
Virginia  and  North  Carolina  presently  arrived.  It  was  feared  the  Indians  would 
becunic  hostile. 

1757,  January.  —  The  yearly  military  council  Avas  held  at 
Boston,  and  Loudoun  proposed  as  the  campaign  this  year  the 
defence  of  the  frontiers  and  an  attack  on  Louisburg. 

New  York,  New  En^iand,  and  New  Jersey  were  called  on  for  six  thousand 
men  to  serve  as  garrisons  for  forts  William  Henry  and  Edward. 

1757,  April.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  voted  a  levy  of 
one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

They  said  nothing  about  taxing  the  proprietary  estates,  but  sent  Franklin  to 
England  to  complain  of  this  and  the  secret  instmctions  to  the  deputy-governors. 
Five  companies  of  Iloyal  Americans  were  provided  to  guard  the  frontiers,  on  con- 
dition that  two  hundred  recruits  should  be  raised  for  South  Carolina. 

1757,  July  9.  —  Loudoun  sailed  fi'om  New  York  to  attack 
Louisburg. 

At  Halifax  he  was  re-enforced  with  a  fleet  from  England.  Before  beginning 
his  attack  a  French  fleet  anchored  in  the  harbor,  and  Loudoun  returned  to  New 
York. 


250 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1757-8. 


1757,  July.  —  Thomas  Pownall  arrived  in  MassacLusotta  as 
governor. 

Sliirloy  was  deprived  of  his  govcrnorihip  and  military  command. 

1757,  August  3.  —  Fort  William  Ilonry  surrendered  to  the 
French  under  Montcalm. 

The  French  retired  after  the  capture  to  Canada. 

1757.  —  Pownall,  who  had  also  a  commission  as  lieutenant- 
govf  rnor  of  New  Jersey,  after  the  death  of  Belcher  went  there 
to  assume  the  position,  but  finding  it  impracticable  to  be  there 
and  in  Massuchusetts  at  the  same  time,  the  government  of  New 
Jersey  was  given  to  Francis  Bernard. 

1757,  AuousT  22.  —  The  Boston  Weekly  Advertiser  was  issued 
at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  printed  by  Green  and  Russell.  Ii  changed  its  name  two  years  after  to 
Oreen  and  Russell's  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser,  and  afterwards  to  the  MassaehvseU$ 
Oazette  and  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser.  In  176«}  it  was  united  with  the  Nevn- 
Letter,  but  separated  again  in  1769.  In  1773  it  'as  published  by  Mills  and 
Hicks,  and  discontinued  in  1775.     It  was  a  supporter  of  the  Home  Government. 

1757.  —  South  Carolina  exported  indigo  to  the  value  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  pounds. 

The  best  indigo  was  raised  on  Edisto  Island.  An  aero  raised  an  average  of 
fifty  pounds.  The  apparatus  was  not  expensive,  and  the  process  required  cliicfly 
skill  and  care.  Wo  now  import  yearly  about  a  million  pounds.  The  culture  of 
cotton  has  entirely  superseded  that  of  indigo. 

1757.  —  Massachusetts  and  South  Carolina,  though  they  did 
not  deny  the  power  of  parliament  to  quarter  troops  in  the  colo- 
nies, objected,  and  difficulties  arose  in  Boston  and  Charleston 
concerning  this  matter,  which  finally  were  settled. 

1757.  —  The  governorship  of  Georgia  was  given  to  Henry 
Ellis. 

Forts  were  built  at  the  outposts,  and  in  November  a  new  treaty  of  peace  v/as 
made  with  the  Creeks. 

1757,  December  30.  —  A  circular  letter  was  sent  to  the  colo- 
nies, calling  upon  them  to  raise  twenty  thousand  men  for  the 
vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  against  the  French,  and  promis- 
ing aid  from  parliament  for  their  pay. 

William  Pitt,  afterwards  Earl  of  Chatham,  had  taken  a  place  in  the  cabinet, 
and  assumed  the  control  of  foreign  and  colonial  affairs,  and  the  management  of 
the  war. 

1758.  —  This  year  the  newspapers  in  New  York,  which  had 
previously  been  carried  by  the  mail  free,  were,  on  account  of  their 
"  great  increase,"  ordered  to  pay  nine  pence  a  year  for  fifty 
mileS;  and  one  shilling  and  six  pence  for  one  hundred  miles. 


1751 
this  yi 
contur 

I 

Juinei 
Anne  Fri 
then  too 
discontin 

1758, 

It  was 

nearly  on* 
the  Gcrnu 

1758, 
and  cole 
killed  ai 

General 
Montcalm 
tile  army  oi 

1758,  J 

The  flee 
and  the  arn 
T/ie  pluce  w 
sistod  I  8ie( 
(now  IVincc 
Lawrence  rt 

1758,  A 
at  New  L( 

Its  publls 
"^hen  it  was 

1758. 
was  publis 

It  was  pub 

1758.- 
'jjs  experin 

Ho  plantet 
foremost  advc 
jouniiil  upon  t 

1758.  — < 
1758.  — 

ticut,  five 
five  hundre 
^ew  Jersej 
pounds  ior  \ 
tvvo  thousan 
To  meet  tJ 


1758.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


251 


1758,  June  12.  —  James  Franklin,  tlio  son  of  Jainos,  ostabliHhcd 
this  year  the  Neiuport  Mercury,  which  continued  clear  into  this 
century. 

.TiuiH'8  Franklin  suddenly  loft  Newport,  nnd  never  returned.  ITis  niotlier,  Mrs. 
Anne  Friinklin,  curried  on  tlio  paper  until  her  daugiiter  married  Samuel  iliill,  who 
then  took  charge  of  it.  Subsequently  he  sold  out  to  Solomon  Southwick,  who 
diitcontinued  it  temporarily  in  177G,  lest  the  British  should  destroy  his  plant. 

1758,  July  4.  —  The  filature  at  Savannah  was  burned. 

It  was  rebuilt  on  a  lar^fer  scale  the  next  year.  During  the  next  eight  years 
nearly  one  hundred  tliounund  pounds  of  cocoons  were  received  at  it,  chiedy  from 
the  Germans  at  Ebenezer. 

1758,  July  9.  —  The  attack  upon  Ticonderoga  by  the  English 
and  colonial  troops  was  repulsed,  with  a  loss  of  two  thousand 
killed  and  wounded. 

General  Abercrombio  was  in  command,  and  was  removed  for  tho  defeat. 
Muntealm  commanded  tlic  defence.  Charles  Lee,  who  subsequently  served  in 
tiie  army  of  tho  Revolution,  was  wounded. 

1758,  July  27.  —  Louisburg  surrendered  to  tho  English. 

The  fleet,  under  Admiral  Boscawen,  consisted  of  tliirty-seven  ships  of  war, 
and  the  army  of  ten  thousand  men  was  under  the  command  of  General  Amherst. 
The  place  was  defended  by  three  thousand  men  and  eleven  ships  of  war,  and  re- 
sisted .1  siege  of  seven  weeks.  Tho  capitulation  included  Louisburg,  St.  John's 
(now  Trinco  Edwards),  and  their  dependencies.  Henceforth  the  Gulf  of  St. 
Lawrence  remained  English. 

1758,  August  8.  —  The  New  London  Summary  was  published 
at  New  London,  Connecticut. 

Its  publisher  was  Timothy  Green,  who  continued  it  until  Ids  death  in  1763, 
Then  it  was  discontinued. 

1758.  —  The  South  Carolina  and  American  General  Gazette, 
was  published  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  Robert  Wells. 

1758.  —  President  Stiles,  of  Yale  College,  Connecticut,  began 
bis  experiments  in  silk  culture. 

He  planted  three  mulberry  trees,  which  he  called  ABC.  He  was  one  of  the 
foremost  advocates  for  the  culture  of  silk  in  the  colonies,  and  kept  a  manuscript 
journal  upon  tho  subject,  which  is  still  preserved  in  the  library  of  Yale  College. 

1758.  —  Silk  was  raised  this  year  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

1758.  —  Massachusetts  voted  seven  thousand  men ;  Connec- 
ticut, five  thousand ;  New  Hampshire  and  Rhode  Island,  each 
five  hundred ;  New  York,  two  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty ; 
New  Jersey,  a  thousand ;  Pennsylvania,  one  hundred  thousand 
pounds  lor  enlisting  two  thousand  seven  hundred  men ;  Virginia, 
two  thousand  men. 

To  meet  the  expenses   taxes  were  very  heavy,  and  a  bankrupt  law  was 


252 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1758-9. 


IB' 
iBi 


i 


1'ffl 


pnsscd  in  Massachusetts,  but  disallowed  in  England.  The  colonial  officers  were 
recognized.  Large  rc-onforcemcnts  were  sent  from  England.  Abercrombie  had 
fifty  thousand  men  under  his  command,  of  whom  twenty-two  thousand  were  regulars. 
The  population  of  Canada,  fit  for  arms,  did  not  exceed  twenty  thousand,  and  the 
strain  upon  her  resources  had  been  such  that  there  was  almost  a  famine,  so  many 
men  had  been  t.iken  from  production.  France  could  give  no  assistance,  and  the 
regular  troops  in  Canada  amovnted  only  to  four  or  five  thousand  men. 

1V58,  August  27.  —  An  attack  by  the  colonial  troops  under 
Colonel  Bradstreet  upon  Fort  Frontenac  (now  Kingston)  was 
successful. 

Nine  armed  vessels  and  a  great  quantity  of  military  stores  were  captured,  and 
the  fort  was  destroyed.  Among  the  offlceis  who  served  in  the  attack  were  Wood- 
'luU  and  Van  Schaick,  who  afterwards  served  in  the  Revolution. 

1758,  November  25.  —  A  detachment  of  the  expedition  against 
Fort  Du  Quesne  found  the  fort  deserted, 

A  garrison  of  Virginia  troops  was  left  to  hold  it,  and  the  name  was  changed 
to  Fort  Pitt.  Pittsburg  now  occupies  the  site.  Virginia  and  Maryland  were  re- 
lieved from  fear  of  the  Indians,  and  so  was  Pennsylvania,  the  proprietaries  of 
wliich  released  all  claims  to  the  country  west  of  the  Alleghanies. 

1758.  —  Fort  Pownall  was  built  on  the  Penobscot,  to  keep 
the  eastern  Indians  in  check. 

1758.  —  Governor  Denny,  of  Pennsylvania,  consented  to  an 
act,  in  which  the  proprietary  estates  were  included. 

He  was  voted  a  liberal  salary  by  the  assembly,  but  was  removed  from  the 
office  next  year  by  the  proprietaries. 

1758.  —  Georgia  was  this  year  divided  into  eight  parishes. 

1758.  —  Fort  Schuyler  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Utica,  New  York. 

The  sito  of  tlie  city  was  included  in  the  grant  called  Coely's  Manor,  made  in 
1734,  but  there  was  no  settlement  made,  and  in  1787  there  were  but  three  log- 
huts  in  the  place.  In  1813  it  had  only  1700  inhabitants,  and  not  until  the  opening 
of  the  Erie  Canal  did  the  town  begin  to  assume  any  importance. 

1758.  —  The  first  sugar-mill  was  built  on  the  Mississippi 
River,  a  little  below  New  Orleans,  by  Mr.  Dubreuil  on  iiis 
plantation. 

1759,  February  16.  —  The  New  York  Oazette  was  issued  in 
New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  William  Weyman,  and  was  a  revival  of  Bradford's 
Gaztite,  and  Parker's  Gazette  and  Post  Boy.  Parker  returned  and  became  a 
partner  with  Weyman.  In  1763  Parker  retired  from  the  firm  and  continued  the 
printing  business. 

1759.  —  Barnaby,  who  travelled  through  the  colonies,  wrote 
of  them :  "  Nothing  can  exceed  the  jealousy  and  emulation 
which  they  possess  in  regard  to  each  other.     The  inhabitants  of 


U-iT"-''  s^ 


}d  in 


wrote 
Illation 
ants  of 


.^^ 


.X 


f»4*^.'^'lb-- 


1759-60 


Pennsyh 
animosit 
ohusetts 
Connecti 
be  a  civi 

1759.- 

"  that  the 
a  commit 
this  colon 

This  date 

1759.  - 
commence 

They  wer 

1759.  _ 
to  repay  t 

1759,  Jt 
surrenderc 

General  P 
the  command 

1759,  Ju 
under  Gov 

Crown  Poi 
garrisons  had 

1759,  Se 
under  Gen 

Both  Wolfe 
liad  in  the  nigl: 
impassable. 

1760.— I 

ing,  being  j 
tudas  salt,  w 
in  it,  that  n^ 
stall  be  ace 

1760.  ~  i 
South  Carol 

1760.- 

1760.  — I 
in  New  Yo 

.  1760.  — ii 

liamsburg,  A 

The  next  yi 


^AiA       din 


.w'fl^-^ 


1759-60.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


253 


Pennsylvania  and  New  York  have  an  inexhaustible  source  of 
animosity  in  their  jealousy  for  the  trade  of  the  Jerseys.  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  and  Rhode  Island  are  not  less  interested  in  that  of 
Connecticut.  Were  they  left  to  themselves,  there  world  soon 
be  a  civil  war  from  one  end  of  the  continent  to  the  other." 

1759.  —  On  the  7th  of  March  the  New  York  assembly  ordered 
"  that  the  members  of  New  York,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  be 
a  committee  of  correspondence,  to  correspond  with  the  agent  of 
this  colony  at  the  court." 

This  date  is  variously  given  as  the  7th  and  the  4th. 

1759.  —  About  this  year  the  manufacture  of  horn  combs  was 
commenced  by  Enock  Noyes,  of  West  Newbury,  Massachusetts. 

They  were  made  this  year  also  in  Philadelphia. 

1759.  —  Parliament  appropriated  two  hundred  thousand  pounds 
to  repay  the  colonies  for  their  war  expenses  the  year  before. 

1759,  July  25.  —  The  garrison  holding  the  fort  at  Niagara 
surrendered  to  the  colonial  forces. 

General  Prideaux,  in  command,  was  killed,  and  Sir  William  Johnson  assumed 
tlie  command. 

1759,  July  26.  —  Ticonderoga  surrendered  to  the  expedition 
under  General  Amherst. 

Crown  Point  was  found  deserted  by  the  garrison  a  few  days  afterwards.  The 
garrisons  had  been  weakened  to  aid  the  force  a^  Quebec. 

1759,  September  18.  —  Quebec  surrendered  to  the  expuUition 
under  General  Wolfe. 

Both  AVolfc,  and  Montcalm,  the  French  commander,  were  killed.  The  army 
had  in  the  night  climbed  the  face  of  the  precipice  which  the  French  had  considered 

impassable. 

1760.  —  In  May  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  decreed  "  fish- 
ing, being  advantageous,  and  likely  to  be  impaired  by  using  Tor- 
tudas  salt,  which  leaves  spots  on  fish  by  reason  of  shells  and  trash 
in  it,  that  no  fish  salted  with  Tortudas  salt,  and  thereby  spotted, 
shall  be  accounted  merchantable  fish." 

1760.  —  About  this  year  a  pottery  was  commenced  at  Camden 
South  Carolina,  by  an  Englishman  named  Bartlam. 

1760.  —  Russian  traders  landed  in  Alaska. 

1760.' — Paper-hangings  and  carpets  were  advertised  for  sale 
in  New  York  city. 

1760. —  A  COMPANY  of  actors  from  England  performed  in  Wil- 
liamsburg, Virginia. 

The  next  year  they  went  to  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  and  having  obtained  a 


!■>' 


254 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1760. 


license  to  act,  ft  theatre  wau  built  for  them.    The  mani^er  was  David  Douglass. 
The  company  afterwards  played  in  Providence. 

1760.  —  The  assessors  this  year  reported  within  Philadelphia 
County  eighty-three  grist-mills  and  forty  saw-mills. 

1760.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  voted  to  raise  a  thou- 
sand men,  for  defence  against  the  Indians. 

A  prejnium  of  twenty-five  pounds  was  offered  for  each  Indian  scalp.  North 
Carolina  offered  the  same  premium,  and  authorized  the  making  slaves  of  captive 
Indians. 

1760,  May.  — Vaudreuil,  the  governor- general  of  Canada,  made 
an  attv°.mpt  to  recover  Quebec. 

Murray,  commanding  the  garrison  at  Quebec,  moved  out  to  meet  the  French, 
and  was  defeated,  and  driven  back  and  besieged.  The  fortunate  arrival  of  some 
ships,  which  De  Leir,  the  commander  of  the  French,  supposed  was  the  expected 
English  fleet,  saved  the  city,  for  the  French  returned  to  Montreal. 

1760,  August.  —  The  Cherokee  Indians  captured  Fort  Lou- 
doun. 

The  garrison  surrendered,  and  a  part  of  them  were  massacred,  the  rest  being 
detained  as  prisoners. 

1760,  August.  —  Francis  Bernard  succeeded  to  the  governor- 
ship of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  been  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

1760,  September  9.  —  Montreal  surrendered  to  the  English. 

Three  expeditions  had  been  sont  against  it.  The  main  one,  under  General  Am- 
herst, descended  from  Oswego  down  the  lake  and  the  St.  Lawrence;  another, 
under  General  Murray,  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  from  Quebec ;  and  a  third,  under 
Colonel  Haviland,  advanced  by  Lake  Champlain  from  Crown  Point.  The  united 
forces  amounted  to  nearly  twenty  thousand  men.  The  capitulation  embraced  not 
only  Montreal,  but  all  the  other  ports  of  Western  Canada.  The  regular  troops 
were  sent  to  France,  and  the  inhabitants  guaranteed  their  property  and  religion. 
Some  twenty  millions  of  dollars'  worth  of  bills  on  France,  much  of  which  had 
been  used  as  a  circulation,  was  still  outstanding,  and  very  little  of  it  was  ever 
obtained  by  the  holders. 

1760.  —  Thomas  Boone  was  appointed  governor  of  South 
Carolina. 

1760.  —  Joseph  Hardy  was  appointed  governor  of  New  Jersey. 

1760, — William  Bull,  the  lieutenant-governor  of  South  Caro- 
lina, succeeded  to  the  administration. 

He  was  a  native  of  the  province.  Littleton  had  been  transferred  to  the  gover- 
norship of  Jamaica.    . 

1760.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  reduced  the  importation 
duty  on  slaves  to  ten  per  cent. 

It  had  been  raised  to  twenty.  The  argument  was  that  the  high  duty  lessened 
the  importation. 


1760-1.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


255 


1760.  —  The  proprietaries  of  Pennsylvania  superseded  Deputy- 
Governor  Denny,  and  gave  Hamilton  the  place. 

They  petitioned  also  for  the  royal  veto  upon  seventeen  acts  the  assembly  had 
passed,  by  which  they  were  bound,  although  the  acts  were  contrary  to  their 
instructions.  The  case  was  heard  before  the  Board  of  Trade,  Franklin  appearing 
for  the  assembly.  Six  of  the  acts  were  disallowed,  but  the  right  to  tax  the  pro- 
prietary estates  was  sustained. 

1760.  —  Cadwallader  Golden  was  appointed  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor of  New  York. 

Delancey  had  died  suddenly. 

1760.  —  Liverpool,  Queen's  County,  Nova  Scotia,  was  settled 
by  emigrants  from  Massachusetts. 

In  the  first  few  years  they  endured  great  hardships.  It  is  now  a  flourishing 
town,  carrying  on  a  large  fishery  of  salmon,  mackerel,  and  herring,  and  exporting 
vast  quantities  of  lumber.     Its  harbor  is  always  open. 

1761,  June.  —  The  Cherokees  were  defeated  and  their  villages 
burned. 

Tlie  Indians  sued  for  peace,  which  was  made  with  them.  Grant  had  been  sent 
with  a  highland  regiment,  and  his  force  was  increased  with  levies  in  Carolina.  Mid- 
dleto..,  Moultrie,  Gadsden,  and  Marion,  who  servcu  subsequently  in  the  Revolution, 
took  part  in  this  campaign. 

1761,  October.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  granted  per- 
mission to  a  lottery  for  making  a  passage  round  Pautucket  Falls. 

The  following  provision  is  noticeable  :  "  So  that  fish  of  almost  every  kind,  who 
choose  fresh  water  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  may  pass  with  ease." 

1761.  —  In  November,  James  Otis  of  Boston,  made  his  argu- 
ment on  writs  of  assistance. 

A  collector  of  the  city  had  applied  to  the  superior  court  of  Massachusetts  for 
"a  writ  of  assistance,"  or  an  authorization  to  search  any  house  for  merchandise 
liable  to  duty,  and  the  grant  of  the  order  was  opposed  by  Otis.  The  writs  were 
granted. 

James  Otis  was  born  in  West  Barnstable,  Mag8.,February  5, 1725 ;  died,  in  Ando- 
ver,  May  23, 1783.  To  make  this  speech  he  resigned  his  ofllce  of  advocate-general, 
refusing  to  argue  in  favor  of  the  writs  of  assistance.  In  1762  he  was  elected  to 
the  legislature.  In  June,  1765,  he  introduced  the  motion  for  the  calling  of  a  con- 
gress from  the  several  colonies.  In  1769,  finding  the  commissioners  of  customs 
had  sent  accusations  against  him  to  England,  he  denounced  them  in  the  Boston 
Gazette.  The  next  evening,  at  a  coffee-house,  Robinson,  one  of  the  commission- 
ers, struck  him  on  the  head.  In  1771  he  was  again  chosen  representative,  but 
from  the  time  of  his  encounter  with  Robinson  to  his  death  he  was  always  deranged, 
his  lucid  intervals  being  only  temporary.  He  was  struck  by  lightning  while  stand- 
ing in  the  doorway  of  the  house  where  he  lived  in  Andover. 

1761.  —  James  Adams  set  up  a  press  this  year  in  Wilmington, 
Delaware. 
Adams  had  previously  had  a  press  in  Philadelphia.    In  1762  he  issued  pro- 


266 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1761-2. 


1762.] 


posals  for  the  Wilmington  Courant. 
was  done  in  Philadelphia. 


Before  hi8  arrival  the  priming  of  the  province 


1761.  —  General  Moncton  was  commissioned  as  governor  of 
New  York. 

He  sailed  with  a  fleet  against  the  French  in  the  "West  Indies,  aided  by  colonial 
.roops.  Generals  Montgomery,  Gates,  and  Lyman  served  in  this  expedition, 
which  was  successful  in  conquering  for  England  all  the  French  islands  in  the 
Caribbees. 

1762.  —  Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  on  the  Cape  Fear  River, 
was  settled. 

In  1784  it  received  its  present  name,  being  known  before  as  Cross  Creek. 
In  1831  it  was  nearly  destroyed  by  fire,  and  a  subscription  was  taken  up  by  the 
people  of  the  whole  country  for  its  relief,  amounting  to  about  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  towns  in  the  state,  and  exports  large  quan- 
tities of  lumber,  tar,  and  turpentine. 

1762.  —  Henry  William  Steigel,  a  German  baron,  laid  out  the 
village  of  Manheim,  in  Pennsylvania,  and  erected  iron- works  and 
glass-works. 

The  attempt  was  unsuccessful.  The  baron  sought  to  introduce  some  of  the 
customs  of  feudalism.  The  outbreak  of  the  war  stopped  his  receipt  of  money 
from  Europe.  Tlie  glass-works  were  abandoned,  and  the  iron-works  were  sold  to 
a  Mr.  Coleman,  by  whom  they  were  successfully  carried  on. 

1762,  January  4.  —  England  declared  war  against  Spain. 

1762,  February  6.  —  Parliament  appropriated  one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  thousand  pounds  to  the  colonies  for  war  expenses. 

1762,  April. — James  Rivington  established  in  New  York  the 
Royal  Gazette,  a  newspaper  in  support  of  the  royalist  principles. 

James  Rivington  was  a  London  bookseller,  who  settled  in  Philadelphia  in  17C0. 
The  next  year  he  moved  to  New  York,  and  began  business  there  with  branch  liouses 
in  Boston  and  Philadelphia.  The  Royal  Gazette  claimed  at  one  time  to  have  a 
subscription  list  of  throe  thousand.  Its  persistent  misrepresentations  of  the  popu- 
lar movement  of  the  Revolution  caused  it  to  be  called  Rivington's  Lying  Gazette 
by  the  patriots.  The  paper  was  first  called  Rivington's  New  York  Gazetteer,  or 
the  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  Hudson  River,  and  Quebec  Advertiser.  Its  office  was 
twice  sacked ;  once  by  tlie  Sons  of  Liberty,  and  the  second  time  by  the  Connec- 
ticut militia.  Afler  this,  Rivington  went  back  to  England,  obtained  the  appoint- 
ment as  the  king's  printer,  and,  returning,  reissued  his  paper,  changing  its  name 
to  Rivington's  Royal  Gazette.  When  the  Revolution  was  drawing  to  a  close,  lie 
called  it  Rivington's  New  York  Gazette  and  Universal  Advertiser,  and  its  publi- 
cation ceased  in  1783.    Rivington  himself  died  in  1802,  at  the  age  of  78. 

1762,  July  30.  —  The  English  fleet  and  army  captured  the 
Moro  Castle  in  Cuba. 


Havana  surrendered  on  the  13th  of  August, 
mated  at  three  millions  of  pounds. 


The  wealth  captured  was  esti- 


1671 
forbidc 

1762 
RItodo 
the  Pn 

Willif 
For  aboi 
senior  pa 
suljsequu 

1762. 
legal  te 

It  hiid 
The  rate 
ported. 

1762. 

that  the 
House," 
and  aftej 

A  prom 

spinners. 

1762.- 
Manufact 
cocoons  ] 

1762.- 

preciuctis 
suporvist 
poor,  tliiH 
tiiigencie 

Those  W( 
ants "  asseii 

1762.- 
Delawar( 
"Pper  one 
"  opposite 

1762,  ]S 
surrender 

Canada 
'shmd  of  N( 
•<»  Kngland 
The  entire  n 
'ii;r  former  r 
was  very  dis 
years  before 
ruary  10,  17( 
"pon  an  arm 


1762.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


257 


1672,  July.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhodo  Island  passed  an  act 
forbidding  theatrical  representations. 

1762.  —  William  Goddard  set  up  the  first  press  in  Providence, 
RI\odo  Island,  tiiis  year.  Ho  commenced  this  year  the  issue  of 
the  Providence  Gazette  and  Country  Journal. 

William  Goddard  went  afterwards  to  Pliiladelpliia,  and  lad t  to  Baltimore. 
For  about  two  years  the  Gazette  was  published  by  Sarah  Goddard  &  Co.,  the 
senior  partner  of  the  firm  being  his  mother,  and  the  Co.,  John  Carter,  who  was 
subsequently  the  proprietor. 

1762.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  Massachusetts  making  gold  a 
legal  tender  at  two  and  a  half  pence  silver  per  grain. 

It  hivd  previously  circulnted  by  weight,  and  silver  was  the  general  currency. 
Tlie  rate  for  gold  being  five  per  cent,  more  than  it  was  worth,  silver  was  ex- 
ported. 

1762.  —  Public  notice  was  given  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
that  the  spinning-school  was  again  opened  in  the  "  Manufacturing 
House,"  where  any  one  who  wished  might  come  to  learn,  gratis, 
and  after  three  months'  instruction  would  be  paid  for  spinning. 

A  premium  of  eighteen  pounds  was  at  the  same  time  oficred  for  the  four  best 
spinners. 

1762.  —  The  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  the  Arts, 
Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  in  London,  offered  premiums  for 
cocoons  raised  in  Georgia  and  South  Carolina. 

1762.  —  An  act  of  the  assembly  of  New  York  creating  tw 
precincts,  authorizes   the   choice    of  "one    precinct  clerk,  oui 
supervisor,  two  assessors,  one  collector,  three  overseers  of  the 
poor,  three  fence  viewers,  one  pound  master,''  and  in  certain  con- 
tingencies, "  four  constables  and  six  overseers  of  the  highways." 

These  were  to  be  yearly  chosen  "  by  the  majority  of  the  voices  of  the  inhabit- 
ants "  assembled  in  town  meeting. 

1762.  —  William  Moore,  a  native  of  Ireland,  removed  from 
Delaware  to  Baltimore,  and  purchased  mill-sites  there.  The 
upper  ones  he  sold  to  Joseph  EUicott  and  others,  wiio  built  a  mill 
"opposite  the  site  of  the  jail." 

1762,  November  3.  —  By  the  treaty  of  Fontainebleau,  France 
surrendered  all  her  territorial  possessions  in  America. 

Canada  and  its  dependencies,  with  all  the  region  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
island  of  New  Orleans  excepted,  passed  to  England's  jurisdiction.  Spain  ceded 
to  England  Florida  in  exchange  for  Havana,  while  Louisiana  was  given  to  Spain. 
Tl'e  entire  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  was  to  be  free.  France  was  to  retain  all 
lior  former  rights  in  the  fisheries  of  Newfoundland.  The  transfer  of  Louisiana 
was  very  distasteful  to  the  ten  thousand  inhabitants  it  contained,  and  it  was  six 
years  before  Spain  took  possession  of  the  country.  The  treaty  was  signed  Feb- 
ruary 10,  1763.  The  above  date  is  v/hen  preliminary  articles  of  peace,  agreeing 
upon  an  armistice,  were  signed. 

17 


258 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1763. 


1763. — Wyoming  Valley,  Ponn.,  which  had  been  purchased 
of  the  Delaware  Indians  in  1753,  by  an  association  called  tho 
Susquehanna  Company,  lormed  irj  Connecticut,  was  first  settled. 

Soon  after,  the  gcttUincnt  was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  the  settlers  driven  awny, 
and  for  some  years  the  valley  remained  uninhabited. 

1763.  —  St.  Louis  was  occupied  as  a  trading  post  by  tho 
brothers  August  and  Pierre  Chouteau,  traders  in  furs,  and  given 
its  present  name. 

Their  right  to  trade  was  granted  by  M.  D'Abadie,  then  director-general  of 
Louisiana,  in  17G2,  and  the  company  of  which  the  brothers  were  the  leaders  built 
a  house  and  four  stores,  of  which  they  took  possession  February  13,  1764.  Their 
descendants  are  still  engaged  in  the  fur  trade  of  the  West  and  Southwest,  and 
Pierre  Chouteau  lived  in  St.  Louis  until  1849,  when  he  died,  aged  89.  St.  Louis 
was  granted  a  city  charter  in  1822,  at  which  time  it  had  about  five  thousand  inhab- 
itants. It  is  the  leading  city  of  the  West,  and  has  an  inunense  trade  and  large 
manufacturing  interests. 

1763,  March  26.  —  Parliament  appropriated  one  hundred  and 
thirty-three  thousand  pounds  for  the  American  colonies. 

1763,  June  13.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  decreed  that 
silver  and  gold  should  be  the  only  legal  tender  for  contracts, 
except  by  special  agreement. 

It  also  fixed  the  values  at  which  the  paper  currency  should  circulate. 

1763.  —  Admiral  Colvill,  in  a  letter  from  Halifax,  dated  Oc- 
tober 22,  gave  notice  to  the  governor  of  Rhode  Island  that  the 
"  Squirril "  would  be  stationed  at  Newport  to  execute  the  revenue 
acts. 

Newport  was  then  one  of  the  chief  commercial  ports  of  the  country.  The 
newspapers  of  the  time  give  notice  of  the  arrival  of  other  vessels  at  various  ports 
for  the  same  purpose. 

The  Boston  Evening  Poft,  November  21,  said:  "The  sugar  act  has  from  its 
first  publication  (17S3)  been  adjudged  so  unnatural,  that  hardly  any  attempts  have 
been  made  to  carry  it  into  execution." 

Hutchinson  says  :  "The  terms  Whig  and  Tory  had  never  been  much  used  in 
America,"  but  that  "  all  on  a  sudden  the  officers  of  the  crown,  .and  such  as  were 
for  keeping  up  their  authority,  were  branded  with  the  name  of  Tories." 

1763,  November  1.  —  The  Gazette  was  published  in  Now  Lon- 
don, Connecticut. 

Its  name  was  changed  in  1773  to  the  Connecticut  Gazette. 

1763,  December  2.  —  A  synagogue  wag  dedicated  in  Newport, 
Rhode  Island. 

1763. —  The  mill-sites  on  the  Patapsco,  in  Maryland,  were 
occupied  for  corn-mills  by  Joseph  EUicott  and  J.  &  H.  Burgess, 
from  Bucks  County,  Pennsylvania. 

1763.  — An  act  of  parliament  prohibited  the  issue  of  bills  of 
credit  as  a  legal  tender. 


1763-4 

1763 
Americ 

These 
bounded 
being  ann 
Gulf  of  A 
northern  1 
extended 
NiUchc'z  a 
southern  c 
of  north  li 
cut,  taking 
water-shed 
given  the 
prohibited, 
tlie  Iiead-w 

1763.- 

tho  who]( 

AH  the  ] 
Ligonier,  w 
excitement  ] 
of  Hum,  tha 
to  Philadelp 

1763.- 
issued  at 

It  was  pi 
press  there. 

1763.- 
Savannah, 

Before  thi 
Carolina.  J 
He  publi8he( 
monced  the  C 
before  the  Rt 

1763.— 
iiies  of  An 

1763.  — 
boundary  I. 
observatory 

This  is  sail 

1764. 
public  feel 

It  says : 
the  northward 
entire  stagnati 


1 


1763-4.] 


ANN^iLS   OF  NOKTU    VMERICA. 


259 


1763.  —  By  proclamation  three  new  provinces  were  created  in 
America. 

These  were  East  Florida,  West  Florida,  and  Quebec.  East  Florida  was 
bounded  on  the  north  by  the  St.  Mary's  River,  the  territory  to  the  Altamalia 
being  annexed  to  Georgia.  West  Florida  was  bounded  by  the  Appalachicola,  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico,  the  Mississippi,  and  Lakes  Pontchartrain  and  Maurcpas.  The 
northern  line  was  the  thirty-first  degree  of  north  latitude,  v.hich  was  afterwards 
extended  to  a  line  due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Ynzoo,  in  order  to  include 
Natchez  and  the  settlements  about  it.  Quebec  was  bounded  by  a  line  from  the 
gouthern  end  of  Lake  Nepissing,  striking  the  St.  Lawrence  at  the  forty-flfth  degree 
of  north  latitude,  and  following  that  parallel  to  the  head-waters  of  the  Connecti- 
cut, taking  in  a  part  of  Lake  Champlain ;  thenco  along  the  highlands  dividing  the 
vuter-sheds  of  the  St.  Lawrence  from  those  that  fall  into  the  sea.  Lands  were 
given  the  discharged  soldiers,  and  all  private  purchases  from  the  Indians  were 
prohibited,  nor,  except  in  Florida  and  Quebec,  were  lands  to  bo  taken  up  beyond 
tlie  head-vfaterfi  of  the  streams  flowing  into  the  Atlantic. 

1763.  —  A  SIMULTANEOUS  attack  was  made  by  the  Indians  along 
the  whole  frontier  of  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

AH  the  ports  iv  the  western  country,  except  Niagara,  Detroit,  Fort  Pitt,  and 
Ligonier,  were  taken,  and  the  last  three  were  blockaded.  In  Pennsylvania  the 
excitement  produced  such  a  rage  against  the  Indians,  who  were  called  the  children 
of  Ilam,  that  the  converts  of  the  Moravians  were  massacred,  and  a  mob  advanced 
to  Philadelphia  to  kill  such  as  had  escaped  there. 

1763.  —  The  Cape  Fear  Gazette  and  Wilmington  Advertiser  wag 
issued  at  Wilmington,  North  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  Andrew  Stewart,  who  had  recently  established  a  printing- 
press  there.     It  lived  until  1767. 

1763.  —  James  Johnson,  a  Scotchman,  established  a  press  in 
Savannah,  Georgia. 

Before  this  the  public  printing  for  the  province  was  done  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina.  Johnson  was  made  the  public  printer  and  was  handsomely  paid  for  it. 
He  published  an  edition  of  the  Laws,  and  in  1708,  on  the  17th  of  April,  com- 
menced the  Georgia  Oazette.  He  continued  this  paper  twenty-seven  years,  and 
before  the  Revolution  it  was  the  only  paper  in  the  province. 

1763.  —  The  importations  of  British  manufactures  to  the  colo- 
nies of  America  amounted  to  fifteen  millions  of  dollars  this  year. 

1763.  —  Mason  and  Dixon,  two  surveyors,  engaged  to  run  the 
boundary  line  between  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania,  erected  an 
observatory  in  the  southern  part  of  Philadelphia. 

This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  observatory  in  the  country. 

1764.  —  A  LETTER,  in  September,  from  Virginia,  shows  the 
public  feeling  of  the  time. 

It  says :  "  The  acts  of  Parliament  have  made  such  impressions  on  the  minds  of 
Ae  northward  people,  and  the  men-of-war  so  strictly  enforce  them,  that  there  is  an 
entire  stagnation  of  trade.    Notliing  do  they  talk  of  but  their  own  manufactures ; 


260 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1764. 


the  downfall  of  England  and  the  riso  of  America  is  Bung  by  the  common  ballad- 
singers  about  tlic  struots,  na  if  in  a  littlo  timo  wo  sbould  supply  oursulvcs  witli 
most  of  tho  ncceti8ttric8  wu  UHcd  before  to  take  from  England." 

Another  letter  from  Hoston,  in  October,  say.s :  "The  practice  of  putting  on 
mourning  iit  funerals  is  already  almost  abolished  in  this  town ;  the  new  method  of 
only  wearing  a  crape  tied  around  the  arm  is  introduced  in  several  of  the  neigh- 
boring towns,  and  it  is  to  be  wished  it  might  prevail  throughout  the  government; 
tho  saving  to  this  town  only,  it  is  judged,  would  bo  twenty  thousand  pounds  per 
annum." 

The  first  f\ineral  conducted  without  mourning  and  gifts  was  that  of  Ellis  Cal- 
londer- 

1764.  —  In  November,  tho  "  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Arts, 
Agriculture,  and  Economy,"  was  organized  at  New  York  city. 

The  chief  object  of  tho  society  was  stated  to  be  the  encouragement  of  the 
manufacture  of  lincij,  thorcby  increasing  the  value  of  land,  giving  employment  to 
the  poor,  and  saving  the  public  largo  .sums  of  money  and  heavy  debts  for  Eng- 
lish goods.  At  a  meeting  in  December,  committees  were  appointed  on  arts,  on 
agriculture,  on  economy,  and  on  correspondence.  Premiums  were  afterwards 
ofibrcd  for  linen  thread  and  cloth,  and  various  other  articles.  The  use  of  mourn- 
ing at  funerals  was  objected  to,  and  the  use  of  homespun  for  garments  became 
general. 

1764.  —  Parliament  extended  the  prohibition  of  the  issue  of 
paper  money  to  all  of  the  colonies. 

1764.  —  Robert  Sandemax  landed  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
from  Glasgow. 

He  was  the  founder  of  the  sect  of  Sandemanians. 

1764,  February  27.  —  Rhode  Island  College  was  incorporated 
by  the  Rhode  Island  assembly. 

It  is  now  known  as  Brown  University.  It  was  at  first  located  at  Warren,  but 
six  years  after  was  removed  to  Providence.  The  college  was  founded  by  the 
Philadelphia  Association  of  Baptist  Churches,  vor  the  education  of  th'-ir  minis- 
ters. The  charter  expressly  forbids  the  use  of  religious  tests ;  of  the  thirty-six 
trustees,  twenty-two  must  be  Baptists,  and  five  Quakers,  five  Episcopalians,  and 
four  Congregationalists.  The  name  was  changed  in  honor  of  Nicholas  Brown,  of 
Providence,  who  was  a  generous  benefactor  to  the  college. 

.    1764,  March  9.  —  Resolutions  were  passed  in  parliament  in 
favor  of  a  stamp  act. 

The  scheme  of  taxation  was  brought  forward  by  tho  prime  minister,  Grenville. 
It  had  been  spoken  of  before,  and  news  of  the  intention  had  been  received  by  tlie 
colonies.  The  resolution  was  "  that  Parliament  had  a  right  to  tax  the  colonies," 
and  such  a  stamp  act  as  the  minister  proposed  was  recommended.  In  A  )ril  tho 
"Sugar  act"  was  put  in  force,  reducing  one  half  the  duties  on  imported  sugar 
and  molasses,  and  levying  duties  on  coflbe,  pimonto,  French  and  East  India 
goods,  and  wines  from  Madeira  and  the  Azores,  and  adding  iron  and  lumber  to  the 
enumerated  articles.  Tho  preamble  described  it  as  an  act  for  "  raising  a  revenue 
for  defraying  the  expenses  of  defending,  protecting  and  securing  his  majesty's 
dominions  in  America."  Increased  jurisdiction  was  given  the  colonial  admiralty 
courts,  for  the  collection  of  this  revenue. 


1764.] 

176' 
byterii 
synod. 

176^ 
of  the 
the  pul 

possesa 
niorce  ^ 

1764, 
and  pn 
colonies 

A  set  c 
ing  their  ( 
with  sayin 
with  us  in 
ors,  that  tl 
applicatior 
instruction 
tlie  day. 
papers. 

1764,  ] 
Hartford, 

A  specin 
Thomas  Gr 
changes  in  : 
time.  Grei 
the  first  in 

1764.- 
at  Philad( 

It  was  ad 

natives  of  tl 

1764.  - 
min  West 

1764. 

published 
tlie  admin 

Bernard  h 
at  the  time 
governments 
number  of  th 
and  transfer  ; 
linos.     If  tht 
American  pr 
A  nobility,  jq 
«ive  strength 
tary  nobility 


1764.] 


ANNALS   OP  NOllTU  AMERICA. 


261 


1764,  March  24.  —  A  circular  letter  was  issued  by  the  Pres- 
byteriaua  of  Philadelphia,  preparatory  to  the  orgauizatioQ  of  a 
synod. 

1764,  Aprii.  19.  —  George  III.,  on  proroguing  parliament,  spoke 
of  the  "  wise  regulations  which  had  been  established  to  augment 
the  public  revenues,  to  unite  the  interests  of  the  most  distant 
possessions  of  the  crown,  and  to  encourage  and  secure  their  com- 
merce with  Great  Britain.' 

1764,  May  24.  —  The  anrual  town  meeting  was  held  at  Boston, 
and  protested  against  the  proposed  system  of  taxation  of  the 
colonies. 

A  set  of  instructions,  written  by  Samuel  Adams  to  its  representatives  concern- 
ing tlicir  course  in  tlie  next  meeting  of  general  court,  were  adopted.  Tliey  closed 
with  saying :  '*  As  his  miijesty's  other  Northern  American  colonies  are  embarked 
witii  us  in  this  most  important  bottom,  we  further  desire  you  to  use  your  endeav- 
ors, tltat  their  weiglit  may  be  added  to  that  of  this  province ;  that  by  the  united 
applications  of  all  who  are  aggrieved,  all  may  happily  obtain  redress."  Theso 
instructions  were  drawn  up  by  Samuel  Adams,  and  were  printed  in  the  papers  of 
tlic  day.  The  original,  in  Adams's  handwriting,  is  still  preserved  among  his 
papers. 

1764,  November  19.  —  The  Connecticut  Courant  was  issued  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut. 

A  specimen  number  was  issued  on  the  29th  of  October.  It  was  published  by 
Thomas  Green.  During  tlie  war  its  publisher  was  Ebenezer  Watson.  Various 
changes  in  its  proprietorship  have  occurred  in  its  existence  down  to  the  present 
time.  Green  waa  a  grandson  of  Timothy  Green  of  New  Londjn.  His  press  was 
the  first  in  Hartford,  and  the  Courant  tlie  tliird  newspaper  in  Connecticut. 

1764.  —  The  first  medical  school  in  the  country  was  established 
at  Pliiladelphia. 

It  was  added  to  the  Pennsylvania  College.  Doctors  Shippcn  and  Morgan,  both 
natives  of  the  province,  were  chiefly  instrumental  in  establisiiing  it. 

1764.  —  Copley  began  to  paint  portraits  in  Boston,  and  Benja- 
min West  in  Now  York. 

1764.  —  Francis  Bernard,  in  his  Principles  of  Law  and  Polity, 
publiv<hed  this  year  in  London,  spoke  of  the  advantage  of  unifying 
the  administration  of  the  colonies. 

Bernard  had  been  governor  of  New  Jersey,  and  was  governor  of  M.assachusetts 
at  the  time  of  this  publication.  In  his  worlc  lie  siiys  :  "To  settle  the  American 
governments  to  the  greatest  possible  advantage,  it  will  be  necessary  to  reduce  tlio 
number  of  them ;  in  some  places  to  unite  and  consolidate ;  in  others  to  separate 
and  transfer ;  and  in  general  to  divide  by  nsitural  boundaries  instead  of  imaginary 
linos.  If  tiiere  should  be  but  one  forr^  '>f  government  established  for  the  North- 
American  provinces,  it  would  greatly  facilitate  the  reformation  of  them.  .  .  . 
A  nobility,  appointed  by  the  king  for  life  and  made  independent,  would  probiibly 
Rive  strength  and  stability  to  the  American  governments  as  effectually  as  heredi- 
tary nobility  does  to  that  of  Great  Britain." 


m 


262 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1764. 


1764.  —  A  PAMPHLKT,  by  James  Otis,  entitled  ITte  Biyhts  of  the 
British  Colonies  cuserted  and  proved,  was  published  in  Boston. 

Thin  puniplilct  was  n  intt'd  in  London.  It  iiold  tiiut  in  theory,  civil  govvrn- 
mont  wtts  of  God,  and  tlit-  puoplo  were  the  originul  poHsensors  of  jMjwer ;  that  in 
fact  tlic  British  constitution  was  the  oiubodinient  of  power,  and  tliut  by  tiiis  the 
colonies  eiyoyed  the  rigiit  of  governing  and  taxing  theniHelvcs  through  tlieir  local 
legislatures.  The  EngliNli  reprint  was  thus  advertised  in  a  London  paper  :  '•  As 
the  ministry  propose  to  tax  the  Americans,  this  excellent  treatise,  which  was 
lately  publish<!d  in  the  colonies  and  universally  approved  of  there,  is  highly  neces- 
sary for  the  perusal  of  tlie  members  of  both  Houses,  and  of  such  who  choose  to 
make  tlicmselves  masters  of  an  argument  so  little  understood,  but  of  so  great 
consequence  to  every  British  subject  and  lover  of  constitutional  liberty."  The 
general  court  of  Massachusetts  accepted  it.  Pamphlets  against  the  proposed 
taxation  were  printed  in  Connecticut,  Rhode  Island,  Maryland,  and  Virginia. 

1764.  —  On  the  30th  of  May  the  general  court  met.  Jumoa 
Otis  was  one  of  the  lepresentatives  from  Boston,  and  his  paniplilot 
was  read  aad  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  agent  of  the  colony  at 
London. 

On  the  13th  of  Juno  it  was  "  ordered  that  Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Thatcher,  Mr.  Cush- 
ing,  Capt.  Sheafo  and  Mr.  Gray  be  a  committee,  in  the  recess  of  the  court,  to 
write  to  the  other  governments,  to  acquaint  them  with  the  instructions  this  day 
voted  to  be  sent  to  the  agent  of  tliis  province,  directing  him  to  use  his  endcavora 
to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  Sugar  act,  and  to  exert  himself  to  prevent  a  stamp  act, 
or  any  other  impositions  and  taxes  upon  this  and  the  other  American  provinces, 
and  that  the  said  committee,  in  the  name  and  behalf  of  tliis  House,  desire  the 
several  assemblies  on  this  continent  to  join  with  them  in  the  same  measures." 

1764.  —  The  colony  of  Rhode  Island  remonstrated  to  the  Lords 
of  Trade  against  the  Sugar  Act. 

The  remonstrance  as  dated  January  24.  Their  agent  was  directed  to  present 
it,  provided  any  three  of  the  agents  of  the  other  colonies  would  unite  with  him. 

1764.  — On  the  30th  of  July  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island 
elected  a  committee  to  correspond  with  the  assemblies  of  tho 
Qther  colonies. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Stephen  Hopkins,  the  governor,  who  was  its  chair- 
man, Daniel  Jenckcs,  and  Mr.  Nicholas  Brown.  They  addressed  a  letter  to 
Benjamin  Franklin,  who  was  then  the  speaker  of  the  Pennsylvania  assembly. 
A  pamphlet,  by  Stephen  Hopkins,  on  tho  rights  of  the  colonies,  was  reprinted  in 
New  York. 

1764.  —  On  the  18th  of  October  the  assembly  of  New  York 
ordered  their  committee  of  correspondence  to  correspond  with 
the  several  assemblies,  or  committees  of  assemblies,  on  this  con- 
tinent. 

The  assembly  issued  an  address  to  Lieutenant-Governor  Colden,  which  was 
written  by  Philip  Livingston. 

1764.  —  The  assemblies  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New 
York,  Pennsylvania,  South  Carolina,  and  Virginia,  sent  petitions 


1764-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


263 


ahd  romonstrancos  ngainst  the  proposed  Btamp  act,  and  diroctod 
thoir  agents  in  London  to  act  together. 

The  petition  to  tlio  kinpf  and  the  memorial  to  the  liords,  ft-om  Vifffinia,  wm 
written  l>y  UichurJ  Henry  Leo,  and  the  memorial  to  the  Commons  by  (ieorgo 
Wythe. 

T764.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  olootod  a  committee 
to  express  their  agreement  with  the  views  of  the  circular  letter 
from  Massachusetts. 

1764.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  sent  Franklin  to  Eng- 
land as  their  agent,  to  solicit  the  abrogation  of  the  proprietary 
government,  and  the  establishment  of  a  royal  one  in  the  province. 

Before  he  left,  they  inHtructed  him  also  to  oppose  the  proposed  taxation  of  the 
colonics. 

1764.  —  John  Bkown,  from  New  Jersey,  established  a  pottery 
at  Baltimore. 

He  had  learned  the  trade  at  Wilmington,  Delaware.  The  town  then  contained 
fifly  houses. 

1764.  —  A  SETTLEMENT  was  bcgun  at  Fort  Pitt. 

Emigration  hcj^an  to  push  out  all  through  the  western  territory.  The  territory 
in  which  Fort  I'itt  was  situated  was  claimed  both  by  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania. 
On  application  of  Governor  Colden,  of  New  York,  a  royal  order  had  been  issued 
duclaring  the  Connecticut  to  be  the  boundary  between  New  York  and  New  Harap- 
sliire,  but  Wentworth,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire,  had  granted  lands  now  in 
the  limits  of  Vermont.  Throughout  the  south  emigration  increased,  and  in  East 
and  West  Florida  and  Louisiana,  pioneers  began  to  penetrate. 

1764-5.  —  Hugh  Gaine  printed  the  Notes  and  Proceedings  of 
the  Mouse  of  Assembly  of  New  York  from  1691  to  1765,  in  two 
volumes  folio,  of  one  thousand  pages  each. 

1765,  Makch.  —  The  Stamp  Act  received  the  royal  assent. 

By  this  a  duty  of  one  halfpenny  was  imposed  on  all  pamphlets  and  newspopcrs, 
which  were,  after  November,  to  be  printed  on  stanipcd  paper.  On  a  publication 
not  exceeding  six  sheets,  the  tax  was  two  shillings;  on  all  advertisements,  two 
shillings ;  on  all  almanacs,  two  pence  a  year,  if  on  one  side  of  a  sheet,  and  four 
pence  on  all  others. 

The  act  was  generally  disregarded,  especially  in  New  England.  Newspapers 
were  printed,  and  legal  documents  were  executed,  on  common  paper  as  before. 
Stamps  were  also  required  for  legal  documents,  but  the  judges  generally  con- 
tinued the  cases  before  them  without  noticing  the  want  of  stamps. 

1765,  April  29.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  contained  the  follow- 
ing:— 

"  Whose  natural  right  is  infringed  by  the  erection  of  an  American  wind  mill,  or 
the  occupation  of  a  water  mill  on  a  man's  own  land,  provided  he  does  not  flood  his 
neighbours?  ...  A  colonist  cannot  make  a  button,  a  horse  shoe,  nor  a  hob  nail, 
but  some  sooty  iron  monger  or  respectable  button  maker  of  Britain  shall  bawl  and 
squall  that  his  honor's  worship  is  most  egrcgiously  maltreated,  ii^ured,  cheated 
and  robbed  by  the  rascally  American  republicans." 


2d4 


ANNALS  OF  NCRTH  AMERICA. 


[1765. 


tm'' 


1765,  Mat  27.  —  The  Boston  Post  Boy  and  Advertiser  printed 
a  letter  from  Jared  Ingersoll,  of  Connecticut,  dated  New  London, 
May  10,  1765,  containing  his  report  of  Isaac  Barrc's  speech 
against  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Mr.  Ingersoll  was  prcstat  at  its  delivery,  lie  printed  a  pamphlet,  entitled  Mr. 
IngersoU's  Letters  relating  to  the  Stamp  Act,  tlie  preface  to  whieh  was  dated  New 
Haven,  June  15,  178C.  The  version,  as  first  printed,  is  as  follows  :  "Mr.  Charles 
Townshend  spoke  in  favor  of  tno  bill  (stamp  duty),  and  concliuled  his  speech  ly 
saying  to  the  following  effect :  '  These  children  of  our  own  jjlanting  (speaking  of 
Americans),  nourished  by  our  indulgence  until  they  are  gro'.^n  to  a  good  degree 
of  strength  and  opulence,  and  protected  by  our  arms,  will  they  grudge  to  con- 
tribute their  mito  to  relieve  us  from  the  heavy  lojtd  of  national  c  xpensc  which  we 
lie  under? ' 

"Wliich  having  said  and  sat  down,  Mr.  Barr6  arose,  and,  with  eyes  darting 
fire  and  an  outstretched  arm,  spoke  as  follows,  with  a  voice  somewhat  elevated 
and  with  a  sternness  in  his  countenance  which  expressed  in  a  most  lively  manner 
the  feelings  of  his  h'^art :  '  Children  planted  by  your  care  ?  No !  Your  oppres- 
sion planted  thom  in  America;  they  fled  from  your  tyranny  into  a  then  unculti- 
vated land,  where  they  were  expof-ed  to  almost  all  the  hardships  to  which  human 
nature  is  liable,  and  among  others,  to  the  savage  cruelty  of  the  enemy  of  the 
country,  —  a  people  the  most  subtle,  and,  I  take  upon  me  to  say,  the  most  truly 
terrible  of  any  people  that  ever  inhabited  any  part  of  God's  earth ;  and  yet  actu- 
ated l)y  principles  of  true  English  liberty,  they  met  all  these  hardshijjs  with  pleas- 
ure, compared  wi...  those  they  suffered  in  their  own  country  from  the  hands  of 
those  that  should  have  been  their  friends. 

"  '  They  nourished  by  your  indulgence?  They  grew  by  you'-  neglect  of  them. 
As  soon  as  you  began  to  care  about  them,  that  care  was  exercised  in  sending  pc- 
sons  to  rule  over  them,  in  one  department  and  another,  who  were  perhaps  the 
deputies  of  some  deputy  of  members  of  this  House,  sent  to  spy  out  their  liberty, 
to  misreprcEcnt  their  actions,  and  to  prey  upon  them,  —  men  whose  behavior,  on 
many  occasions,  has  caused  the  blood  of  these  Sons  of  Liberty  to  recoil  within 
them,  —  men  promoted  to  the  highest  scats  of  justice  :  sonic,  to  my  knowledge, 
were  glad  by  going  to  a  foreign  country  to  escape  being  brought  to  a  bar  of  justice 
in  their  own. 

"  'They  protected  by  your  arms?  They  have  nobly  taken  up  arms  in  your 
defence,  have  exerted  their  valor,  amidst  their  constant  and  laborious  industry, 
for  the  defence  cf  a  country  whose  frontiers,  while  drenclied  in  blood,  its  interior 
partr  have  yielded  all  its  little  savings  to  your  enlargement;  and,  believe  me, — 
remember  I  this  day  told  you  so,  —  that  the  same  spirit  which  actuated  tiiat  people 
at  first  will  continue  with  them  still ;  but  prudence  forbids  me  to  explain  myself 
any  further.  God  knows,  I  uo  not  at  this  time  speak  from  motives  of  party  heat. 
What  I  deliver  .are  tlie  genuine  sentiments  of  my  h'^art:  however  superior  to  me 
in  general  knowledge  and  experience  the  respectable  body  of  tliis  House  vuy  be, 
yet  I  claim  to  now  more  of  America  than  most  of  you,  having  seen  and  been 
conversant  in  ilu  l  country.  The  people  there  arc  as  truly  loyal,  I  believe,  n  any 
BuVyects  the  king  has;  but  a  people  jealous  of  their  liberties,  and  who  will  vindi- 
cate them,  if  they  should  be  violated.  But  the  subject  is  too  dc-'catc.  I  will  say 
no  more' " 

It  was  the  general  publication  of  Barre'p  speech  which  j^n  o  rise  to  the  term, 
"  Sons  of  Liberty,"  which  became  general  throughout  the  colonies. 

1765,  May  29.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  met,  and,  on 


1765.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


265 


1  term, 


the  6th  of  Juno,  appointed  a  committee  of  nine  to  consider  the 
state  of  public  affairs.  The  committee  reported,  advising  a 
congress  of  delegates  from  the  various  assemblies,  which  was 
adopted  on  tlie  8th.  On  the  24th  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
prepare  instructions  for  the  delegates  and  a  letter  to  the  agent. 
On  tiio  25tii  the  house  ordered  "  all  the  proceedings  relative  to 
sending  a  committee  to  New  York  to  be  printed  in  this  day's 
journals." 

The  delegates  selected  were  James  Otis,  OHver  Partridge,  and  Timothy  Rug- 
glcs.  Tiie  committee  to  consider  the  state  of  public  uftairs  were  Samuel  White 
(tiie  speaker  of  the  house).  Brigadier  Haggles,  Colonel  I'artridgo,  Colonel 
Worthington,  General  Winslow,  Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Cashing,  Colonel  Saltonstall,  and 
Captain  Sheafe.     The  circular  sent  to  the  assemblies  was  as  follows  :  — 

"Boston,  June  8,  17(55. 
"Sir: — The  House  of  Representatives  of  this  province,  in  the  present  session 
of  General  Court,  have  unf.nimously  agreed  to  propose  a  meeting,  as  soon  as  may  be, 
of  committees  from  the  houses  of  representatives  or  burgesses  of  tiie  several  British 
colonies,  on  this  continent,  to  consult  together  on  the  present  circumstances  of  the 
colonics,  and  th''  difficulties  to  which  they  are  and  must  be  reduced  by  the  operation 
of  acts  of  parliament  for  levying  duties  and  taxes  on  the  colonies,  and  to  consider  of 
'>  general  and  united,  dutiful,  loyal  and  humble  representation  of  their  condition  to 
his  majesty  and  to  the  parliament  and  to  implore  relief.  The  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  this  province  have  also  voted  to  propose,  that  such  meeting  be  t  the 
city  of  New  York,  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  October  next,  and  have  appoint,  d  the 
coinniittce  of  tliree  of  their  members  to  attend  that  s^Tvice,  witli  such  as  the  other 
houses  of  rep-esenta^ives  or  burgesses,  in  the  several  colonies,  may  think  fit  tc 
appoint  to  meet  them,  and  the  committee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  ol  ;hi8 
province  are  directed  to  repair  to  tlie  said  New  York,  on  the  first  Tuesd.ay  in  Oc- 
tober nc.  t,  accordingly,  if  therefore  your  Honorable  House  si;)uld  agree  to  this 
proposal,  it  would  be  acceptable  that  as  early  notice  of  it  ps  possible  might  bo 
transmitted  to  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  this  Province. 

"Samuel  Wiiiri:,  Speaker." 

1765,  May  30.  —  The  Virginia  house  of  burgesses  accepted  a 
series  of  resolutions  offered  by  Patrick  Henry. 

This  was  Patrick  Henry's  first  appearance  as  a  member  of  the  house.  He  had 
been  elected  in  May,  while  the  house  was  in  session,  by  the  people  of  Louisi 
County,  to  fill  a  vacancy.  The  resolutions  Avere  written  three  days  before  the 
close  of  the  session  upon  tlie  blank  leaf  of  a  law-book.  They  v  ,re  seconded  by 
Mr.  Johnetdn,  and  opposed  by  Bland,  Pendleton,  Randolj)!),  and  Weytlie  ( n  the 
ground  that  the  burgesses  had  expressed  the  same  views  in  a  more  conciliatory 
Wiiy.  During  the  debate  upon  them,  Henry  in  speaking  said:  "  Tai-^uin  and 
C'a;sar  had  each  a  Brutus ;  Charles  the  First  his  Cromwell ;  and  George  the 
Third"  —  then  paused.  The  speaker  cried  "  Treason !  "  and  the  cry  was  repeated 
on  the  floor  of  the  house.  Henry,  fixing  his  eye  on  the  speaker,  continued —  "  may 
profit  by  tiieir  example."  Only  four  of  the  resolutions  appear  on  the  journal  of 
the  house,  the  governor  having  dissolved  tlie  assembly  before  tiie  others  were 
entered.  In  Wirt's  Life  of  Henry,  the  resolves  arc  printed  from  a  copy  in  Henry's 
liandwriting.  It  differs  from  them  as  they  were  printed  in  the  newspapers  of  tlie 
time.    Prothinghani  gives  tl.em  thus  from  the  Boston   Gazette;  "Whereas  tho 


266 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH    iMERICA. 


[1765. 


Hon.  House  of  Commons,  in  England,  have  of:  late  drawn  into  question  liow  far 
tlie  General  Assembly  of  this  colony  hath  pover  to  enact  laws  for  laying  of  taxes 
and  imposing  duties,  payable  by  the  people  tf  this  his  majesty's  most  ancient  col- 
ony ;  for  settling  and  ascertaining  the  same  to  all  future  times,  the  House  of  Bur- 
gesses of  tlus  present  General  Assembly  have  rjome  to  the  following  resolves  :  — 

"  Resolved,  That  the  first  adventurers,  settlers  of  this  his  majesty's  colony  and 
dominions  of  Virginia,  brought  with  them  and  transmitted  to  their  posterity,  and 
all  other  his  majesty's  subjects  since  inhabiting  in  this  his  majesty's  colony,  all 
the  privileges  and  immunities  tliat  have  at  any  time  been  held,  enjoyed  and  pos- 
sessed by  tlic  people  of  Great  Britain. 

•*  Resolved,  Tlmt  by  two  royal  charters,  granted  by  Iting  James  the  First,  tha 
colony  aforesaid  arc  declared  and  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of 
natural-born  subjects,  to  all  intents  and  purposes  as  if  they  had  been  abiding  and 
born  within  the  realm  of  England. 

'*  Resolved,  That  his  majesty's  liege  people  of  this  anoient  colony  have  enjoyed 
the  right  of  being  thus  governed  by  their  own  assembly  in  the  article  of  taxes  and 
internal  police,  and  that  the  same  have  never  been  forfeited,  or  any  o+her  way 
yielded  up,  but  have  been  constantly  recognized  by  the  king  .\nd  people  of  Great 
Britain. 

"  Resolved,  therefore,  That  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony,  together  with 
his  majesty  or  his  substitutes,  have,  in  their  represcnt.'itive  capacity,  tlie  only  ex- 
clucive  right  and  power  to  lay  taxes  and  imposts  upon  the  inhabitants  of  tliis  col- 
ony ;  and  tliat  every  attempt  to  vest  such  power  in  any  other  person  or  persons 
whitever  ihan  the  General  Assembly  aforesaid,  is  illegal,  unconstitutional,  and 
unjust,  and  has  a  manifest  tendency  to  destroy  British  as  well  as  American 
liberty. 

"  Resolved,  That  his  majesty's  liege  people,  the  inhabitants  of  this  colony,  are 
not  bound  to  yield  obedience  to  any  law  or  ordinance  whatever,  designed  to  im- 
pose any  taxation  whatsoever  upon  them,  other  than  the  laws  or  ordinances  of  the 
General  Assembly  aforesaid. 

"  Resolved,  That  any  person  who  «'  11,  by  speaking  or  writing,  assert  or  main- 
tain that  any  person  or  persons,  other  li.an  the  General  Assembly  of  this  colony, 
have  any  right  cr  power  to  impose  or  lay  any  taxation  on  the  people  here,  shall  be 
deemed  an  enemy  to  his  majesty's  colony." 

1765,  June  4.  —  The  boat  of  the  Maidstone,  an  English  naval 
ship,  was  burned  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  by  a  crowd,  who 
were  indignant  at  the  constant  impressment  of  sailors  by  Jer 
crew. 

She  was  burned  in  the  evening,  the  crew  of  a  ship  just  arrived  from  Africa 
having  been  all  impressed  that  after  noon. 

1765,  June  20.  —  The  New  Jersey  assembly  replied  to  the  cir- 
cular letter  from  the  house  of  representatives  of  Massachusetts 
that  they  were  "  unanimously  against  uniting  on  the  present 
occasion."  The  letter  was  written  by  the  speaker  of  the  as- 
sembly. 

1765,  August  2.  —  Delegates  to  att  nd  the  congress  ac  New 
York  were  appointed  by  the  assembly  of  South  Carolina. 

Much  of  the  credit  for  this  action  belongs  to  Christopher  Gadsden,  who  stronglf 
ftdrocated  the  measure. 


1765. 

176 
a  tow 
utmosi 
congre 
propos 
set  of  I 
assemb 

1765 

curred 

Great 

known  af 

watchwor 

stamp  dis( 

cry;  and 

Such  popu 

gust  21;  i) 

in  Newpoi 

Eidge,  die 

13th;  Phih 

lence  was  c 

sacked;  at 

York  on  th 

the  niiinifesi 

ton  by  tlie  i: 

1765,  A 
Oliver,  th 

1765,  A 
of  Lieute 
revenue  o 

1765,  A 
of  three  o 
C'ygnet,  ly 

The  custc 
Cygnet. 

,1765,  Se 
of  resoluti* 
^e  taxed  o 

The  third 
3.  "  This  U 
•'-'•'Iff  governe 
nnJ  that  the  s: 
been  constaiitl 
4-  "That, 
"■Psentative  caj 
inhabitants  of 
«on  or  Person) 
Motional,  and  1 
Colony." 


1765.] 


ANl  ^LS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


267 


1765,  August  13. — The  town  of  Providence,  Khode  Island,  in 
a  town  meeting,  instructed  their  representatives  to  use  their 
utmost  endeavors  to  have  delegates  appointed  to  attend  the 
congress  in  Now  York,  to  meet  those  from  the  other  colonies,  as 
proposed  by  Massachusetts,  and  also  to  procure  the  passage  of  a 
set  of  resolves  incorporating  the  substance  of  those  issued  hy  the 
assembly  of  Virginia. 

1765,  August  14.  —  A  popular  demon  ration  of  resistance  oc- 
curred in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Great  numbers  gathered  under  the  large  elm  upon  the  Common,  which  was 
known  afterwards  as  The  Liberty  Tree,  and  marched  through  the  streets.  The 
watchwords.  Liberty,  Property,  and  No  Stamps,  began  to  be  generally  used.  The 
stamp  distributers  were,  in  many  instances,  forced  to  unite  with  the  pjople  in  this 
cry ;  and  the  newspapers,  in  instances,  printed  them  at  th6  head  of  their  sheets. 
Such  popular  uprisings  spread  over  the  country  :  one  took  place  in  Norwich,  Au- 
gust 21 ;  in  New  London,  the  22d ;  in  Providence,  the  24th ;  in  Lebanon,  the  2Gth ; 
in  Newport,  tlie  27th;  in  Windham,  the  27th;  in  Annapolis,  the  2Dth;  at  Elk 
Ridge,  the  30th ;  in  New  Haven,  Septembor  6 ;  Portsmouth,  the  12th ;  Dover,  the 
13th ;  Philadelphia,  October  6 ;  in  New  York,  November  1.  In  some  cases  vio- 
lence was  done.  In  Boston,  on  the  2Gth  of  August,  the  house  of  Hutchinson  wus 
socked ;  at  Newport,  on  the  27th  of  August,  at  Annapolis  on  the  29th,  and  in  New 
York  on  the  11th  of  November,  houses  were  damaged,  but,  as  a  general  thing, 
tlie  manifestations  were  peaceful.  August  14  was  for  some  time  observed  in  Bos- 
ton by  the  Sons  of  Liberty  as  an  anniversary. 

1765,  August  15. — A  mob  in  Boston  attacked  the  house  of 
Oliver,  the  stamp  distributer,  and  forced  him  to  resign. 

1765,  August  26.  — In  Boston  the  crowd  plundered  the  houses 
of  Lieutenant-Governor  Hutchinson,  and  of  the  admiralty  and 
revenue  officers. 

1765,  August  28.  —  At  Newport  the  crowd  sacked  the  houses 
of  three  obnoxious  citizens,  who  took  refuge  on  the  sloop-ol-war 
Cygnet,  lying  in  the  harbor. 

The  custom-house  ofiScurs  closed  the  custom-house,  and  took  refuge  on  the 
Cygnet. 

1765,  September.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  a  series 
of  resolutions  asserting  the  right  of  the  people  of  tlie  colony  to 
be  taxed  only  by  their  assembly. 

The  tiiird  and  fourth  of  these  i  ^solutions  read  as  follows  :  — 

3.  "  This  His  Majesty's  liege  people  of  this  Colony  liave  onjoycd  the  right  of 
bv-iiifj  governed  by  their  own  assembly  in  the  article  of  taxes  and  internal  poiicu ; 
and  that  the  same  hath  never  been  forfeited  or  any  ;/ther  way  yielded  up,  but  hath 
been  constantly  recognized  by  vhe  King  and  People  of  Great  Britain." 

4.  "'That,  therefore,  the  Ger.  ral  Assembly  of  this  Colony  have,  in  thoir  rep- 
resentative capacity,  the  Only  exclusive  Right  to  lay  taxes  and  imposts  upon  the 
inhabitantfc  of  this  Colony ;  and  tliat  every  .attempt  to  vest  such  powui-  in  any  Per- 
son or  Persons  whatever,  other  than  the  General  Assembly  aforesaid,  is  unconsti- 
tutional, and  hath  a  manifest  tendency  to  destroy  the  Liberties  of  the  People  of  this 
Colony." 


268 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1765. 


1765,  September  3. —  General  Gage,  commanding  the  British 
forces  in.  Now  York,  wrote  to  Lord  Conway  that  the  Virginia 
resolves  gave  the  signal  for  a  general  outcry  over  the  continent. 

17G5,  September  21.  —  The  Constitutional  Courant  wa8  issued 
and  sold  in  New  York. 

Only  a  sinf^lc  number  was  issued.  It  is  said  to  have  been  printed  at  Burling- 
ton, New  Jersey,  by  William  GodJard,  who  printed  in  various  places.  The  sheet 
bore  the  imprint  "  by  Andrew  Marvel,  at  the  sign  of  the  Bribe  refused,  on  Con- 
stitution Hill,  North  America."  It  contained  an  address  by  '*  Andrew  Marvel," 
and  two  editorials.  It  M'as  headed  with  a  cut  of  a  snake  divided,  with  the  motto 
"Join  or  die."  It  produced  a  sensation  in  New  York,  and  the  council  consid- 
ered it. 

1765,  October  7.  —  The  congress  met  at  the  city  hall  in  New 
York.  Tliero  were  twenty-eight  delegates  from  nine  of  the  col- 
onies; four  of  the  colonies  did  not  send  delegates,  though  ex- 
pressing their  sympathy  with  the  movement. 

New  York  at  this  time  was  the  seat  of  the  opposition  to  the  movement  of  the  colo- 
nies. It  M'as  the  headquarters  of  the  British  military  force  connnanded  by  General 
Gage,  who  had  the  powers  of  a  viceroy.  Sliips  of  war  were  in  the  harbor,  and  a 
lieavily  armed  fort  was  in  the  city.  The  lieutenant-governor,  Colden,  was  deter- 
mined to  execute  the  law.  He  said  to  the  delegates  from  Massaehut,etts,  when 
they  called  upon  him,  that  there  was  no  precedent  for  the  congress,  that  it  was 
unconstitutional,  and  he  should  give  it  no  countenance.  The  Sons  of  Liberty 
were,  however,  very  determined  and  very  enthusiastic  in  the  c-ty,  and  party  feel- 
ing ran  very  high.     The  congress  consisted  of  the  following  delegates  :  — 

From  Massachusetts :  James  Otis,  Oliver  Partridge,  and  Timothy  Ruggles. 
They  bore  a  commission  signed  by  the  speaker  of  the  assembly,  Samuel  White. 

Rhode  Island :  Metcalf  Bowler  and  Henry  Ward.  They  bore  a  commission 
signed  by  the  go^  crnor,  Samuel  Ward. 

Connecticut :  Eliphalet  Dyer,  David  Rowland,  and  William  S.  Johnson.  Tlicy 
had  a  copy  of  tlie  vote  of  the  assembly  electing  them,  September  19,  and  instruc- 
tions from  the  governor,  Thomas  Fitch. 

New  York :  Robert  R.  Livingston,  John  Crugor,  Philip  Livingston,  William 
Bayard,  Leonard  Lespinward.  They  bore  certified  copies  of  the  votes  constituting 
the  "members  of  Now  York"  and  "  Robert  R.  Livingston"  a  "committee  of  cor- 
respondence." 

New  Jersey :  Robert  Ogden,  Hendrick  Fisher,  and  Joseph  Borden.  They  bore 
a  certificate  signed  John  Lawrence,  that  they  were  designated,  October  3,  by  "a 
large  number  of  the  representatives." 

Pennsylvania :  John  Dickenson,  John  Morton,  George  Bryan  They  bore  in- 
structions signed  by  Charles  Moore,  clerk  of  the  assembly.  They  were  elected 
September  11. 

Delaware  :  Thomas  McKean  and  Casar  Rodney.  They  were  informally  desig- 
nated by  fifteen  out  of  the  eighteen  members  of  the  assembly,  and  bore  three 
in'truments,  dated  September  13,  17,  and  20,  and  signed  by  the  members  from 
the  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  ami  Sussex. 

Maryland  :  William  Murdock,  Edward  Tilghman,  and  Thomas  Ringgold.  They 
were  chosen  in  October,  and  bore  a  commission  signed  by  the  speaker,  Robert 
Lloyd. 


:4anH&^'^. 


1765.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


269 


?y  bore 
by  "a 


South  Carolina:  Thomas  Lynch,  Christopher  Gadsden,  and  Jolin  Rutledpo. 
Tlicy  were  chosen  August  2,  and  bore  a  certificate  of  their  election  signed  by  the 
speaker,  Edward  Rawlins. 

New  llanii>shirc  sent  a  letter,  dated  Juno  29,  and  signed  by  the  clerk  of  the 
assembly,  A.  Clarkson,  approving  of  the  congress,  and  i)ronusing  to  join  in  any 
address  they  might  be  honored  with  the  knowledge  of. 

Georgia  sent  a  letter,  dated  September  C,  signed  Alexander  Wylly,  written  in 
behalf  of  sixteen  oat  of  the  twenty-five  members  of  the  assembly,  ;  lutuig  tlia'  tlie 
governor  would  not  call  the  assembly  together,  but  expressing  sympathy  with  the 
objects  of  the  congress,  and  promising  to  concur  with  its  action.  These  letters 
were  addressed  to  the  speaker  of  the  Massaehu>:etts  assembly. 

Virginia  sent  no  delegates,  the  assembly  liaving  been  dismissed. 

1765,  October  25.  —  The  congress  at  New  York  adjourned. 

The  clerk  was  directed  to  make  a  copy  of  the  proceedings  of  the  congress  for 
the  use  of  each  one  of  the  colonies.  Two  sets  were  sent  to  England  in  separate 
vessels.  The  newspapers  of  the  time  printed  portions  of  them,  and  they  were 
partly  reprinted  in  London.  Niles'  Register  for  July  25,  1812,  contains  them  in 
full,  with  the  documents.  They  were  printed  here  from  a  manuscript  copy  attested 
by  the  secretary,  John  Cotton,  which  was  foimd  among  the  papers  left  by  Cajsar 
Rodney.  Niles  reprinted  them  'n  1822  in  his  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolu- 
tion. During  its  session  the  congress,  on  the  2otli  of  October,  resolved:  "That 
the  gentlemen  from  Massachusetts  Bay  be  requested  to  send  a  copy  thereof  to  the 
colony  of  New  Hampshire ;  and  the  gentlemen  of  South  Carolina  to  Georgia  and 
North  Carolina."  Though  Virginia  was  not  represented,  it  appears  from  the 
"Journal"  that  she  was  considered  to  concur  in  the  action  of  the  <  ngress. 
During  its  session  the  congress  considered  the  rights,  privileges,  and  Uiiovanccs 
of  the  "British-American  colonies,"  and,  after  eleven  days'  debate,  ajrieed,  each 
col'  ly  having  one  vote,  upon  a  declaration,  consisting  of  a  preamble  and  fourteen 
resolutions,  in  which  they  claimed  to  be  loyal,  and  to  have  all  the  rights  of  Eng- 
lishmen born.  That  taxes  could  not  be  imposed  upon  them  without  their  consent, 
and  that  the  colonies  could  not  be  represented  except  in  their  respective  legisla- 
tures, and  no  taxes  be  imposed  constitutionally  upon  them  except  by  these  bodic  j. 
The  trial  by  jury  they  declared  to  be  the  inherent  right  of  every  British  subject, 
and  arraigned  parliament  for  a  manifest  tendency  to  subvert  the  rights  and  liber- 
ties of  the  people.  An  address  to  his  Majesty,  a  memorial  to  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  a  petition  to  the  House  of  Comm  iis,  were  also  prepared,  and  ordered  to  be 
engrossed.  The  committee  on  the  address  to  the  king  were  Robert  R.  Livingston, 
William  Samuel  Johnson,  and  William  Muraock;  on  the  memorial  to  the  House 
of  Lords,  John  Rutledge,  Edward  Tilghman,  and  riiilip  Livingston;  on  the  peti- 
tion to  the  House  of  Commons,  Thomas  Lynch,  James  Otis,  and  Thomas  McKean. 
During  the  deba*es,  Christopher  Gadsden,  objecting  to  petitioning  pailiament, 
said:  "  A  confirmation  of  our  essential  and  common  rights  as  Englishmen  may 
be  pleaded  from  charters  safely  enough ;  but  any  further  dependence  upon  them 
may  be  fatal.  We  should  stand  upon  the  broad,  common  ground  of  those  natural 
riiilits  .,at  we  all  fool  and  know  as  men  and  as  descendants  of  Englishmen.  I 
wish  the  charters  may  not  ensnare  us  at  last,  by  drawing  different  colonies  to  act 
diiferentiy  in  this  Teat  cause.  Whenever  that  is  the  case,  .."  jvill  be  over  witii 
the  whole.  There  ought  to  be  no  New  England  man,  no  New  /;>rker,  known  on 
the  continent ;  but  all  of  us  An-oricans."  All  the  delegates  preset/  from  six  of 
the  colonies,  except  Timothy  Ruggles  from  Massachusetts,  who  was  acting  as 
chairmen,  and  Robert  Ogden  from  New  Jersey,  signed  the  petition.     Th-  delo- 


270 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1765. 


gates  from  New  York,  Conne€ticut,  and  South  Carolina  were  not  authorized  to 
sign.  The  various  assemblies  at  their  next  sessions  approved  the  action  of  their 
delegates.  The  Massachusetts  assembly  voted :  "  That  Brigadier  Ruggles,  with 
respect  to  his  conduct  at  the  congress  of  New  York,  has  been  guilty  of  neglect  of 
duty,  and  that  he  be  reprimanded  tiierefor  by  the  speaker ; "  which  was  done  the 
next  day.  Robert  Ogdcn  was  hanged  in  effigy  by  the  people  of  New  Jersey.  The 
Connecticut  assembly  ordered  their  delegates  to  bign  and  forward  the  petition. 
The  concurrence  of  the  South  Carolina  assembly  was  announced  on  the  2d  of 
December ;  and  on  the  20th  of  November  the  New  York  assembly  approved  of 
the  attendance  of  their  members. 

1765,  October  31.  —  The  day  before  the  Stamp  Act  was  to  take 
effect,  all  the  royal  governors  took  the  oath  to  sustain  it. 

The  governor  of  Connecticut  did  so  also ;  but  Samuel  Ward,  governor  of  Rhode 
Island,  refused  to  do  so. 

1765,  October  31.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Gazette  appeared  in 
mourning  for  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Its  publication,  like  that  of  many  papers,  was  suspended  temporarily,  hand- 
bills being  issued,  headed  "  Remarkable  occurrences,"  "  No  stamped  paper  to 
be  had." 

1765,  November.  —  A  non- importation  agreement  was  organ- 
ized in  New  York. 

No  goods  were  to  be  imported  until  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed.  This  move- 
ment was  imitated  all  over  the  country.  A  non-consumption  agreement  was  also 
made,  and  associations  formed  for  the  increase  of  home  manufactures. 

1765.  —  The  county  of  Picton,  Nova  Scotia,  was  granted  to 
the  Philadelphia  Company,  headed  by  Dr.  Weatherspoon,  and  a 
uumbe'"  of  emigrants  from  Maryland  were  transported  thither. 

Additional  settlers  were  brought  from  Scotland  after  the  war;  numbers  of 
Americans  came  there,  but  the  bulk  of  the  people  are  Scotch.  In  17'JO  the  town 
of  Picton  was  started,  and  is  now  a  resort  of  coasting-vessels.  Quantities  of  oil, 
fish,  and  lumber  arc  exported,  the  Picton  birch  being  considered  the  best.  It  is  a 
free  port  for  the  exportation  of  coal.     In  1804  its  academy  was  started. 

1765. — This  vear  a  secret  association  oi"  the  "Sons  of  Lib- 
erty "  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  by  all  lawful 
means  the  passage  of  the  Stamp  Act.  As  they  increased  in 
numbers,  they  formed  centres  of  action,  united  by  corre8j)ond- 
euce,  and  gathering  strength  by  their  mutual  sympathy. 

1765.  —  Augustus  -Tohnston,  the  attorney-general,  who  had 
been  appointed  the  stamp  distributer  for  Rhode  Island,  resigned 
his  office. 

1765.  —  The  annual  synod  of  the  Presbyterian  congregations 
met  for  the  first  time  in  Philadelphia  without  a  license. 

The  crown  lawyers  having  held  that  the  supremacy  of  the  crown  in  ecclesias- 
tical matters  extended  to  the  colonies,  maintained  that  it  was  not  lawful  for  tho 
clergy  to  assemble  without  a  royal  license.     The  movement  for  this  meeting  wiu 


1765-6.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


271 


begun  in  Philadelphia,  and  by  correspondence  was  extended  through  the  southorn 
provinces.     The  letters  which  hud  passed  were  printed  in  New  York  in  1769. 

17G5.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  v/as  this  year  put  in  operation  near  Prov- 
idence, Rhode  Island. 

This  mill  fell  into  decay  from  the  prejudice  and  habit,  it  is  said,  of  depending 
upon  the  importation  of  foreign  paper,  so  that  no  profitable  sale  could  bo  made 
of  its  production. 

1765.  —  Paper-hangings  of  domestic  manufacture  were  exhib- 
ited to  the  Society  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Commerce,  in  New 
York  city. 

1765.  —  The  Portsmouth  Mercury  and  Weekly  Advertiser  was 
published  at  Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire. 

It  was  published  by  Ezekicl  Russell,  of  the  firm  of  Russell  and  Furbor.  It 
was  the  second  newspaper  published  in  New  Hampshire.  It  was  discontinued  in 
1768. 

1765.  —  The  Gazette  and  Country  Journal  was  issued  in 
Charleston,  South  Carolina. 

It  was  ublished  by  Charles  Crouch,  and  was  designed  chiefly  to  sustain  the 
opposition  against  the  Stamp  Act. 

1765.  —  One  hundred  journeymen  silk-throwsters  emigrated 
from  London  to  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 

1765.  —  On  the  recommendation  of  William  Franklin,  the  gov- 
ernor, the  assembly  of  New  Jersey  granted  bounties  on  hemp  and 
flax,  and  also  on  the  planting  of  mulberry -trees. 

1765.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  encouragement  of  manufactures  was 

formed  in  New  York. 

It  offered  premiums  for  various  articles,  and  opened  a  fair  for  their  sale. 

1765.  —  The  first  fire-engine  made  in  the  country  was  by  David 
Wheeler,  a  blacksmith,  of  Boeton,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  tri(!d  i  *:  a  fire  on  the  2l8t  of  August.  Before  this,  engines  were  imported 
from  England. 

1765. — The  working  of  a  lead  mine  at  Southampton,  Massa- 
chusetts, was  begun. 

Neither  i..iis  mine  nor  others  similar  at  Northampton  and  Easthaiupton,  hav^ 
ever  been  profitable,  or  paid  for  the  expense  of  working  them. 

1766.  —  Paul  Revere,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  engraved  a 
print  emblematic  of  f''e  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

Revere  was  born  in  V  ^ox\,  Januarj'  1,  1735,  and  died  there  in  May,  1818. 
He  was  a  H"<^enot  \  '  bi  h,  and  was  bred  a  goldsmith.  He  taught  himself 
copper-plate  engraving,  ana  at  this  time  was  one  of  the  four  engravers  in  the 
country.  In  1770  he  published  a  print  of  the  "  Boston  Massacre ; "  in  1775  he 
engraved  the  plates,  made  the  pross,  and  printed  the  paper  money  ordered  by 
Massachusetts.     He  went  to  Philadelphia  to  learn  powder-making,  and  then  set 


272 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[176G. 


mm 


i' 


up  an  establishment  in  Boston.  lie  participated  in  the  Jcst.uct'on  of  the  tea; 
and  lie  it  was  who  rode,  by  way  of  Charlestown,  to  Lexin(?ton,  oa  the  night  of 
April  18,  to  (^ivu  the  alarm  of  Gates's  purposed  raid  on  tlic  military  stores  at 
Concord.  Revere  aftcnvards  was  lieutenant-colonel  in  the  state  forces,  and 
wielded  considerable  influence. 

1766. — The  3rst  Methodist  society  was  formed  in  New  York 
city. 

They  met  in  a  shop  in  Barrack  Street,  kept  by  Philip  Embury,  near  where  the 
City  Hall  now  stands. 

1766.  —  A  MARINE  society  was  formed  in  Salem,  Massachusetts, 
this  year,  and  incorporated  in  1771. 

1766,  March  4.  —  An  association  called  the  Daughters  of 
Liberty  was  formed  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

The  members  met  at  the  house  of  Dr.  Ephraim  Bowen,  and  spent  Jieir  time  in 
spinning.  They  were  sj)inning  the  piece  of  linen  to  serve  as  a  prize  to  the  pro- 
ducer of  the  most  flax  in  the  coxmty.  They  adopted  resolutions  to  purchase  no 
more  British  manufactures.  Their  meetings  were  afterwards  hold  at  the  court 
house.     A  ball  was  given  to  them  after  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp  Act. 

1766,  March  28.  —  The  Stamp  Act  was  repealed. 

The  vote  in  the  House  of  Commons  was  two  hundred  and  seventy-five  to  one 
hundred  and  sixty-seven.  Franklin  had  been  called  as  a  witness,  and  testified  it 
could  never  1)e  enforced.  A  bill  previously  passed  had  asserted  the  right  and 
power  of  parliament  "  to  bind  the  colonies  in  all  cases  whatsoever." 

1766,  May.  —  The  Virginia  Gazette  was  published  at  Williams- 
burg, Virginia. 

It  was  "printed  by  William  Rind,  at  the  new  Printing  Office  on  Main  Strcei. 
All  persons  may  be  supplied  with  this  Gazette  at  12s.  Cd.  per  year."  Thomas 
Jefferson  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  having  it  est.ablished.  It  at  first  printed  its 
heading  "  publislicd  by  authority.  Open  to  all  Parties,  but  influenced  by  none." 
After  the  first  year  it  omitted  "by  Authority."  V/illiam  Rind  carried  it  on  until 
his  death  in  1773 ;  then  his  widow,  Clementina  Rind,  continued  it  for  some  time. 
In  April,  1775,  it  was  published  by  John  Clarkson  and  Augustine  Davis. 

1766,  June  3.  —  On  tlie  motion  of  James  Otis,  in  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature,  a  gallery  was  opened  "  for  such  as  wished  to 
hear  the  debates." 

This  was  the  first  instance  of  authorized  publicity  being  given  to  legislative 
deliberations.     The  example  soon  spread  throughout  the  colonies. 

1766,  June  3. —  Charles  Townsond,  the  leader  of  the  House 
of  Commons,  spoke  as  follciws  :  "  It  has  long  been  my  opinion 
that  America  should  be  regulated  and  deprived  of  its  militating 
and  contradictory  charters,  and  its  royal  governor.8,  judges  and 
attorneys  be  rendered  independent  of  the  people.  1  therefore 
expect  that  the  present  administration  will,  in  the  recess  of  par- 
liament, take  all  necessary  steps  for  compassing  so  desirable 
an  event." 


1766- 

This 
cnntinu( 
this  poi 
trusting 

176( 
respon 
hereto] 
addresi 

1766 
three  1 

1766, 

pounds 

It  was 

1766. 

Act  "a 
for  the  1 
principl 
of  this 
strong  i 
every  p{ 
confine  I 
except  t 
their  coi 

1766.- 
Egg  Ha. 

It  was 

and  bonil) 


1760-7.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


273 


This  was  fipokon  with  nuthority  from  the  ministerial  benches,  and  the  speaker 
continued:  "  If  I  should  difFor  in  jud),'ement  from  tlie  present  adminiHtration  on 
tliis  point,  I  now  dechire  tlint  I  nmst  withdraw.  I  hope  and  expect  otiierwise, 
trustiuK  tliat  I  BJiall  be  an  instrun)>>nt  among  tliein  of  preparing  a  new  system." 

17GG,  August  8.  —  An  order  in  council  directed  that  the  cor- 
respondence of  the  colonies  with  the  mother  country,  which  had 
heretofore  been  carried  on  with  the  Board  of  Trade,  should  bo 
addressed  to  the  king  directly. 

1766.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  built  at  Salem,  North  Carolina, 
three  hundred  miles  inland,  by  a  society  of  Moravians. 

1766.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  voted  a  thousand 
pounds  to  establish  a  silk  filature  at  Charleston. 
It  was  placed  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Gilbert. 

1766.  —  William  Pitt,  in  a»..  \  ocating  the  repeal  of  the  Stamp 
Act  "  absolutely,  totally  and  immediately,  and  that  the  reasons 
for  the  repeal  be  assigned  because  it  was  founded  in  erroneous 
principles,"  recommended  also  that  "  the  sovereign  authority 
of  this  country  (England)  over  the  colonies  be  asserted  in  as 
strong  terms  as  can  be  devised,  and  be  made  to  extend  to 
every  part  of  legislation  whatever,  that  we  may  bind  their  trade, 
confine  their  manufactures,  and  exercise  every  power  wliatever, 
except  that  of  taking  their  money  out  of  their  pockets  without 
their  consent." 

1766.  —  The  Batsto  furnace,  at  the  junction  of  the  Batsto  and 
Egg  Harbor  rivers.  New  Jersey,  was  erected  by  Charles  Reed. 

It  was  the  property  of  Colonel  John  Cox  during  the  Revolution,  and  cast  shot 
and  bomb-sliells  for  the  army. 

1767,  January.  —  Sir  Henry  Moore,  governor  of  New  York, 
writing  to  the  Lords  of  Trade,  speaks  of  the  difficulty  found  in 
establishing  now  manufactories. 

He  said  the  workmen  being  able  to  buy  a  piece  of  land,  left  their  occupation. 
Even  servants  imported  from  Europe  for  different  trades,  so  soon  as  their  inden- 
tures expired,  quit  their  occupations,  and  obtained  a  small  piece  of  land.  The 
satisfaction  of  being  landholders  prompted  tlie;n  to  endure  every  privation  for  a 
fow  years,  in  preference  to  a  comfortable  subsistence  easily  obtainable  in  their 
trades. 

1767,  January.  —  Parliament  established  a  custom-house  in 
Nova  Scotia,  duties  to  take  effect  after  November  20. 

1767,  May  13.  —  The  reve  ue  acts  were  passed  by  parliament, 
received  the  royal  assent  ou  the  29tU  of  June,  and  were  to  go 
into  elfect  on  the  20th  of  November. 

By  these  a  duty  was  laid  on  glass,  paper,  painter's  colon's,  le.ad,  and  tea.  A 
board  of  customs  was  established  at  Boston  to  collect  tiie  revenue  throughout 
America,  and  writs  of  assistance  were  made  legal.    The  preamble  stated  that  the 

18 


■Hi 


274 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITII   AMEUICA. 


[1767. 


duties  yrcro  Inid  for  the  nupport  of  civil  Rovornmcnt  in  the  provinces,  and  to  pro- 
vide for  tlie  gonornl  defence.  It  waM  tlie  first  stop  towards  jtiukiiig  tlio  irovcrnors, 
judj<e«,  and  attorneys  indepenilent^of  the  people,  throii;,'h  the  ftHsenihlies,  l)y 
provi.lint?  tor  tlieni  iiermiment  salaries.  The  scheme  was  introduced  hy  Cliarles 
Townsend,  the  chancellor  of  the  exchequer,  to  whom  a  special  vote  of  thanks  had 
been  voted  by  Massachusetts  for  his  efforts  to  repeal  the  Stamp  Act.  IJy  another 
act,  five  years  were  allowed  for  a  drawback  of  the  whole  duty  on  tea  by  ita  expor- 
tation.    Tliia  was  to  cncouroj^u  the  English  shippers  of  tea  to  America. 

1767,  May  27.  —  Tho  Nqw  York  Journal,  or  Oeneral  Advertiser , 
appeared. 

It  was  published  by  John  Ilolt,  and  Avas  a  rehabilitation  of  Zenger's  Journal. 
Geoi'gc  Clinton  and  Philip  Schuyler,  two  leaders  of  the  revolutionary  party,  were 
chiefly  instrumental  in  its  establishment.  Holt  had  been  eiigjif^ed  with  Parker  in 
tho  publication  of  the  Connecticut  Gazette  at  New  Haven,  and  in  New  York,  on 
his  own  account,  with  tlie  New  York  Gazette  and  Post  Uoij.  Tlie  Journal  was  a 
continuation  of  that  paper.  In  1770,  when  the  British  to(jk  possession  of  New 
York,  the  Journal  was  removed  to  Kingston,  then  called  Esopus ;  and  when  this 
place  was  burned  in  1777,  it  moved  to  Poughkeepsie.  Holt  was  the  state  printer 
during  the  llevolution,  and  at  his  death,  .January  30,  1784,  his  wife  was  appointed 
to  that  office.  On  the  conclusion  of  peace,  the  Journal  was  moved  back  to  New 
York  city,  and  its  name  changed  to  the  Independent  Gazette,  or  Ke^o  York 
Journal  revived.  Mrs.  Holt  continued  it  aft'  •  her  husband's  death  until  1786, 
when  it  was  published  by  Eleazer  Oswald  until  1787,  when  it  was  sold  to  Thomas 
Grcenleaf,  who  made  two  papers  from  it,  one  a  daily,  called  The  Argus,  or  Green- 
leaf's  New  Daily  Register,  and  a  semi-weekly,  called  Grcenleaf 's  New  York 
Journal  and  Patriotic  Register.  These  he  continued  until  1798.  Mrs.  Green- 
leaf  continued  their  publication  until  slio  sold  them  to  James  Chectham,  who 
changed  their  names,  the  daily  to  tlie  American  Citizen,  and  tlie  semi-weekly  to 
the  American  Watchman,  and  published  them  until  1810.  Tiic  Argus  opposed 
Washington's  administration,  and  tlio  Citizen  was  a  Democratic  paper. 

17G7,  October.  —  The  Connecticut  Journal  and  New  Haven 
Post-Boy  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  and  Samuel  Green.  Tho  last  part  of  its  name 
was  dropped  in  1775.  Thomas  Grceu  and  son  continued  its  publication  until 
18C9,  and  it  is  still  in  existence. 

1767,  December  21.  —  The  Boston  Chronicle  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Mein  and  Elcming  in  support  of  tlie  British  rule.  John 
Mein  came  to  Boston  from  Glasgow  in  17C-t.  He  was  an  enterprising  bookseller. 
The  Chronicle  was  well  printed,  and  tlie  subscription  jirieo  was  six  shillings  and 
eight  pence  a  year.  In  1770  it  contained  the  following  notice:  "  The  Printers  of 
the  Boston  Chronicle  return  thanks  to  the  gentlemen  who  have  so  long  favored 
them  witli  their  subscriptions,  and  now  inform  them  that,  as  tlie  Chronicle,  in  the 
present  state  of  affairs,  cannot  bo  carried  on,  either  for  their  entertainment  or 
the  emolument  of  the  Printers,  it  will  be  discontinued  for  seme  time."  Mein 
liaving  been  carried  about  in  effigy,  fled  to  England  before  this,  leaving  the  busi- 
ness in  the  hands  of  Fleming,  who  soon  followed  hfm.  The  English  government 
indemnified  him  for  Ids  losses,  and  employed  him  on  one  of  tlio  newspapers  of 
Loudon. 


17G7. 


1767.] 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


275 


1767,  Deckmijkr  26.  —  Charles  Mason  and  John  Dixon  com- 
pleted their  survey  (jf  tlie  lino  between  Maryland  and  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  were  discharged. 

Thoy  liiid  been  employed  by  tlie  descentlimts  of  Penn  ami  Lord  Baltimore,  and 
commenced  in  17(13.  Hoforc  entirely  completing  tbo  lino  tlicy  were  stopjied  by 
the  Indians.  Every  flftli  mile  of  the  line  was  marked  by  a  ntonc  liaviiig  I'enn's 
arms  on  one  side  imd  Lord  liultimore'M  on  tlie  other,  the  intermediate  milca 
being  marked  with  Huialler  utones,  having  n  1'  on  one  i>ide  and  an  M  on  the  other. 
In  1849  tlie  line  wiis  examined  by  commissioners,  and  fotind  correct,  except  that 
Maryland  Hhould  have  hud  a  little  more  than  an  acre  and  a  ha':'  mure  territory  at 
the  point  of  intersection. 

17G7,  Dkcembkr  30.  — The  Massachusetts  legislature  met. 

Several  members  of  the  council,  and  many  of  the  house,  appeared  in  suits  of 
homespun.  February  11,  17(!8,  they  adopted  a  circular  letter  to  the  assendylies 
of  the  other  colonies,  written  by  Sanmel  Adams.  To  this,  replies  were  received 
dated  as  follows :  From  Now  Hampshire,  written  by  the  speaker,  I'eter  Oilman, 
Fel)ruary  25;  from  Virginia,  by  the  speaker,  I'eyton  l{and(>l[>h,  May  8;  from  New 
Jersey,  by  tho  speaker,  Courtland  Skinner,  May  I) ;  from  Connecticut,  by  the 
speaker,  Zebulon  West,  Juno  11;  from  Georgia,  by  tho  speaker,  Alexander 
Wylly,  June  10;  from  Soutli  Carolina,  from  the  speaker,  P.  ^lanigault,  July  10; 
from  Khode  Island,  by  the  speak-.-r,  Metcalf  IJowler,  August  '>.  These  replies 
vcre  all  cordial.  Governor  Bernard  of  Massachusetts,  in  his  correspoiidenco 
with  the  English  ministers,  characterized  the  circular  letter  as  designed  to  pre- 
pare tlie  way  for  a  confederacy.  It  was  laid  before  the  cabinet  August  15,  and 
pronounced  little  better  than  an  incentive  to  rebellion;  and  it  was  decided  that  tho 
kinif  should  order  the  Massachusetts  assembly  to  rescind  it,  and  the  other  asseni- 
l)lies  to  treat  it  with  contempt,  under  the  penalty  of  dissolution.  "  a  think,"  said 
Lord  Knox,  "this  measure  will  bring  matters  to  a  crisis  very  speedily;  and  if  tho 
colonies  sec  this  country  is  ii-.  earnest,  thoy  will  presently  make  their  option,  and 
take  the  part  of  peaceable  subjects  in  future." 

1767.  —  The  Farmer^s  Letters,  addressed  to  tho  "American 
people,"  appeared. 

The  first  letter  was  printed  in  Philadelphia,  in  tho  rcnnsylvania  Chronicle 
and  Uiiirersnl  Advertiser  of  December  2,  and  the  others  from  time  to  time  until 
the  twelfth  letter  appeared,  February  l.">,  17C8.  They  were  written  by  John, 
Dickenson,  were  widely  copied  in  the  newspapers,  and  were  printed  in  pamphlet 
form  both  in  this  country  and  England. 

The  following  extract  is  of  interest.  The  colonies  are  called  *'  a  great  Ameri- 
can asylum.  In  it  the  poor  from  the  various  nations  of  Phirope,  by  some  means, 
met  together.  To  what  purpose  should  they  ask  one  another  what  countrymea 
they  were  ?  Alas  !  two  thirds  of  them  had  had  no  country.  They  had  been  num- 
bered in  no  civil  list  hut  that  of  the  poor.  They  had  not  owned  a  single  foot  of 
land.  They  had  no  harvests  from  the  fields  they  had  tilled.  Their  lives  had 
hcen  scones  of  sore  afiliction  or  of  pinching  penury.  They  had  been  assailed  by 
hunger,  want,  and  war.  And  they  were  '  only  as  so  many  useless  plants,  wanting 
tiic  vegetable  mould  and  the  refreshing  showers.'  But  in  this  asylum  they  rank 
as  citizens.  They  arc  stamped  by  tho  laws  with  the  symbol  of  adoption.  They 
acquire  lands  as  the  reward  of  their  industry ;  this  gives  them  the  title  of  treo- 
Dien;  and  to  this  title  is  aflSxod  every  benefit  man  can  acquire.    Thesi  laws 


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ANNALS  JF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1767-8. 


proceed  from  the  govcmraent ;  and  the  government  is  derived  from  the  original 
genius  and  strong  desire  of  the  people.  He  is  p.n  American,  who,  leaving  behind 
hJm  all  his  ancient  prejudices  and  m&nners,  receives  new  ones  from  the  new 
mode  of  life  he  has  embraced,  the  new  government  he  obeys  and  the  now  rank  lie 
holds.  He  becomes  an  American  by  being  received  in  the  broad  lap  of  our  great 
Alma  Mater.  Here  individuals  of  all  nations  are  melted  into  a  new  race  of  men 
whose  labors  and  posterity  will  one  day  cuuse  great  changes  in  the  world. 
Americans  are  the  Western  pilgrims,  who  are  carrying  along  with  them  that  great 
mass  of  arts,  sciences,  vigor,  and  industry  wliich  began  long  since  in  the  East 
They  will  finish  the  great  circle." 

1767.  —  The  first  carap-meeting  is  said  to  have  been  held  this 
year  in  Virginia. 

Two  Baptist  ministers,  Samuel  Harris  and  James  Read,  who  were  settled  in 
Virginia,  between  the  Rappahannock  and  James  rivers,  were  the  originators. 

1767.  —  A  BILL  for  suppressing  the  slave  trade  was  passed  by 
the  house  in  the  Massachusetts  assembly. 

It  was  so  altered  in  its  provisions  by  amendments  that  its  friends  abandoned  it 

1767.  —  The  palace  built  for  Governor  Tryon  at  Newbern, 
North  Carolina,  was  begun. 

It  was  to  be  finished  by  1770.  Two  grants,  one  of  twenty-five  thousand 
pounds,  and  another  of  twice  that  sum,  wer^.  obtained  from  the  assembly,  it  is 
said,  through  the  blanriishments  of  Lady  Tryon  and  her  sister  Esther  Wake.  It 
was  of  brick,  eighty-seven  feet  front  by  fifty  wide,  and  two  stories  high.  The 
architect  had  a  yearly  salary  of  three  hundred  pounds.  The  interior  was  ele- 
gantly finished.  The  plai.2  are  still  in  possession  of  Dr.  F.  L.  Hawks,  the 
descendant  of  the  architect,  and  were  used  for  the  illustrations  in  Lossing's 
Pictorial  Field  Book  of  the  Revolution.  The  people  complained  much  of  its 
cost. 

1767.  —  David  Rittenhouse,  of  Philadelphia,  made  an  orrery. 

It  was  an  improvement  on  those  preceding  it,  and  was  purchased  by  Princeton 
College. 

1767.  —  Hvi^  Pennsylvania  Chronide  and  Universal  Advertiser 
appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  William  Goddard. 

1768.  —  About  this  year  Elkanah  and  William  Dean,  from 
Dublin,  announced  in  New  York  city  the  making  of  all  kinds  of 
carriages  as  a  new  business. 

They  stated  they  had  brought  over  their  workmen  at  great  expense,  and  were 
ready  to  build  all  kinds  of  vehicles. 

1768.  —  Coal  was  found  in  Rhode  Island,  and  an  application 
made  to  the  assembly  for  the  exclusive  right  to  sell  it  in  Provi- 
dence. 

1768,  April.  —  The  governor  of  Nova  Scotia  was  ordered  to 
use  his  influence  in  persuading  the  assembly  to  treat  with  con- 


1768.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH      MERICA. 


277 


tempt  the  circular  letter  of  the  Massachusetts  assembly  request- 
ing co-operation. 

1768.  —  An  official  letter  from  Governor  Moore  of  New  York, 
to  Lord  Hillsborough,  dated  May  7,  in  answer  to  inquiries  from 
the  Board  of  Trade,  states  that  a  paper-mill  had  been  begun  with- 
in a  few  days  at  a  small  distance  from  the  town. 

The  governor  is  supposed  to  have  referred  to  a  paper-mill  erected  at  Hemp- 
stead, on  Long  Island,  by  Hendriclj  Onderdonk  and  his  son  Andrew,  \vhich  is 
thought  to  be  tlio  first  mill  erec'^d  in  New  York. 

1768.  —  On  the  18th  of  June  a  despatch  from  Lord  Hills- 
borough to  the  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  was  presented  to  that 
body.  It  was  dated  Whitehall,  April  21,  1768.  In  it  the  circu- 
lar letter  from  Massachusetts  was  termed  an  unwarrantable  com- 
bination and  a  flagitious  attempt  to  disturb  the  public  peace,  and 
the  governor  was  instructed  to  treat  it  with  the  contempt  it 
deserved. 

This  despatch  was  signed  "  Hillsborough,"  and  was  immediately  reproduced  in 
the  newspapers.  At  first  it  was  supposed  to  be  addressed  simply  to  Rhode  Island, 
but  was  found  to  be  intended  for  every  colony,  and  was  rejected  by  every  one  of 
the  assemblies ;  and  instead  of  treating  the  Massachusetts  circular  with  contempt, 
tlicy  all  replied  favorably  to  it,  and  the  replies  were  promptly  given  publicity  by 
the  press.  Mar\  land  replied  July  24,  though  Governor  Sharpo  hoped  they  would 
take  no  notice  of  it.  In  South  Carolina,  Governor  Montague  enjoined  the  as- 
sembly to  treat  with  contempt  any  paper  or  letter  that  appeared  to  have  the 
smallest  tendency  to  sedition,  and  specified  the  Massachusetts  circular  as  of  fac- 
tious tendency.  The  assembly  answered  with  a  set  of  resolutions,  and  sent  a 
reply  to  the  circular  letter  on  November  21st,  whereupon  the  governor  dissolved 
the  session.  The  Georgia  assembly  sent  a  reply  to  the  circular  on  December  24th, 
though  Governor  Wright  warned  them  that  this  action  would  bring  ruin  on  Amer- 
ica. Rhode  Island  replied  to  it.  In  Pennsylvania  the  assembly  ordered  the  cir- 
cular letter  entered  on  their  journal,  and  resolved  that  the  governor  had  no  right 
to  dissolve  them.  The  assembly  in  Delaware  asserted  the  right  to  correspond 
with  the  colonies,  and  po 'tioned  the  king.  The  New  York  assembly  sent  a  reply 
to  the  Massachusetts  ci'  oular,  signed  by  Philip  Livingston,  and  petitioned  the  king. 
The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  sent  a  reply,  dated  November  10,  to  the  Massa- 
chusetts circular  letter.  Besides  this,  many  towns  in  their  meetings  expressed 
their  hearty  sympathy  with  the  circular  letter.  In  New  York  city  the  members 
of  the  assembly  who  had  supported  the  right  of  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  to 
send  the  circular  letter,  were  escorted  by  a  procession  up  Broadway,  with  music 
and  banners.  Nowhere  in  Europe  at  this  time,  either  in  England,  France,  or 
Germany,  was  the  right  of  public  meeting,  the  freedom  of  the  press,  or  publicity 
of  discussion  in  the  legislature,  thought  of,  or  considered  as  anything  but  danger- 
ous to  social  order.  Consequently  in  the  colonies,  all  those  who  looked  to  Europe 
for  precedents,  were  terrified  at  the  possible  results  of  the  free  expression  of  pub- 
lic opinion. 

1768,  June  21.  —  Governor  Bernard  sent  the  following  message 
to  the  Massachusetts  assembly,  then  in  session :  "  I  have  his 
Majesty's  order  to  make  a  requisition  to  you,  which  I  communi- 


^78 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1768. 


^11 


cate  in  the  very  words  in  which  I  have  received  it.  I  must 
desire  you  to  take  it  into  immediate  consideration,  and  I  assure 
you,  tnat  your  resolution  thereon  will  1  "o  moat  important  con- 
Bi  quences  to  the  province.  I  am  myse,  merely  ministerial  in 
this  business,  having  received  His  Mojebiy's  instruction  for  all 
1  have  to  do  in  it.  I  heartily  wish  that  you  mav  see  how  forcible 
the  expediency  of  your  giving  His  Majesty  this  testimonial  of 
your  duty  pnd  submission  at  this  time.  If  you  should  think  other- 
V.  ise,  I  must  nevertheless  do  my  duty." 

Tho  message  enclosed  a  portion  of  v  despatch  received  from  Lord  Hillsborough, 
containing  tho  royal  order  for  the  assembK  to  rescind  tho  resolution  upon  which 
the  circular  letter  was  based,  on  the  penalty  of  dissolution  in  case  of  refusal.  The 
asserably  then  sitting  was  not  the  one  tliiit  had  passed  the  resolution,  a  now  elec- 
tion having  since  been  hold.  The  message  was  read  in  the  morning  session ;  in 
that  of  tho  afternoon  James  Otis  spoke  two  hours  concerning  it,  the  house  being 
filk'f'.  with  listeners.  He  said :  "  We  have  now  before  us  a  letter  from  Lord  Hills- 
borough. From  the  style,  one  would  i  oncludc  it  to  be  the  performance  of  a 
Bchool-boy.  They  are  pleased,  in  their  wonderful  sagacitj',  to  find  fault  wilh  our 
circular  letter.  I  defy  the  whole  legislature  of  G'eat  Britain  to  write  one  equally 
correct.  When  Lord  HillsboTjugh  knows  that  we  will  not  rescind  our  acts,  he 
should  apply  to  parliament  to  rescind  theirs.  Let  Britain  rescind  her  measures, 
or  the  colonies  are  lost  to  her  forever."  A  committee,  consisting  of  Ino  speaker, 
Mr.  Otis,  Mr.  Adams.  Mr.  Hancock,  Colonel  Otis,  Colonel  Bowers,  Mr.  Spoonor, 
Colonel  Warren,  and  Mr.  Saunders,  was  appointed,  which  reported  en  the  30th 
of  June.  The  house  was  cleared  to  receive  tlio  repoi  t,  which  consisted  of  a 
letter  to  Lord  Hillsborough,  stating  the  origin  and  purjiose  oi*  tho  circular  letter, 
ftnd  stating  that  the  House  was  the  representative  of  the  Commons  of  the  province, 
88  the  British  House  was  of  the  British  Commons,  and  hoping  that  a  petition  to 
the  king  would  not  be  thought  inconsistent  with  tho  British  constitution,  nor  a 
letter  to  their  fellow-subjects  be  judged  an  inflammatory  proceeding.  The  leUur 
being  twice  read  was  accepted,  and  ordered  sent  to  Lord  Hillsborough.  Tlie 
question  was  then  put,  "  Whether  this  House  will  rescind  the  resolution  of  tlio 
last  House  which  gave  birth  to  their  Circular  Letter  to  the  several  houses  of  rep- 
res  utatives  and  b\irgesses  of  the  other  colonics  on  this  continent."  The  vote  was 
taken  by  yeas  and  nays.  Ninety-two  answered  nay,  and  seventeen  yea.  During 
the  troate  upon  the  governor's  message,  he  sent  anot^ier  with  a  threat  to  dissolve 
tbe  Ktuse,  should  Jiey  not  omply  with  the  king's  order ;  in  a  tlurd  he  pressed 
for  a  decision,  ind  in  a  fourth  refused  to  grant  tnem  a  recess.  After  the 
vote  the  House  adopted  an  answer  to  the  governor's  messages,  in  which,  after 
stating  their  recent  vote,  they  concluded :  "  In  all  this  we  have  been  actuated  by 
a  conscientious,  and  finally  a  clear  and  determined  sense  of  duty  to  God,  to  our 
king,  our  country,  and  to  our  latest  posterity ;  and  wo  most  ardently  wish  and 
humbly  pray  that  in  your  fut\ire  conduct  your  Excellency  may  be  influenced  by 
the  same  principles."  As  soon  as  the  governor  received  the  answer  of  tho  House 
he  prorogued  the  House,  and  the  next  day  he  issued  a  proclamation  dissolving 
the  general  court,  which  was  formally  published  is>  every  county  by  the  sherifis. 

1768,  June.  —  The  sloop  Liberty,  belonging  to  Mr.  Hancock, 
was  seized  in  the  harbor  of  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  for  violating 
the  revenue  laws,  in  landing  a  cargo  of  wmea  from  Madeira  with- 
(Xdt  having  entered  the  whole. 


1768.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


279 


The  navigation  acts  gave  England  the  exclusive  right  of  supplying  wines,  witii 
other  articles,  to  the  colonies,  but  the  right  of  exporting  non-enumerated  articled 
to  porta  south  of  Capo  Finisterre,  enabled  them  to  got  wines  from  the  place  of 
growth,  in  contravention  of  the  trade  acts.  The  duty  on  wines  from  England  also 
offered  too  great  a  temptation  to  the  merchants  to  obtain  them  by  evading  the 
duty.  In  fact,  most  of  the  irade  carried  on  bj  the  colonics  was  smuggling,  if 
England  had  the  right  to  lay  duties  for  her  own  benefit,  and  her  interference  for 
this  purpose  forced  tlie  colonial  merchants  into  such  a  course.  The  receipt  of  the 
news  in  Boston  created  a  riot  on  the  lOtli.  The  revemie  commiusionera  took 
refuge  in  a  ship  of  war  in  Boston  harbor,  and  afterwards  on  Castle  Island,  wiiero 
a  company  of  British  artillery  was  stationed.  A  town  meeting  in  Fancuil  Hall 
petitioned  the  governor  to  have  the  ship  of  war  sent  from  the  harbor.  The  coun- 
cil condemned  the  rioters,  but  would  take  no  further  steps.  The  rioters  were 
never  punished,  no  witnesses  against  them  being  found,  and  the  proceedings 
against  the  vessel  were  given  up  from  the  same  cause. 

1768.  —  A  TYPE-FOUNDERY  was  begun  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
by  Mr.  Miohelson  from  Scotland. 

He  does  not  seem  to  have  successfully  established  it. 

1768,  July  4.  —  The  United  States  Chronicle  was  issued  at 
Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

It  continued  until  June  21,  1792^ 

1768.  —  The  Six  Nations  ceded  to  the  crown  all  the  country 
south  of  the  Ohio  as  far  south  as  the  Tennessee  River. 

17G8.  —  The  first  settlement  within  the  limits  of  Tennessee 
was  made  by  James  Robertson  and  a  party  of  emigrants  from 
North  Carolina. 

They  settled  on  the  TJataga,  one  of  the  head  streams  of  the  Tennessee,  and  in 
1771  obtained  an  eiglit-years'  lease  of  it  from  the  Cherokee  Indians. 

1768,  July  11. —  General  Gage  withdrew  the  troops  from 
Nova  Scotia. 

1768,  August   6.  —  The  Essex   Gazette  appeared  in  Salem, 

Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Hall  at  Salem  until  1775,  when  it  was  taken  to 
Cambridge  and  issued  under  the  title  of  the  New  England  Chronicle,  or  the 
Weekly  Gazette.  In  177G  the  office  was  moved  to  Boston,  and  the  Chronicle  waa 
sold  to  Powers  and  Willis.  Hall  returned  to  Salem  in  1781,  and  uniting  with  the 
Salem  Gazette  and  General  Advertiser,  continued  the  issue  until  November  22, 
1785,  when  he  returned  to  Boston,  giving  up  the  business  on  account  of  the  tax  on 
newspaper  advertisements.  In  1776  the  Chronicle  took  the  name  of  the  Indepen- 
dent Chronicle,  and  soon  after  added  Universal  Advei-tiser  to  its  title.  It  was  a 
strong  advocate  of  the  revolutionary  party,  and  continued  its  existence  until  1783, 
during  the  last  part  of  its  career  being  entirely  under  the  control  of  Willis.  In 
October,  1786,  John  Dabney  and  Thomas  C.  Cushing  purchased  the  materials  and 
revived  the  publication.  At  first  they  called  it  the  Saiem  Mercury,  then  tho 
American  Eagle,  and  in  1790  the  Salem  Gazette.    It  is  still  in  existence. 

1768.  —  Colonel  Christopher  Leffingwell,  under  the  prom- 


W 


W\ 


\m ' ' 


280 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1768-9. 


ise  of  a  bounty  from  the  legislature,  erected  a  paper-mill  at 
Norwich,  Connecticut. 

Two  years  afterwards  he  was  given  two  pence  a  quire  on  four  thousand  and 
twenty  quires  of  writing-paper,  and  a  penny  eai"*^  on  ten  thousand  six  liundrcd 
quires  of  printing-paper.  The  bounty  aniountea  to  eighty-one  pounds,  sixteen 
shillings,  and  eight  pence.    The  bounty  was  soon  withdrawn. 

1768,  September  2.  —  An  order  was  issued  to  the  governors 
of  the  colonies,  forbidding  them  to  show  any  letters,  or  parts  of 
letters,  from  the  ministry  to  their  assemblies,  without  special  per- 
mission from  the  king. 

1768,  September  27.  —  The  two  regiments  ordered  to  Boston 
from  Halifax,  arrived. 

Gage  from  Nev  York  had  sent  orders  to  provide  barracks  for  thorn.  A  town- 
meeting  was  called,  which  requested  the  governor  to  summon  the  general  court. 
This  he  refused.  The  meeting  advised  a  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  towns, 
which  convened  the  22d.  It  requested  the  governor  to  call  the  general  court,  but 
lie  called  the  meeting  treasonable.  This  meeting  was  the  first  popular  convention. 
There  were  barracks  at  the  Castle,  but  Gage  ordered  the  troops  quartered  in  the 
town.  As  no  prrangemeiit  could  be  made,  one  regiment  was  quartered  on  the  Com- 
mon, and  Faneuil  Hall  and  the  Town  House  were  used  for  the  rest.  Tlic  New 
York  assembly  for  refusing  to  furnish  quarters  for  the  troops  there  was  dissolved, 
and  the  next  assembly  continuing  to  refuse  was  also  dissolved.  The  assemblies  of 
Maryland  and  Georgia  were  also  dissolved  for  approving  the  proceedings  in  Vir- 
ginia and  Massachusetts.  In  October  Gage  came  to  Boston,  but  the  selectmen 
refused  to  do  anything  since  the  Quartering  Act  spoke  only  of  justices  of  the 
peace.  Governor  Bernard  created  a  Board  of  Justices,  but  tliey  would  not 
serve,  so  that  Gage  was  obliged  to  hire  houses  and  purchase  supplies  from  the 
army  chest,  the  council  saying  the  appropriations  of  money  belonged  exclusively 
to  the  general  court. 

1768,  December.  —  Parliament  met.  The  House  of  Lords 
censured  the  convention  of  towns  in  Boston  in  particular,  and 
recommended  that  the  oflFeaders  be  sent  to  England  for  trial  for 
treason. 

.  1768.  —  The  New  York  Chronicle  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Alexander  and  James  Robinson,  but  did  not  continue 
long. 

1769,  January.  — The  resolutions  to  send  prisoners  to  England 
were  passed  by  the  House  of  Commons. 

Franklin  wrote  :  "  Every  man  in  England  regards  himself  as  a  piece  of  a  sov- 
ereign over  America,  seems  to  jostle  himself  into  the  throne  with  the  king,  and 
talks  of  our  subjects  in  the  colonies." 

1769,  May  16.  —  The  house  of  burgesses,  in  Virginia,  adopted 
a  series  of  resolutions,  which  were  considered  by  the  governor, 
Lord  Botetourt,  as  so  abominable  that  he  dissolved  the  house. 

These  resolutions  were  widely  reprinted  in  the  daily  newspapers.  They  were 
unanimously  passed,  as  follows  :  "  Resolved,  That  the  sole  right  of  imposing  taxes 


1769.; 

on  the  i 

and  eve 

lawfully 

sent  of  1 

nor  for  ( 

"  Res 

to  petiti( 

expedien 

addressc 

America. 

''Rest 

crime  wli 

minion,  I 

conductec 

ing  to  tJic 

or  person 

therein,  a 

is  highly  ( 

privilege  ( 

moning  an 

accused. 

''Resol 

Majesty,  t( 

ernment;  ; 

ever  remot 

of  this  cok 

sue,  from  i 

suspected  c 

ancient  ant 

ing  order  w 

transmit,  w 

continent,  s 

concurrtac 

resolutions 

responded  ] 

York  adopt( 

to  them ;  tl 

all  agreed  ii 

1769, 

setts  asse 
They  pet 
the  session, 
inconsistent 
had  no  Authc 
no  business, 
going  to  Enj 
Jnce  to  the 
governor, 
and  provide 
fore  excuse 


rmm 


^— I' 


1769.] 


ANNALS  or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


281 


on  the  inhabitants  of  this  His  Majesty's  Colony  and  Dominion  of  Virginia  is  now, 
and  ever  hath  been,  legally  and  constitutionally  vested  in  the  House  of  Burgesses, 
lawfully  convened,  according  to  tlic  ancient  and  established  practice,  with  ttie  con- 
sent of  the  Council,  and  of  His  Majesty,  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  or  liis  Gover- 
nor for  the  time  being. 

"  Resolved,  Tliat  it  is  the  undoubted  privilege  of  the  inhabitants  of  tliis  colony 
to  petition  their  Sovereign  for  redress  of  grievances ;  and  tliat  it  is  lawful  and 
expedient  to  procure  the  concurrence  of  His  Majesty's  other  colonies,  in  dutiful 
addresses,  praying  the  royal  interposition  in  favor  of  the  violated  rights  of 
America. 

"  Resolved,  That  all  trials  for  treason,  misprision  of  treason,  or  for  any  felony  or 
crime  whatsoever,  committed  and  done  in  this  His  Majesty's  said  colony  and  do- 
minion, by  any  person  or  persons  residing  therein,  ouglit  of  rigiit  to  be  liad  and 
conducted  in  and  before  His  Majesty's  courts,  held  witliin  liis  said  colony,  accord- 
ing to  the  fixed  and  known  course  of  proceeding ;  and  that  tlie  seizing  any  person 
or  persons  residing  in  the  colony,  suspected  of  uny  crime  whatsoever  connnitted 
therein,  and  sending  such  person  or  persons  to  places  beyond  tlie  sea  to  be  tried, 
is  highly  derogatory  of  the  rights  of  British  subjects,  as  thereby  the  inestimable 
privilege  of  being  tried  by  a  jury  from  the  vicinage,  as  well  as  the  liberty  of  sum- 
niuning  and  producing  witnesses  on  such  trial,  will  be  taken  away  from  the  party 
accused. 

*^  Resolved,  That  an  humble,  dutiful  and  loyal  address  bo  prepared  to  His 
Majesty,  to  assure  him  of  our  inviolable  attachment  to  his  sacred  person  and  gov- 
ernment; and  to  beseech  his  royal  interposition,  as  tlie  father  of  all  people,  how- 
ever remote  from  the  seat  of  his  empire,  to  quiet  the  minds  of  his  loyal  subjects 
of  this  colony,  and  to  avert  from  them  those  dangers  and  miseries  which  will  en- 
sue, from  the  seizing  and  carrying  beyond  sea  any  person  residing  in  America, 
suspected  of  any  crime  whatsoever,  to  be  tried  in  any  other  manner  than  by  the 
ancient  and  long  established  course  of  proceeding.'-'  At  the  same  time  the  follow- 
ing order  was  passed  by  the  house  :  "  Ordered,  That  the  speaker  of  this  House  do 
transmit,  witliout  delay,  to  the  speakers  of  the  several  houses  of  assembly  on  this 
continent,  a  copy  of  the  resolutions  now  agreed  to  by  tliis  House,  requesting  their 
concurrence  therein."  The  speaker  of  the  house,  Peyton  Randolph,  sent  these 
resolutions  to  the  other  assemblies,  accompanied  by  a  letter,  and  the  assemblies 
responded  heartily  to  them.  Those  of  North  Carolina,  Rliode  Island,  and  New 
York  adopted  them  entire.  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  added  further  resolves 
to  them;  that  of  Maryland  and  some  others  altered  the  phraseology;  but  they 
all  agreed  in  maintaining  the  principles  enunciated. 

1769,  May  31.  —  The  house  of  representatives  of  Massachu- 
setts assembled. 

They  petitioned  the  governor  to  remove  the  troops  from  Boston,  .it  least  during 
the  session,  as  the  keeping  an  armed  force  there  was  a  breach  of  privilege,  and 
inconsistent  with  their  dignity  and  freedom.  Bernard  refused  on  the  ground  he 
had  no  nuthority  to  do  so.  The  house  then  organized  under  protest,  and  would  do 
no  business.  The  governor  adjourned  them  to  Cambridge,  and  told  them  he  was 
going  to  England,  having  been  summoned  there  to  state  tlie  condition  of  tlie  prov- 
ince to  the  king.  The  house  thereupon  petitioned  the  king  for  his  removal  as 
governor.  Being  called  upon  to  pay  the  expenses  already  incurred  for  the  troops, 
and  provide  for  those  in  the  future,  they  replied :  "  Your  excellency  mus.,  there- 
fore excuse  us,  in  this  express  declaration,  that  as  we  cannot  consistently  with  our 
honor  and  interest,  and  much  less  with  the  duty  we  owe  our  constituents,  so  we 


282 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1769. 


never  will  make  provision  for  the  purposes  in  your  several  messages  above  men- 
tioned." Bernard  prorogued  tlie  liouse,  and  left  for  England,  leaving  the  lieuten- 
ant-governor, Ilutctiinson,  in  authority.  After  his  departure  the  grand  jury  of 
Suffolk  indicted  him  for  libel  in  writing  slanderous  letters  concernii.g  the  people 
of  the  province  to  the  king's  ministers. 

1769,  June.  —  Daniel  Boono  and  a  party  of  six  backwoodsmen 
made  their  camp  and  settled  on  the  Eed  River. 

They  were  the  first  settlers  in  the  state  of  Kentucky. 

Boone  was  born  in  Maryland,  February,  1735;  died  September  26,  1822.  In 
1773,  he,  with  his  family  and  another  party,  again  started  west,  and  explored  and 
opened  a  road  to  the  Kentucky  River.  In  April,  1776,  a  fort  was  built,  and  tlw 
spot  named  Boonesborough.  He  was  placed  in  command  of  the  fort,  and  was 
promoted  to  the  rank  of  major  in  the  army.  After  the  close  of  the  Revolution, 
he  returned  to  his  farming  and  hunting.  In  1792,  when  Kentucky  was  admitted 
into  the  Union,  he  with  many  others,  owing  to  defective  titles,  lost  their  lands, 
and,  disgusted,  he  removed  in  1795  to  a  settlement  on  the  Osnge,  where  eight 
thousand  five  hundred  acres  of  land  were  awarded  him  by  Spain,  then  in  posses- 
sion of  the  country,  for  his  services.  In  1812  Congress  confirmed  his  title  to 
part  of  the  land  still  remaining  to  him,  he  having  lost  the  larger  portion,  in  con- 
sideration of  his  conduct  during  the  early  settlement  of  the  West ;  and  on  his 
farm  he  died  at  the  age  of  eighty-eight. 

1769,  June  3.  —  The  transit  of  Venus  was  scientifically  ob- 
served at  Providence,  Rhode  Island. 

Joseph  Brown,  a  merchant  interested  in  science,  had  obtained  the  necessary 
instruncnts  from  London,  and  erected  an  observa+ory  where  the  observation  was 
made.  In  Newport  the  Reverend  Dr.  Stiles  als(  jservcd  tho  transit  with  instru- 
tatut'^  furnished  by  Abraham  Redwood. 

1769,  July  19.  —  In  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  a  b9,nd  of  the  peo- 
ple boarded  the  armed  British  sloop  Liberty,  and  scuttled  her. 

She  was  in  command  of  William  Reid,  who  had  just  arrested  two  Connecticut 
vessels  on  suspicion  of  smuggling.  A  reward  was  offered  by  the  Revenue  Board 
at  Boston  for  the  discovery  of  the  perpetrators,  but  without  effect. 

1769,  September.  —  The  governorship  of  New  York  devolved 
upon  Golden. 

Sir  Henry  Moore  had  died.  The  assembly  made  the  required  provision  for  tho 
troops. 

1769,  September  4.  —  The  first  class  graduated  from.  Rhode 
Island  College. 

It  consisted  of  seven  members.  All  who  took  port  in  the  proceedings  were 
dressed  in  clothes  of  American  manufacture. 

1769,  October.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  adopted  the 
Virginia  resolutions. 

They  were  dissolved  in  consequence,  and,  reassembling  as  individuals,  formed 
a  non-importation  league.  Georgia,  Rhode  Island,  and  New  Hampshire  also 
formed  a  similar  league. 


1769.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH    '  MERICA. 


283 


1769.  —  On  the  dissolution  of  the  house  of  burgesses,  in  Vir- 
ginia, they  mci  at  Anthony  Hay's  private  residence,  chose  Peyton 
liandolph  moderator,  and  the  next  day  adopted  and  signed  arti- 
cles of  association  to  carry  out  the  non-importation  agreement. 

One  of  these  articles  was,  not  to  "  import  any  slaves,  or  purchase  any  imported 
after  the  5th  day  of  November  next,  until  the  said  acts  of  Parliament  are  re- 
pealed." The  articles  were  quite  elaborate.  Ihey  were  printed  in  tlie  news- 
papers. They  were  drawn  up  by  George  Mason,  and  sent  by  hiiu  to  Wasliingtou, 
with  a  letter.     Washington  presented  them  to  the  house. 

1769.  —  A  JOINT  board  of  commissioners  settled  the  disputed 
boundary  question  between  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

1769.  —  The  assembly  of  Now  Jersey  granted  certain  privi- 
leges to  encourage  the  Hibernia  Iron- Works  and  others  in  Mon- 
mouth County. 

Grape-shot  and  other  ordnance  was  made  here  during  the  Revolution.  A  letter 
dated  November  21,  1776,  from  John  Huff,  the  manager  or  owner,  asks  for  a  sup- 
ply of  salt,  and  speaks  of  the  furnace  as  the  only  one  he  knew  of  in  tlic  province, 
then  in  blast,  and  able  to  furnish  sucii  supplies  for  the  public  service. 

1769.  —  Abel  Buell,  of  Killingsworth,  Connecticut,  petitioned 
the  council  for  aid  to  put  in  operation  a  new  process  for  casting 
type.     His  petition  was  granted. 

The  foundcry  was  commenced  in  New  Haven,  in  the  Sandcmanian  meeting- 
house, in  Grcgson  Street,  and  employed  some  fifteen  or  twenty  boys.  During  the 
(viitinuance  of  the  war  of  the  Revolution  it  was  encouraged,  and  supplied  type 
at  the  time  there  was  great  difficulty,  expense,  and  risk  in  obtaining  foreign  sup- 
plies. It  does  not  appear  to  have  survived  the  war  long.  BucU  was  an  ingenious 
mechanic ;  his  business  was  that  of  a  gold-and  silversmith.  He  died  in  the  poor- 
house  at  New  Haven  about  1825.  Abel  Buell  and  Amos  DooliUlc  engraved  and 
published  four  views  of  the  battles  of  Lexington  and  Concord. 

1769.  —  One  hundred  dollars  were  placed  anonymously  in  the 
hands  of  the  selectmen  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  to  be  given  in 
1771,  in  suras  of  forty,  thirty,  twenty,  and  ten  dollars,  to  those 
who  had  raised  the  largest  number  of  mulberry-trees  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1769.  —  The  Superior  Court  of  Massachusetts  decided  that 
slavery  could  not  be  authorized  in  Massachusetts. 

The  case  was  .Tames  vs.  Lechmere.  The  attorney-general,  Small,  argued  tliat 
the  royal  charter  expressly  declared  all  persons  born  or  residing  in  the  province 
to  be  as  free  as  the  king's  subjects  in  Great  Britain,  and  that  there  no  man 
could  be  deprived  of  his  liberty  but  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers ;  that  laws  of 
the  province  intended  to  regulate  or  mitigate  an  evil  did  not  authorize  it.  This 
was  two  years  before  Lord  Mansfield's  famous  decision  made  slavery  impossible  in 
England.  The  negroes  of  Boston  are  said  to  have  collected  the  money  among 
themselves  for  carrying  on  the  suit.  The  action  was  by  a  slave  to  recover  wages 
from  his  master. 

1769.  —  Dartmouth  College,  at  Hanover,  New  Hampshire, 
was  established. 


-m 


m  I 


284 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1769. 


1769,  —  Franklin,  testifying  before  the  Board  of  Trade,  was 
questioned  concerning  the  paper-money  systems  of  the  colonies. 

It  had  been  claimed  that  the  paper  money  carried  tiic  gold  and  silver  ct  of  iho 
country,  and  that  experience  hod  sliown  that  every  colony  which  used  it  tvas  thus 
ruined  by  it.     Franklin  said :  — 

*'  This  opinion  of  its  ruining  the  country  seems  to  be  merely  speculative,  or 
not  otherwise  founded  than  upon  misinformation  in  the  mutter  of  fact.  The  trutii 
is  that,  tiie  balance  of  trade  witii  iiritain  being  greatly  against  them,  the  gold  ami 
silver  are  drawn  out  to  pay  the  balance;  and  then  the  necessity  of  some  medium 
of  trade  has  induced  the  making  of  paper  money.  Thus,  if  carrying  out  all  the 
gold  and  silver  ruins  a  country,  every  colony  was  ruined  before  it  made  paper 
money.  But,  far  from  being  ruined  by  it,  the  colonies  that  have  made  use  of 
paper  money  have  been,  ar.d  arc,  all  in  a  thriving  condition.  .  .  . 

"Pennsylvania,  before  it  made  any  paper  money,  was  totally  stripped  "f  its 
gold  and  tiilv-jr,  though  they  had  from  time  to  time,  like  the  neighboring  colonics, 
aj,reod  to  take  gold  and  silver  coins  at  higher  nominal  values,  in  hopes  of  drawing 
money  into  and  retaining  it  for  the  internal  usea  of  the  province.  During  that 
weak  practice  silver  got  up  by  degrees  to  eight  shillings  and  nine  pence  per 
ounce  .  .  .  long  before  paper  money  was  made.  But  this  practice  of  increasing 
the  denomination  was  found  not  to  answer  the  people.  The  balance  of  trade 
carried  out  the  gold  and  silver  coins  as  fast  as  they  were  brought  in,  the  mer- 
chants raising  the  price  of  their  goods  in  proportion  to  the  increased  denomination 
of  the  money.  The  difficulties  for  want  of  cash  were  accordingly  very  great,  the 
chief  part  of  the  trade  being  carried  on  by  the  extremely  inconvenient  method  of 
barter,  when,  in  1723,  paper  money  was  first  made  there  [inTennsylvania],  which 
gave  new  life  to  business,  promoted  greatly  the  settlement  of  new  lands  (by  lending 
small  sums  to  beginners,  on  easy  interest,  to  bo  paid  by  installments),  whereby  the 
provinco  has  so  greatly  increased  in  inhabitants  that  the  export  from  thence  hither 
is  now  more  than  tenfold  what  it  then  was ;  ...  so  that  it  docs  not  appear  to 
be  of  the  ruinous  nature  ascribed  to  it."  .  .  . 

To  the  objection  that  every  medium  of  trade  should  have  an  intrinsic  value, 
Franklin  replied :  — 

•*  However  fit  a  particular  thing  may  be  for  a  particular  purpose,  whenever  that 
thing  is  not  to  bo  had,  or  not  to  be  had  in  sufficient  quantity  (and  must  be  given  up 
to  the  demands  of  commerce  whenever  made),  it  becomes  necessary  to  use  some- 
thing else,  the  fittest  that  can  be  got  in  lieu  of  it.  .  .  .  It  seems  hard,  therefore, 
to  draw  all  tlieir  real  money  from  them,  and  then  refuse  them  the  poor  privilege 
of  using  paper  instead  of  i'ts  bank  bills  and  banker's  notes  as  are  daily  used  here 
[in  England]  as  a  medium  of  trade,  and  in  large  dealings,  perhaps  tlic  greater 
part  is  transacted  by  their  means,  and  yet  they  have  no  intrinsic  value,  but  rest  on 
the  credit  of  those  that  issued  them,  as  paper  bills  in  the  colonies  do  on  the  credit 
of  the  respective  governments  there.  Their  [bank  bills]  being  payable  in  cash 
'jnop  sight  by  the  drawer  is,  indeed,  a  circumstance  that  cannot  attend  the  colony 
bills,  for  the  reason  just  above  mentioned,  their  cash  [bullion]  being  drawn  from 
them  by  the  British  trade ;  but  the  legal  tender  being  substituted  in  its  place  is 
rather  a  greater  advantage  to  the  possessor,  since  he  need  not  be  at  the  trouble  of 
going  to  a  particular  bank  or  banker  to  demand  the  money.  .  .  . 

•'  At  this  very  time  even  the  silver  money  in  England  is  obliged  to  the  legal 
tender  for  a  part  of  its  value ;  that  part  which  is  the  difference  between  its  real 
weight  and  denomination.  Great  part  of  the  shillings  and  sixpences  now  current 
are,  by  wearing,  become  5,  10,  20,  and  some  of  the  sixpences  even  50  per  cent. 


1769-1 

too  light 
value;  y 
with  the 
tiiree  per 
"Goh 
itself  cap 
the  estin 
credit  giv 
of  gold  w 

1769. 
quarter 

They  a 
Delaware 


1769-70.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOHTII  AMEBIC  A. 


285 


too  light.  For  this  differonco  botwoen  the  rcnl  and  nominal  you  havo  no  intrinsio 
value ;  you  havo  not  so  much  a«  paper ;  you  havo  notiiinK.  It  is  the  legal  tender, 
witli  the  knowledge  that  it  can  easily  bo  repasited  for  the  same  value,  that  muked 
three  pennyworth  of  silver  pass  for  sixpence. 

"  Gold  and  silver  are  not  intrinsically  of  equal  value  with  iron  —  a  metal  in 
itself  capable  of  many  more  benefits  to  mankind.  Their  value  rests  ehiflly  in 
the  estimation  they  happen  to  bo  in  among  the  generality  of  nations,  and  the 
credit  given  to  the  opinion  that  the  estimation  will  continue.  Otherwiuu  a  pound 
of  gold  would  not  be  a  real  equivalent  for  even  a  bushel  of  wheat." 

1769.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  refused  to  provide 
quarters  for  the  troops  sent  to  that  province. 

They  adopted  the  Virginia  resolutions,  as  did  the  assemblies  of  Maryland  and 

Delaware. 

1769.  —  The  French  settlers  on  the  Illinois  River  made  one 
hundred  and  ten  hogsheads  of  wine  from  the  native  grapes  of 
that  region. 

1769.  —  Lewis  Nichola  commenced  a  magazine  entitled  the 
American  Magazine. 

It  contained  forty-eight  pages,  8vo,  and  the  transactions  of  the  American  Philo- 
sophical Society  were  appended  to  it.     Only  one  volume  of  it  was  published. 

1769.  —  At  this  date  there  were  forty  paper-mills  in  the  prov- 
inces  of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  of  which  Penn- 
sylvania had  six. 

The  value  of  their  production  was  estimated  at  one  hundred  thousand  pounds  a 
year. 

1769.  —  The  following  notice  appeared  in  the  Boston  News 
Letter :  — 

"The  bell  cart  will  go  through  Boston  before  the  end  of  next  month,  to  collect 
rags  for  the  Paper  Mill  at  Milton,  when  all  people  that  will  encourage  the  manu- 
factory may  dispose  of  them." 

1769-70.  —  Benjamin  FrXnklin  first  made  the  attempt  to  have 
the  "  Gulf  Stream  "  marked  out  on  charts  for  the  benefit  of  nav- 
igators. 

1770.  —  Charles  IV.,  of  Spain,  issued  an  ordinance  opening 
all  the  ports  of  Spain  to  the  Spanish  colonies. 

1770.  —  Georgia  passed  a  law,  making  teaching  slaves  either 
to  read  or  write  an  offence  punishable  with  a  fine  of  one  hundred 
pounds  for  each  offence. 

1770.  —  The  first  manufacture  of  tin- ware  is  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Edward  Patterson,  a  native  of  Ireland,  at  Berlin,  Con- 
necticut. 

1770.  —  Morocco  leather,  of  fair  quality,  is  said  to  have  been 
made  by  Lord  Timothy  Dexter  at  Charlestown,  Massachusetts. 

1770.  —  William  Mollineau,  of  Boston,  was  granted  a  lease, 


286 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1770. 


:J 


rent  free,  for  soven  j'cars,  of  the  public  silk  factory,  to  aid  in 
employing  the  poor  in  spinning,  dyeing,  and  weaving  silk. 

MollinonH  states  that  he  hud  spi-nt  hL-twoon  cloven  and  twelve  hundred  poundi 
In  Bilk  culture,  chiefly  in  niiichinery  in  tho  public  Hilk  factory,  and  engntfed  to  buy, 
at  a  reasonable  price,  all  tho  silk  raised  in  tho  province,  and  manufacture  it. 

1770.  —  Susannah  WnionT,  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania, 
received  a  premium  for  a  piece  of  mantua,  sixty  yards  in  length, 
made  from  silk  of  her  own  raising. 

A  court-dross  for  tho  queen  was  made  fVom  it.  Samples  of  it  arc  preserved  in 
the  nmnu.<  -ript  copy  of  Watson's  Annals  of  Pennsylvania  and  J'hiludeljphia, 
which  is  11;  tho  collection  of  the  FhUadelphia  Library  Company. 

1770,  March  6.  —  Tho  Boston  Massacre  took  place. 

I  In  a  contest  with  the  citizens  of  Boston,  tho  military  flrcd,  killing  four  persons, 
and  wounding  several  more.  Tlio  so'dicrs  were  tried  civilly,  and  all  but  two  ac- 
quitted, who  were  found  guilty  of  manslaughter.  The  occasion  was  celebrated  by 
en  annual  oration  in  Boston,  until  it  was  superseded  by  tho  celebration  of  the  4th 
of  July,  ns  the  date  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  There  had  been  con- 
stant collisions  between  tho  soldiers  and  tho  people,  and  this  last  one  resulted  in 
bloodshed.  A  town  meeting  held  tho  next  day  demanded  the  removal  of  tiio 
troops,  which  was  finally  agreed  upon,  the  council  advising  it  unanimously.  John 
Adams  and  Josiah  Quincy  defended  the  soldiers  on  their  trial.  One  of  the  per- 
sons killed  was  a  negro  named  Attucks.  Their  funeral  was  attended  by  immense 
crowds. 

1770,  April  12.  —  Parliament  partially  repealed  the  act  taxing 
the  importation  of  certain  articles  into  the  colonies.  The  duty 
on  tea  was  still  retained. 

1770.  —  This  year  there  were  shipped  to  Liverpool  three  bales 
of  cotton  from  New  York,  four  from  Virginia  and  Maryland,  and 
three  barrels  full  from  North  Carolina. 

1770,  July.  —  The  Maasachitsetts  Spy  appeared  in  Boston,  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

It  proposed  a  tri-weekly,  published  on  Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays. 
Tho  publishers  wore  Isaiah  Thomas  and  Zechariah  Fowlo.  Three  months  after- 
wards Fowle  retired,  and  Thomas  increased  the  size  of  the  paper,  and  published 
it  twice  a  week.  Three  months  afterwards  he  issued  it  weekly.  It  was  one  of 
the  most  inttumtial  sheets  devoted  to  the  popular  cause.  In  1774  it  printed  the 
snake  device,  with  tho  motto  "Join  or  die  "  extending  across  the  entire  page. 
On  the  Cth  of  April,  1775,  it  ceased  to  appear  in  Boston,  its  type  were  sent  away, 
and  on  the  3d  of  May  it  appeared  at  Worcjstor.  In  1781  its  title  was  changed  to 
the  Massachusetts  Spy,  or  the  Worcester  Gazette.  In  1786  it  was  suspended  in 
consequence  of  tlie  state  stamp  act,  and  in  1788  was  resumed.  In  1870  its  present 
proprietors  celebrated  its  centenoial. 

1770,  July  6.  —  The  first  royal  instruction  was  adopted  in  the 
Privy  Council. 

This  was  s^nt  to  Massachusetts,  and  ordered  the  garrisoning  of  Oastlc  "William, 
iu  Bostoa  harbor,  by  the  king's  troops.     The  charter  of  the  colony  expressly  pro- 


in  a  series 


1770.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


287 


vidod  tlint  this  fort  Khotild  bo  ^nnMHonctl  hy  provincial  troops.  This  was  the  first 
in  a  Bt'rii'8  of  inHtnictions  (lesii^necl  to  destroy  entirely  tlio  wliulc  tlieory  and  prac- 
tice of  local  government  in  the  colonies. 

1770.  —  The  merchants  of  New  York  sent  out  a  circular  letter 
to  tlio  inorchaiits'  cf"  the  other  porta,  proposing  to  coiiiino  tiio  uou- 
importation  agreoment  to  tlie  article  of  tea. 

Tliirt  proposition  met  witii  no  favor  from  the  non-importation  associations.  At 
a  meitiii),'  held  in  Boston  in  Fancuil  Hall,  the  circular  was  torn  in  pieces.  Tho 
Philudelpliia  merchants  sent  a  letter  to  those  of  New  York,  regretting  their 
course,  lis  civlculnted  to  weaken  the  cause  of  union  upon  which  the  genend  safety 
(lupended.  In  Soutli  Carolina,  in  Charleston,  it  was  voted  at  a  largo  meeting  tliai 
till'  inhal)itant8  of  Georgia,  since  they  would  not  enter  in  tlic  agreement  for  non- 
importation, "ought  to  l>e  amputated  from  tlie  rest  of  the  bretheren,  as  a  rotten 
part  that  miglit  spread  a  dangerous  infection."  The  merchants  of  Boston  voted 
tliat  they  would  not  hold  intercourse  with  the  merchants  of  New  Hampshire,  or 
with  any  who  held  intercourse  with  them.  The  merchants  of  I'hiladclphia  voted 
"not  to  have  any  dealing;)  with  the  colony  of  Riiode  Island  for  breaking  through 
thoir  non-importation  agreement,"  and  a  vessel  from  Newport,  commanded  by 
Captain  Wliitman,  was  not  allowed  to  land  her  cargo  at  Philadelphia.  Tliis  samo 
course  was  followed  with  other  vessels.  The  "  freeholders,  merchants,  and  trad- 
ers" of  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  voted  also  to  have  no  intercourse  with 
Rhode  Island.  Boston,  Charleston,  and  Philadelphia  drove  away  ships  from  New 
York,  New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island.  New  York  and  New  Hampshire  wero 
also  contending  concerning  the  jurisdiction  of  the  territory  (now  Vermont) ;  and 
Connecticut  and  Pennsylvania  were  also  disputing  concerning  their  boundaries. 
It  appeared  as  though  dissension,  rather  than  union,  was  to  bo  tho  future  of  tho 
colonics. 

1770.  —  An  association,  called  Regulators,  was  made  in  South 
Carolina  for  the  summary  punishment  of  offenders,  especially 
horse-thieves. 

As  yet  there  were  no  courts  established  outside  of  Charleston.  The  governor 
having  appointed  an  agent  to  examine  tho  truth  of  complaints  made  of  the  regu- 
lators, ho  arrested  some  of  them,  and  sent  them  to  Charleston. 

1770.  —  Robert  Eden,  the  governor  of  Maryland,  issued  a 
proclamation  fixing  tho  rate  of  foes. 

This  "  setting  fees  by  proclamation  "  made  a  great  excitement  in  the  province, 
it  being  considered  that  the  fees  wero  in  the  nature  of  taxes,  and  could  be  laid 
only  by  the  assembly.  Tho  contest  continued  some  years.  In  this  dispute 
Charles  CrrroU  took  the  popular  side. 

1770.  —  In  North  Carolina,  an  association,  called  Regulators, 
protested  against  tho  exorbitant  fees  and  taxes,  and  refused  to 
pay  them. 

Proceeding  to  violence,  they  assaulted  lawyers,  judges,  and  sheriffs,  and  closed 
many  of  the  courts.  The  assembly  took  ground  against  them,  and  ejected  one  of 
tlieir  number  from  their  midst. 

1770.  —  A  COLLEGE  was  established  at  New  Brunswick,  New 
Jersey,  under  the  auspices  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in 
North  America,  under  the  title  of  Queen's  College. 


r  I 


288 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1771. 


^21il 


&'iii 


i: 


In  1825  the  name  was  changed  to  Rutgers.  Though  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Dutch  Church,  it  is  open  to  all  denomina^^^ions. 

1771.  —  A  TAX  of  fourpence  a  ton  on  vessels  entering  Balti- 
more  was  laid  by  the  colonial  government  of  Maryland  for  the 
purpose  of  building  a  light-house  on  Cape  Henry. 

1771,  May.  —  Governor  Tryon,  of  North  Carolina,  at  the  head 
of  a  body  of  volunteers,  marched  against  tha  Regulators,  who 
submitted  after  an  engagement. 

Some  two  hundred  of  tliem  were  killed,  and  a  great  number  token  prisoners, 
of  whom  six  were  tried  and  executed  for  treason. 

1771,  June  9.  —  The  Massachusetts  house  of  representatives 
protested  "  against  all  such  doctrines,  principles,  and  practices  as 
tend  to  establish  either  ministerial  or  even  Royal  Instructions  as 
laws  within  th-d  province." 

1771,  July  8.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  printed  what  was  called 
the  twenty-seventh  instruction,  by  which  the  governor  was  told 
that  he  should  not  in  the  future,  upon  any  pretext,  give  his  con- 
sent to  any  law  or  laws  by  which  the  appointed  officers  were 
t)ixed. 

1771,  August  19.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
bankruptcy  law. 

The  bankrupt  was  discharged,  with  the  assent  of  a  majority  of  his  creditors, 
on  surrendering  all  of  his  assets,  unless  fraud  appeared.  He  was  allowed  to 
retain  certain  articles  of  furniture,  and  if  the  dividend  to  his  creditors  amounted 
to  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  their  claims,  he  was  allowed  five  per  cent.,  and  if  the 
dividend  amounted  to  fifty  per  cent.,  then  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  for  his  sup- 
port. If  the  bankrupt  wf.s  convicted  of  perjury,  he  was  imprisoned,  put  in  the 
pillory,  and  deprived  of  one  ear. 

1771,  November  1.  —  The  first  number  of  the  Censor  appeared 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

This  was  a  periodical  to  defend  the  policy  of  the  ministers.  Governor  Oliver, 
Thomas  Grccnlcaf,  and  other  loyalists,  contributed  to  it.  It  was  published  by 
E.  Russel.     The  last  number  appeared  May  2.,  1772. 

1771,  November.  —  John  Dunlap  commenced  to  issue  the  Penn- 
sylvania  Packet,  or  General  Advertiser,  as  a  weekly,  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

In  1783  it  was  sold  to  D.  C.  Claypoole,  who,  in  about  a  year  after,  made  it  a 
daily,  being  the  first  daily  paper  in  the  United  States. 

1771,  December  23.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said:  "To  break  off 
our  connection  with  the  parent  country  before  the  law  of  self- 
preservation  absolutely  obliges  us,  is  a  thought  we  never  harbov 
m  our  breasts.  The  reigning  principle  which  animates  Ameri- 
cans is  love  to  Great  Britain." 

1771.  —  Alexander  and  James  Robertson  set  up  this  year  in 


1T71-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


889 


Albany,  New  York,  a  press,  and  in  November  commenced  the 
publication  of  the  Alhavy  Gazette.  Albany  wos  the  second  place 
in  New  York  state  where  printing  was  done. 

The  Albany  Gazette  was  discontinued  in  1776,  when  the  Robertsons  loft  the 
place  and  joined  the  royalists  in  New  York  city.  When  New  York  was  evacuated 
by  the  British,  they  took  refuge  in  Nova  Scotia.  At  P&:  t  Rosenay  Alexander 
died  in  1784,  and  James,  some  time  afterwards,  died  in  London,  England. 

1771.  —  Thomas  Hutchinson  was  appointed  governor  of 
Massachusetts. 

The  general  court  was  prorogued  for  discuss! r.g  the  taxation  of  the  salaries  of 
crown  officers,  and  made  no  provision  for  paying  tlie  expenses  of  the  government. 

1771.  —  Lord  Baltimore  died  without  lawful  issue. 

He  bequeathed  the  province  of  Maryland  to  a  natural  son,  Henry  Harford, 
then  a  boy  at  sehool.  The  governor,  Eden,  continued  the  administration  of  the 
province. 

1771.  —  Governor  Tryon  was  removed  from  the  governorship 
of  North  Carolina,  and  transferred  to  that  of  New  York. 

His  successcr,  Josiah  Martin,  conciliated  the  Regulators  by  promising  to 
redress  their  grievances,  and  in  the  end  ihcy  became  loyal  supporters  of  the 
government.  The  act  organizing  the  provincial  courts  of  North  Carolina  having 
expired  by  its  limitations,  a  dispute  concerning  their  organization,  between  the 
house  and  the  council,  kept  North  Carolina  for  a  year  without  any  courts. 

1771.  —  Ethan  Allen  and  Seth  Warner  appeared  prominently 
as  leaders  of  the  settlers  of  the  territory  in  dispute  between 
New  York  and  New  Hampshire. 

The  Tees  demanded  by  New  York  were  excessive,  and  they  denied  the  validity 
of  titles  given  by  Wentworth.  Suits  of  ejectment  wore  brought  in  Albany,  but 
the  settlers  combined  to  resist  them.  Allen  and  Warner  had  emigrated  from 
Connecticut. 

1771.  —  The  settlers  on  the  Wataga  organized  themselves  into 
a  body  politic,  and  agreed  to  a  code  of  laws,  each  of  them  sign- 
ing it. 

1771.  —  An  Indian  missionary  school,  established  by  Wheelock 
at  Lebanon,  Connecticut,  was  moved  to  Hanover,  New  Hamp- 
shire, and  made  into  a  college. 

Forty-four  thousand  acres  of  land  were  given  to  it,  together  with  a  charter. 
The  college  was  named  Dartmouth,  in  honor  of  the  Etirl  (  f  Dartmouth,  who  acted 
as  one  of  the  trustees  for  the  funds  raised  for  its  endowment  by  Sampson  Occum, 
an  Indian  preacher,  who  was  sent  to  England  for  that  purpose. 

1772,  January  6.  —  A  writer,  signed  "  American,"  in  the  Bos- 

ton  Gazette,  said  :  — 

"The  more  eligible  course  for  the  Americans,  and  that  which  they  will  probably 
take,  is  to  form  a  government  of  their  own,  similar  to  that  of  the  United  Provinces 
in  Holland,  and  oflfer  a  free  trade  to  all  the  nations  of  Europe.     If  she  (Great 

19 


I 


290 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1772. 


Britain)  still  pursues  false  maxims  and  arbitrary  measures,  the  Americans  will 
soon  dissolve  their  union  with  Great  Britain.  They  have  all  the  advantages  for 
independence,  and  every  ten.ptation  to  improve  them  that  ever  a  people  had." 

1772,  April  7.  —  Arthur  Lee,  of  Virginia,  in  a  letter  to  Samuel 
Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  says  :  — 

"  My  Lord  Hillsborough  does  not  deserve  from  us  a  confirmation  of  his  inso- 
lent boast,  that  America  is  quiet  and  returned  to  a  due  sense  of  her  error  in 
opposing  his  righteous  and  able  government.  And  upon  the  whole,  why  should 
we  be  less  persevering  in  oppoaition  than  they  are  in  oppression?  " 

1772,  May.  —  The  Bankruptcy  Act  of  the  last  year  was  re- 
pealed b}"^  the  Rhode  Island  assembly. 

1772,  June.  —  A  writer  from  New  Hampshire  said  in  the  Bos- 
ton Gazette :  "  If  no  regard  is  paid  to  our  united  complaints,  we 
should  be  justified  in  the  sight  of  the  world  if  we  sought  a  rem- 
edy in  another  way.  I  mean  set  up  a  government  of  our  own, 
independent  of  Great  Britain." 

1772,  June  9.  —  The  Gaspee,  a  schooner  of  eight  guns,  sta- 
tioned at  Newport  to  prevent  smuggling,  ran  aground  in  the 
river,  and  was  captured  and  burned  by  a  part}*^  in  row-boats. 
The  party  was  headed  by  Abraham  Whipple. 

William  Duddington,  a  lieutenant  in  comm-and,  had  made  himself  very  obnoxious 
by  constantly  interfering  with  passing  vessels.  Tl»e  party  that  attacked  her  was 
publicly  called  together.  Duddington  was  shot,  and  the  vessel  burned.  One  hun- 
dred pounds  reward  was  offered  by  the  governor,  and  a  thousand  pounds  each  by 
the  king  for  the  two  leaders,  with  five  hundred  pounds  for  any  one  engaged  in  it, 
for  information  that  should  lead  to  the  discovery  of  the  perpetrators.  The  infor- 
mation was  never  given,  though  it  was  quite  generally  known.  The  Documentary 
History  of  the  Destruction  of  the  Gaspee,  by  W.  R.  Staples,  Providence,  1845, 
contains  a  full  account  of  this  transaction,  which  was  the  first  overt  act  oi  vjsist- 
ance  on  the  part  of  the  colonies. 

1772,  June  22.  —  Lord  Mansfield,  in  England,  gave  the  decision 
that  slavery  could  not  exis^t  on  English  soil. 

A  native  of  Africa,  sold  as  a  slave  in  Virginia,  named  James  Somerset,  had 
been  brought  to  England  from  Virginia  by  James  Stewart,  and,  claiming  his  free- 
dom, was  about  to  be  shipped  to  Jamaica  for  sale.  On  a  writ  of  habeas  corpus  he 
was  brought  before  Lord  Mansfield  in  the  Court  of  King's  Bench. 

1772,  August  17.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  making  banishment  and  whipping  the  punishment  for  horse- 
stealing. 

The  estate  of  the  offender  was  confiscated,  he  was  three  times  whipped  with 
tliirty-nine  lashes,  and  banij>lied.     If  he  returned,  death  was  the  penalty. 

1772,  Septembfu  4.  —  A  royal  instruction  was  sent  to  the 
governor  of  Rhode  Island,  creating  a  commission  to  hold  its 
sessions  in  that  colony  and  inquire  into  the  burning  of  his 
Majesty's  schooner,  "  The  Gaspee." 


1772.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


291 


This  instruction  was  sent  by  Lord  Dartmouth,  but  was  not  made  public  until 
four  montlis  after  its  date.  The  commission  was  composed  of  the  chief  justices 
of  New  York,  Daniel  Horsemander;  of  New  Jersey,  Frederick  Smytlie;  of 
Massacliusctts,  Peter  Oliver;  the  judge  of  the  vice-admiralty  court  at  Boston, 
Robert  Auchniuty ;  and  Joseph  Wanton,  the  governor  of  Rhode  Island.  It  was 
instructed  tliat  the  offence  was  high  treason ;  to  arrest  the  perpetrators  and  the 
witnesses,  calling  upon  Lieutenant-Goneral  Gage  for  the  assistcance  of  the  army, 
if  necessary,  and  deliver  the  arrested  parties  to  Admiral  Montague,  commander 
of  the  naval  forces,  for  transportation  to  England. 

After  sitting  three  weeks,  the  commission  reported,  in  1773,  "that  the  whole 
nffiiir  was  conducted  sudd'  ily  and  secretly."  Tits  assembly  met  during  the 
sitting  of  the  commission,  anu  Chief  Justice  Hopkins  asked  its  advice,  and  was 
told  to  use  his  discretion  wlien  the  exigency  arose.  He  said:  "For  the  purpose 
of  transportation  for  trial,  I  will  neither  appreiiend  any  person  by  my  own  order, 
nor  suffer  any  executive  officers  in  the  colony  to  do  it."  After  the  report  of  this 
commission  was  received,  no  more  royal  instructions  were  issued,  and  the  plan 
of  having  Americans  sent  to  England  for  trial  was  abandoned. 

1772,  September  15.  —  The  South  Carolina  Gazette  says : 
"  There  has  been  no  assembly  to  do  business  for  a  long  time. 
The  last  was  called,  and  after  sitting  three  or  four  days  was 
abruptly  dissolved.  Now  another  is  called  at  Beaufort,  upwards 
of  seventy  miles  from  the  capital,  at  a  place  where  no  assembly 
ever  sat  before." 

This  was  in  consequence  of  one  of  the  arbitrary  instructions. 

1772,  November  2.  —  At  a  public  meeting  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, Samuel  Adams  moved  "  that  a  committee  of  correspond- 
ence be  appointed,  to  consist  of  twenty-one  persons,  to  state 
the  rights  of  the  colonies,  and  of  this  province  in  particular,  as 
men,  as  Christians,  p,nd  as  subjects;  to  commimicato  and  publish 
the  same  to  the  several  towns  in  this  province,  and  to  the  world, 
aa  the  sense  of  this  town,  with  the  infringements  and  violations 
tlereof  that  have  been,  or  from  time  to  time  may  be,  made  ; 
re(|uesting  of  each  town  a  free  communication  of  their  senti- 
ments on  this  subject." 

Th's  was  the  inauguration  of  the  system  of  local  committees  of  correspondence. 
The  committee  appointed  consisted  of  James  Otis,  Hanmel  Adams,  Josepli 
Warren,  Benjamin  Church,  William  Dennie,  William  Greenlcaf,  Joseph  Green- 
leaf,  Thomas  Young,  William  Powell,  Nathaniel  Appleton,  Oliver  Wendell,  John 
Swoetser,  Josiah  Quiney,  John  Bradford,  Richard  Boynton,  William  Mackay, 
Niitlianiel  Barber,  Caleb  Davis,  Alexander  Hill,  William  Molineaux,  Robert 
Picrpont.  This  committee  prepared  an  exhaustive  report,  which  was  ordered  to 
lie  printed  and  sent  to  all  the  towns  in  the  i)r()vince,  and  to  leading  citizens  in  tlio 
other  colonies.  The  edition  consisted  of  six  hundred  copies.  The  report  of  the 
proceedings  was  reprinted  in  London,  with  a  preface  by  Franklin. 

1772,  December  28.  —  The  town  of  Pembroke  said :  — 

"  If  the  measures  so  justly  complained  of  were  persisted  i.i  and  enforced  by 
fleets  and  armies,  they  must  (we  tliink  of  it  with  pain),  they  will,  in  a  little  time 


in 


292 


ANNAiS  OF  NORTH  AMERIC  V. 


[1771 


issue  in  the  total  dissolution  of  the  union  between  the  mother  country  and  tlio 
colonies,  to  the  infinite  loss  of  the  former,  and  the  regret  of  the  latter." 

1772.  —  The  assembly  in  Georgi  (.  elected  Noble  Wimberly 
Jonus  three  times  unanimously  for  their  speaker,  and  three  times 
the  govornor  refused  to  allow  the  election.  Jones  then  declined 
a  re-election,  and  Archibald  Bullock  was  chosen,  and  the  entry 
made  in  the  records  that  he  was  elected  because  Jones  declined. 
The  governor  said  t  "Iftiiis  record  is  to  stand  on  your  Journals, 
I  have  no  choice  but  to  dissolve  the  assembly."  The  House  an- 
swered ;  "  Our  third  choice  of  Noble  Wimberly  Jones,  Esq.,  as 
our  speaker,  wm  not  in  the  least  meant  as  disrespectful  to  His 
Majesty  or  you  as  his  representative,  nor  thereby  did  we  mean  to 
infringe  on  the  just  prerogative  of  the  crown." 

Tlie  govei  nor  was  acting  under  one  of  the  instructions. 

1772.  —  The  Virginia  burgesses  addressed  a  petition  to  the 
king  concerning  the  slave  trade,  representing  it  as  inhuman,  and 
urging  that  unless  it  v/as  checked  it  would  endanger  the  very  ex- 
istence of  his  Majesty's  American  dominions,  and  they  pray  for 
the  removal  of  those  restraints  upon  his  Majesty's  governors 
which  prohibit  their  assenting  to  such  laws  as  might  check  so 
pernicious  a  traflSc. 

It  was  one  of  the  instructions  under  which  the  governor  was  acting. 

1772. —  The  number  of  vessels  built  in  the  colonies  this  year 
was  one  hundred  and  eighty-two,  with  an  aggregate  tonnage  of 
twenty-six  thousand  five  hundred  and  forty-four  tons. 

Of  these  vessels,  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  were  built  in  New  England, 
fifteen  in  New  York,  one  ii;  New  Jersey,  eight  in  Pennsylvania,  eight  in  Mary- 
land, seven  in  Virginia,  tlxree  in  North  Carolina,  two  in  South  Carolina,  and  five 
in  Georgia. 

1772.  —  Governor  Hutchinson  informed  the  general  court 
that  the  crown  would  henceforth  pay  his  salary. 

Th.  court  considered  this  chan  e  a  violatio '  of  the  charter.  The  salary  paid 
by  the  crown  was  six  tliousand  six  hundred  and  sixty-six  dollars. 

1772.  —  New  Hampshire  was  divided  into  five  counties. 

They  were  Rockingham,  Hillsborough,  Cheshire,  Strafford,  and  Grafton, 
Ijeing  named  in  honor  of  English  nobles. 

1772. — The  Society  of  Arts,  in  London,  withdrew  the  pre- 
miums they  liad  offered  for  the  cultivation  of  silk  in  the  colonies. 

They  had  paid  several  hundred  pounds  in  Carolina  and  elsewhere  through 
their  agents. 

1772.  —  Mills  were  bulk  on  the  Patapsco,  at  Baltimore. 

1772.  —  Parchment  was  made  in  Philadelphia  by  Bobert 
Wood. 

It  was  said  to  bo  equal  to  that  imported. 


pppip^p"rTr 


1773.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


293 


1773,  January  11.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said :  — 

"  If  the  Britons  continue  their  endeavors  much  longer  to  subject  us  to  theit 
government  and  taxation,  wc  shall  become  a  separate  state.  This  is  \a  certain  as 
any  event  that  has  not  already  come  to  pass." 

1773,  March  4. — The  house  of  burgesses  of  Virginia  met, 
and  on  the  12th,  on  motion  of  Dabney  Carr,  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

The  resolutions  appointing  them  were  us  follows  :  "Whereas  the  minds  of  His 
Majesty's  faithful  subjects  in  this  colony  have  been  much  disturbed  by  various 
rumors  and  reports  of  proceedings  tending  to  deprive  them  of  their  ancient  legal 
and  constitutional  rights :  And  whereas  the  affairs  of  the  colony  are  frequently 
connected  with  those  of  Groat  Britain,  as  well  as  of  the  neighboring  colonies, 
which  renders  a  communication  of  sentiments  necessary :  in  order  therefore  to 
remove  the  uneasiness  and  to  quiet  the  minds  of  the  people,  as  well  as  for  other 
good  purposes  above  mentioned,  — 

"  Be  it  resolved,  That  a  standing  committee  of  correspondence  and  inquiry  be 
appointed,  to  consist  of  eleven  persons,  —  viz.,  the  Honorable  Peyton  Randolph, 
Esquire,  Robert  Carter  Nicholas,  Richard  Bland,  Richard  Henry  Lee,  Benjamin 
Harrison,  Edmund  Pendleton,  Patrick  Henry,  Dudley  Digges,  Dabney  Carr, 
Archibald  Carey  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  Esquires,  —  any  six  of  whom  be  a  com- 
mittee, whose  business  it  shall  be  to  obtain  the  most  early  and  authentic  intelli- 
gence of  all  such  acts  and  resolutions  of  the  British  parliament,  or  proceedings 
of  administration,  as  may  relate  to  or  affect  the  British  colonies  in  America,  and 
to  keep  up  and  maintain  a  correspondence  and  communication  with  her  sister 
colonics  respecting  these  important  considerations,  and  the  result  of  their  pro- 
ceedings from  time  to  time  to  lay  before  this  House.  Resolved,  That  it  be  an 
instruction  to  the  said  committee  that  they  do  without  delay  inform  themselves 
particularly  of  the  principles  and  authority  on  which  was  constituted  a  court  of 
inquiry,  said  to  have  been  lately  held  in  Rhode  Island,  with  powers  to  transport 
persons  accused  of  offences  committed  in  America  to  places  beyond  the  seas  to  be 
tried.  Resolved,  That  the  speaker  of  this  House  do  transmit  to  the  speakers  of  the 
different  assemblies  of  the  British  colonies  on  this  continent  copies  of  the  said 
resolutions,  and  desire  that  they  will  lay  them  before  their  respective  assemblies,  and 
request  them  to  appoint  some  person  or  persons  of  their  respective  bodies  to  com- 
municate from  time  to  time  with  the  said  committee."  On  the  passage  of  these 
resolves,  the  governor.  Earl  Dunmore,  dissolved  the  House.  The  members  then 
met  in  a  public-house,  and  agreed  upon  a  circular  letter  to  the  colonies.  The 
resolutions  were  written  by  Jefferson,  and  given  to  Dabney  Carr  to  offer.  He  and 
Jefferson  were  fellow-students,  intimate  friends,  and  brothers-in-law.  Carr  died 
a  few  weeks  after.  This  action  of  Virginia  was  the  first  response  to  the  circular 
letter  from  Massachusetts  advising  the  appointment  of  committees  of  correspond- 
emo,  and  on  their  reception  in  Massachusetts  they  were  reprinted  and  circulated 
tlirouyli  all  the  towns  of  the  colony. 

1773,  March  19.  —  In  the  superior  court  of  Rhode  Island  two 
actions  for  trespass  were  brought  against  Captain  Keeler,  of  the 
Mercury,  the  senior  officer  on  the  station,  by  the  officers  of  a 
brig,  a  portion  of  whose  cargo  he  had  seized,  and  another  for 
trover  by  the  owner  of  the  brig,  and  verdicts  were  found  for  the 
plaintiffs. 


i 


294 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEIIICA. 


[1773. 


in 


1773.  —  In  April,  the  Cambridge  committee  of  correspoudeuco 
wrote :  — 

"  We  trust  tho  day  is  not  fur  distant  when  our  rights  and  liberties  elmll  be  re- 
stored to  us,  or  the  colonies,  united  as  one  man,  will  make  their  most  solemn 
appeal  to  Heaven,  and  drive  tyranny  from  thuse  northern  climes." 

1773,  April  27.  —  Lord  North  proposed  in  ihe  House  of  Com- 
mons to  allow  the  East  India  Company  "  to  export  such  portion 
of  their  tea  then  in  their  warehouses,  to  British  America,  as  they 
should  think  fit,  duty  free,"  which  was  adopted. 

The  tax  on  tea  had  led  to  its  importation  into  the  colonies  from  Holland,  in 
violation  of  the  custom-house  duties.  The  loss  of  the  American  market  for  tJieir 
tea  is  said  to  have  been  one  of  the  chief  reasons  for  the  embarrassment  of  the 
East  India  Company,  and  tho  king  suggested  that  the  occasion  was  opportune  for 
both  aiding  the  Company  by  making  a  market  for  its  stock  of  tea,  and  testing  tlio 
question  of  taxation  with  America.  Lord  North's  resolutions  provided  that  on  all 
teas  sent  to  the  American  plantations  after  May  tlie  10th,  a  drawback  be  allowed 
of  all  the  duties  paid  on  their  importation  into  England,  and  also  that  such  expor- 
tations  should  be  made  under  licenses  from  the  commissioners  of  the  treasury. 
This  left  the  Company  to  pay  the  three  pence  a  pound  duty  on  teas  imported  into  the 
colonies.  On  the  Cth  of  May  the  resolutions  were  adopted  by  the  House  of  Lords, 
and  on  the  10th  received  the  royal  assent.  Franklin  wrote  of  the  measure : 
"  They  have  no  idea  that  any  people  can  act  from  any  other  principle  but  that 
of  interest ;  and  they  believe  that  three  pence  on  a  pound  of  tea,  of  which  one 
does  not  perhaps  drink  ten  pounds  a  year,  is  suflBcicnt  to  overcome  all  the  patriot- 
ism of  an  American." 

1773.  -  In  May,  a  pamphlet  entitled  The  American  Alarm,  or 
ihe  Bostonian  Plea,  said  :  — 

"  If  the  parliament  continue  these  destructive  plans  —  the  fatal  period  which 
vre  all  deprecate  cannot  be  very  far  distant,  when  the  political  union  between  Great 
Britain  and  these  colonies  will  be  dissolved." 

1773,  May  5.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  elected  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence  "  to  obtain  tlie  most  early  and  authentic 
intelligence  of  all  such  acts  and  resolutions  of  the  British  Par- 
liament, and  measures  of  the  ministry,  as  may  relate  to,  or  aflect, 
the  British  colonies  in  America." 

This  committee  consisted  of  Metcalf  Bowler,  the  speaker  of  the  liouse, 
Stephen  Hopkins,  chief  justice  of  the  colony,  Moses  Brown,  William  Bradford, 
Henry  Marchant,  attorney-general,  Henry  Ward,  and  John  Cole. 

1773,  May  21.  — The  assembly  of  Connecticut  appointed  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

The  committee  were  Ebenezer  Silliman,  William  Williams,  Benjamin  Payne, 
Samuel  Holden  Parsons,  Nathaniel  Wales,  Silas  Deane,  Samuel  Bishop,  Joseph 
Trumbull,  and  Erastus  Woolcott.  A  select  committee  to  correspond  were  William 
Williams,  Silas  Deane,  Benjamin  Payne,  and  Joseph  Trumbull. 

1773,  May  27.  —  The  New  Hampshire  assembly  appointed  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 


-•mmi 


mr 


1773.] 


ANNALS  OF  MOUTH  AMERICA. 


296 


This  committee  was  made  by  John  Wontworth,  John  Sherburne,  William  Par- 
ker, John  Giildings,  Jutob  Sheafe,  Christopher  Tappan,  and  John  Pickering. 

1773,  May  28.  —  The  Mossachusetts  assembly  appointed  a 
committoe  of  correspondence. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Thomas  Chushing,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Hancock, 
William  Philips,  William  Heath,  Joseph  Hawley,  James  Warren,  Richard  Derby, 
Jr.,  Elbridge  Gerry,  Jerahmecl  Bowers,  Jedcdiah  Foster,  Daniel  Leonard, 
Thomas  Gardner,  Jonathan  Greenleaf,  and  James  Prcscott. 

1773,  June  2.  —  The  letters  of  Governor  Hutchinson,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, which  had  been  obtained  in  London  by  Benjamin  Frank- 
lin, were  made  public,  and  were  printed  in  the  newspapers. 

It  is  not  yet  known  how  they  came  into  Franklin's  possession.  He  sent  them 
to  Massachusetts  with  a  request  not  to  have  them  copied  or  made  public. 

1773,  July  8.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  resolved 
"  that  Mr.  Speaker  and  any  eight  of  the  other  members  of  the 
standing  committee  of  correspondence  "  be  a  committee  to  cor- 
respond witli  tlie  committees  appointed  by  the  house  of  burgesses 
or  to  be  appointed  by  the  "  sister  colonies." 

1773.  —  In  August,  the  directors  of  the  East  India  Company 
obtained  licenses  from  the  Lords  of  the  treasury,  and  sent  cargoes 
of  tea  to  the  colonies. 

The  cargoes  were  sent  to  13oston,  Charleston,  Philadelphia,  and  New  York. 
Franklin,  as  agent  for  the  colonies  in  London,  mentioned  it  in  September. 

1773.  —  In  August  of  this  year,  William  Goddard,  the  first 
printer  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  commenced  the  issue  of  the 
Maryland  Journal  and  Baltimore  Advertiser,  which  was  the  first 
newspaper  in  Baltimore,  and  the  third  in  the  province. 

Nicholas  Hasselboct,  of  Pennsylvania,  who  had  learned  the  art  from  C.  Sower, 
had  previously  established  a  press  at  Baltimore.  He  printed  in  English  and  Ger- 
man, and  is  said  to  have  contemplated,  and  perhaps  commenced,  a  German  edition 
of  tlie  Bible. 

AVilliam  Goddard  was  prominently  occupied  with  public  business,  and  while  so 
engaged,  the  concerns  of  the  printing  ofBcc  were  attended  to  by  his  sister,  Mary 
Catherine  Goddard.  The  books  and  papers  issued  from  the  oflSce  were  printed  in 
her  name,  and  she  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  to  print  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. 

1773,  August  2.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  advocated  tlie  meeting 
of  a  general  congress. 

It  said :  "  Many  and  great  are  the  advantages  that  may  result  from  such  a  con- 
gress or  meeting  of  American  states,  and  it  should  be  forwarded  as  fast  as 
possible." 

1773,  September  10.  —  The  assembly  of  Georgia  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

A  letter  written  to  the  house  of  burgesses  and  dated  November  20,  is  signed 


296 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1773. 


by  William  Young,  Noble  Wirabcrly  Jones,  Joseph  Clav,  D.  Zubley,  Jr.,  and 
William  Coutta. 

1773,  September  13.  —  A  writer  in  the  Boston  Gazette  said :  — 

"  Tliat  a  congress  of  American  states  be  assembled  ns  soon  ns  possible,  draw 
up  a  Bill  of  nights,  and  publish  it  to  tlic  world ;  choose  an  ambassador  to  retiidu 
at  the  British  court,  to  act  for  the  United  Colonies ;  appoint  wlicro  tlie  congress 
shall  annually  meet,  and  how  it  may  bo  summoned  upon  an  cxtraoriiiuury 
occasion." 

1773,  October.  —  The  Norwich  Packet  appeared  in  Norwich, 
Connecticut. 

1773,  October  15.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

It  consisted  of  Matthew  Tilghman,  John  Hall,  Thomas  Johnson,  William  Paca, 
Sanmel  linse,  Edward  Lloyd,  Matthias  Hammond,  Josiah  Bealc,  James  Lloyd 
Chamberlain,  Brice  Thomas,  Beale  Worthington,  Joseph  Sim,  or  any  six.  The 
letter  of  advice  to  the  house  of  burgesses  is  dated  December  G. 

1773.  —  On  the  18th  of  October  a  large  public  meeting  in 
Philadelphia  resolved  that  the  duty  on  tea  was  a  tax  imposed 
on  the  colonists  without  their  consent,  and  tended  to  render 
assemblies  useless  ;  that  the  importation  by  the  East  India  Com- 
pany was  an  attempt  to  enforce  this  tax ;  that  whoever  counte- 
nanced the  unloading,  vending,  or  receiving  the  tea  was  an 
enemy  to  his  country. 

The  consignees  in  Philadelphia,  to  whom  the  tea  was  shipped  by  the  East  India 
Company,  were  requested  to  resign  their  position,  and  agreed  to  do  so ;  and  on  its 
arrival,  December  25,  the  vessel  was  sent  back. 

1773.  —  In  Boifton,  many  public  meetings  were  held  in  Faneuil 
Hall ;  the  resolutions  passed  at  Philadelphia  were  adopted ;  the 
consignees  were  asked  to  resign  their  office,  but  peremptorily 
refused  to  do  so. 

1773.  —  In  New  York,  a  large  public  meeting  was  held  at  the 
City  Hall,  the  action  of  Philadelphia  and  Boston  commended,  and 
a  resolution  passed  that  the  tea,  under  any  circumstances,  should 
not  be  landed  in  that  port.  The  vessel  was  sent  back  on  her 
arrival,  April  21,  1774. 

1773.  —  In  Charleston,  a  large  public  meeting  was  held,  at 
which  it  was  announced  that  the  consignees  had  resigned  their 
position,  and  the  meeting  voted  them  their  thanks.  On  the  arri- 
val of  the  ship,  April  21,  1774,  a  committee  was  appointed  to 
inform  the  captain  that  the  tea  must  go  back. 

Christopher  Gadsden,  Charlej  Pintknoy,  and  CharKs  Gotesworth  Pinckney 
were  members  of  the  committee.  Tlie  vessel,  however,  wiis  delayed  over  the 
twenty  doys  allowed  for  paying  the  duty,  so  that  the  oollcctor  oi"  the  port  seized 
the  tea  and  stored  it  in  a  damp  cellar,  where  it  was  all  ruined. 

1773,  October  21.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  of  the 


^ 


:kney 

ir  the 
seized 


II 


The  Destruction  of  Tea  in  Boston  Harbor,  December  i6,  1773. 


1773.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


297 


assembly  in  Massadmsetts  sent  a  circular  letter  to  the  other  com- 
mittees, stating  the  question  between  the  colonics  and  Great 
Britain. 

Tilt!  rcfiisiil  of  tlic  consignees  of  the  tea  to  not  receive  it,  in  Boston  alone, 
hnd  naturally  attracted  attention  to  tliis  port.  The  ec  ..niittec  May  in  their  letter : 
*'  Ih  it  not  of  the  utmost  importance  that  our  vi(j;ilance  nIiouUI  increase ;  that  the 
colonies  should  he  united  in  their  sentiments  of  the  measures  of  oppo.iition  necessary 
to  he  taken  hy  them ;  and  that  in  whichsoever  of  the  colonies  any  irifiinf^ements  arc 
or  sliall  he  made  on  tiie  common  rights  of  all,  that  colony  should  have  the  united 
efforts  of  all  for  its  sujjport?  This,  we  take  it,  to  bo  the  true  design  of  the  estab- 
lisliment  of  our  committees  of  correspondence." 

1773,  OcTOBFn  23.  —  The  Delaware  assembly  choso  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

The  signers  of  a  letter  to  the  hon?o  of  bnrgosscs  wore  Ca)sar  Rodney,  George 
Read,  Thomas  McKean,  John  McKinley,  and  Thomas  Robeson. 

1773,  NovEMDER  28.  —  One  of  the  ships  loaded  with  tea  arrived 
at  Boston,  and  a  few  days  afterwards  two  others. 

The  ships  M'erc  moored  close  together,  the  design  being  to  send  the  tea  back  in 
them.  "The  town  is  as  furious  as  it  was  in  the  time  of  the  Stamp  Act,"  wrote 
Governor  Hutchinson.  The  ships  ii  returning  could  not  pass  the  Castle  without 
iiu  order  from  the  governor,  and  he  would  not  give  this  before  they  were  cleared 
at  the  custom-house,  while  the  collector  refused  to  give  thenj  a  clearance  before 
tlioy  were  discharged  of  all  articles  subject  to  duty.  Public  meetings  were  held, 
in  which  the  selectmen  took  part.  The  consignees  of  the  tea  refused  to  resign 
their  commission.  By  the  law  of  the  port,  a  vessel  twenty  days  alter  her  arrival 
M'as  liable  to  bo  seized  for  nonpayment  of  dues ;  on  the  sixteenth  day  of  Decem- 
ber this  time  would  expire  with  the  "  Dartmouth,"  tlie  first  ship  which  arrived. 

1773,  December  2.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  said  :  — 

"  There  is  no  time  to  be  lost.  A  congress,  or  a  meeting  of  the  states,  is  in- 
dispensable." 

1773,  December  4.  —  The  Essex  Journal  and  Merrimach  Packet, 
or  the  3Iassachusetta  and  litw  Ham^hire  Oeneial  Advertiser, 
appeared  in  Newburyport. 

It  was  established  by  Isaiah  Thomas  nnd  Henry  Walton  Tinges.  Thomas  soon 
sold  his  share  to  Ezra  Lunt.  Eventually  John  Mycall  became  sole  proprietor, 
ami  continued  the  publication  for  a  number  of  years. 

1773,  December  8.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  chose  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

This  committee  consisted  of  John  Harvey,  Mr.  Howe,  Mr.  Harnett,  Mr.  Hooper, 
Mr.  Caswell,  Mr.  Vail,  Mr.  Ash,  Mr.  Hewes,  and  Samuel  Johnson.  Their  answer 
to  the  burgesses  is  dated  December  2G,  and  is  signed  John  Harvey. 

1773.  —  On  the  16th  of  December  a  public  meeting  was  held 
in  Boston  at  the  "Old  South  Meeting  House." 

An  immense  gathering,  estimated  at  "  nearly  seven  thousand,"  assembled  from 
the  town  and  country  round,  and  adjourned  from  the  morning  to  the  afternoon, 


208 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AMKKICA. 


[1773. 


mh 


11 


nntl  at  linlf  im^t  finir  resolved  that  tltc  tea  iihould  not  bo  landed.  Tlic  inuutinir 
wa*  pntiont  and  orderly,  and  refused  to  ai'Ja-jrn.  About  six  o'clock  Mr.  Uotcli, 
the  conHiKnee  of  the  tea,  appeared  in  tlio  meeting  and  reported  that  lie  had  been 
to  Hee  the  K"vernf»r,  wiio  refused  to  give  tlio  vessel  a  pass  unless  tiiu  vessel  wiis 
properly  cleared.  Being  asked  whether  ho  would  send  the  vessel  back  with  tlui 
tea  in  her,  he  replied  lie  "  could  not  possibly  comply,  as  he  apprelu-nded  conipli- 
nncc  would  prove  his  ruin;"  and  further  he  said  that  "  if  called  upon  by  tho 
proper  officers,  he  should  attempt,  for  his  own  security,  to  hind  tho  ten."  Samuel 
Adams  then  said,  "This  meeting  can  do  nothing  more  to  save  the  country."  An 
immense  shouting  arose,  the  moderator  declared  the  meeting  dissolved,  and  tlie 
crowd  dispersed,  following  a  band  of  about  fifty  persons  dressed  as  Indians,  who 
proceeded  to  the  wharf  where  the  ships  were  moored.  Proceeding  on  the  vosscIh, 
they  warned  the  custom-house  officers  and  the  guard  in  possession  not  to  interfere, 
broke  open  tho  hatches,  hoisted  the  chests  of  tea,  broke  them  open,  and  emptied 
them  into  t'(e  water.  "  The  whole  was  done  with  very  littlo  tumult,"  wrote 
Hutchinson. 

The  tea  had  been  guarded  by  a  committee  of  the  citizens,  and  .Tohn  Hancock 
was  one  of  them  this  evjning.  The  names  of  those  who  formed  the  band  of 
Indians  arc  not  known;  they  worked  in  an  orderly  nnd  efficient  nuinncr.  No 
other  property  was  injured,  no  one  was  hurt,  and  no  tea  was  allowed  to  be  carried 
nway ;  the  crowd  remained  on  tho  wharf  while  the  work  was  done,  and  then  qwietiy 
went  home,  and  the  city  is  said  never  to  have  been  more  quiet  than  it  was  at  ten 
o'clock  that  evening.  One  of  tho  party,  on  his  return  home,  found  some  of  the 
tea  had  lodged  in  his  shoes ;  it  was  preserved  in  a  bottle  with  a  parchment  memo- 
randum, and  is  now  in  the    'osscasion  of  Lemuel  Shaw,  of  Boston. 

1773.  —  In  December,  in  Philadelphia  bells  were  rung,  and  a 
largo  puMic  meeting  returned  their  "  hearty  thanks  to  the  people 
of  Boston  for  tiieir  resolution  in  destroying  tho  tea  rather  than 
suffering  it  to  be  landed." 

In  Now  York,  similar  demonstrations  were  mode  concorning  the  destruction  of 
the  tea. 

1773. — John  Shipman,  of  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  obtained 
from  tho  legislature  a  patent  for  an  improved  tide-mill  of  his  own 
invention. 

An  exclusive  right  was  given  him  for  forty  years,  for  tho  town  of  Saybrook 
and  twenty  miles  west  of  the  Connecticut  River ;  and  all  others  were  forbidden  to 
erect  or  improve  tide-mills  within  these  limits,  during  tills  time. 

1773.  —  Virginia  coined  half  pence. 

1773. —  Tub  copper  mines  in  Simsbury,  Connecticut,  were 
Jibandoned,  and  being  bought  by  tho  state  were  made  a  prison 
for  criminals. 

During  the  Revolution,  Tories  were  confined  there. 

1773.  —  The  first  experimental  steam-engine  built  in  America 
was  exhibited  by  Christopher  Colles,  in  Philadelphia. 

He  had  used  a  model  as  an  illustration  for  his  lectures  before  the  Americnn 
Philosophical  Society,  and  was  employed  to  build  one  for  a  distillery,  but  the 
alightncss  of  its  construction  made  it  of  no  practical  use. 


1773-4.] 


ANNA7S   OF   NORTH   AMKUICA. 


299 


1773.  —  Tub  Bottlora  in  the  valloy  of  tlio  Wyomiufj,  on  tlio 
Upper  Susquehunnu,  wero  tukou  under  the  protection  of  Con- 
necticut. 

The  Su8(jui-lmniiu  Conipnny  pruvuilod  upon  tlic  provincu  to  ilo  thiH.  Un<lcr  tli» 
tliartiT  of  Coiinuflifut  her  tt-rritDry  extviiUcd  to  tliu  rueiiic.  The  aottlcinont  wiis 
iiicoriH)rate'd  iii  tlio  tuwn  of  WeHtiiiori'lund,  and  uniu-xod  to  Litc-lifit'ld  C'ounty. 
TIk'  riiiiKtylvuniu  nsnuinbly  cunstitiited  tho  sttiinj  tti'ltlfinont  the  County  of  Nortli- 
utiil>iMlitiid,  iind  the  qucHtion  of  jurisdiction  wait  curriud  beforu  tho  king  in 
cuuncil. 

1773.  —  The  jurisdiction  over  Pittsburg  and  the  region  west 
of  tlio  Luurol  Mountains  was  uluimod  by  V  irginia. 

An'agent  who  appeurud  thoro  with  a  uouuuiniiiou  from  Lord  Dunniore  wu8 
arrestod,  but  csrnpod. 

1773.  —  The  boundary  between  Now  York  and  Maasacliusetta 
WHS  arranged  by  a  comniissiou  which  met  at  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut. 

Governors  Hutchinson  and  Tryon  were  present  and  arranged  the  line.  It  was 
nut  cunflrnied  before  the  war. 

1773.  —  Governor  Tryon  of  Now  York  made  an  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  arrange  the  disputed  quosiion  of  boundaries  with 
New  York  and  "  The  Green  Mountain  boys,"  as  tho  settlers  iu 
Venuont  were  called. 

He  went  to  England  to  lay  the  matter  before  tho  English  government. 

1773.  —  An  attempt  was  made  to  work  the  mines  on  Lake 

Superior. 

It  was  soon  abandoned  as  too  expensive. 

1773.  —  John  Murray,  the  founder  of  Universalism,  arrived  in 
the  country. 

1774,  January  20.  —  The  New  York  assembly  chose  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence. 

Tlicir  reply  to  the  burgesses  is  dated  March  1.  The  committee  consisted  of 
Joiin  Cruger,  James  DeLancy,  James  Janney,  Jacob  Walton,  Benjamin  Seaman, 
Isaac  VVilkins,  Frederick  Phillips,  Daniel  Kissam,  Zebulon  Seaman,  Jolm 
Kapalse,  Simeon  Boerum,  John  De  Noyelles,  and  George  Clinton,  or  any  seven 
of  tlicni. 

1774,  February  8.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  chose  a 
committee  of  correspondence. 

It  consisted  of  James  Kinsey,  Stephen  Crane,  Hendrich  Fisher,  Samuel 
Tucker,  John  Wetherell,  Robert  Friend  Price,  John  Hinchman,  John  Mehelm, 
and  Kdward  Taylor. 

1774,  February  23. — The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed 
an  act  providing  for  the  gradual  extinction  of  slavery  in  that 
state. 

All  children  born  of  slave  mothers  after  the  Ist  of  March  were  ♦>)  be  free,  and 


H 
■if 

H 

mi 


aoo 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


^774. 


I!  >;, 


if 

i 


the  towns  were  to  pay  the  cost  of  their  '•earing.  The  next  year  this  charge  was 
laid  upon  the  owners  of  the  mothers.  The  act  had  been  fVamed  the  year  before 
by  tlie  assembly,  and  printed.  It  was  drawn  in  answer  to  a  petition  from  the 
Quakers  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

1774,  February  29. —  The  petition  of  the  Massachusetts  asaom- 
bly  for  the  removal  of  Hutchinson  from  the  governorship  was 
heard  before  t'  e  Privy  Council. 

Franklin  was  present  as  the  agent  of  the  provineu.  The  petition  was  dis- 
missed as  "  groundless,  scandalous,  and  vexatious,"  and  Franklin  was  dismissed 
from  his  position  of  colonial  postmaster. 

1774,  March  5  --John  Hancock  delivered  the  annual  oration 
in  Boston,  in  commemoration  of  the  Boston  Massacre. 

In  this  he  urged  that  the  condition  of  affairs  required  a  general  congress. 

1774,  March  7. — The  king,  in  his  messages  to  parliament, 
called  their  attention  to  the  proceedings  in  America,  and  partic- 
ularly to  the  destruction  of  the  tea  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1774,  March  8.  —  A  bill  suppressing  the  slave  trade  was 
passed  by  the  Massachusetts  assembly. 

Under  instructions  from  the  Home  government,  Governor  Hutchinson  refused 
to  sign  it.     Tliis  refusal  was  also  made  by  his  successor,  Governor  Gage. 

1774,  March  14. — Lord  North,  in  parliament,  proposed  the 
Boston  Port  Bill,  which  passed  both  houses,  and  on  the  31st 
received  the  royal  assent. 

This  bill  prohibited  the  landing  or  the  shipping  of  any  merchandise  whatever, 
III  Boston,  after  the  Ist  day  of  June.  It  also  constituted  Marblehead,  Massaelm- 
sctts,  a  port  of  entry,  and  made  Salem  the  seat  of  government.  This  was  to 
continue  until  the  owners  of  the  property  destroyed  should  be  paid  for  their  loss, 
and  until  other  conditions  had  been  satisfied.  Ofilcial  notice  was  given  that  the 
cnforccmen*  f  the  act  would  be  maintained  by  the  army  and  navy  if  necessary. 
Tiie  notice  ,  the  act  arrived  in  Bocton  on  the  10th  of  May,  and  in  New  York  on 
the  12th  of  May  by  another  vessel. 

1774,  March  28.  —  Lord  North  moved  in  parliament  that 
"  leave  be  given  to  bring  in  a  bill  for  the  better  regulating  the 
government  of  Massachusetts  Bay." 

In  speaking  of  the  bill  he  proposed,  he  said  it  was  intended  to  "  give  a  degree 
of  strcngtii  and  spirit  to  the  civil  magistracy  and  to  the  executive  power."  In  the 
debate  wliich  followed.  Lord  George  Germain  said :  "  There  is  a  degree  of  absurd- 
ity, at  present,  in  the  election  of  a  council.  I  cannot,  sir,  disagree  with  the  noble 
lord ;  nor  can  I  think  he  will  do  a  better  thing  than  to  put  an  end  to  their  town 
nu'otings.  —  I  would  also  wish  that  all  corporate  powers  might  be  given  to  certain 
people  of  every  town,  in  the  same  way  tlisit  corporations  are  formed  here.  The 
juries  require  great  regulation ;  they  are  totally  different  from  ours  —  I  would 
wish  to  bring  the  constitution  of  America  as  similar  to  our  own  as  possible.  I 
would  wish  to  see  the  coimcil  in  tlu\t  country  similar  to  a  House  of  Lords  in  this— 
You  have,  sir,  no  government,  no  governor ;  the  whole  arc  the  proceedings  of  ft 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


^61 


tumultuous  and  riotous  rabble,  who  ought,  if  they  had  the  least  prudence,  to  fol- 
low their  mercantile  employments,  and  not  trouble  themselves  with  politics  and 
government,  which  they  do  nt.  understand."  When  he  had  finished,  IJord  Nortli 
said:  "I  thank  tiie  noble  lord  for  every  proposition  ho  has  held  out;  they  are 
worthy  of  a  great  mind,  and  such  as  ought  to  bo  adopted."  These  debates  were 
widely  reprinted  in  the  newspapers  of  the  time. 

1774,  April  15.  —  Lord  ISorth  introduced  a.  bill  for  the  bettor 
adminis'tratiou  of  justice  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  another  for 
the  impartial  administration  of  justice. 

These  bills  were  passed  by  larpe  majorities  on  the  3d  of  May,  and  received  the 
royal  assent  on  the  20th  of  May.  The  king  was  so  much  in  their  favor  that  ho 
expressed  himself  '*  infinitely  pleased"  at  their  passai,e.  The  first,  for  regulating 
the  administration,  and  known  as  the  "Regulating  Act,"  made  the  election  of  the 
council,  as  the  charter  provided,  void ;  and  ordered  tliat  they  should  be  appointed 
by  the  crown,  and  should  consist  of  not  less  than  twelve  or  of  more  than  thirty- 
six  persons.  The  governor  had  the  power  to  appoint  and  remove  the  judges  of 
the  inferior  courts,  the  justices  of  the  pcce,  and  otlicr  minor  officers.  The  gov- 
ernor and  council  were  to  appoint  and  remove  the  sheriffs,  who  had  the  power  to 
select  the  jurymen.  Town  meetings  were  forbidden,  without  the  permission  of 
the  governor,  except  for  the  purpose  of  selecting  officers.  The  other  act,  supple- 
mentary to  the  first,  provided  for  the  transportation  of  offenders  and  witnesses  to 
England,  or  to  other  colonies,  for  trial.  A  protest  was  made  in  the  House  of 
Lords  that  the  parties  affected  by  such  legislation  had  not  been  notified  or  heard 
in  their  own  defence,  and  ti;at  by  such  legislation  the  governor  and  council  wero 
intrusted  "  with  powers  with  which  the  British  Constitution  had  not  trusted  His 
Majesty  and  his  privy  council,"  since  "the  lives,  liberties  and  properties  of  tho 
subject  were  put  into  their  hands  without  control."  These  acts,  and  the  protest, 
were  both  reprinted  quite  generally  in  the  colonial  newspapers. 

1774.  —  The  information  of  the  "  regulating  acts  "  reached 
Boston  on  the  2d  of  June,  and  the  next  day  they  were  printed 
in  the  papers,  and  immediately  sent  by  the  committee  of  corre- 
spondence to  all  the  other  committees. 

The  letter  accompanying  them  said :  "  These  edicts,  cruel  and  oppressive  as 
they  are,  we  consider  but  as  bare  specimens  of  what  the  continent  are  to  expect 
from  a  parliament  who  claim  a  right  to  make  laws  binding  us  in  all  cases  what- 
soever." 

1774,  April  25.  —  The  Boston  Gazette  printed  a  letter  from 
London,  dated  February  15,  in  which  it  was  said :  "  Six  ships  of 
war  and  seven  regiments  are  ordered  to  America  with  all  expe- 
dition ;  for  what  purpose  time  will  discover." 

1774,  May  4.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  a  census 
to  be  taken. 

The  population  was  fonnd  to  be  59,G78,  of  which  54,435  were  whites,  3761 
blncks,  and  1482  Indians. 

1774,  May  12.  —  A  conference  of  the  committees  of  correspond* 


302 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


ence,  from  eigh't  neighboring  towns,  called  by  the  Boston  com- 
mittee, was  held  in  Faneuil  Hall,  Boston. 

Siimuei  Adams  presided.  The  conference  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the 
committees  in  all  the  colonies,  advising;;  that  no  trade  should  be  carried  on  with 
Great  Britain.  The  letter  suggested  also  that  the  only  question  now  was, 
whetiier  the  other  colonics  would  consider  Boston  aa  suScring  for  the  common 
cause,  and  resent  the  damage  done  to  her. 

1774,  May  14. —  A  very  large  public  meeting  was  held  in 
Faneuil  Hull,  at  which  Samuel  Adams  presided,  and  a  circular 
letter  "  to  all  the  sister  colonies  "  was  adopted. 

This  letter  promised  that  the  people  of  Boston  would  ' '  suffer  with  fortitude  " 
for  America,  but  confessed  that  "  singly  they  must  find  their  trial  too  severe." 

1774,  May  17.  —  A  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  Providence, 
Rhode  Island,  resolved  in  favor  of  a  congress. 

This  is  claimed  as  the  first  public  and  official  expression.  The  resolution 
read :  "  That  the  deputies  of  this  town  be  requested  to  use  their  influence  at  the 
approaching  session  of  the  General  Assembly  of  this  Colony,  for  promoting  a 
Congress  as  soon  as  may  be,  of  the  Representatives  of  the  General  Assemblies  of 
the  several  colonies  and  provinces  of  North  America,  for  establishing  the  firmest 
Union,  and  adopting  such  measures  as  to  then:  shall  appear  the  most  effectual  to 
answer  that  important  purpose ;  and  to  agree  upon  the  proper  methods  for  execut- 
ing the  same." 

The  sanio  meeting  resolved  concerning  six  negroes,  who,  their  owner  dying 
intestate,  had  become  the  property  of  the  town,  that  "  it  is  unbecoming  the  char- 
acter of  freemen  to  enslave  the  said  negroes,"  renounced  their  claim,  and  took 
them  under  their  protection.  They  also  petitioned  the  assembly,  "  as  personal 
liberty  is  an  essential  part  of  the  natural  rights  of  mankind,"  to  forbid  the  further 
importation  of  slaves,  and  declare  all  born  after  a  certain  time  free. 

The  same  day,  a  letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence  to  the  Boston 
committee  says :  "  Wc  trust  your  town  will  be  for  a  general  congress  of  tlie 
American  States  being  convened  as  soon  as  may  be,  that  an  opposition  to  the 
unrighteous  impositions  may  be  entered  into  by  all  the  colonies,  without  which 
ve  all  agree  the  cause  must  fail." 

1774.  —  General  Gage  was  commissioned  as  governor  of 
Jlassachusetts. 

Four  regiments  were  sent  over  wilh  him. 

1774,  May  17.  —  General  Gage  was  publicly  received  on  Iiis 
return  from  England,  and  his  commission  as  governor,  in  the 
place  of  Hutchiuaon,  was  read  in  the  council  of  Massachusetts. 

1774,  May  21.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  in  Phila- 
delphia wrote  the  committee  in  Boston,  expressing  the  opinion 
that  a  congress  was  "  the  first  step  to  be  taken,"  and  promised  to 
obtain  the  opinion  of  the  people  on  the  subject. 

1774,  May  23.  —  The  New  York  committee  of  correspondence 
wrote  the  Boston  committee  that  "  a  congress  of  deputies  from 


-yf 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


303 


the  colonies  in  general  is  of  the  utmost  moment,"  that  "  it  ought 
to  be  assembled  without  delay,"  and  "  we  request  your  speedy 
opinion  of  the  proposed  congress,  that,  if  it  should  meet  with 
your  approbation,  we  may  exert  our  utmost  endeavors  to  carry 
it  into  execution." 

1774,  May  26.  — The  news  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill  was  re- 
ceived in  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  and  the  delegates  of  the  as- 
sembly who  were  still  there  met  in  the  Raleigh  Tavern,  and 
appointed  a  convention  to  meet  on  the  Ist  of  August,  to  consist 
of  delegates  from  every  county. 

Washington  was  one  cf  the  members  who  took  part  in  this  action.  There 
were  eighty-nine  members  present,  and  they  were  joined  by  others.  They 
"recommended  to  the  committee  of  correspondence  that  tliey  communicate  with 
the  several  corresponding  committees,  on  the  expediency  of  appointing  deputies 
from  tlie  several  colonics  of  British  America,  to  meet  in  a  general  congress,  at 
such  a  place  annually  as  sliall  be  thought  most  convenient ;  there  to  deliberate  on 
those  general  measures  wliich  the  united  interests  of  America  may  from  time  to 
time  require." 

1774,  May  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Massachusetts  was  adjourned 
by  the  governor,  General  Gage,  to  meet  at  Salem  on  the  7th  of 
June. 

Gage,  acting  as  governor,  had  negatived  the  election  of  thirteen  of  the  twenty- 
eight  councillors  elected. 

1774,  May  28  -  A  letter  was  written  by  the  committee  of 
correspondence  y  order  of  the  Massachusetts  house  of  represen- 
tatives, enclosing  copies  of  the  Boston  Port  Bill  to  the  assemblies 
of  the  other  colonies,  calling  their  attention  to  it  as  "  an  act 
designed  to  suppress  the  spirit  of  liberty  in  America." 

The  assemblies  of  the  other  colonies  responded  heartily  to  Massachusetts.  In 
Connecticut,  a  day  of  humiliation  and  prayer  was  appointed,  and  an  inventory 
ordered  to  be  taken  of  the  cannon  and  military  stores  on  hand.  Many  of  the 
towns  also  responded ;  and  in  the  Virginia  assembly,  before  the  communication 
from  the  assembly  of  Massacliusetts  was  received,  resolutions  drawn  up  by  Jeffer- 
son were  adopted  appointing  the  Ist  of  June  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer.  Tor 
this  tlic  governor  of  Virginia,  Earl  Dunmore,  dissolved  the  session  on  the  24th  of 
May,  while  they  had  before  them  a  resolution  providing  for  calling  a  congress. 

1774,  May  28.  —  The  corresponding  committee  of  the  Virginia 
house  of  burgesses  said,  in  a  circular  letter  to  the  other  com- 
mittees :  — 

"  The  propriety  of  appointing  delegates  from  the  several  colonies  of  British 
America,  to  meet  annually  in  General  Congress,  appears  to  be  a  measure  ex- 
tremely important  and  extensively  useful,  as  it  tends  so  effectually  to  obtain  the 
united  wisdom  of  the  whole  in  every  case  of  general  concern.  We  are  desirous 
to  obtain  your  sentiments  on  the  subject." 


304 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


ii 


■: 


1774,  May  31. —  A  meeting  in  Baltimore,  of  representatives  of 
the  county,  resolved  on  non-intercourse. 

The  resolution  read :  "  Resolved  unanimouidy,  that  the  inhabitants  of  this 
county  will,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  meeting  that  this  province  ouglit  to, 
break  off  all  trade  and  dealing  with  that  colony,  province,  or  town,  which  shall 
decline  or  refuse  to  come  into  similar  resolutions  with  a  majority  of  the  colonies." 
A  similar  resolution  was  adopted  by  Arundel  County,  June  4 ;  by  Caroline  County, 
June  18 ;  by  Frederick  County,  June  20 ;  by  Charles  County,  June  14.  Other 
counties  made  similar  resolves.  A  meeting  from  the  various  counties  was  held  at 
Annapolis,  June  22,  which  voted  to  "break  off  all  trade  and  dealings  with  that 
colony,  province,  or  town,  which  shall  decline  or  refuse  to  come  into  the  general 
plan  which  may  be  adopted  by  the  colonies." 

1774,  June.  —  The  Solem  Oazette  and  Nexdbury  and  MarUehead 
Advertiser  appeared  in  Salem,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Russell,  but  soon  ceased. 

1774,  June.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
prohibiting  the  slave  trade  in  the  colony. 

Slaves  brought  there  were  to  be  free,  except  such  as  belonged  to  travellers 
passing  through.  To  prevent  bringing  slaves  thero  to  obtain  freedom,  and 
become  a  charge  upon  the  state,  a  fine  was  imposed  upon  such  action,  and  upon 
harboring  a  slave  thus  brought  into  the  state. 

1774,  June  1.  —  The  Boston  Port  Bill  went  into  operation. 

The  town  was  blockaded,  no  craft  of  any  kind  being  allowed  to  approach  the 
wharves.  All  commerce  was  stopped.  The  day  was  widely  observed  as  a  day 
of  fasting  and  prayer.  Jefferson  says  :  "  The  people  met  generally,  with  anxiety 
and  alarm  in  tlieir  countenances ;  and  the  effect  of  the  day,  through  the  whole 
colony,  was  like  a  shock  of  electricity,  arousing  every  man  and  placing  him  erect 
and  solidly  on  bU  centre." 

1774,  June  2.  — The  Boston  committee  of  correspondence  pre- 
pared and  sent  out  "  A  Solemn  League  and  Covenant"  for  non- 
intercourse  with  Great  Britain. 

The  signers  agreed,  "  in  the  presence  of  God,"  not  to  buy  goods  from  Great 
Britain  or  to  consume  any,  and  to  break  off  all  dealings  with  those  who  did  buy 
them,  and  publish  their  names.  A  public  meeting  in  Faneuil  Hall  protested 
against  this  measure;  and  General  Gage,  as  governor,  issued  a  proclamation  "to 
discourage  illegal  combinations,"  in  which  he  called  the  covenant  an  illegal  and 
traitorous  combination  to  distress  the  British  nation,  and  instructed  the  officers 
of  the  law  to  apprehend  and  hold  for  trial  all  persons  who  should  sign  or  circu- 
late it. 

1774,  June  3.  —  The  Connecticut  committee  of  correspond- 
ence, in  a  letter  to  the  Boston  committee,  suggested  a  time  and 
place  for  a  meeting  of  the  congress,  and  the  next  day  sent  a 
copy  of  the  letter  to  the  New  York  committee. 

1774,  June  7.  —  The  New  York  committee  of  correspondence 
wrote  to  the  Massachusetts  committee,  requesting  them  to  ap- 
point the  time  and  place  for  the  meeting  of  a  congress. 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


305 


1774,  June  15.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  resolved  "  that  a 
firm  and  inviolate  union  of"  the  colonies  was  absolutely  neces- 
sary," and  elected  two  delegates  "  to  attend  a  congress  at  such 
time  and  place  as  might  be  agreed  upon." 

The  delegates  were  instructed  "to  procure  a  regular  animal  convention  of 
representatives  of  all  the  colonies." 

1774,  June  15.  —  The  general  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  elected 
delegates  to  the  General  Congress. 

Tliese  delegates  were  Stephen  Hopkins  and  Samuel  Ward.  They  vcrc  both 
cx-govcrnors,  and  had  been  the  leaders  of  the  two  parties  which  had  divided  tho 
politics  of  the  colony. 

1774.  —  The  exportation  from  England  of  machinery  for  silk 
manufacture  was  prohibited. 

1774,  June  17.  —  A  resolution  was  introduced  into  the  assem- 
bly of  Massachusetts,  sitting  at  Salem,  by  Samuel  Adams,  provid- 
ing for  a  congress  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia  on  the  Ist  of  \ 
September. 

The  resolutions  provided  for  five  delegates,  and  for  a  tax  upon  the  towns  to 
raise  five  hundred  pf^ands  to  pay  their  expenses.  As  was  the  custom,  the  assem- 
bly was  transacting  its  business  with  closed  doors.  While  discussing  the  resolu- 
tions, the  secretary  of  the  colony,  Thomas  Flucker,  with  a  message  from  the 
governor,  applied  for  admission,  but  was  refused.  Standing  outside,  he  read  to 
the  crowd  a  proclamation  from  the  governor  dissolving  the  assembly.  Tho 
house  continued  its  sitting,  adopted  the  resolutions,  and  ordered  them  sent  to  tho 
speakers  of  the  other  assemblies. 

1774,  June  17.  —  The  Massachusetts  assembly  voted  that  a 
congress  should  be  held  on  the  1st  of  September  in  Philadelphia, 
or  any  place  judged  most  suitable  by  the  committee. 

One  liundred  and  twenty-nine  members  wore  present,  and  only  twelve  di?- 
sented.  The  preamble  and  first  resolution  read:  "This  House,  having  du!/ 
considered  and  being  deeply  aflfected  with  the  unhappy  differences  whicli  havo 
long  subsisted  and  are  increasing  between  Great  Britain  and  the  American  colo- 
nies, do  resolve :  That  a  meeting  of  committees  from  tho  several  colonies  on  this 
continent  is  highly  expedient  and  necessary  to  consult  upon  the  present  state  of 
the  colonies,  and  the  miseries  to  which  they  arc  and  must  be  reduced  by  the 
operation  of  certain  acts  of  parliament  respecting  America ;  and  to  deliberate  and 
determine  upon  wise  and  proper  measures  to  be  by  them  recommended  to  all  the 
colonics  for  the  recovery  and  establishment  of  just  rights  and  liberties,  civil  and 
religious,  and  the  restoration  of  union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  colonies,  most  ardently  desired  by  all  good  men." 

1774,  June  22-25.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  all  the 
ceunties  of  Maryland  declared,  that  if  the  bills  became  acts, 
they  "  would  lay  a  foundation  for  the  utter  destruction  of  British 
America." 

These  are  but  samples  of  the  sentiments  expressed  all  throughout  the  colonies. 

20 


m  ■'*'■ 


306 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


1774,  July.  —  A  ship  laden  with  tea  waa  sent  back  from  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire. 

Another  arriving  in  September,  was  also  sent  back. 

1774,  July  6.  —  A  meeting  was  held  on  the  sixth,  seventh,  and 
eighth,  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  which  "  most  solemnly 
engaged  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  Congress." 

1774,  July  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  Gazette,  the  organ  in  Bos- 
ton of  the  supporters  of  the  English  government,  said :  "  The 
newspapers  from  all  quarters,  in  every  British  American  colony, 
so  far  as  we  have  yet  received  intelligence,  are  chiefly  filled  with 
accounts  of  meetings  and  resolutions  of  towns  and  counties;  all 
to  the  same  purpose,  complaining  of  oppression,  proposing  a  con- 
gress, a  cessation  of  intercourse  with  Great  Britain,  and  a  contri- 
bution for  the  relief  of  the  Boston  poor." 

Not  only  did  the  movement  for  the  establishment  of  committees  of  correspond- 
ence become  almost  universal  through  the  colonies,  but  the  contributions  which 
came  in  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  in  money,  provisions,  clothes,  and  other 
articles,  for  the  support  of  the  poor  in  Boston,  who  were  deprived  by  the  stagna- 
tion of  business  produced  by  the  Boston  Port  Bill,  may  be  considered  the  com- 
mencement of  tho  practical  sympathy  among  the  people  which  has  been  so 
frequently  manifested  during  the  latter  half  of  this  century.  In  the  fourth  volume 
of  the  fourth  series  of  tho  Collections  of  tho  Massachusetts  Historical  Society, 
printed  in  1658,  will  be  found  a  collection  of  letters  from  all  the  colonies  of  tho 
contributors  to  aid  Boston,  with  the  replies  of  the  Donation  Committee,  who  had 
charge  of  the  distribution  o?  the  contributions.  These  letters  show  how  wide- 
spread, embracing  all  sections  of  the  country,  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  was  tlie 
sympathy  and  the  aid  afforded  to  Boston.  The  "Constitutional  Society  of  Lon- 
don" sent  £100,  and  "The  Supporters  of  Civil  Rights  Society,"  from  the  same 
place,  sent  £500,  while  individual  contribtitors  sent  smaller  sums.  Quebec  «ent 
wheat,  and  Montreal  £100. 


1774,  July  15.  —  A  conven'^^ion  of  delegates  from  the  counties 
of  Pennsylvania,  held  at  Philadelphia,  spoke  of  tho  Acts  as  "  un- 
constitutional, opproBsive,  and  dangerous  to  the  American  colo- 
nies." 

1774,  July  15.  —  A  meeting  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  of  dele- 
gates from  the  counties  of  Pennsylvania,  at  which  nou-intercourpo 
was  voted. 

A  resolution  to  this  effect  was  unanimously  voted,  as  follows  :  "  That  the  peo- 
ple of  this  province  will  break  off  all  trade,  commerce  and  dealing,  and  will  have 
no  trade,  commerce  and  dealing  of  any  kind,  with  any  colony  on  this  continent, 
or  with  any  city  or  town  in  such  colony,  or  with  any  individual  in  any  such 
colony,  city  or  town,  which  shall  refuse,  decline,  or  neglect  to  adopt  and  carry 
into  execution  such  general  plan  as  shall  be  agreed  to  in  Congress." 

1774,  July  18. — A  general  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


307 


Fairfax  County,  Virginia,  at  Alexandria,  resolved  for  non-inter- 
course and  a  congress. 

George  Washington  was  the  chairman  of  the  meeting,  which  passed  many 
resolutions.  The  twenty-first  was:  "That  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  this 
and  the  other  associating  colonies  should  break  off  all  trade,  intercourse  and  deal- 
ing with  that  colony,  province  and  town,  which  shall  decline  or  refuse  to  agree  to 
the  plan  which  shall  be  adopted  by  the  General  Congress." 

1774,  July  21.  —  A  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  counties  of 
Now  Jersey  was  hold  at  New  Brunswick,  and  passed  resolutions 
in  favor  of  a  congress,  the  delegates  to  which  should  be  author- 
ized "  mutually  to  pledge,  each  to  the  rest,  the  public  honor  and 
faith  of  their  constituent  colonies,  firmly  and  inviolably  to  adhere 
to  the  determinations  of  the  said  Congress." 

1774,  July  27.  —  A  public  meeting  was  lield  in  Georgia,  at 
which  a  committee  of  correspondence  was  elected. 

Governor  Wright  denounced  the  meeting  in  a  proclamation ;  and  McCall,  in 
his  History  of  Georgia,  terms  this  action  the  beginning  of  the  Republican  party 
in  that  province. 

1774,  August.  —  At  a  convention  in  Virginia,  "Washington 
said:  "I  will  raise  one  thousand  men,  subsist  them  at  my  own 
expense,  and  march  myself  at  their  head  for  the  relief  of  Boston." 

1774,  August.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Williamsburg,  Vir- 
ginia, one  of  the  resolutions  of  which  advised  that  attention 
should  be  turned  "  from  the  cultivation  of  tobacco  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  such  articles  as  may  form  the  basis  for  domestic  manufac- 
tures, which  we  will  endeavor  to  encourage  throughout  this 
colony  to  the  utmost  of  our  abilities." 

These  resolutions  were  signed  by  Washington,  Jefferson,  Lee,  and  Peyton 
Riindolph. 

1774.  —  GovEKNOR  Tryon,  of  New  York,  in  his  report  to  the 
Board  of  Trade,  says  that  eleven  twelfths  of  the  dress  of  the 
people  were  British  manufacture,  excepting  hats  and  shoes  made 
in  the  province. 

The  imports  he  estimates  at  £500,000,  and  the  exports  at  about  £130,000,  ex- 
clusive of  ships  built  for  sale  to  the  value  of  £30,000  more. 

1774.  —  Christopher  Colles  contracted  to  build  a  reservoir, 
and  provide  works  to  supply  water  to  New  York  city. 

The  reservoir  was  to  be  built  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway,  between  Pearl  and 
White  streets.  The  water  was  to  be  pumped  up  from  wells  by  a  steam-engine, 
the  cylinder  for  which  was  cast  at  the  foundery  of  Sharp  &  Curteneus.  The 
project  was  abandoned  in  the  troubles  of  the  Revolution. 

1774,  August. —  A  convention  in  North  Carolina  ag-eed  be- 
ibrehand  to  abide  by  the  decisions  of  the  General  Congress,  and 


TT 


W§^ 


308 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


cease  all  dealings  with  towns  or  individuals  who  refused  to  do 
this. 

1774,  August  1.  —  The  convention  of  delegates  from  the  vari- 
ous counties  of  Virginia  met  at  Williamsburg,  and  agreed  to  a 
non-importation  association. 

They  voted  not  to  deal  with  any  merchant  or  trader  who  would  not  sign  it,  and 
to  consider  him  an  enemy  to  the  country. 

1774,  August  6.  —  Governor  Gage  received  oflScially  the  Acts 
and  instructions  with  regard  to  eniorcing  them. 

They  were  dated  Juno  3,  and  were  sent  through  Lord  Dartmouth.  At  the 
same  time  he  received  the  appointments  for  thirty-six  councillors.  The  instruc- 
tions were  elaborate  for  the  vindicntion  of  the  authority  of  parliament.  They 
said :  **  For  should  those  ideas  of  independence  which  some  dangerous  and  ill 
designed  persons  here  are  artfully  endeavoring  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  the 
king's  American  subjects,  once  take  root,  that  relation  between  this  kingdom  and 
its  colonics,  which  is  the  bond  of  peace  and  power,  will  soon  cease  to  exist ;  and 
destruction  must  follow  disunion." 

1774,  August  8.  —  An  informal  meeting  of  the  council  was 
called. 

Twenty-four  of  the  thirty-six  appointed  accepted  their  appointments.  All  were 
notified  to  meet  for  the  transaction  of  business  on  the  16th  of  August.  At  that 
time  thirteen  met,  and  took  the  oath  of  office.  The  judges  were  appointed.  The 
sherifis  summoned  jurors.  The  governor  prepared  to  support  the  acts  by  military 
power.  One  regiment  was  quartered  at  Salem,  one  in  Castle  William,  in  Boston 
harbor,  and  one  was  quartered  on  Fort  Hill,  in  Boston,  and  four  were  camped  on 
the  Common,  in  Boston.     In  the  harbor  there  were  about  thirty  ships-of-war. 

1774,  August  16.  —  The  judges  attempted  to  hold  a  court  at 
Great  Barrington,  Massachusetts,  but  the  farmers  from  the  vicin- 
ity filled  the  building,  and  blocked  up  all  access  to  it.  The 
sheriff  ordered  the  crowd  to  make  way  for  the  court,  but  they 
answered  they  would  submit  to  no  other  court  than  the  ancient 
laws  and  usages. 

In  Boston,  the  chief  justice,  with  the  associate  justices,  assembled,  dressed  in 
their  robes,  at  the  court-house,  but  the  grand  and  petit  jurors  refused  to  take  tlie 
oath.  In  Salem,  the  governor,  by  a  proclamation,  forbade  all  persons  attending  a 
town  meeting;  but  they  gathered  and  held  one.  In  Plymouth,  when  a  new  mem- 
ber of  the  council,  who  had  accepted  his  appointment,  appeared  in  church,  many 
rose  and  left  the  building.  All  through  the  country  gatherings  of  the  people 
forced  the  newly  appointed  officers  to  resign,  so  that,  as  Dr.  Ramsey  says,  "On 
experiment  it  was  found,  that  to  force  on  tlie  inhabitants  a  form  of  government  to 
which  they  were  totally  averse,  was  not  within  the  fancied  omnipotence  of  par- 
liament." 

1774,  September  1.  —  Governor  Gage  summoned  the  general 
court  to  meet  at  Salem  on  the  5th  of  October. . 

1774,  September  5.  —  Most  of  the  delegates  to  the  congress 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


309 


had  gathered  in  Philadelphia,  and  were  invited  by  the  speaker 
of  the  assembly  to  meet  at  the  state  house,  but  met  at  Carpen- 
ter's Hull,  near  by,  and  began  the  session  of  the  Continental 
Congress. 

When  all  tho  members  appeared,  the  congress  consisted  of  flfty-flve  delegates, 
chosen  by  twelve  colonies,  as  follows :  —  From  Rhode  Island  :  Stephen  Hopkins  and 
Samuel  Ward.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  the  governor,  J.  Wanton.  They 
were  elected  June  15,  by  the  assembly,  and  instructed  "to  consult  upon  proper 
measures  to  obtain  a  repeal  of  tho  several  acta  —  and  upon  proper  measures  to 
establish  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  colonies  upon  a  just  and  solid  foundation." 
From  Massachusetts :  Thomas  Gushing,  Samuel  Adams,  John  Adams,  Robert 
Treat  Paine.  They  were  elected  by  the  assembly,  Juno  17,  and  their  creden- 
tials were  signed  by  Samuel  Adams,  clerk.  Their  instructions  wore  "  To  consult 
upon  tho  present  state  of  the  colonies  —  and  to  deliberate  and  determine  upon  wise 
and  proper  measures,  to  bo  by  them  recommended  to  all  tho  colonies,  for  tho 
recovery  and  establishment  of  their  just  rights  and  liberties,  and  the  restoration 
of  union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies."  From  Maryland : 
Matthew  Tilghman,  Thomas  Johnson,  Robert  Goldsborough,  William  Paca, 
Samuel  Chase,  elected  by  a  convention  of  committees  from  the  counties,  June  22. 
Their  credentials  were  the  resolutions  of  tne  convention,  authorizing  them  *'to 
effect  one  general  plan  of  conduct,  operating  on  tho  commercial  connection  of 
the  colonies  with  the  mother  country,  for  the  relief  of  Boston,  and  preservation 
of  American  liberty."  From  Connecticut:  Elipiialct  Dyer,  Roger  Sherman,  Silas 
Deanc,  chosen  by  tho  committee  of  correspondence,  on  the  13th  of  July.  Tho 
committee  was  authorized  to  do  so  by  an  act  of  the  assembly.  Their  credentials 
were  signed  by  the  committee,  authorizing  them  to  "consult  and  advise  with  the 
commissioners  or  committees  of  the  several  English  colonies  in  America,  on  proper 
measures  for  advancing  the  best  good  of  the  colonies."  From  New  Hampshire, 
Jolm  Sullivan,  Nathaniel  Folsom.  Elected  on  July  2l8t  by  a  convention  of  dele- 
gates from  the  towns  of  the  colony.  Their  credentials  were  copies  of  the  vote 
of  the  convention.  Their  instructions  empowered  them  "to  devise,  consult,  and 
adopt  such  measures  as  may  have  the  most  likely  tendency  to  extricate  the  colo- 
nies from  their  present  difficulties ;  to  secure  and  perpetuate  their  rights,  liberties, 
and  privileges ;  and  to  restore  that  peace,  harmony,  and  mutual  confidence  which 
once  subsisted  between  the  parent  country  and  her  colonies."  From  Pennsyl- 
vania: Joseph  Galloway,  Samuel  Rhoades,  Thomas  Mifflin,  Charles  Humphries, 
John  Morton,  George  Ross,  Edward  Riddle.  They  were  elected  by  the  assembly 
July  22.  Their  credentials  were  copies  of  the  vote.  They  were  authorized  to 
"consult  together  on  the  unhappy  state  of  the  colonies,  and  to  form  and  adopt  a 
plan  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  a  redress  of  grievances,  ascertaining  American 
ri>;hts  upon  the  most  solid  and  constitutional  principles,  and  for  establishing  that 
union  and  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her  colonies  which  is  indispensa- 
bly necessary  for  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  both  "  From  New  Jersey:  James 
Klnscy,  William  Livingston,  John  Dehart,  Stephen  Crane,  and  Richard  Smith. 
They  were  elected,  July  23,  by  a  convention  of  committees  from  the  counties, 
and  their  credentials  wei  e  signed  by  fourteen  members  of  the  convention.  Their 
instructions  wer*.,  "To  represent  the  colony  of  New  Jersey."  From  Delaware  : 
Caesar  Rodney,  'i  homas  McKean,  and  George  Reed.  They  were  chosen,  August 
1,  by  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  three  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  and 
Sussex.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  Caesar  Rodney  as  president  of  tho  con- 
vention that  elected  them.     They  were  authorized  "to  determine  upon  all  such 


,.J !. 


810 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


\^\ 


prudent  and  lawAil  measures  as  may  be  judged  most  expedient  for  the  colonics 
immediately  and  unitedly  to  adopt,  in  order  to  obtain  relief  for  an  oppressed  peo- 
ple, and  the  redress  of  our  general  grieva  ces."  From  South  Carolina :  Henry 
Middleton,  John  Uutledgc,  Tiiomas  Lynch,  Christopher  Gadsden,  and  Edward 
Rutledgc.  They  were  elected  by  a  general  meeting  held  in  Charleston  on  the 
Gth,  7th,  and  8th  of  July,  and  their  election  was  ratified  by  the  assentbly  on  the 
2d  of  August.  Their  credentials  were  signed  by  the  clerk  of  the  assembly, 
Thomas  Farr,  Jr.  They  bad  authority  ''to  agree  to  and  effectually  prosecute 
such  legal  measures  as  in  the  opinion  of  said  deputies,  and  the  opinion  of  the 
deputies  so  to  bo  assembled,  shall  be  most  likely  to  obtain  a  repeal  of"  the  acts 
specified,  and  a  redress  of  grievances.  From  Virginia :  Peyton  Randolph,  Richard 
Henry  Lee,  George  Washington,  Patrick  Henry,  Richard  Bland,  Bei\jamin  Har- 
rison,  Edmund  Pendleton.  They  wore  elected,  August  6,  by  a  convention  of 
delegates  from  the  counties.  Their  credentials  were  the  vote  of  the  convention. 
They  were  instructed  "to  represent  the  colony  in  a  general  congress,"  convened 
"to  procure  a  redress  for  Massachusetts,  secure  British  America  from  the  ravage 
and  ruin  of  arbitrary  taxes,  and  speedily  to  procure  the  return  of  that  harmony 
and  union  so  beneficial  to  the  whole  empire,  and  so  ardently  desired  by  all  British 
America.  From  North  Carolina :  William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hawcs,  Richard  Cas- 
well. They  were  chosen  at  a  convention,  August  25.  Their  credentials  were 
signed  by  John  Harvey,  the  chairman,  and  Andrew  Knox,  the  clerk.  They  were 
"invested  with  such  powers  as  may  make  any  acts  done  by  them,  or  consent  given 
in  behalf  of  this  province,  obligatory  in  honor  upon  every  inhabitant  hereof,  who 
is  not  an  alien  to  his  conntry's  good,  and  an  apostate  to  the  liberties  of  America." 
From  New  York :  James  Duane,  John  Jay,  Philip  Livingston,  Isaac  Low,  William 
Floyd,  Henry  Wisner,  John  Alsop,  John  Herring,  Simon  Boerum.  They  were 
chosen  by  counties,  and  "  certificates  of  their  election  "  by  the  people  served  as 
their  credentials.  Simon  Boerum  took  his  seat  October  1.  At  a  general  meeting 
of  the  inhabitants  of  Georgia,  held  August  10,  no  delegates  were  elected,  but  n 
resolution  passed  to  concur  with  her  sister  colonies  in  the  efibrt  to  maintain  their 
right  to  the  British  constitution.  On  the  second  day  it  was  decided  that  "  cacti 
colony  or  province  shall  have  one  vote." 

1774.  —  About  this  time,  the  first  ale  and  porter  were  made  in 
the  country. 

1774.  —  P.  Child  &  Co.  commenced  the  publication  of  the 
New   York  Daily  Advetiiser,  the  first  daily  newspaper  in  New 

1774,  September  19.  —  Congress  received  the  resolutions  of 
the  County  of  Suffolk,  in  which  Boston  was  included,  declaring 
that  the  people  owed  it  as  their  duty  to  God  and  their  country, 
to  preserve  their  liberties,  and  promised  cheerful  submission  to 
such  measures  as  the  Continental  Congress  might  recommend. 

These  resolutions  were  drawn  up  by  Joseph  Warren.  The  report  had  been 
received  that  Boston  was  bombarded,  and  as  the  congress  sot  with  closed  doors, 
nothing  was  known  of  its  action.  It  responded  to  these  resolutions,  ordered  them 
printed,  and  joined  with  them  a  strong  recommendation  to  the  rest  of  the  colonies 
to  follow  in  the  same  firm  and  temperate  spirit,  and  to  continue  the  contributions 
for  aiding  tliosc  sufTcnng  in  Boston. 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOUTU  AMERICA. 


311 


1774,  September  28.  —  Gonoral  Gago  issued  a  proclamation 
postponing  tho  session  of  the  general  court  indefinitely. 

Many  of  tho  dolcgatcs  had  gathered  before  the  proclamation  was  issued,  and 
lifter  waiting  a  few  days  they  organized  Into  o  provincial  congress,  chose  John 
Hancock  president  and  Bci\jamin  Lincoln  secretary,  and  tlicn  adjourned  to 
Concord. 

1774,  OcTorJER.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
appointed  a  committee  of"  safety. 

John  Hancock  was  at  its  head,  and  it  had  power  to  call  out  tho  militia.  An- 
other committee  was  appointed  to  look  after  tho  defence  of  tho  province,  and 
another  to  procure  provisions  and  military  stores,  for  which  twenty  thousand 
pounds  wero  appropriated.  Tax-collectors  were  ordered  to  pay  them  no  more  to 
the  late  treasurer,  but  to  tho  treasurer  appointed  by  congress.  Preble,  Ward, 
and  Poraeroy  were  appointed  generals.  Tho  militia  were  to  elect  their  own 
officers.  To  a  proclam  ition  by  Governor  Gago  denouncing  their  proceedings, 
tiicy  paid  no  attention. 

1774,  October.  —  Dunmoro,  governor  of  Virginia,  with  a  force 
of  fifteen  hundred  men,  marched  against  the  Indians  on  the 
Scioto. 

The  Indians  had  bcci  engaged  in  active  hostilities  since  tho  spring.  Tho 
entire  family,  nine  persons,  of  Logan,  a  chief  who  had  always  been  friendly  to 
the  Entflish,  had  been  massacred  by  some  of  the  explorers,  and  by  this  and  simi- 
lar treatment  the  Indians  had  been  roused  to  revenge.  At  the  same  time  another 
expedition  descended  the  Kcnawha,  and  near  its  mouth  defeated  the  Indians 
under  I  ogan.    The  Indians  sued  for  peaco.J 

1774,  October.  —  A  collision  occurred  in  Georgia  with  tho 
Indians. 

Governor  Wright  put  an  end  to  it  by  forbidding  the  Indian  trade. 

1774,  October.  —  A  ship  with  tea,  arriving  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, was  burned. 
Tlie  owner  set  fire  to  it. 

1774,  October  8,  10,  11.  —  Tho  congress  adopted  five  resolu- 
tions, which  were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  the  Boston  committee. 

The  first  of  these  was  adopted  on  Saturday  the  8th.  It  read:  "That  this 
congress  approve  of  the  opposition  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  Massacimsctts  Bay 
to  tho  execution  of  the  late  Acts  of  Parliament,  and  if  tlic  same  shall  be  attempted 
to  be  carried  into  execution  by  force,  in  sucli  case  all  America  ought  to  support 
them  in  their  opposition."  The  other  resolutions  declared  that  those  who  con- 
sented to  take  office  under  the  new  Acts  ought  to  be  considered  wicked  tools  of 
despotism,  and  be  held  in  abhorrence  by  all  good  men.  Advised  the  inhabitants 
of  Massachusetts  to  submit  to  a  suspension  of  the  administration  of  justice  when 
it  could  not  be  had  under  laws  based  on  the  charter,  and  recommended  a  peaceful 
demeanor  to  the  troops,  and  steadfastness  in  acting  on  the  defensive.  On  the 
Sunday  intervening  in  the  passage  of  these  resolutions,  Washington,  a  member 
of  the  congress,  wrote  a  letter  to  Captain  Robert  Mackenzie,  of  the  British  army 
then  in  Boston,  in  which,  expressing  indignation  at  the  violation  of  the  rights  of 


312 


ANNAI.8  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


# 


Ji  iSli. 


Mafisachuictts,  and  sympathy  with  its  cauoc,  ho  «pcakH  of  hU  knowh'dgo  of  tlio 
dt'legatfg,  and  tliat  wliilc  thoy  would  never  Hubniit  to  the  Ions  of  their  rights,  tticru 
wiij  no  deNiro  for  independenee.  IIu  Buld :  "I  am  well  sullHtied  that  no  sucii 
tliinK  ii  deflircd  by  any  thinking  man  in  all  North  America;  on  tiiu  mntrary,  tlmt 
it  18  tliu  ardent  wifdi  of  tliu  warmeMt  advocates  for  liberty  tliat  peace  and  tranquil- 
lity, on  eonHtitutional  grounds,  may  be  restored,  and  tlie  liorrurs  of  civil  discord 
prevented."  On  the  7th,  Jolin  Adams  wrote  to  William  Tudor:  ♦'If  it  is  a  secret 
hope  of  many,  as  J  suspect  it  is,  that  the  congress  will  advixe  to  offensivo  meas- 
ures, they  will  be  mistaken.  I  have  had  opportunities  cnoui^h.  both  public  and 
private,  to  learn  with  certainty  the  decisive  sentiments  of  the  di  legates  and  others 
upoi.  this  point.  They  will  not,  at  this  session,  vote  to  raise  men  or  money,  or 
arms  or  ammunition.  Their  opinions  are  fixed  against  hostilities  and  rupture, 
except  they  should  become  absolutely  necessary;  and  this  necessity  they  do  not 
yet  sec.  They  dread  the  thought  of  an  action,  because  it  would  miike  a  wound 
which  would  never  be  healed;  it  would  fix  and  establish  a  nuicor  which  would 
descend  to  the  latest  generations ;  it  would  render  all  hopes  of  a  reconciliatiun 
with  Great  Britain  desperate ;  it  would  light  up  the  flames  of  war,  porhajis  throuf^h 
the  whole  continent,  which  might  rage  for  twenty  years,  and  end  in  the  aubductiou 
of  America  as  likely  as  in  her  liberation." 

1774,  October  14.  —  Tho  congress  agreed  to  a  Declaration  of 
Rights. 

It  contained  ten  resolves,  in  which  were  enumerated  the  rights  that  could  not 
bo  taken  from  them  or  abridged,  and  specified  eleven  acts,  or  parts  of  acts,  of 
parliament  which  should  be  repealed  in  order  to  restore  harmony.  In  conclud- 
ing it  stated  that  tho  congress,  for  tho  present,  had  resolved  to  pursue  only  the 
following  peaceful  measures  :  *'  1.  To  enter  into  a  non-importation,  non-consump- 
tion, and  non-exportation  agreement  or  association  2.  To  prepare  an  address 
to  the  people  of  Great  iiritain,  and  a  memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  British 
America.     3.  To  prepare  a  loyal  address  to  his  Majesty." 

1774,  October  19.  —  An  order  in  council  prohibited  tho  expor- 
tation of  powder  or  its  materials. 

1774,  October  20.  —  The  non-importation  articles  of  associf- 
tion  were  presented  by  the  committee  intrusted  with  their  prepa- 
ration, and  were  signed  by  fifty-twv  hiembers  of  the  congress. 

The  covenant  commenced :  "  Wo  do  for  ourselves,  and  the  inhabitants  of  tho 
several  colonies  whom  we  represent,  firmly  agree  and  associate  under  tho  sncrcil 
ties  of  virtue,  honor,  and  love  of  our  country."  Then  followed  fourteen  articles 
providing  for  non-importation,  non-exportation,  and  non-consumption  of  merchan- 
dise with  Great  Britain.  One  of  these  articles  stipulated  that  no  slave  should  be 
either  imported  or  purchased  after  the  Ist  day  of  December,  and  that  the  slave 
trade  should  be  wholly  discontinued  by  members  of  the  association,  who  would 
also  ref\ise  to  deal  with  those  engaged  in  it.  Non-intercourse  was  demanded  by 
another  article  with  those  of  the  colonies  who  would  not  associate,  and  that  such 
should  be  held  "as  unworthy  the  rights  of  freemen,  and  aa  inimical  to  the  liber- 
tics  of  their  country." 

Another  article  provided  for  committees  in  every  town,  to  bo  chosen  by  the 
qualified  voters,  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  Association.  This  instrument, 
which  was  known  for  the  next  two  years  as  The  Association  of  the  United  Colo- 


1774.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


313 


nica,  has  been  riRlitly  coniiidorcd  as  tho  commcncomcnt  uf  the  American  Union. 
Thia  document  was  prepared  by  a  committee. 

1774,  October  21.  —  Tho  address  to  tho  pooplo  of  Groat 
Britain  was  prosonted  by  tho  cominittoo,  and  adopted. 

Tlio  addrcHs  was  prepared  by  Jay,  and  it  addressed  tlio  Rritish  peopio  as 
"Friends  and  FelloMr-Subjects."  It  said:  "You  Imvo  been  told  thut  wo  are 
seditious,  imjiiiticnt  of  government,  and  desirous  of  Independoney.  Ho  assured 
titat  tliese  are  not  facts,  but  calunmiea.  I'urniit  us  to  be  as  free  as  yourselves, 
and  wo  shall  ever  esteem  a  union  with  you  to  bo  our  greatest  glory  and  greatest 
iiappincss." 

1774,  October  21. — Tho  memorial  to  tho  peopio  of  the  colo- 
nies  was  presented  and  accepted. 

This  memorial  was  prepared  by  Richard  Henry  Loe.  It  closed  as  follows : 
"Above  all  things  wo  earnestly  entreat  you,  with  devotion  of  spirit,  penitence  of 
heart,  and  amendment  of  life,  to  humble  yourselves,  and  implore  tho  power  of 
Almighty  Ood ;  and  we  humbly  beseech  his  Divine  Croodnoss  to  taku  you  into  his 
gracious  protection." 

1774,  October  24.  —  The  loyal  petition  of  congress  to  tho  king 
was  presented  and  adopted. 

The  petition,  as  accepted,  was  drawn  up  by  John  Dickenson.  A  draft,  prepared 
by  Patrick  Henry,  did  not  prove  acceptable.  Two  copies  of  it  were  signed  by  all 
the  niombeis  and  sent  to  the  colonial  agents  in  London.  Tlie  copy  presented  to 
the  king  is  in  the  state  paper  oiBce  in  London.  A  cojiy,  wiiich  it  is  said  Franklin 
carefully  preserved,  Henry  Stevens,  in  his  Bibliotheca  Jlisiorica,  says  is  in  his 
posFCSsion.  It  is  signed  by  fifty  of  tlie  delegates.  Congress  preserved  no  copy 
of  it.     It  was  printed  in  London,  in  January,  1775,  —  it  is  supposed  by  Franklin. 

1774,  October  26.  —  Tlie  Continental  Congress  dissolved. 

1774,  October  26.  —  An  address  to  the  peopio  of  Quebec  waa 
adopted. 

This  address  was  drawn  up  by  John  Dickenson.  It  told  them  that  "  the 
injuries  of  Boston  had  roudc  1  and  associated  every  colony  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Georgia,"  and  that  Quebec  was  "the  only  link  wanting  to  complete  the  bright 
and  strong  chain  of  Union."  They  were  invited  to  send  delegates  to  the  next 
congress. 

1774,  October  27.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
appointed  a  "  Committee  of  Safety." 

The  next  day  this  committee  was  directed  "  to  take  care  of,  and  lodgo  in  some 
safe  place  in  the  country,  warlike  stores." 

1774,  November  7.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  in 
New  York  chose  an  inspection  committee  to  carry  out  the  objocts 
of  the  Association. 

Numerous  towns  in  the  state  did  the  same ;  but  the  assembly  refused  to  approve 
the  proceedings  of  the  congress. 

1774. — The  estimates  of  the  population  of  the  colonies  this 
year  differ  greatly.     Congress  placed  it  as  high  as  3,026,678  ;  it 


314 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1774. 


f '!  m 


was  probably  not  much  over  two  millions.  Tucker,  in  hia  Hia- 
tory  of  the  United  States,  makes  it  2,590,000,  apportioned  thus : 
Massachusetla,  360,000 ;  New  Hampshire,  80,000 ;  Connecticut, 
200,000 ;  Rhode  Island,  60,000 ;  New  York,  180,000 ;  New  Jer- 
sey, 130,000;  Pennsylvania,  300,000;  Delaware,  40,000;  Mary- 
land,  220,000  ;  Virginia,  560,000  ;  North  Carolina,  260,000 ;  South 
Carolina,  180,000  ;  Georgia,  30,000. 

1774,  November  21. — A  meeting  of  deputies  from  the  coun- 
ties, held  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  unanimously  approved  the 
action  of  the  congress. 

They  voted  that  every  person  should  adhere  inviolably  to  the  association. 
November  9,  Anne  Arundel  County ;  November  12,  Baltimore  County ;  Novem- 
ber 10,  Calvert  County;  November  18,  Frederick  County,  elected  committees 
*'  to  carry  into  execution  the  association  agreed  on  by  the  American  Continental 
Congress." 

1774,  November  29.  —  The  king,  in  his  speech  at  the  opening 
of  parliament,  said  "  that  a  most  daring  spirit  of  resistance  and 
disobedience  to  the  law  still  unhappily  prevailed  in  the  province 
of  Massachasetts  Bay,  and  had  in  divers  parts  of  it,  broke  forth  in 
fresh  violences  of  a  very  criminal  nature." 

He  assured  bofh  Houses  that  he  should  steadfastly  withstand  every  attempt  to 
impair  the  authority  of  parliament  over  all  the  dominions  of  the  crown.  Both 
Houses  thanked  him  for  his  language,  and  pledged  their  co-operation  in  all 
measures  needed  to  preserve  the  dignity  of  the  British  empire.  On  the  22d  of 
December  parliament  adjourned  to  the  19th  of  January. 

1774.  —  December  1,  Elizabethtown,  and,  December  7,  Newark, 
New  Jersey,  unanimously  approved  the  Association. 

1774,  December  5.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  ordered  the 
guns,  cannon,  and  ammunition  removed  from  Fort  George,  in 
Newport,  and  stored  in  Providence. 

This  action  resulted  from  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  the  Earl  of  Dartmouth, 
prohibiting  the  export  of  arms  to  the  colonies  from  Great  Britain,  and  ordering  all 
such  imported  to  be  seized.  Captain  Wallace,  in  command  of  the  Rose,  a  frigate 
stationed  at  Newport,  asked  an  explanation  of  this  proceeding  from  Governor 
Wanton,  and  was  told  that  it  was  done  to  prevent  the  seizure  of  the  guns  by  liim, 
and  that  they  would  be  used  against  any  enemy  of  the  colony. 

1774,  December  5.  — The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
approved  the  action  of  the  ContinentaJ  Congress,  and  sent  the 
resolution,  properly  attested,  to  all  the  towns  and  districts. 

The  people  in  some  of  the  counties  signed  a  covenant  to  carry  out  the  asso- 
ciation. 

1774,  December  5.  —  The  counties  of  Delaware,  in  a  meeting 
at  Newcastle,  approved  the  action  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

1774,  December  8.  —  The  assembly  in  Rhode  Islan-i,  specially 


•m^f. 


1774-5.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


315 


summoned  to  hear  the  report  of  the  delegates,  approved  the 
action  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

1774,  December  8.  —  A  convention  of  all  the  coimties  of  Mary- 
land met  and  pledged  the  colony  to  support  Massuchusotts  in 
resisting  by  fiorce. 

Tho7  ordered  the  militia  enrolled,  and  voted  ten  thousand  pounds  to  purchase 
arms. 

1774,  D'^CEMBEB  10.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  approved 
the  proceedings  of  the  Continental  Congress,  and  appointed  dele- 
gates for  the  next. 

1774,  December  10.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachu- 
setts dissolved. 

1774,  December  14.  —  The  people  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, dismantled  the  castle  William  and  Mary  in  the  harbor, 
taking  away  the  cannon  and  the  powder. 

John  Sullivan  and  John  Langdon  were  tho  leaders  of  the  expedition.  One 
hundred  barrels  of  gunpowder,  fifteen  cannon,  and  a  quantity  of  small  arms  were 
carried  off  and  concealed,  a  part  of  them  being  hid  under  the  pulpit  of  a  church 
at  Durham,  New  Hampsliire.  A  part  of  the  powder  served  at  Bunkc.  Hill.  The 
movement  was  undertaken  by  the  "  Sons  of  Liberty." 

1774,  December  24.  —  Lord  Dartmouth,  to  whom  the  agents  of 
the  colonies  -uid  intrusted  the  petition  to  the  king,  informed 
them  that  as  soon  as.  parliament  met,  his  Majesty  would  lay  it 
before  them. 

1774.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  known  as  the  Quebec  Act. 

It  restored  to  that  province  the  old  French  law  —  the  custom  of  Paris  —  in  all 
civil  matters.  The  Catholic  Church  was  guaranteed  the  possession  of  all  its 
property,  and  full  freedom  of  worship.  Tlie  legislative  authority,  except  for 
taxation,  was  given  to  a  council  nominated  by  the  crown,  and  the  calling  of  an 
as'jcrably  was  postponed  indefinitely.  The  borders  of  the  province  were  extended 
to  the  Mississippi  on  tho  west  and  the  Ohio  on  the  south - 

1775,  January  4.  —  Lord  Dartmouth,  in  a  circular  letter  to  the 
governors  of  the  provinces,  instructed  them  to  prevent,  if  pos- 
sible, the  election  of  delegates  to  the  next  congress.  He  also 
repeated  the  order  to  Governor  Gage  to  use  the  Ibrce  at  his  dis- 
posal, if  needed,  to  enforce  the  acts  altering  the  charter  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. 

1775,  January.  —  A  counter  association  was  formed  bv  tho 
Tones  of  Boston,  but  with  little  or  no  effect, 

1775,  January  7.  —  A  provincial  congress  in  South  Carolina, 
composed  of  "  deputies  from  every  parish  and  district "  in  the 
province,  voted  "  that  this  congress  do  approve  the  American 


'* 


316 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


"I 


1i> 


M 


Association."      Delegates    to    the   Continental  Congress  were 
elected. 

Charles  Pinckney  was  the  president  of  this  congress.  It  voted  that  commit- 
tees of  inspection  should  be  appointed  in  each  parish  to  carry  out  the  objects  of 
the  association.  In  the  Continental  Congress,  at  the  formation  of  the  non-exporta- 
tion agreement,  rice  was  excepted,  and  to  this  the  indigo  planters  objected.  John 
Rutledge,  one  of  tlic  late  delegates,  said  that,  without  this  exception,  tlie  non- 
exportation  agreement  would  have  operated  most  severely  upon  South  Carolina. 
A  compensation  for  the  indigo  planters  was  proposed,  but  lost  on  the  vote.  The 
cultures  of  cotton  waa  recommended,  and  the  local  committees  were  given  power 
to  griint  extensions  upon  debts  where  security  was  given.  Suits  were  forbidden 
also  without  their  permission. 

1775,  January  12.  —  The  Privy  Council  decided  that  the  ac- 
tion of  Congress  afforded  no  basis  for  reconciliation,  and  that 
force  should  be  used  to  protect  the  loyal  in  the  colonies,  and  the 
others  should  be  proclaimed  traitors. 

1775,  January  18.  — A  provincial  congress,  called  by  the  com- 
mittee of  Clirist  Church  Parish,  assembled  in  Georgia,  and  forty- 
five  of  the  delegates  agreed  to  the  association. 

It  was  not  until  later-that  the  colony  as  a  unit  agreed  to  it.  Meanwhile  the 
general  committee  of  South  Carolina  declared  non-intercourse  with  Georgia,  and 
pronounced  its  people  hostile  to  the  liberties  of  their  country,  because  they  would 
not  join  "the  Continental  Associat'on."  May  11,  a  council  of  safety,  of  wliicli 
William  Carvin  was  president,  was  appointed  by  a  meeting  at  Savannali.  July  4, 
a  new  provincial  congress  met,  and  sent  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress. 
Lyman  Hall,  tlic  delegate  from  St.  John's  Parish,  was  already  there.  The  new 
delegates  were  Archibald  Bullock,  Dr.  Jones,  John  ITouston,  and  Rev.  Dr.  Zubly. 
A  powder-ship,  which  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Savannah,  was  seized,  and  a 
part  of  its  cargo  sent  to  the  camp  before  Boston. 

1775,  January  23.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  in  Phila- 
delphia, and  approved  the  Association.  Joseph  Reed  was  pres- 
ident. 

They  "most  heartily  approved"  of  the  measures  of  congress,  and  resolved  to 
faithfully  endeavor  to  carry  into  execution  the  Association ;  if  this  did  not  effect  a 
redress  of  grievances,  but,  instead,  if  force  should  be  used  to  effect  submission, 
then  "  to  resist  such  force,  and  at  every  hazard  to  defend  the  rights  and  liberties 
of  America." 

1775,  January  24.  —  The  delegates  to  the  Congress  from  New 
Jersey  reported  the  action  of  that  body  to  the  assembly,  which 
unanimously  approved  of  them. 

"  Such  as  arc  of  the  people  called  Quakers  excepting  only  to  such  parts  of 
them  as  may  have  a  tendency  to  force,"  is  the  language  of  the  record. 

1775,  January  25.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Exeter,  New 
Hampshire,  composed  of  a  hundred  and  forty-four  delegates  from 
the  towns  of  the  province,  who  heartil}'  approved  "  the  proceed- 
ings of  the  late  grand  Continental  Congress." 

They  issued  an  address,  urging  the  people  "  strictly  to  adhere  to  the  Association." 


1775.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


^17 


pres- 


parts  of 


jr,  New 
,68  from 
>roceed- 


lociation. 


1775,  January  26.  —  The  papers  referring  to  America  were 
referred  to  a  committee  of  the  whole  in  the  House  of  Commons. 

Among  them  vas  the  petition  from  the  Continental  Congresa  to  the  king. 
Franklin,  Arthur  Lee,  and  Bollan,  the  agents  of  the  colony,  asked  to  be  heard 
before  the  House  by  counsel,  and  were  refused,  as  the  Congress  was  an  illegal 
body,  and  its  alleged  grievances  only  pretended.  Two  bills  introduced  by  Chat* 
ham,  for  settling  the  troubles  with  America,  were  rejected ;  and  the  petitions  for 
conciliation,  which  had  flowed  in  in  great  numbers  from  various  trading  and  man- 
ufacturing associations,  were  referred  to  a  committee  for  a  future  day.  The  sup- 
port of  parliament  was  pledged  to  the  king  for  the  maintenance  of  liis  just 
authority.  In  March,  the  provisions  of  the  New  England  Restraining  Bill  were 
extended  by  another  act  to  include  all  the  colonies  except  New  York,  North  Caro- 
lina, and  Georgia. 

1775,  February  1.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
met  at  Cambridge. 

The  members  were  elected  by  the  voters  spontaneously.  This  congress  ap- 
pointed a  committee  for  supplies,  and  organized  the  militia,  placing  them  under 
the  command  of  the  committee  of  safety.  The  minute-men  were  those  who 
enlisted  pledged  to  bo  ready  at  a  minute's  notice. 

1775,  February  2. — At  a  meeting  of  the  county  of  Fairfax, 
Virginia,  George  Washington  presided,  and  it  was  voted  to  raise 
money  by  taxation  for  the  purchase  of  arms,  to  enroll  the  militia 
from  sixteen  to  sixty  years  of  age,  and  engage  in  military  exer- 
cise, "  as  recommended  by  the  provincial  congress  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Bay,  on  the  29th  of  October  last." 

General  Charles  Lee  said  about  this  time  :  "I  have  now  run  through  the  whole 
of  the  colonics  from  North  to  South.  I  have  conversed  with  every  order  of  men, 
from  the  flrst-estated  gentleman  to  the  poorest  planters,  and  cannot  express  my 
astonishment  at  the  unanimous,  ardent  spirit  reigning  through  the  whole.  They 
are  determined  to  sacrifice  everytliing  —  their  property,  their  wives,  children, 
blood  —  rather  tliun  cede  a  tittle  of  what  they  conceive  to  be  their  rights.  The 
tyranny  over  Boston,  indeed,  seems  to  be  resented  by  the  other  colonies  in  a 
greater  degree  than  by  the  Bostonians  themselves." 

1775.  —  This  year  there  were  fourteen  newspapers  in  New 
England :  seven  of  which  were  in  Massachusetts,  being  five  in 
Boston,  one  at  Salem,  and  one  at  Newburyport ;  four  in  Connec- 
ticut, being  one  at  New  London,  one  at  New  Haven,  one  at  Hart- 
ford, and  one  at  Norwich ;  two  in  Rhode  Island,  being  one  at 
Providence,  and  one  at  Newport ;  and  one  at  Portsmouth,  in  New 
Hampshire.  In  New  York  state  there  were  four  newspapers, 
being  three  in  New  York  city,  and  one  at  Albany.  In  Pennsyl- 
vania tiiere  were  nine  newspapers,  being  six  in  English  and  one 
in  German  in  Philadelphia,  one  in  German  at  Germantown,  and 
one  in  German  and  English  at  Lancaster.  In  Maryland  there 
were  two  newspapers  —  one  at  Annapolis,  and  one  at  Baltimore. 
There  were  two  newspapers  in  Virginia,  both  at  Williamsburg. 
There  were  two  in  North  Carolina  —  one  at  Wilmington,  and  one 


318 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


at  Newbem.  There  were  three  at  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
and  one  at  Savannah,  Georgia  —  making,  together,  thirty-seven 
newspapers  iu  the  territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  newspapers  of  this  time  differed  from  tliose  now  in  existence,  no  less  in 
their  character  than  in  their  number.  With  the  advent  of  the  political  discussion 
they  began  to  assume  the  function  of  teachers,  but  their  value  as  advertising 
agents  was  not  conceived  until  many  years  afterwards. 

1775,  February  20.  —  Lord  North  introduced  in  parliament 
his  plan  of  conciliation. 

He  proposed  to  tender  to  each  colony,  as  a  separate  community,  freedom  ft-om 
taxation,  except  such  duties  as  should  be  necessary  for  the  regi  Jon  of  the  com- 
merce of  the  whole  empire,  if  each  colony  should  make  provisions  for  the  general 
defence  and  the  support  of  civil  government  which  should  be  satisfactory  to  his 
Majesty.  A  pamphlet  containing  this  proposition  and  the  arguments  in  its  favor, 
was  printed  by  the  government  and  freely  circulated  in  the  colonies.  It  was  sent 
to  the  governors  and  ordered  to  be  placed  before  the  assemblies. 

1775,  February  26.  —  Governor  Gage  sent  a  party  of  soldiers 
by  water  to  Salem,  to  capture  cannon  said  to  bo  there  concealed. 

Not  finding  them,  they  pushed  on  to  Danvcrs.  It  was  Sunday ;  and  a  collision 
was  prevented  by  a  minister  of  Salem  appealing  to  the  reverence  for  the  day,  of 
tlie  militia  ready  to  oppose  them. 

1775,  —  During  the  year,  an  agent  from  the  French  court  ar- 
rived at  Philadelphia  on  a  secret  mission,  to  consult  Avith  Con- 
gress. 

The  growing  dispute  between  the  colonies  and  the  mother-country  excited 
great  interest  in  France,  and  seemed  to  offer  an  opportunity  for  the  injury  of  her 
ancient  antagonist  which  was  not  to  be  neglected.  The  agent,  M.  de  Bonvouloir, 
had  been  directed  to  not  let  his  mission  be  publicly  known ;  and  in  his  negotia- 
tions with  tlie  committee  of  Congress,  in  Philadelphia,  so  much  care  was  taken  to 
keep  the  matter  secret,  that  each  member  of  the  committee  went  to  the  appointed 
place  of  meeting  by  a  different  route.  His  mission  was  to  assure  Congress  that 
France  felt  well  disposed  to  aid  the  colonies,  could  just  and  equitable  conditions 
for  so  doing  be  agreed  upon.  Though  nothing  specific  was  agreed  upon  at  this 
time,  yet  the  next  year,  on  the  3d  of  March,  1776,  Silas  Deane  was  sent  by  Con- 
gress as  commercial  agent  to  r  ince,  and  was  inotructed  to  say  to  Count  Ver- 
gennes  that  "  there  was  a  great  appearance  that  the  colonies  would  come  to  a  total 
separation,"  and  to  inquire  "if  the  colonies  should  be  forced  to  form  themselves 
into  an  independent  state,  would  France  acknowledge  them  and  receive  their  am- 
bassadors." The  chief  purpose  of  Deanc's  mission  was  to  obtain  military  supplies, 
of  which  tliore  was  great  want,  becoming  more  and  more  apparent  every  day,  as 
military  action  was  organized.  The  final  result  was  that  the  colonies  obtained 
supplies  of  both  money  and  arms  from  France,  together  with  the  more  substantial 
aid  of  an  army  and  fieets,  and  the  not  less  important  moral  support  of  recognition. 

1775,  March  15.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  voted  approval 
"  of  the  proceedings  of  the  late  congress." 

1775,  March  25. — *'A  convention  of  delegates  fo»  the  conn- 


1775.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


319 


ties  and  corporations"  was  held  at  Richmond,  Virginia,  and 
voted  "  that  this  convention  doth  entirely  and  cordially  approve 
of  the  proceedings  of  the  American  Continental  Congress,"  and 
took  measures  for  raising  volunteers  in  each  county. 

The  counties  in  Virginia  had  begun  on  the  previous  Noverahcr  to  meet  nnd 
form  committees  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  the  association.  This  convention  of 
delegates  was  attended  by  one  hundred  and  eighteen  members.  Its  proceedings 
were  widely  disseminated  by  the  newspapers.  In  April,  Governor  Dunmorc  had 
removed  the  powder  belonging  to  the  province  from  the  public  store  on  to  an 
armed  ship  in  the  river.  PatricK  Henry,  with  some  companies  of  the  volunteers, 
inarched  to  Williamsbure,  and  obliged  the  king's  receiver  to  give  bills  for  the 
value  of  the  powder.  Dunmore,  in  a  proclamation,  pronounced  Henry  and  his 
party  guilty  of  rebellion. 

1775,  March  27.  —  The  Virginia  convention  passed  a  series  of 
resolutions  for  the  promotion  of  domestic  manufactures. 

The  making  of  cloth,  salt,  gunpowder,  nails,  wire,  and  steel  was  recom- 
mended. The  formation  of  societies  and  the  awarding  of  premiums  were  also 
recommended.  In  August  it  was  resolved,  "That  in  case  the  British  ministry 
attempts  to  enforce  the  Act  of  Parliament  preventing  the  erection  of  plating  and 
elitting  mills  in  America,  the  convention  will  recompense  to  the  proprietors  of  the 
first  two  of  such  mills  as  shall  be  finished  and  set  to  work  in  this  Colony  all  losses 
they  may  respectively  sustain  in  consequence  of  such  endeavours  of  Administra- 
tion." The  manufacture  of  gunpowder  and  fire-arms  for  the  colony  was  advised ; 
and  in  May,  1776,  t,  e  convention  reprieved  a  number  of  negro  convicts  to  work 
the  lead  mines  in  Fincastle  on  public  account. 

1775. — John  Belmont,  of  Philadelphia,  advertised  that  "he 
has  just  finished  an  extraordinary  instrument  by  the  name  of  the 
Piano-Forte,  of  mahogany,  in  the  form  of  a  harpsicord,  with  ham- 
mers and  several  changes." 

1775,  March  27.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  unanimously 
passed  resolutions  of  non-importation,  and  recommended  "  that 
all  persons  having  proper  land  ought  to  cultivate  and  raise  a 
quantity  of  flax,  hemp,  and  cotton,  sufficient  not  only  for  the  use 
of  his  own  family,  but  to  spare  to  others  on  moderate  terms." 

1775,  April  3.  —  The  North  Carolina  convention  assembled  at 
Newborn  resolved,  *'  from  common  prudence  and  regard  for  the 
colony,"  to  encourage  manufactures. 

The  provincial  congress  in  September  offered  premiums  for  various  branches 
of  manufacture. 

1775,  April  7.  —  The  assembly  of  North  Carolina  passed  a 
resolve  highly  approving  the  proceedings  of  the  Continental 
Congress. 

The  next  day,  Governor  Martin,  for  this  vote,  dissolved  the  assembly.  A  con- 
vention of  delegates  for  a  provincial  congress  having  been  called  at  the  same  time 
and  place  (on  the  5th),  highly  approved  of  the  association,  '*  and  recommended 


320 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


their  constituents  to  flrmly  adhere  to  the  same." 
convention  signed  their  nanic^  to  this  resolve. 


All  the  members  but  one  of  this 


1775,  April  19.  —  The  battle  of  Lexington  took  place. 

An  expedition  of  eight  hundred  men,  under  Colonel  Smith,  had  been  sent  at 
niglit  to  Concord,  to  destroy  the  stores  collected  by  the  committee  of  safety. 
Early  in  the  morning  they  reached  Lexington.  The  alarm  had  been  spread,  and 
about  a  hundred  militia  were  collected  on  the  green  at  Lexington.  Tliey  were 
ordered  to  disperse,  and  were  fired  upon  immediately  afterwards,  and  dispersed. 
Tlie  party  then  kept  on  to  Concord,  where  another  collision  occurred  with  the 
minute-men.  Having  destroyed  such  stores  as  they  found,  the  force  set  out  on  its 
return  to  Boston.  Before  they  reached  Lexington  the  retreat  had  become  a  rout. 
The  militia  from  all  round  the  country  swarmed  upon  their  path,  and  at  every  turn 
of  the  road,  from  bejiind  every  vantage  ground  of  rock  or  brush,  fired  upon  them. 
At  Lexington  they  met  a  supporting  column  of  nine  hundred  men,  with  two  can- 
non, under  Lord  Percy,  who  had  been  sent  by  Gage  on  a  request  from  Smith.  At 
sunset  they  reached  Cliarlestown,  having  lost  nearly  three  hundred  men.  The 
colonists  lost  eighty-five.  Depositions  of  the  whole  afiair  were  taken  and  sent  to 
England  with  an  address. 

1775.  —  This  year  there  were  three  small  paper-mills  in  Mas- 
sachusetts, one  in  Rhode  Island  out  of  repair,  and  none  in  New 
Hampshire. 

1775,  April  21.  —  The  committee  of  safety  of  New  Hampshire 
requested  the  various  towns  to  forward  supplies  to  the  volunteers 
under  John  Stark  before  Boston. 

A  provincial  congress  had  been  called  for  the  17th  of  May,  and  the  committee 
thought  best  not  to  interfere  with  their  work.  The  New  Hampshire  volunteers 
were  organized  into  regiments  in  camp. 

1775.  —  The  proprietary  jurisdiction  of  Delaware  was  ended 
this  year ;  and  after  this  time  this  region  was  counted  as  "  the 
three  lower  counties  "  of  Pennsylvania. 

1775,  April  22.  —  The  Massachusetts  congress  met. 

They  voted  to  raise  thirteen  tliousand  six  hundred  men,  .and  called  upon  the 
other  New  Engl.and  colonics  to  increase  the  number  to  thirty  thousand.  Artemas 
V/ard  was  made  c.np  ain-gcn^ral,  and  John  Thomas  lieutenant-general.  Gridley 
was  made  chief  eng'neer.  A  captain's  commission  was  promised  to  any  one  wlio 
would  enlist  fifty-  n>ne  men,  and,  obtaining  ten  companies,  was  rewarded  with  a 
colonel's  commission.  One  hundred  thousand  pounds  were  issued  of  bills  of  credit 
—  a  large  portion  of  wliich  were  in  small  denominations. 

1775,  April  22.  —  A  provincial  convention  was  held  in  New 
York,  and  delegates  were  elected  to  the  Continental  Congress. 

On  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  the  corresponding  commit- 
tee drew  up  an  association  for  the  defence  of  colonial  rights,  which  every  one  was 
forced  to  sign.  They  also  issued  a  circular  to  the  other  committees,  recommend- 
ing the  speedy  formation  of  a  provincial  congress. 


■■f'mk^i 


1775 
a  letter) 

for  advj 
only  OK 

This  ij 
from  Ma 


1775.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


321 


1775,  ArniL  24.  —  A  public  meeting  was  held  in  Philadelphia, 
and  measures  taken  for  raising  a  volunteer  force. 

May  1,  the  assembly  met  and  nppropriatt'd  eighteen  hundred  pounds  for  tho 
expenses  of  tho  v  hmteers.  They  also  appointed  a  eommittec  of  safety,  with 
FrankHn  for  chairman,  whieli  soon  assumed  the  whole  executive  authority. 

1775,  April  25.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  voted  to  raise 
fifteen  hundred  men. 

They  were  to  be  an  army  of  observation.  The  command  was  given  to  NathanacI 
Greene,  witli  the  rank  of  brigadier,  who  had  led  a  company  of  volunteers  to  Boston. 

1775,  April  26.  —  The  Connecticut  assembly  voted  to  raise 
six  thousand  men. 

They  were  to  form  six  regiments,  four  of  which  were  to  servo  with  tho  army 
before  Boston  —  David  Wooster,  Joseph  Spencer,  Israel  Putnam,  Hinman,  Water- 
bury,  and  Parsons  were  each  to  conmiand  one.  Putnam  was  already  before  Boston 
with  the  Connecticut  volunteers. 

1775,  May  1.  —  Governor  Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  with  the 
assembly,  sent  a  deputation  to  General  Gage  to  mediate. 

No  result  was  arrived  at ;  but  the  Massachusetts  congress  remonstrated  against 
any  separate  negotiations. 

1775,  May  2.  —  Lord  North's  plan  of  conciliation  was  presented 
to  the  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  by  Governor  Ponn. 

The  governor  urged  them  to  act  separately  upon  it,  but  the  assembly  declared 
they  would  consider  such  action  a  base  desertion  of  the  sister  colonics,  with  whom 
they  were  engaged  in  a  common  cause. 

1775,  May  3.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  passed  an  act  for- 
bidding the  magistrates  to  administer  tho  official  oath  of  oflico  to 
Governor  Wanton  for  the  term  to  which  he  had  just  been  elected. 

It  was  his  seventh  election  as  governor.  The  charges  against  him  were,  that  by 
protesting  against  the  raising  of  an  army  of  observation,  by  neglecting  to  issue  a 
proclamation  for  the  fast-day  appointed  by  tho  assembly,  by  refusing  to  sign  the 
commissions  for  the  officers  of  the  new  army,  "he  hath  manifested  his  intentions 
to  defeat  tho  good  people  of  these  colonies  in  their  present  glorious  struggle  to 
transmit  inviolate  to  posterity  those  sacred  rights  they  have  received  from  their 
ancestors."  The  secretary  was  autliorized  to  sign  the  commissions,  and  the  deputy 
governor  to  call  the  assembly  at  his  discretion.  Bills  of  credit  for  twenty  thou- 
sand pounds  were  issued,  bearing  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  interest,  and  to  bo 
redeemed  in  two  and  five  years  by  taxation ;  and  the  export  of  provisions  was  pro- 
hibited. 

1775,  May  3.  —  Tbe  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts  sent 
a  letter  to  the  Continental  Congress  relating  the  actions  which 
had  taken  place,  that  the  emergency  had  precluded  their  waiting 
for  advice  from  Congress,  and  urging  that  a  strong  army  was  tho 
only  means  to  stop  the  action  of  the  ministry. 

This  letter  was  presented  to  Congress  by  John  Hancock,  one  of  the  delegates 
from  Massachusetts. 

21 


H-  If 


322 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1775. 


1775,  May  9.  —  The  committee  of  corrospondonco,  in  Orange 
County,  Virginia,  issued  an  address  in  wliioh  they  spoko  of  the 
blow  struck  in  Massachusetts  as  being  an  attack  on  Virginia  and 
every  otlier  colony. 

1775,  May  10.  —  Ticondcroga  surrendered  to  Ethan  Allen. 

Allen  liatl  but  cifjlity  inon,  but  surprised  the  fort  nt  nipbt.  IIii  found  the  com- 
manding offlcor  in  bed,  iind  Hunimoned  him  to  surrender  "  In  the  name  of  the  Great 
Jehovah  and  the  Continental  Congress."  Crown  Point  was  taken  about  tho  same 
time  by  Scth  Warner.  More  than  two  hundred  cannon  and  a  larpo  supply  of 
powder  were  captured  at  these  two  posts.  Allen  was,  on  St-ptjuiber  '2i,  captured  in 
an  attempt  on  Montreal,  and  sent  to  England. 

1775,  May  10.  —  Tho  Continental  Congress  convened  at  Phila- 
delphia. 

Tliis  session  was  held  in  the  State  House,  now  known  as  Independence  Ilall,  on 
Chestnut  Street,  Philadelphia.  After  ai>proving  the  credentials  of  the  members, 
the  Congress  sat  with  closed  doors. 

1775,  May  15.  —  The  city  and  county  of  New  York  asked  to 
be  advised  by  Congress  what  action  they  should  take  with  regard 
to  the  British  troops  expected  to  arrive  in  the  city  soon,  and 
what  disposition  should  be  made  of  the  stores  captured  at 
Ticonderoga. 

This  communication  was  referred  to  a  committee  of  the  whole.  Congress 
answered,  advising  that  the  warlike  stores  be  removed  from  the  town ;  that  the 
troops  be  allowed  to  land  and  occupy  barracks,  so  long  as  they  were  peaceable ; 
to  resist  building  fortifications  and  cutting  off  communication  of  town  and  country, 
and  to  repel  force  by  force. 

1775,  May  16.  —  Benedict  Arnold,  witb  a  party,  captured  St. 
John's.     It  was  soon  reoccupied  by  an  expedition  from  Montreal. 

He  had  been  commissioned  by  the  Massachusetts  committee  of  safety  to  raise 
men  ia  Vermont  for  operations  against  the  frontier  forts.  JJeing  joined  by  some 
recruits  who  had  seized  a  schooner  at  Whitehall  (then  Skenesborough),  he  pro- 
ceeded against  St.  John's.     Valuable  stores  were  captured. 

1775,  May  16.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
sent  a  letter  to  the  Continental  Congress,  stating  that  "  govern- 
ment in  full  form  ought  to  be  taken  up  immediately,"  but  that 
they  did  not  wish  to  assume  the  "  reins  of  civil  government  with- 
out the  assent  of  Congress,"  and  asked  their  advice  in  the 
premises. 

This  communication  was  referred  to  a  special  committee.  Congress  answered, 
advising  the  provincial  congress  to  call  an  election  under  tho  charter  of  1692,  of 
representatives  who  in  the  customary  way  should  choose  councillors  "  to  exercise 
tho  powers  of  government  until  a  governor  of  His  Majesty's  appointment  consent 
to  govern  the  colony  according  to  its  charter." 

1775,  May  17, — The  provincial  congress  of  New  Hampshire 


slow 
hud  ruii 


Wan 
setts 
brigadic 
grcss  fo 
major  ii 
tion  hel 
recently 
ppcuniii 
dollars 
uecepte( 

.  177; 
liam  I 
ter  an 
of  Rh( 
Montg 

Pome 


1775.] 


ANNiVLS   OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


323 


appointed  a  treasurer,  issued  biUs  of  credit,  and  voted  to  raise 
three  regiments. 

Tlie  voluntt'erB  before  Boston  made  two  of  thorn. 

1775,  May  19.  —  The  Now  Jersey  assembly,  called  spcually 
by  Governor  Franklin  to  receive  Lord  North's  plan  of  concilia- 
tion, declined  it. 

They  said  thi-y  had  no  intention  of  deserting  tlio  common  cause,  but  should 
abide  by  tiie  action  of  OonKreKS. 

1775,  May  22.  —  A  provincial  congress  assembled  in  New 
Yi)rk,  and  appointed  Nathaniel  WoodhuU  president. 

Each  county  was  allowed  a  certain  number  of  votes  in  the  ratio  of  its  estimated 
population  and  wealth,  the  members  not  voting  us  individuals.  They  took  meufi- 
\ires  for  enlisting  four  regiments  for  the  defence  «)f  the  province,  and  for  erecting 
fortifications  at  the  head  of  New  York  Island  and  in  tlie  Highlands  on  the  Hudson. 
Tiiey  invited  a  Connecticut  regiment,  under  the  command  of  David  Wooster,  to 
assist ;  who  came,  and  encamped  at  Harlem. 

1775.  —  The  first  anthracite  coal  used  was  a  boat-load  sent 
from  Wilkosbarre,  Pennsylvania,  to  Cailii^lo,  for  the  United 
States  Armory. 

From  that  time  it  found  favor  with  gun  and  hlacksnuths. 

As  fuel  in  private  houses,  it  was  not  used  until  1808,  when  Judge  Fell,  of 
Wilkesbarre,  having  built  grates  for  the  purpose,  tried  it  in  his  house.  It  was  so 
slow  in  growing  into  favor  that  up  to  1820  only  three  hundred  and  sixty-five  tons 
had  reached  riiiladelphia. 

1775,  May.  —  Congress  elected  Artemas  Ward,  Charles  Lee, 
Philip  Schuyler,  and  Israel  Putnam  major-generals;  Horatio 
Gates  adjutant- general,  with  the  rank  of  brigadier. 

Ward  and  Putnam  were  in  the  camp  before  Boston ;  the  first  with  a  Massachu- 
setts connnission  as  captain-general,  and  the  other  one  from  Connecticut  as  a 
brigadier.  Schuyler  had  been  recommended  by  the  New  York  provincial  con- 
gress for  the  position.  Gates  was  an  Englishman  who  had  sold  his  commission  as 
major  in  tlie  British  service,  and  settled  in  Virginia.  Leo  at  the  time  of  his  elec- 
tion held  a  commission  in  the  British  army  as  a  lieutenant-colonel.  He  had 
ricently  purchased  lands  in  Virginia.  Congress  undertook  to  indemnify  him  for 
pecuniary  loss  he  met  in  joining  the  service,  and  finally  paid  him  thirty  thousand 
dollars  to  this  end.  He  resigned  his  position  in  the  British  army  before  he 
accepted. 

1775,  May  22.  —  Congress  commissioned  Seth  Pomeroy,  Wil- 
liam Heath,  and  John  Thomas,  of  Massachusetts;  David  Woos- 
ter and  Joseph  Spencer,  of  Connecticut,  and  Nathanael  Greene, 
of  Rhode  Island ;  John  Sullivan,  of  New  Hampshire,  and  James 
Montgomery,  of  New  York,  brigadiers. 

Pomeroy  declined  the  position. 


324 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


1775,  May  23.  —  A  provincial  congress  wus  organized  in  New 
Jersey,  and  an  association  formed  for  defending  colonial  rights. 

Tun  thousand  pounds,  to  puy  expenses,  were  issued  in  bills  of  credit,  and  nicas- 
ures  taken  for  orgunizin)^  tiie  niilitiu.  Until  tiie  Continental  Congress  should 
arrange  sonic  general  plan,  the  enlistment  of  regular  soldiers  was  deterred. 

1775,  May  23.  —  The  convention  of  Now  nampshire  wrote  to 
Congress  that  they  liad  voted  to  raise  two  thousand  men,  and 
in  '  to  act  on  the  defensive  until  they  heard  "  the  united  plan 
of  'olonies  in  general  council." 

1  nis  letter  was  received  June  2.     It  was  signed  Matthcv  Thornton. 

1775,  May  24.  —  The  Congress  elected  John  Hancock,  of  Maf- 
sachusetts,  president,  to  fill  the  place  vacated  by  Peyton  Rsindolph, 
of  Virginia. 

Randolph  was  speaker  of  ihe  Virginia  nsscnibly,  and  was  called  home  to  pre- 
side over  a  session  called  to  con.iider  Lord  North's  proposition.  Thomas  Jetterson 
was  sent  to  provisionally  All  his  place.  Lyman  Hall,  sent  by  St.  John's  rarish, 
Georgia,  was  allowed  a  scat  without  a  vote. 

1775,  May  26.  —  Congress  resolved  that  hostilities  had  hoen 
begun  by  Great  Britain,  and  voted  that  the  colonies  should  bo 

Eut  in  a  posture  of  defence  against  every  attempt  to  compel  them 
y  force  to  submit  to  the  scheme  of  parliamentary  taxation.  At 
tV  mme  time  they  denied  any  intention  of  throwing  off  their 
I  "ance  to  England,  but,  on  the  contrary,  expressed  a  strong 
VA^      -  for  peace. 

1775,  May  26.  —  Congress  resolved  to  present  "  an  humble  and 
dutiful  petition  to  His  Majesty,"  and  also  "  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  securing  and  defending  these  colonies,"  to  put  them 
immediately  '•  into  a  state  of  defence,"  and  for  this  end  assumed 
control  of  the  militia  forces  gathered  about  Boston,  and  adopted 
a  code  of  rules  for  the  government  of  the  army  of  the  United 
Colonies. 

1775,  May  31.  —  The  committee  of  Mecklenburg  County,  North 
Carolina,  met  at  Charlotte,  and  passed  a  preamble  and  nineteen 
resolutions,  providing  a  set  of  rules  to  serve  until  Congress  should 
"  regulate  the  jurisprudence  of  tiie  province." 

The  resolutions  were  written  by  Dr.  Ephraini  Urcvard.  They  were  read  pub- 
licly on  the  steps  of  the  court-house,  and  printed  in  tlie  newspapers  of  the  time, 
but  were  not  formally  laid  before  Congress.  Tiiese  were  the  resolutions  whicli 
have  been  termed  The  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  which 
have  been  the  subject  of  much  controversy.  A  succinf^t  statement  of  their  his- 
tory will  be  found  in  R.  Frothingham's  Rise  of  ihe  Republic  of  the  United  Statis, 
with  further  references.  The  delegates  in  Congress  from  North  Carolina  advised 
the  committee  to  bo  more  patient  and  wait  until  Congress  should  adopt  the  meas- 
ures thought  best. 

1775.  —  A  SPINNING-JENNY  WES  exhibited  in  Philadelphia. 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


325 


A  cut  and  dpscHptlon  of  it  was  in  the  volume  of  tlils  yoar  of  the  American 
Monthly  Mvseum,  piihliNlicd  in  IMiiladclphia.  In  anoto,  Mr.  Aiken,  the  ptibllMiier, 
says:  "  Tl>c  nmciiino  ftir  Bpinninp  twcpty-four  tlircnds  of  cotton  or  wool  at  ono 
time  (by  ono  person)  having  attracted  the  notico  of  the  public,  and  wo  being 
dcsirouft  to  contribute  evcrytliing  in  our  power  towar  la  the  improvement  of 
America,  engai^ed  Mr.  CliriKtoplicr  Tully,  tiic  maker  of  the  nmciiine,  to  furnish 
U8  witli  an  engraved  plate  and  description  thereof."  Tlio  machine  was  impo  ted, 
anil  was  used  in  a  manufactyry  of  cotton  and  woollen  cloth  estaiilished  this  year 
in  Philadelphia  by  the  United  Company  of  IMiiladclphia  for  promoting  American 
manufactures,  the  books  of  subscription  to  wliich  were  opened  on  February  22, 
1775,  tiie  shares  of  which  were  ten  pounds  each.  In  1777  the  society  made  linent 
to  the  value  of  £1443  Is.  7d.,  and  cotton  and  woollen  goods  wortit  £474  128. 

1775,  —  Bknjamtn  Franklin  brought  home,  on  his  return  from 
Europe,  the  material  for  establishing  a  type  foundory,  which  ho 
hiul  purchased  in  France,  and  fitted  up  a  tj'pe  foundery  and  a 
printing-office  stocked  with  materials  he  brought  from  Londr  n. 

The  type  foundery  he  specially  desiffucd  for  his  grandson,  Mr.  Bache ;  but  ho 
made  only  sliglit  use  of  it,  being  occupied  with  the  publication  of  the  Aurora 
newspaper. 

1775,  May.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  for 
t^io  encouragement  of  the  manufacture  of  fire-arms  by  a  bounty. 

1775,  June  3.  —  An  association  was  unanimously  agreed  to  by 
the  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina,  and  was  signed  by  all 
the  members.  The  document  was  written  by  Henry  Laurens, 
president  of  the  congress.  A  committee  of  safety  was  appointed, 
six  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  bills  of  credit  issued,  and  it  was 
voted  to  raise  two  regiments,  of  which  Gadsden  and  Moultrie 
were  made  colonels.  September  16,  Moultrie  took  possession  of 
the  fort  guarding  the  harbor,  the  small  garrison  having  retired  to 
the  ships-of-war,  where  the  governor,  William  Campbell,  soon 
took  refuge.  The  harbor  was  fortified.  An  armed  vessel,  fitted 
out  by  the  committee  of  safety,  captured  an  English  powder-ship 
in  St.  Augustine,  and  brought  lier  to  Charleston. 

The  document  read  tlms :  "The  actual  commencement  of  hostilities  against 
tills  'continent  by  the  British  troops,  on  the  19th  of  April  last,  and  the  dread  of 
''^•"vrrections  .  .  .  are  causes  sufficient  to  drive  an  oppressed  people  to  arms.  We, 
the  subscribers,  inhabitants  of  South  Carolina,  holding  ourselves  bound  by  that  most 
siicrcd  of  all  obligations,  the  duty  of  good  citizens  towards  an  injured  country, 
and  thorougldy  convinced  that  under  our  present  distr  issed  circumstances  we 
shrll  be  justified  before  God  and  man  in  resisting  force  by  force,  do  unite  our- 
selves under  every  tie  of  religion  and  honor,  and  associate  as  a  band  in  her  defence 
against  every  foe ;  hereby  solemnly  engaging  that,  whenever  our  continental  or 
provincial  councils  shall  deem  it  necessary,  we  will  go  forth,  and  be  ready  to 
sacrifice  our  lives  and  fortunes  to  secure  her  freedom  and  safety,  and  hold  all 
tliose  persons  inimical  to  the  liberty  of  the  colonics  who  shall  refuse  to  subscribe 
this  association." 

This  was  copied  in  the  Massachusetts  papers. 


326 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1775. 


!;*,.■■! 


i, 


iif 


■m^ 


Siii 


1775,  June  12.  —  The  Virginia  house  of  burgesses,  in  a  letter 
to  Governor  Dunmore,  declined  the  plan  of  conciliation,  leaving 
the  final  determination  to  Congress. 

This  letter  was  drawn  up  by  Jefferson.  The  other  assemblies  followed  sub- 
stantially the  same  course,  and  eventually  e ,  ory  assembly  refused  to  treat  sepa- 
rately with  Great  Britain  otherwise  than  through  the  General  Congress. 

1775,  June  12.  —  General  Gage  issued  a  proclamation  of  mar- 
tial law. 

He  offered  pardon  to  all  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance,  except  John 
Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams.  Gage  had  been  reinforced  by  troops  v  ider  the 
command  of  Generals  Howe,  Burgoyne,  and  Clinton,  and  had  now  about  ten 
thous.-ind  men.  The  colonial  forces  in  front  of  Boston  consisted  of  about  sixteen 
thousarij  men;  twenty-seven  regiments  of  these  were  from  Massachusetts,  and 
three  from  Connecticut,  three  from  New  Hampshire,  and  three  from  Eliode  Island. 
John  Whitcombo  and  Dr.  Joseph  Warren  were  first  and  second  major-generals  of 
the  Massachusetts  forcei<. 

1775,  June  15.  —  The  armed  tender  to  the  frigate  Rose  waa 
chased  by  an  armed  sloop  in  the  service  of  Rhode  Island,  under 
Abraham  Whipple,  and  captured. 

The  tender  was  a  packet  which  had  been  captured  by  the  Rose,  and  armed. 
This  was  the  first  naval  conflict  of  the  Revolution.  The  assembly  of  Rliode 
Island  ordered  two  vessels  to  be  armed  for  the  defence  of  the  colony :  one  to 
carry  ten  four-pounders  and  fourteen  swivel  guns,  with  eighty  men ;  the  other  to 
carry  thirty  men.  They  were  called  tlie  Washington  and  the  Katy.  Abraham 
Whipple  was  placed  in  their  command  with  the  rank  of  commodore.  At  this  ses- 
sion the  post-office  service  in  the  colony  was  organized  by  the  establishment  of 
routes,  rates  of  postage,  and  post-riders. 

1775,  June  15.  —  Congress  elected  George  Washington  to  be 
"  commander-in-chief  of  the  armies  raised  and  to  be  raised  for 
the  defence  of  America." 

His  nomination  was  made  by  Thomas  Johnson  of  Maryland,  and  the  motion 
•was  seconded  by  John  Adams  of  Massachusetts.  The  election  was  by  ballot,  and 
was  unanimous. 

1775,  June  17.  — The  battle  of  Bunker  Hill  was  fought  be- 
tween the  British  under  General  Howe,  and  the  Americans 
under  Generals  Putnam  and  Prescott.  The  British  lost  1054 
killed  and  wounded;  the  Americans  453. 

As  Bunker  Hill  commanded  Boston,  then  in  the  possession  of  the  Britisli, 
works  were  erected  upon  it,  which  the  British  were  forced  to  attack.  The  redoubt 
was  thro.vn  up  on  the  night  of  the  IGth.  The  attacking  force  was  repulsed 
twice,  but  carried  the  works  the  third  time,  the  Americans'  ammunition  being 
exhausted.  The  chief  result  of  the  contest  was  the  confidence  it  gave  the  colo- 
nies, since  hastily  gathered  recruits  had  shown  themselves  able  to  stand  before 
the  disciplined  force  of  the  enemy,  which  had  been  considered  invincible,  and 
make  the  victory  so  costly  as  to  be  equivalent  to  a  defeat.  The  battle  waa  really 
fought  upon  Breed's  Hill,  though  the  order  had  been  given  to  build  the  redoubt 
on  Bunker's.    For  this  action  Gage  was  superseded.    A  court-martial  investigated 


1775.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


327 


the  conduct  of  several  of  the  colonial  officers.  Joseph  Warren  was  killed;  he 
liad  been  a  leading  spirit  in  the  movement  of  the  colonies,  nnd  was  president  of 
the  provincial  congress  of  Massacliusetts,  and  chairman  of  the  committee  of 
safety.     Congress  eventuahy  made  provision  for  the  support  of  liis  young  family. 

1775,  June  19.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts 
issued  a  summons  for  the  election  of  representatives,  "  in  obedi- 
ence to  the  resolve  of  the  Continental  Congress." 

After  giving  the  resolve  of  Congress,  the  warrant  continues  :  "  In  observance  of 
the  foregoing  resolve  of  the  Honorable  Continental  Congress  now  sitting  in  Pliila- 
delpliia,  tliesc  are  to  cause  the  freeholders  and  other  inhabitants  of  your  town" 
to  choose  ropresentativus.  The  qualification  of  voting  was  tlie  possession  of  an 
estate  of  forty  shillings  a  year,  or  other  estate  to  the  value  of  forty  pounds. 

1775,  June  20.  —  An  association  was  formed  in  North  Carolina. 

July  17,  Governor  Martin  took  refuge  in  a  ship-of-war  in  the  Cape  Fear  River. 
The  Continental  Congress  voted  the  support  for  a  thousand  men  in  North  Carolina, 
where  the  opposors  of  the  movement  were  very  strong.  August  20,  a  convention 
at  Hillsborough  voted  two  regiments,  and  in  S"pte«iber  a  thiid.  Robert  Howe, 
Moore,  and  Francis  Nasli  were  made  colonels.  Governor  Martin  having  issued  a 
proclamation  from  shipboard,  the  convention  called  it  "a  scandalous,  malicious, 
und  scurrilous  libel,  tending  to  disunite  the  good  people  of  the  province,"  and 
ordering  it  burned  by  the  hangman. 

1775,  June.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  issued  ten  thou- 
sand pounds  in  bills  of  credit,  to  meet  the  expenses  of  equipping 
the  army. 

1775,  June  21.  —  Washington  left  Philadelphia  to  take  command 
of  +I1C  army  surrounding  Bostcm. 

1775^  June  23.  —  The  Congress  ordered  the  first  issue  of  bills 
of  credit,  and  tiie  second  in  July. 

The  total  amount  was  three  millions  of  dollars.  The  issues  were  apportioned 
among  the  states.  Their  quotas  were  to  be  paid  by  taxation.  Rhode  Island, 
Massachusetts,  and  New  Hampshire!  did  tills.  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  New 
Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  did  it  in  part.  The  bills  were  to  be  received  for 
taxes.  Till'  receipts  from  taxes  into  the  state  treasuries  were  to  be  paid  into 
the  continental  treasury  in  four  yearly  instalments,  the  first  to  become  due  in 
November,  1770.  The  bills  were  not  ready  for  circulation  until  August,  and 
were  readily  received.  The  scheme  liad  been  recommended  by  the  provincial 
congress  o/  New  York,  where  it  had  been  suggested  by  Governeur  Morris. 

1775,  June  23.  —  The  council  and  house  of  burgesses  in 
Virginia,  in  a  joint  address  to  Governor  Dunmore,  asked  him  to 
return  to  the  capital  of  the  province. 

h       J  taken  refuge  upon  a  ship-of-war. 

1775,  July  2.  —  General  Washington  arrived  at  the  camp 
before  Boston,  and  took  command,  fixing  his  headquarters  at 
Cambridge. 

1775,  July  17.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  at  Richmond,  Vir- 


328 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


liu^t 


finia,  organized  themselves,  and  took  possession  of  the  juris- 
iction. 

Lord  Dunmorc  had  taken  reftige  in  an  armed  ship.  A  committee  of  safety, 
appointed  by  the  convention,  assumed  tlie  executive  autliority.  Two  regular 
regiments  wore  enlisted  from  tlie  militia,  and  pills  of  credit  were  issued. 

1775,  July  18.  —  General  Putnam,  on  Prospect  Hill,  near  Bos- 
ton, displayed  a  flag. 

It  was  red,  with  the  motto  of  Connecticut,  "  Qui  iranstiiUt,  sustinet,"  on  one 
Bide,  and  on  the  other  the  words,  "  An  Appeal  to  Heaven."  'n  September  the  flag 
used  in  South  Carolina  was  a  blue  ground  with  a  white  crescent  in  the  loft  corner. 
It  was  designed  by  Colonel  Moultrie.  In  December  Paul  Jones  disi)laycd  on  the 
"Alfred,"  the  flagship  of  Commodore  Hopkins,  a  flag  with  a  rattlesnake  on  a 
yellow  field,  and  the  motto  "  Don't  tread  on  me." 

1775,  July  19.  —  J^n  election  was  had  in  Massachusetts  for 
councillors. 

This  was  according  to  the  advice  of*  Congress.  The  governor  and  lieutenant- 
governor  being  absent,  the  authority  devolved  on  the  council,  who  retained  it 
until  a  constitution  was  formed  for  the  state.  An  executive  committee  was  organ- 
ized which  took  the  duties  of  those  of  safety,  correspondence,  inspection,  and 
others. 

1775,  July.  —  Wentworth,  the  governor  of  New  Hampshire, 
prorogued  the  assembly,  and  retreated  for  safety  to  Boston. 
The  provincial  congress,  with  tlie  committees,  assumed  the  jurisdiction. 

1775,  July  22.  —  A  committee  was  appointed  by  Congress  to 
consider  Lord  North's  plan  of  conciliation,  which  liad  been 
forwarded  for  its  consideration  by  three  of  the  colonial  assem- 
blies,—  Pennsy'vania,  New  Jersey,  and  Virginia. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Jefferson,  John 
Adams,  and  Richard  Henry  Lee.  The  report  of  this  committee,  prepared  by 
Jcfterson,  was  adopted  on  the  31st  of  July.  The  report  rejected  the  plan,  and 
ended  by  saying  that  nothing  but  the  exertions  of  the  colonies  could  resist  tlie 
ministerial  scheme  of  death  or  abject  submission.  The  report,  signed  by  John 
Hancock  as  president,  was  printed  in  the  Pennsylvania  Evening  Posf,  of  August 
8,  1775,  and  reproduced  very  generally  by  the  newspapers  throughout  the 
colonies. 

1775,  July  26.  —  Congre&s  organized  the  continental  postal 
service. 

The  plan  proposed  was  that  prepared  by  William  Goddard.  Franklin  was 
appointed  postmaster.     The  royal  mail  had  almost  ceased  for  want  of  patronage. 

1775,  July  27.  —  An  army  hospital  was  organized. 

Dr.  Benjamin  Church,  of  Boston,  wns  made  its  director.  Ho  was  soon  de- 
tected in  correspondence  Avith  General  Gage,  and,  being  tried  by  a  court-martial, 
was  found  guilty,  and  imprisoned  liy  order  of  congress.  His  health  failing,  he 
v.as  allowed  to  embark  to  tiie  "We-^t  Indies ;  but  the  ship  w.is  never  heard  from. 
Dr.  John  Morgan,  of  riiiladeiphia,  was  appointed  to  his  place. 


H 


1775.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


329 


1775,  July  28.  —  The  Maryland  convention  formed  an  associa- 
tion, and  appointed  committees  of  safety  and  correspondence. 

They  also  made  an  issue  of  bills  of  credit,  and  organized  the  uiilitia. 

1775.  —  About  this  period  is  given  as  the  date  for  the  intro- 
duction of  clover  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Tlie  use  of  ryc-graws  in  "Virginia  is  given  as  1G77.  Mr.  Charles  L.  Flint  says : 
"  No  other  variety  of  grass  seed  appears  to  have  been  sown  for  many  years,  not 
indeed,  till  towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  upon  the  introduction  of  tim- 
otliy  and  orchard  grass."  Both  timothy  and  orchard  grass  were  introduced  into 
Enuhind  from  this  country.  The  first  in  17C0,  and  the  second  in  1704.  The  date 
of  tlie  introduction  of  red  clover  into  England  is  given  as  1(533;  sainfoin,  1G51; 
yellow  clover,  1G59;  white  clover,  1700.  Our  stock  of  these  was  most  probably 
derived  from  there.  The  use  of  grass-seed  is  said  to  have  been  first  made  in 
Scotland  in  1792.     No  one  of  tlie  root  crops  used  for  stocJ-  was  known  at  this  time. 

1775,  July  29.  —  Two  joint  treasurers  were  appointed. 

They  were  George  Clymer  and  Michael  Hillcgas.  The  first  resigned  August  6 ; 
the  second  remained  in  office  during  the  existence  of  the  confederation. 

1775,  August.  —  The  Rhode  Island  delegates  to  Congress  were 
insiructed  by  the  assembly  of  that  state  "to  use  their  whole 
influence  for  building  at  the  Continental  expense,  a  fleet  of  suffi- 
cient ibvce  for  the  protection  of  these  colonies,  and  for  employing 
them  in  such  manner  and  places  as  will  most  elfectually  annoy 
our  enemies,  and  contribute  to  the  common  defence  of  these 
colonies." 

The  assembly  also  adopted  the  continental  currency  as  a  lawful  tender,  and 
decliirod  him  an  enemy  to  his  country  who  should  refuse  cither  the  colonial  or  the 

general  issues. 

1775,  August  1.  —  Congress  adjourned  to  meet  the  6th  of 
September. 

One  of  its  last  acts  was  to  again  petition  the  king.  The  petition,  which  was 
drawn  up  by  John  Dickinson,  was  signed  by  the  members  and  intrusted  to  Richard 
I'enn,  who  sailed  with  it  immediately  for  England. 

1775,  August  2.  —  General  Howe  superseded  General  Gage 
as  commander  of  the  British  army  at  Boston. 

1775,  August.  —  A  committee  of  the  Maryland  convention  re- 
ported that  there  were  twelve  gunsmith  shops  in  the  province. 

1775,  August.  —  The  Constitutional  Gazette  appeared  in  New 
York. 

John  Anderson  was  its  publisher. 

1775,  August  13.  —  A  cruiser,  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Mowatt,  fired  upon  the  town  of  Gloucester. 

lie  had  chased  a  West  India  vessel  into  the  harbor,  and  the  boats  sent  to  cap- 


330 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


Mc 


ture  her  were  driven  back.    Another  attempt  to  land  was  also  repulsed,  and  thirty- 
five  prisoners  made. 

1775,  August  23.  —  Congress  ordered  Captain  Lamb  to  removo 
from  the  New  York  ^ity  forts  all  the  cannon  to  the  Highlands. 

The  Asia,  a  man-of-war  in  the  harbor,  offered  resistance ;  but,  in  spite  of  her, 
twenty-one  pieces  (all  that  were  mounted)  were  secured. 

1775,  August. -  — Rhode  Island  followed  the  recommendation 
of  Congress,  and  made  the  Continental  bills  of  credit  a  legal 
tender. 

The  other  states  followed  one  by  one. 

1775.  —  "A  complete  apparatus  for  printing  with  a  printer 
and  a  clergyman  were  sent  to  Canada." 

Ramsey,  in  his  History,  says :  "  Writers  and  printers  followed  in  the  rear 
of  the  preachers,  and  next  to  them  had  the  greatest  hand  in  animating  their 
countrymen."     lie  gives  also  the  above  quotation. 

1775,  August  23.  —  The  king  of  Great  Britain  issued  a 
proclamation  lor  suppressing  rebellicu  and  sedition  in  the  colo- 
nies of  North  America. 

1775,  September  1.  —  Richard  Penn,  the  bearer  of  the  petition 
from  Congress,  was  answered  by  Lord  Dartmouth  that  "  as  Ilis 
Majesty  did  not  receive  the  petition  on  the  throne,  no  answer 
would  bo  giv«T>." 

1775,  Septembkr. — The  New  York  congress  voted  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  thousand  dollars  in  bills  ol"  credit. 

They  wore  to  be  redeemed  by  taxes  in  two  years.  Governor  Tryon  soon 
retired  to  the  Asia,  an  armed  ship  in  the  harbor  of  New  York. 

1775,  September  5.  —  Congress  met. 

So  few  delegates  were  present  that  it  adjourned  to  the  13th.  Georgia  was  fully 
represented,  its  provincial  congress  having  accepted  the  association.  From  this 
date  the  union  was  called  The  Tliirteen  United  Colonies. 

1775,  September  8.  —  The  North  Carolina  provincial  congress 
issued  an  address,  denying  that  they  sought  independence. 

The  congress  contained  delegates  from  forty-four  counties  and  towns,  and  in 
the  address  s.aid  :  "We  have  been  told  that  independence  is  our  object;  that  we 
seek  to  throw  off  all  connection  with  the  parent  state.  Cruel  suggestion!  Do  not 
all  our  professions,  all  our  actions,  uniformly  contradict  this?" 

1775,  September  25.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  in  Transyl- 
vania met  and  organized. 

The  delegates  were  from  Boonesborough,  —  a  settlement  made  by  Boone,  — 
Harrodsburg,  —  another  settlement  made  l)y  Harrod,  a  backwoodsman,  —  and 
other  pioneer  settlements.  The  proprietors  of  Transylvania,  on  September  25, 
held  a  meeting  at  Oxford,  North  Carolina,  and  sent  a  delegate  to  the  Continental 
Congress. 


IS,  and  in 
that  we 
Do  not 

Transvl- 


1775.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


331 


1775,  October  3.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  Jersey 
enlisted  two  battalions. 

Tlie  command  of  one  was  given  to  William  Alexander,  known  as  Lord  Stirling, 
and  the  other  to  Maxwell.  The  militia  was  placed  under  the  command  of  Phile- 
mon Dickinson  and  William  Livingston.  Thirty  thousand  pounds  in  bills  of 
credit  were  issued. 

1775,  October. — Parliament  voted  twenty-five  thousand  men, 
to  be  used  in  America. 

Arrangements  were  made  for  hiring  seventeca  thousand  Hessians.  The  com- 
mand was  given  U  General  Howe. 

1775.  —  During  the  winter  the  British  troops  in  Boston  suf- 
fered a  great  deal  from  cold  and  want  of  supplies. 

Houses  were  torn  down  for  fuel,  and  the  town  bull  was  killed  for  food.  The) 
troops  encamped  on  Bunker  Hill  in  tents  suffered  from  cold,  and  many  of  the  poor 
in  Boston  were  sent  away  to  lessen  the  demand  for  food.  The  officers  made  of 
Faneuil  Hall  a  theatre,  and  of  the  Old  South  Church  a  riding-school.  Tiie  libra.'y 
in  tlie  steeple  of  this  church  was  partly  destroyed  and  partly  carried  away.  It 
belonged  to  Dr.  Price,  the  minister  of  the  church.  Some  few  years  ago  the  man- 
uscript of  Governor  Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth,  whicli  was  in  it,  was  found 
to  be  in  the  Bishop  of  London's  library,  and  from  a  copy  was  printed  by  the  His- 
torical Society  of  Massachusetts.  Most  of  the  supply  ships  sent  from  England 
for  the  troops  in  Boston  were  captured  by  the  colonial  cruisers. 

1775,  October  5.  —  The  governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  Dela- 
ware, John  Penn,  issued  a  proclamation  ending  with  "  God  save 
the  King." 

1775,  October.  —  Dr.  Jeremy  Belknap  visited  the  camp  near 
Boston,  and,  under  the  date  of  the  19th,  says  in  his  journal :  "  I 
found  that  the  plan  of  independence  was  become  a  favorite  point 
in  the  army,  and  that  it  was  offensive  to  pray  for  the  king." 

1775.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Packet,  published  in  Philadelphia, 
printed,  November  13,  an  "  Address  of  the  people  culled  Qua- 
kers," advocating  peace. 

1775,  October  7.  —  The  English  fleet,  of  fifteen  sail,  under 
Captain  Wallace,  anchored  ofi'  Bristol,  Rhode  Island,  and  can- 
nonaded the  town. 

Wallace  liad  previously  threatened  Newport  and  Providence ;  and  parties  from 
the  fleet  landing  on  the  shores  pillaged  the  farms,  carrying  off  the  cattle. 

1775,  October  18.  —  Falmouth  (now  Portland),  in  Maine,  was 
destroyed  by  a  bombardment. 

The  ship  was  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant  Mowatt.  He  attempted  to  land, 
but  was  repulsed. 

1775,  October  24.  —  The  agent.  Mr.  Hogg,  from  Trans^dvania, 
(the  territory  of  Kentucky),  presented   the   petition  from   the 


fflliniil 


332 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


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!  i!;^:,'? 


house  of  delegates  that  they  might  be  admitted  to  the  Union, 
and  was  refused. 

The  objection  was  that  Virginia  claimed  the  territory  as  within  her  jaris- 
diction. 

1775,  October.  —  Orders  were  received  by  the  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia  from  Enghuid  to  make  gratuitous  grants  of  land  to 
loyalist  refugees  from  the  colonies,  and  to  support  those  who 
were  indigent  at  an  expense  not  exceeding  six  pence  a  day. 

1775,  OoTOBER  26.  —  In  a  speech  to  parliament  the  king  de- 
clared tliat  the  war  on  the  part  of  the  colonies  was  "  manifestly 
carried  on  for  the  establishment  of  an  American  Empire." 

He  recommonded  the  appointment  of  commissioners  to  grant  pardons  to  such 
of  the  "unhappy  and  deluded  multitude"  as  should  be  convinced  of  their  error 
by  arms.  The  Houses  supported  him,  and  applauded  his  mercy  in  suggesting 
pardon. 

1775,  October  31.  —  News  of  the  fate  of  the  petition  of  Con- 
gress to  the  king  was  received  in  Philadelphia. 

The  next  day  the  papers  of  Philadelphia  contained  this  information,  together 
with  the  king's  proclamation  for  suppressing  rebellion  in  the  colonies.  On  the 
same  day  an  express  from  General  Washington  informed  Congress  that  the 
British  fleet  had  burned  Falmouth,  in  New  Hampshire. 

1775,  November.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  de- 
crees of  forfeiture  upon  the  estates  of  the  Tories. 

Newport  was  allowed  to  furnish  supplies  to  the  British  fleet  in  stated  quantities, 
in  order  to  insure  the  safety  and  support  of  the  inhabitants,  who  were  ruined  by 
the  cessation  of  its  trade.  Captain  Wallace  proposed  to  spare  the  town  on  condi- 
tion of  obtaining  supplies. 

1775,  November  1.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  consid- 
ered an  act  to  abolish  slavery  in  that  province,  and  ordered  it 
printed  and  laid  before  the  towns,  to  be  acted  upon  at  the  next 
session. 

1775,  November  3.  —  An  expedition  under  Montgomery  cap- 
tured St.  John's. 

The  siege  lasted  several  weeks.  Montreal  surrendered  soon  after  without 
resistance.  A  fortunate  supply  of  clothing  for  the  troops  was  obtained  by  this 
surrender. 

1775,  November  3.  —  Congress  advised  the  provincial  conven- 
tion of  Now  Hampshire  "  to  call  a  full  and  free  representation 
of  the  people  and  the  representatives,  if  they  think  it  necessary, 
and  establish  such  a  form  of  government  as  in  their  judgment 
will  best  promote  the  happiness  of  the  people,  and  most  ef- 
fectually secure  peace  and  good  order  in  the  province  during 
the  continuance  of  the  dispute  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
Coloniesw" 


1775.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


333 


An  application  from  New  Hampshire,  for  mlvice  how  to  act  in  the  emergency, 
had  been  before  Congress  from  October  18th.  Tlie  same  advice  was  the  next  day 
given  to  South  Carolina,  who  had  made  a  similar  application.  In  this  last  case 
the  addition  was  made  of  advising  the  raising  of  an  army  to  defend  the  colony 
"  at  the  continental  expense,"  and  that  the  British  ships-of-war  should  be  seized 
and  destroyed,  and  attempts  to  occupy  Charleston  be  resisted. 

1775,  November  4.  —  A  proclamation  for  a  thanksgiving,  issued 
by  the  provincial  congress  of  Massachusetts,  ended  with  "  God 
save  the  people." 

1775.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Packet,  or  General  Advertiser  ap- 
peared in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  .John  Dunlop. 

1775. — The  Pennsylvania  Ledger,  or  the  Virginia,  Maryland, 
Pennsylvania,  and  New  Jersey  Weekly  Advertiser,  appeared  in 
Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  James  Humphreys,  Jr. 

1775.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Evening  Post  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  B.  Towne. 

1775.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Mercury  and  Universal  Advertiser 
appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  Story  and  Humphreys. 

1775,  November  4. —  Congress  reorganized  the  army  before 
Boston. 

A  committee  had  visited  the  camp,  and  consulted  with  Washington  .and  the 
conmiittces  from  the  colonies  of  New  England.  By  this  plan  it  was  to  consist  of 
twonty-six  regiments,  besides  riflemen  and  artillery ;  Massachusetts  to  furnish  six- 
teen, (Jonnecticut  five,  New  Hampshire  three,  and  Rhode  Isliind  two ;  the  officers 
to  be  selected  by  Washington  from  those  in  the  service.  The  command  of  the 
artillery  was  given  to  Knox,  Gridley  retiring  from  age,  Congress  giving  him  an 
equivalent  for  his  half  pay  in  the  British  service.  The  northern  army  was  to  con- 
sist of  eleven  battalions  —  two  from  the  troops  already  enlisted,  two  from  Canada, 
two  from  Pennsylvania,  and  one  each  from  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Con- 
necticut, New  York,  and  New  Jersey.  Besides  these.  Congress  had  soon  in  its  pay 
five  regiments  from  South  Carolina,  six  from  North  Carolina,  nine  from  Virginia. 
Virginia  and  Maryland  had  been  called  upon  for  a  regiment  of  riflemen,  Delaware 
for  one,  Pennsylvania  for  six,  New  Jersey  for  two.  New  York  for  four,  and  Geor- 
gia for  one.  Another  from  New  Jersey  and  two  from  Rhode  Island,  for  local 
defence,  were  afterwards  taken  into  Continental  pay. 

1775,  November  9.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  instructed 
its  delegates  to  Congress  to  resist  separation  from  England. 

It  said :  ".We  strictly  enjoin  you,  that  you,  in  behalf  of  this  colony,  dissent 
from  and  utterly  reject  any  proposition,  should  such  be  made,  that  may  cause  or 
lead  to  a  separation  from  our  mother  country,  or  a  change  of  this  form  of  govern- 
ment." John  Dickenson  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  obtaining  the  passage  of 
these  instructions.     The  Delaware  assembly  similarly  instructed  its  delegates. 


1 

■ 

mm 


m 


'ipi 


334 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


1775,  November  9.  A  new  pledge  of  secrecy  was  adopted 
by  Congress,  and  all  the  members  required  to  sign  it. 

1775,  NovEMiER  10.  —  Lord  George  Germain  was  made  the 
head  of  the  American  department  in  the  cabinet. 

1775,  NovEMiiER  11,  —  TJje  Massachusetts  congress  passed  an 
act  to  equip  armed  vessels,  and  issue  letters  of  marque  and  re- 
prisal, and  creating  courts  for  condemning  the  prizes. 

The  congress  was  then  sitting  at  Watertown.  Tho  Continental  Congress,  on 
tlie  25th  of  Novemhor,  anthorized  privateers,  and  tiic  estublislunent  of  colonial 
prize  courts,  with  an  appeal  to  Congress. 

1775.  —  The  enlistments  in  the  army  were  for  one  year. 

At  the  end  of  the  term  the  soldiers  were  paid.  The  original  intention  was  to 
raise,  equip,  and  support  a  continental  army  upon  uniform  and  equal  terms,  but 
the  better  credit  of  the  states  led  gradually  to  state  establishments  of  the  army. 

1775,  November  16.  —  Governor  Franklin,  in  a  speech  to  the 
assembly  of  Now  Jersey,  told  them  the  army  of  his  Majesty  had 
orders  to  proceed  against  any  town  raising  troops. 

He  added :  "As  sentiments  of  independency  are  by  some  men  of  present  con- 
sequence openly  avowed,  and  essays  are  already  appearing  in  the  public  papers  to 
ridicule  the  people's  fears  of  that  horrid  measure,  and  remove  their  aversion  to 
republican  government,  it  is  high  time  every  man  should  know  what  he  has 
to  expect."  The  assembly  replied:  "We  know  of  no  sentiments  of  independency 
that  arc  by  men  of  any  consequence  openly  avowed ;  nor  do  we  approve  of  any 
essays  tending  to  encourage  such  a  measure.  We  have  already  expressed  our 
detestation  of  such  opinions." 

1776,  November  17.  —  Congress  took  steps  to  organize  a  naval 
code. 

1775,  November  20.  —  Three  more  millions  in  bills  of  credit 
were  issued  by  Congress. 

They  were  to  be  redeemed  like  the  last. 

1775,  November  23.  —  Governor  Dunmore,  with  a  force  he  had 
collected,  captured  Norfolk. 

He  had  been  raiding  along  the  coast,  and  had  declared  martial  law,  and  oflTcrcd 
freedom  to  all  the  slaves  of  rebels  who  would  join  him.  Ho  was  driven  out  of 
Norfolk  very  soon. 

1775.  —  Nathaniel  Niles  set  up  a  manufactory  for  making  iron- 
wire  for  the  manufacture  of  cards,  at  Norwich,  Connecticut. 

He  was  granted  a  loan  by  the  legislature  of  three  hundred  pounds  for  four 
years. 

1775.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  South  Carol'ua  ofFe  ^d  pre- 
miums for  the  introduction  of  various  manufactures. 

Saltpetre,  sulphur,  iron,  l^ti:el,  paper,  salt,  and  cloth  were  the  chief  articles. 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


335 


1775,  November.  —  Congress  resolved  that  clothing  for  the 
army  should  be  provided  by  the  states,  to  be  paid  for  by  stop- 
ping one  and  two-thirds  dollars  a  month  from  the  soldier's  pay. 

The  cloth  provided  was  to  be  dyed  brown,  tlic  facings  were  to  show  the  regi- 
ments. Every  man  who  brought  a  good  now  blanket  with  Iiim  was  to  be  allowed 
two  dollars  for  it,  and  could  retain  it  on  his  return. 

1775.  —  Muskets  were  made  in  North  Providence,  Rhode 
Island,  by  Stephen  Jonks. 

1775,  November  28.  —  The  assembly  of  New  Jersey  directed 
their  delegates  to  Congress  "  not  to  give  their  assent  to,  but 
utterly  to  reject  any  propositions,  if  such  should  be  made,  that 
may  separate  this  colony  from  the  mother  country,  or  change  the 
form  of  the  government  thereof" 

1775,  November  29.  —  Congress  ordered  an  issue  of  three 
millions  more  of  bills  of  credit. 

Tiiey  were  apportioned  like  the  former,  and  to  be  paid  after  eight  years,  in  four 
annuiil  payments. 

1775,  November  29.  —  Congress  appointed  a  committee  to 
correspond  with  foreign  nations. 

This  committee  consisted  of  Mr.  Harrison,  Dr.  Franklin,  Mr.  Johnson,  Mr. 
Dickenson,  and  Mr.  Jay.  They  were  appointed  "  for  the  sole  purpose  of  corre- 
sponding with  our  friends  in  Great  Britain,  Ireland  and  other  parts  of  the  world, 
and  that  they  lay  their  correspondence  before  Congress  when  directed." 

1775,  November  30.  —  Martial  law  was  proclaimed  in  the  prov- 
ince of  Nova  Scotia. 

1 775,  November.  —  The  assembly  of  South  Carolina  offered 
premiums  >f  two  hundred,  one  hundred  and  fifty,  one  hundred, 
and  of  fift  pounds,  for  the  first  works  that  produced  fifty  pounds 
of  good  s  iltpetro. 

Tlioy  did  the  same  for  sulphur,  and  agreed  to  purchase  it  at  five  shillings  a 
pound.     (Georgia  also  offered  inducements  for  the  manufacture. 

1775.  —  The  council  of  safety  erected  powder-mills  in  Penn- 
sylvania, and  allowed  eight  dollars  a  hundred  pounds  for  it. 

In  1790  there  were  twenty-one  powder-mills  in  Pennsylvania,  making,  together, 
six  hundred  and  twenty-live  tons  a  year. 

1775,  December  4.  —  Congress  declared  it  dangerous  to  the 
welfare  of  America  for  any  single  colony  to  petition  the  king  or 
parliament. 

Advice  was  given  to  Virginia  to  resist  by  force,  and  to  form  a  local  government. 

1775,  December  6.  —  Congress  issued  a  proclamation  threaten- 
ing to  retort  upon  the  supporters  of  the  ministry  any  severities 
inflicted  upon  the  colonies  or  their  supporters. 

The  British  ministry  had  declared  in  a  proclamation  that  the  colonies  were  in 
rebellion,  and  threatened  punishment  to  all  who  should  aid  them. 


336 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1775. 


imtt 


1775,  December  7.  —  The  Maryland  convention  declared  that 
they  "  never  did  nor  do  entertain  any  views  or  desires  of  inde- 
pendency," and  that  their  union  with  tl\o  mother  country  was 
"  their  higl)ost  felicity,  so  would  they  view  the  fata',  necessity  of 
separating  from  her  as  a  misfortune  next  to  the  greatest  that 
can  befall  them." 

This  declaration  they  ordered  entered  on  the  journal. 

1775,  December  9.  —  The  Virginia  militia  wore  victorious  in  a 
battle  at  Great  Bridge. 

They  were  engaged  with  Dunnioro's  forces. 

1775,  December  11.  —  Congress  appointed  a  committee,  con- 
sisting of  one  member  from  each  of  the  colonies,  to  organize  and 
equip  a  fleet. 

1775,  December  11.  —  A  bill  passed  parliament  prohibiting  all 
intercourse  between  the  province  of  Nova  Scotia  and  the  re- 
volted American  colonies. 

1775.  —  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  settled  by  a  company  mder 
the  leadership  of  Colonel  Robert  Patterson. 

While  laying  out  the  town,  the  settlers  heard  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  and 
gave  its  name  to  their  settlement.  In  1782  it  was  incorporated  by  the  Virginia 
legislature. 

1775,  December  14.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  New  York 
resolved,  "  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  this  Congress  that  none  of 
the  people  of  this  Colony  have  withdrawn  their  allegiance  from 
His  Majesty. 

"  Tliat  the  supposed  turbulent  state  of  this  Colony  arises  not 
from  the  want  of  a  proper  attachment  to  our  prince  and  the 
establishment  of  the  illustrious  House  of  Hanover,  nor  from  a 
desire  to  become  independent  of  the  British  Crown,  or  a  spirit 
of  opposition  to  that  just  and  equal  rule  to  which  by  the  British 
Constitution,  and  our  ancient  and  established  form,  we  are  sub- 
ject ;  but  solely  from  the  inroads  made  on  both  by  the  oppres- 
sive Acts  of  the  British  Parliament,  devised  for  enslaving  His 
Majesty's  liege  subjects  in  the  American  Colonies,  and  the 
hostile  attempts  of  the  Ministry  to  carry  these  Acts  into  exe- 
cution." 

1775.  —  About  this  time  the  North  Carolina  provincial  con- 
gress published  an  address  against  independency. 

It  said:  "  That  it  was  our  most  earnest  wish  and  prayer  to  bo  restored,  with 
the  other  united  colonies,  to  the  state  in  wliieh  they  were  placed  before  the 
year  1763." 

1775,  December  18.  —  The  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island 
assembly,  having  control  during  the  recess  of  that  body,  estab- 


1775.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITII   AMERICA. 


337 


lialied  a  laboratory  for  making  artillery  stores  in  the  brick  school- 
house  on  Meeting  Street  in  Providence. 

1775,  Dkcemdeii  22.  —  Esek  Ilopkins  was  confirmed  as  com- 
mander of  the  fleet. 

Tlic  nmnni?c'iiient  of  naval  nlTnirs  was  given  to  a  "marine  committoo."  John 
Paul  Junes  was  appointed  to  a  lieutenancy. 

1775,  December.  —  The  committee  of  correspondence  of  Con- 
gress addressed  letters  to  Arthur  Lee  in  London,  and  Charles 
Dumas  at  the  ITa<z;ue,  to  ascertain  the  disposition  of  foreign 
courts  concerning  America.  Great  caution  and  secrecy  were  en- 
joined upon  them. 

Dumas  was  a  Swiss,  and  a  friend  of  Franklin. 

1775,  December  25.  —  The  town  of  Portsmouth,  New  Hamp- 
shire, instructed  their  delegates  in  the  provincial  congress  to 
oppose  the  establishment  of  a  local  government. 

They  gave  as  a  reason  tliat  it  would  furnish  "ar^juinents  to  persuade  the  good 
people  there  that  we  are  aiming  at  independency,  wliich  we  totally  disavow." 

1775,  December  31.  —  An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  upon 
Quebec  by  the  expedition  under  Benedict  Arnold. 
Arnold  was  wounded,  and  Montgomery  was  killed. 

1775,  December.  —  Congress  ordered  the  construction  of  thir- 
teen frigates. 

Of  tliose,  the  Congress  of  twenty-eight  guns,  and  the  9fontgomery  of  twenty- 
four,  were  huilt  at  I'oughkecpsie,  on  the  Hudson  lliver.  In  consequence,  how- 
ever, of  the  English  occupation  of  the  city  of  New  York  from  August,  177(5,  to 
November,  1783,  neitlier  of  them  got  to  sea,  and  were  burned  in  1777.  Four  oth- 
ers of  these  frigates  —  the  Washington  and  the  Randolph,  of  thirty-two  guns  eacli, 
the  EJinijham  of  twenty-eight  guns,  and  the  Delaware  of  twenty-four  —  were 
built  at  Philadelphia.  In  consequence  of  the  failure  to  break  tiie  blockade  of  the 
port,  despite  the  efforts  made  with  galleys,  batteries,  rafts,  fire-ships,  and  tor- 
pedoes, the  Delaware  and  Effingham  were  burned,  to  prevent  their  falling  into 
the  enemy's  hands.  The  Randolph  got  to  sea  in  1777.  The  Virginia,  of  tAventy- 
eiglit  guns,  was  intrusted  to  the  ship-builders  of  Maryland. 

1775.  —  A  POWDER-MILL  was  erected  at  East  Hartford,  Con- 
necticut. 

It  was  built  hy  William  and  George  Pitkin,  under  an  act  of  the  assembly  regu- 
lating their  construction,  and  giving  .a  premium  of  thirty  pounds  to  the  first  two 
powder-mills  erected,  and  ten  pounds  for  every  hundred-weight  of  saltpetre  made 
during  the  next  year. 

1775.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  authorized  a  loan  of  one 
thousand  pounds  for  the  erection  of  saltpetre-works,  and  offered 
half  a  dollar  a  pound  for  the  pioduct. 

The  same  amount  was  offered  for  the  construction  of  a  powder-mill. 
22 


338 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


[1776. 


1776,  January.  —  Tho  Bhodo  Island  asHcmbly  rocnllod  ita 
issue  of  forty  thousiind  puunds  of  bills  of  credit  bearing  interest, 
urid  issued  the  huuio  amount  bearing  no  interest. 

The  bovinty  of  tlirco  sliilliiif^a  a  pound  for  sultpotrc,  doclan-d  tho  yt>;(r  before, 
MrnH  rfpc'iiled,  and  it  was  ordoivd  that  saltpetre-works  should  be  eKtabliolied  in 
every  town,  and  a  powder-mill  set  up  in  the  state. 

1776,  January  1.  —  Tho  flag  of  tho  United  Colonies  was  un- 
furled  in  the  camp  by  order  of  (Joncral  Washington. 

It  consisted  of  a  St.  George  and  a  St.  Andrew  cross  on  a  blue  p^round  in  the 
upper  forner,  and  alternate  horizontal  stripes  of  ri-d  an<l  white  in  the  field.  It 
was  known  us  the  "great  union,"  and  was  used  in  the  fleet  by  ('ai)tain  Hopkins. 

177G,  January  5.  — A  convention  at  Exoter,  New  Hampshire, 
summoned  by  the  provincial  congress,  to  consist  of  delegates  to 
be  elected  under  the  existing  icvwa  for  the  election  of  delegates, 
framed  a  constitution,  which  was  j;ccopted. 

The  constitution  was  established  by  "the  free  suffrnfje  of  the  people,"  and 
made  provisions  for  the  executive,  legislative,  and  judicial  branches  of  govern- 
ment. A  council  of  twelve  mondjers  from  the  different  counties  w.  s  elected  by 
the  convention.  This  council  elected  Mesheck  Ware  president,  a  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  who  was  also  made  chief  justice.  The  council  was  elected  yearly, 
and  when  not  in  session,  the  authority  was  exercised  by  the  committee  of  safety, 
of  which  the  president  of  the  council  was  the  head.  Tiiis  arrangement  was  made 
only  during  the  continuance  of  the  war,  and  lasted  during  that  period. 

1776,  January  9. —  Common  Sense,  written  by  an  Englishman, 
was  published  by  Robert  Bell,  of  Philadelphia. 

This  was  the  publication  of  Thomas  Paine's  famous  work,  which  had  sucl' 
admirable  influence  in  ripening  public  opinion  for  independence.  The  book  was 
suggested  t'  him  by  Benjamin  Rush,  and  during  its  jtreparation  was  submitted  to 
Franklin  and  Samuel  Adams,  A  German  edition  was  also  issued.  It  was  re- 
printed in  many  of  the  cities  in  the  colonies,  and  also  in  England.  An  edition  in 
French  was  printed  in  France.  The  first  editions  were  anonymous ;  the  term 
"  written  iiy  an  Englishman"  was  lefl  from  the  title  after  the  first  edition. 

1776,  January  20.  —  An  assembly  in  Georgia,  called  by  the 
governor,  8ir  James  Wright,  elected  an  executive  committee, 
with  Arcliibald  Bullock  as  president. 

Governor  Wright  was  made  prisoner,  but  escaped  to  an  armed  ship  below 
Savannah.  In  February,  a  provincial  regiment  was  raised,  of  which  Mcintosh  was 
made  colonel. 

1776,  January.  —  The  New  York  Packet  and  American  Adver- 
tiser appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Loudon,  who  had  conio  from  Ireland  several 
years  before.  He  removed  the  paper  to  Fishkill  when  the  occupation  of  the  city 
l)y  the  British  was  imminent,  and  continued  its  publication  there  until  the  peace 
of  1783,  when  he  returned  to  New  York.  After  Its  return,  it  was  issued  daily. 
It  was  a  supporter  of  the  Federal  party. 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


339 


1776,  January.  —  Dunmoro,  reinforced  by  tho  arrival  of  a 
British  frigiito,  bombarded  Norfolk. 

A  purty,  liindiiifr.  not  It  on  flro.  Norfolk  wiis  nt  tliin  time  the  Inrgost  ami  most 
flnurisliing  town  in  V'h'ijinia.  The  part  of  tlic  town  whicli  escaped  tho  confla^rn- 
tion  w.iH  iiflLrwanls  destroyed  by  tlic  cohtnial  forces,  in  ortler  to  prevent  its 
Itecoininfj:  a  slielter  for  tlie  enemy.  Dunniore  continued  his  raids  along  tlic  cuust, 
until  lie  was  dri\en  to  seek  refuge  in  8t.  Augustine. 

177G,  January  23.  —  A  prooliimation  was  issued  by  tho  gov- 
ermnont  of  Massacliusotts,  enjoining  all  tho  pco|)lo  to  uso  thoir 
best  cHbrts  to  have  tho  resolves  of  tho  General  Congroria  and  the 
laws  of  the  colony  duly  executed. 

In  this  proclamation  tlic  consent  of  tho  people  is  declared  to  he  tho  only  founda- 
tion of  government,  and  tlie  happiness  of  the  people  its  sole  i-nd.  The  proclama- 
tion ends  with  "God  save  the  people,"  —  the  first  time  such  a  document  omitted 
tho  traditional  "  God  save  tho  king."  It  was  drawn  up  hy  John  Adams,  was 
ordered  to  he  read  at  the  opening  of  every  court,  at  the  March  town  meetings,  and 
by  the  ministers  evcy  Sunday  to  their  congregations.  It  was  also  widely  printed 
in  the  newspapers.  The  congress  which  issued  it  was  then  sitting  at  Watertown, 
Mussaehusetts,  almost  within  the  sound  of  the  guns  of  the  enemy. 

177(5,  FioimuARY  17.  —  Tlie  first  American  fleet,  under  Commo- 
dore Hopkins,  sailed  from  Delaware  Bay. 

It  consisted  of  eight  vessels,  and  made  a  descent  on  New  Providence,  capturing 
the  govcrnoi  and  u  quantity  of  military  stores,  hut  finding  no  powder,  in  search 
of  viiieh  tho  expedition  was  imdertaken.  On  the  return,  a  captured  ship-of-war 
escaped,  and  Congress  ordered  an  inquiry  into  Hopkins's  conduct. 

1770,  FiOBHUARY  17.  —  A  committee  of  five  was  appointed  by 
Congress  to  superintend  the  treasury. 

April  11,  an  auditor-general,  with  clerks  and  assistants,  was  appointed  to  act 
umlur  this  connnitteo. 

177G.  —  The  aggregate  issue  of  bills  of  credit  for  this  year  was 
niuoteen  millions  of  dollars. 

Tlic  issues  were  made  February  17,  May  9,  May  27,  August  13,  November 
2,  and  December  28.  Up  to  January  1,  1777,  twenty-five  millions  were  issued. 
Tin:  liills,  up  to  about  twenty  millions,  remained  .at  par.  The  Declaration  of 
Imk'peudence,  as  it  destroyed  all  possible  hope  of  reconciliation,  and  made  it 
evident  that  tho  contest  would  he  a  long  one,  tended  to  discredit  the  issues. 

1776,  Fkuruary.  —  A  British  squadron  sailed  from  Boston  with 
a  liody  of  troops  under  General  Clinton. 

After  touching  at  New  York,  it  proceeded  to  tho  coast  of  North  Carolina. 

A  party  of  loyalists,  chiefly  Scotch  Highlanders,  under  McDonald,  were 
defeated,  February  27,  in  an  attempt  to  reach  the  coast.  The  men  were  disarmed, 
and  the  officers,  with  McDonald,  sent  north  as  prisoners. 

1776,  March  4.  —  Porchester  Heights,  commanding  Boston, 
were  occupied  at  night  by  the  Americans. 

On  the  17th  the  British  evacuated  the  town  —  seven  thousand  men,  with  two 


II 


340 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


''i'liii 


lii 


thousand  ninrines  and  sailors,  and  about  flftocn  hundred  loyalists.  Eleven  days 
■were  occupied  in  the  evacuation,  the  troops  sailing  for  Halifax ;  and  Washington, 
with  the  troops,  entered  the  town.  Congress  ordered  a  medal  struck  in  com- 
memoration of  the  event. 

1776,  March  20.  —  Congress  invited  Canada  to  join  the  colo- 
nies, saying  that  "  they  might  set  up  such  a  government  as 
would  most  likely  produce  tlieir  happiness." 

Commissioners  were  appointed  to  visit  Canada  and  extend  the  invitation  to 
them,  explaining  the  method  used  by  tlie  United  Colonies  "  of  collecting  the  sense 
of  the  people  and  conducting  their  affairs  regularly."  The  commissioners  were 
Sanmel  Chase,  Benjamin  Franklin,  and  Charles  Carroll  of  Carrolton. 

1776,  March  22.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  instructed  its 
delegates  to  Congress  to  aid  in  the  military  preparations,  and 
cultivate  the  union  among  the  colonies,  but  to  aim  at  reconcilia- 
tion with  Great  Britain,  and  "  avoid  and  discourage  any  separate 
treaty." 

1776,  March.  —  Two  military  departments  were  organized  by 
Congress,  the  Southern  and  the  Middle. 

John  Armstrong,  Thompson,  Lewis,  Moore,  Stirling,  and  Robert  TIowc  were 
made  brigadiers. 

1776,  March  23.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  South  Carolina 
authorized  their  delegates  to  give  their  assent  to  any  measure 
thought  necessary  for  the  welfare  of  the  colony  or  of  America. 

There  was  strong  opposition  to  independence,  as  w.is  shown  by  the  action  of 
this  session.  On  the  1st  of  April,  in  an  address  to  their  president,  thoy  spoke  of  a 
possible  accommodation  with  (ireat  Britain  ns  an  event  "which,  though  traduced 
and  treated  as  rebels,  we  earnestly  desire ;  "  and  on  the  Cth,  resolved  tliat  the  colony 
"  would  not  enter  into  any  treaty  or  correspondence  with  that  pov/er,  or  with  per- 
sons under  tliat  authority,  but  through  the  medium  of  the  Continental  Congress." 
Tliey  organized  themselves  into  an  assembly,  chose  a  legislative  council  of  thir- 
teen members,  and,  with  the  assembly,  elected  John  Rutledge  president,  and 
Henry  Laurens  vice-president.  An  executive  council  of  six  members,  over  which 
the  vice-president  presided,  was  chosen,  three  by  the  legislative  council  and  tlirte 
by  the  assembly.  William  Henry  Drayton  was  appointed  chief  justice.  Tliis 
form  of  government  was  to  last  through  the  war.  Bills  of  credit  were  issued,  anJ 
two  more  regiments  of  riflemen  were  ordered  to  be  raised.  In  closing  the  session, 
Rutledge  said:  "The  consent  of  the  people  is  the  origin  and  their  happiness  is 
the  end  of  government." 

1776,  March  23. —  Congress  declared  all  British  vessels  laAv- 
ful  prizes. 

1776,  April  1.  —  Thomao  Mifflin  was  made  brigadier-general. 

lie  resigned  his  position  ns  quartermaster-general,  but  soon  resumed  it  ajjain. 
Heath,  Spencer,  Sullivan,  and  Green,  were  made  major-generals.  Read,  Nixon, 
Parsons,  McDougall,  James  Clinton,  St.  Clair,  Adam  Stephen,  Cliristoplicr 
Gadsden,  Moultrie,  Mcintosh,  Maxwell,  Smallwood,  were  made  brigadiers  dur- 
ing the  fall,  and  Thadeus  Kosciusko  entered  the  service  as  an  engineer.  Joseph 
Kesd  was  made  adjutant-general. 


1776.] 


ANFiLS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


341 


1776,  April  5.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Georgia  elected  a 
new  set  of  delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress,  and  instructed 
them  to  vote  for  independence. 

Tliey  were  charged  "always  to  keep  in  view  the  general  utility,  remembering 
tliat  the  great  and  righteous  caussc  in  which  they  were  engaged  was  not  provincial, 
but  continental."  They  were  also  instructed  to  join  such  measures  as  they  might 
tliink  for  the  common  good,  which  was  taken  as  authorizing  independence. 

177G,  April  6.  —  Congress,  in  a  series  of  resolutions,  opened 
the  ports  of  the  colonies  to  the  commerce  of  all  nations. 

The  proposition  was  introduced  on  the  12th  of  January,  but  the  lingering  hope 
of  reconciliation  rendered  it  most  difficult  to  arrive  at  the  settlement  of  what  now 
appears  the  most  natural  cours"  of  action.  One  of  the  resolutions  piovided  that 
no  slaves  should  be  imported  into  tiic  United  Colonies ;  and  another,  that  certain 
powers  exorcised  by  the  lociil  committees  of  inspection  and  safety,  in  relation  to 
trade,  should  ce.tse.  The  resolve  were  printed,  signed  "By  order  of  Congress, 
John  Hancock." 

1776,  April  12.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  North  Carolina, 
in  session  at  Halifax,  passed  unanimously  a  resolution  empowering 
their  delegates  in  tlie  General  Congress  "  to  concur  with  the 
delegates  in  the  other  colonies  in  declaring  independency  and 
forming  foreign  alliances,  reserving  to  the  colony  the  sole  exclu- 
sive right  of  forming  a  constitution  and  laws  for  it,"  and  also 
"  of  appointing  delegates  in  a  general  representation  of  the  colo- 
nies lor  such  purposes  as  might  be  agreed  upon." 

1776,  April  14.  — The  last  of  the  British  fleet  left  Newport. 

Narragansett  Bay  was  for  the  first  time  in  months  free  from  British  cruisers ; 
they  were  driven  out  by  batteries  upon  the  sliore. 

1776,  April  23.  —  Chief  Justice  William  Henry  Drayton,  in 
charging  the  court  of  general  sessions  in  South  Carolina,  said : 
"  The  Almighty  created  America  to  be  independent  of  Great 
Britain ;  to  refuse  our  labors  in  this  divine  work  is  to  refuse  to 
bo  a  great,  a  free,  a  pious,  and  a  happy  people." 

1776,  April  23.  —  The  provincial  corigress  of  North  Carolina 
authorized  their  delegates  to  join  with  the  other  colonies  in 
declaring  independence. 

1776,  April  23.  —  The  committee  of  Charlotte  County,.  Vir- 
ginia, instructed  their  delegates  to  vote  for  independence. 

This  charge  road:  "By  the  unimimous  approbation  and  direction  of  the  whole 
freeholders,  and  all  the  other  inhabitsints  of  this  colony,  ...  we  give  it  to  you 
in  ehiirge  to  use  your  best  endeavors  that  the  delegnt"s  which  are  sent  to  the 
General  Congress  be  instructed  immediately  to  cast  off  the  British  yoke ;  and  as 
King  George,  under  the  character  of  a  parent,  persists  in  behaving  as  a  tyrant, 
that  they,  in  our  behalf,  renounce  allegiance  to  him  forever ;  and  that,  taking  the 
God  of  heaven  to  be  our  King,  and  depending  on  His  assistance  and  protection, 
tliey  plan  out  thai  form  of  government  which  may  most  effectually  secure  to  us 


Wllm 


i%m.m^i 


342 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


mmm 


the  enjoyment  of  our  civil  and  religious  rights  and  privileges  to  the  latest  pos- 
terity." 

1776,  April  24.  —  A  majority  of  the  freeholders  of  James  City 
instructed  their  delegates  "  to  exert  their  utmost  abilities,  in  the 
next  convention,  towards  dissolving  the  connection  between 
Ameiica  and  Great  Britain  totally,  finally,  and  irrevocably." 

Tliis  sentiment  for  independence  rapidly  spread  throughout  the  whole  colony. 

1776,  April  29.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  adopted  a 
flag  for  their  cruisers. 

It  was  a  white  ground,  with  a  green  pine  tree,  and  the  motto,  *'  An  appeal  to 
Heaven."     Similar  flags  were  displayed  on  the  floating  batteries. 

1776,  May  3.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  at  Williamsburg, 
Virginia. 

The  royal  governor,  Lord  Dunmore,  had  remained  on  hoard  the  fleet,  where 
he  had  taken  refuge.  The  house  of  burgesses  he  had  sunmioned,  met,  lield  sev- 
eral sessions,  and  then  dismissed  tlieinselves.  A  convention  of  delegates,  chosen 
by  those  entitled  to  vote  for  burgesses,  held  the  political  power,  and  had  organized 
the  militia,  and  appointed  a  committee  of  safety.  Its  last  meeting  had  been  in 
December,  1775,  and  neither  then,  nor  in  the  three  previous  meetings,  had  they 
declared  for  independence.  The  events  transpiring  increased  the  sentiment  of 
independence  very  rapidly. 

1776,  May  4. —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  instructed  their 
delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  to  consult  on  "  promoting 
the  strictest  union  and  conlederatiun." 

They  were  also  to  preserve  the  established  form  of  government  in  tlio  colony. 
The  people  were  satisfied  with  their  charter,  since  under  it  they  elected  their 
rulers  and  made  their  own  laws.  By  an  act  at  the  same  time,  it  was  provided 
that  all  commissions,  writs,  and  processes  in  the  courts  should  be  issued  in  tlio 
name  of  "The  Governor  and  Company  of  the  English  Colony  of  Rhode  Island 
and  Providence  Plantations."  It  was  understood,  though  not  openly  declared, 
that  this  action  of  Rhode  Island  meant  independence. 

1776,  May  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  act 
abjuring  their  allegiance  to  the  British  crown.  The  records  of 
this  session  ended  with  "  God  save  the  United  Colonies,"  instead 
of  the  customary  formula  "  God  save  the  King." 

1776,  May.  —  Two  frigates,  the  Warren,  of  thirty-two  gun.'?, 
and  tlie  Providence,  of  twenty-eight,  were  launched  at  Provi- 
dence, Rhode  Island. 

They  were  a  part  of  the  thirteen  frigates  ordered  by  Congress  in  the  previous 
December,  and  were  placed  in  command,  the  Warren  of  John  IJ.  Hopkins,  iinJ 
the  Providence  of  Samuel  Tompkins. 

1776,  May  5.  —  A  royal  proclamation  was  issued  declaring 
North  Carolina  in  rebellion. 

Pardon  was  promised  to  all  wlio  would  return  to  their  allegiance,  except  Cor- 
nelius Harnett  and  Robert  Howe. 


RefJ 
He  hac 
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went  h\ 
pleted 

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tee  of 

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t  p08- 

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I 

olony. 
ited  a 

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isburg, 

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lielil  sev- 
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1  been  in 
had  they 
tiinent  of 

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the  c()h)ny. 
ccted  their 
xs  provided 
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ode  Island 
y  declared, 

an  act 
jcords  of 
."  instead 

two  gunsi 
at  Provi- 

the  previous 
Hopkins,  and 

declaring 
3,  except  Cor- 


1776.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


343 


1776,  May  6.  —  The  assembly  oi  Pennsylvania  refused  to  re- 
call their  instructions  to  tlieir  delegates. 

They  were  asked  to  do  so  by  the  committees  of  inspection  and  observation  in 
Pliiladeii»hia. 

1776,  May  8.  —  A  British  fleet  entered  Bosvon  harbor. 

They  were  ignorant  of  the  evacuation,  and  anchored  in  Nastaket  Roads. 
Tlioy  wore  driven  away ;  and  a  few  days  after,  transports  arriving  with  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men  were  captured. 

1776,  May  9.  —  Five  millions  of  dollars  in  bills  were  issued  by 
Congress. 

Another  issue  of  tha  same  amount  was  made  August  13. 

1776,  May  10.  —  The  house  of  representatives  in  Massachusetts 
voted  to  submit  the  question  of  independence  to  the  people  of 
the  province. 

The  resolution  read:  "Resolved,  as  the  opinion  of  this  House,  that  the  inhabi- 
tants of  each  town  In  this  Colony  ought,  in  full  meeting  warned  for  that  purpose, 
to  advise  the  person  or  persons  who  shivll  be  chosen  to  represent  them  in  the  next 
General  Court,  wliether  that,  if  the  honorable  Congress  should,  for  the  safety  of 
the  said  colonics,  declare  them  independent  of  the  kingdom  of  Great  Britain,  they, 
the  said  inhabitants,  will  solemnly  engage,  with  their  lives  and  fortunes,  to  sup- 
port them  in  tlio  measure." 

The  towns,  during  May  and  .Tune,  assembled,  and  voted  upon  this  measure. 
On  the  12th  of  Juno  Joseph  Hawley  wrote:  "About  two  thirds  of  the  towns  in 
the  colony  had  met,  and  all  instructed  in  the  affirmative,  and  generally  returned 
to  be  unanimous."     On  the  2d  of  June  tlie  new  House  rm  I  on  the  3d  of  .July 

informed  the  delegates  to  Congress  that  independence  "\v.  ilmost  the  universal 
voice  of  this  colony."  The  letter  ends:  "This  House  therefore  do,  by  a  unani- 
mous vote,  submit  this  letter  to  be  made  use  of  as  you  shall  think  proper." 

1776,  May.  —  Beaumarchais,  in  Paris,  under  the  name  of  Hor- 
taHs  &  Co.,  sent  to  the  colonies  ship  loads  of  cannon  and  other 
munitions  of  war. 

Before  tlio  summer  of  1777,  he  had  thus  advanced  almost  a  million  of  dollars. 
He  liad  re<iue:'ted  to  receive  return  slupments  of  tobacco,  but  did  not  get  them. 
The  arrangement  had  been  made  by  Arthur  Lee  at  London  with  the  French  am- 
bassiidor  there.  Vergonnes,  the  French  minister,  sent  Beaumarchais  to  London 
to  consult  with  Ia'o.  The  French  court  was  not  ready  to  break  with  England,  and 
tills  fictitious  firm  was  Beaumarchais'  invention  to  cover  the  shipments.  They 
went  by  the  way  of  the  West  Indies.  Dcane,  on  his  arrival  at  Paris,  had  com- 
pleted the  arrangement  with  Beaumarchais. 

1776,  May  14.  —  The  Virginia  convention  went  into  a  commit- 
tee of  the  whole,  and  adopted  a  resolution  in  favor  of  indepen- 
dence. 

The  resolutions  were  passed  unanimously,  one  hundred  and  twelve  members 
lioing  present,  about  twenty  being  absent.  They  were  drawn  up  by  Edmund  Pen- 
dleton, and  read  as  follows  :  "  Resolved  unanimously,  Thattli  delegates  appointed 
to  represent  the  colony  in  the  General  Congress  bo  instructed  to  propose  to  that 


su 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AME^xCA. 


[1776. 


i 


respectable  body  to  declare  the  United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,  ab- 
solved from  all  allcgiunce  to,  or  dependence  upon,  the  crown  or  parliament  of 
Great  Britain ;  and  that  they  give  the  assent  of  tliis  colony  to  such  declaration, 
and  to  wiiatevLT  measures  may  be  thouglit  proper  and  necessary  by  tlic  Congrt-ss 
for  forming  foreign  alliances,  and  a  confederation  of  the  colonies,  at  such  time  and 
in  the  manner  as  to  tlicm  shall  seom  best.  Provided,  that  the  power  of  forming 
government  for,  and  tlic  regulation  of  the  internal  concerns  of,  each  colony  be 
left  to  the  respective  colonial  legislatures.  Resolved  unanimously,  Tliat  a  com- 
mittee be  appointed  to  prepare  a  declaration  of  rights,  and  such  a  plan  of  gov- 
ernment as  will  be  most  likely  to  maintain  peace  and  order  in  tliis  colon",  and 
secure  substantial  and  equal  liberty  to  the  people."  Copies  of  these  resolutions 
were  sent  to  tlie  other  colonial  .assemblies.  On  the  evening  of  the  day  they  were 
passed,  the  bolls  were  rung  in  Williamsburg,  salutes  were  fired,  the  BritisJi  flag 
taken  from  the  State  House,  and  "  the  Union  Flag  of  the  Xm  rican  States"  sub- 
stituted for  it. 

1776,  May  15.  —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  advising  all  the 
colonies  to  e.stablisli  their  own  Ibrms  of  government. 

The  preamble  and  resolution  were  as  follows  :  "  Whereas  his  Britannic  Majesty, 
in  conjunction  with  the  Lords  and  Commons  of  Great  Britain,  has  by  a  late  Act 
of  Parliament,  excluded  the  inhabitants  of  these  United  Colonies  from  the  pro- 
tection of  his  crown.  And  whereas  no  an  ver  whatever  to  the  humble  petitions 
of  the  colonies  for  redress  of  grievances  and  reconciliation  with  Great  Britain  has 
been,  or  is  likely  to  be  given ;  but  the  whole  force  of  that  kingdom,  aided  by 
foreign  mercenaries,  is  to  be  exerted  for  the  destruction  of  the  good  people  of 
these  colonies.  And  whereas  it  appears  absolutely  irreconcilable  to  reason  and 
good  conscience  for  the  people  of  these  colonies  now  to  take  the  oaths  and  afHr- 
mations  necessary  for  tlie  support  of  any  government  under  the  crown  of  Great 
Britain ;  and  it  is  necessary  that  the  exercise  of  every  kind  of  authority  under  the 
said  crown  should  be  totally  suppressed,  and  all  the  powers  of  government  exerted 
under  the  authority  of  the  people  of  the  colonies,  for  the  preservation  of  internal 
peace,  virtue,  and  good  order,  as  well  as  for  the  defence  of  our  lives,  liberties, 
and  properties,  against  the  hostile  invasions  and  cruel  depredations  of  their  ene- 
mies. Therefore  Resolved,  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  respective  assemblies 
and  conventions  of  the  United  Colonies,  where  no  government  sufficient  to  the 
exigencies  of  their  affairs  has  been  hitherto  established,  to  adopt  such  government 
as  shall,  in  the  opinion  of  the  reprcbentatives  of  the  people,  best  conduce  to  the 
liappiness  and  safety  of  their  constituents  in  particular  and  America  in  general. 
"  By  order  of  Congress.  John  Hancock,  President." 

The  resolutions  were  offered  by  John  Adams. 

1776,  May  17.  —  The  position  about  Boston  is  shown  in  the 
following  letter  from  James  Sullivan,  a  member  of  the  assembly, 
and  judge  of  the  superior  court,  to  John  Adams. 

He  writes :  "  By  this  conveyance  you  will  have  the  news  of  the  capture  of  tlie 
ship  Howe,  with  seventy-five  tons  of  powder,  and  one  thousand  small  arms.  Tliis 
is  a  grand  acquisition.  We  now  expect  to  be  well  provided  with  powder.  Niiif 
tons  were  purchased  last  week  by  this  colony,  at  six  shillings  a  pound.  We  have 
one  powder-mill,  which  makes  a  thousand  pounds  weekly,  well  grained  and  very 
good.  Otir  works  are  very  extensive  round  Boston,  and  a  great  many  men  must 
bo  employed  to  support  them.     The  fortifications  go  on  briskly.     A  great  deal  is 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


345 


done,  and  there  is  a  great  deal  more  necessary  to  be  done,  in  order  to  defend  tliis 
colony.  But  unless  Congress  will  now  repay  the  powder  wo  lent  the  army,  we 
can  by  no  means  equip  our  militia,  on  whom  it  seems  we  have  chiefly  to  depend. 
We  have  received  your  late  resolve  making  us  a  present  of  the  cannon  left  by 
the  enemy ;  but,  as  nothing  is  said  about  the  shot,  shells,  and  carriages,  General 
Ward  is  at  a  loss  about  letting  us  have  them.  An  explanation  of  the  resolve  in 
this  respect  would  do  us  much  service." 

1776,  May  20.  —  A  public  meeting  was  hold  at  the  State  House 
ill  Philadelphia,  which  declared  for  union. 

The  resolution  passed  the  l.'ith  of  May  by  Congress  was  read  and  applauded. 
Then  the  resolution  of  the  provincial  assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  of  the  9th  of 
November,  was  protested  against.  The  protest  said:  "  We  uro  fully  convinced 
tiiat  our  safety  and  happiness,  next  to  the  immediate  providence  of  God,  depend 
upon  our  complying  with  and  supporting  the  said  resolve  of  Congress,  that  thereby 
the  union  of  the  colonies  may  be  preserved  inviolate." 

1776,  May  24.  —  The  Maryland  convention  accepted  the  report 
of  a  coimnittee  that  Governor  Eden  had  not  appeared  to  act  in  a 
hostile  character  in  his  correspondence  with  the  ministry,  but 
said  tiiat  the  public  safety  and  quiet  made  it  necessary  for  him 
to  leave  the  province. 

The  Baltimore  committee  had  attempted  to  arrest  Eden,  without  consulting  the 
committee  of  safety.  The  convention  blamed  tliem.  Eden  was  tlien  on  his  pa- 
role. Tiie  convention  dispensed  with  the  oath  of  allegiance,  but  voted  that  it  was 
not  necessary  to  suppress  every  exercise  of  authority  under  the  crown. 

1776,  May  30.  —  The  GontinentalJournal  and  WeeJdy  Adver- 
tiser appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  published  by  John  Gill,  formerly  a  partner  with  Edcs. 

1776,  May  30.  —  Governor  Franklin  of  New  Jersey  issued  a 
proclamation  summoning  the  assembly  to  meet. 

The  assembly  had  been  prorogued,  and  the  political  power  was  in  the  hands 
of  a  provincial  congress,  representing  the  people,  and  which  had  approved  of  as- 
sociation. 

1776,  June  7. — Bichard  Henry  Lee,  for  the  delegates  from 
Virginia,  presented  to  Congress  a  resolution  for  independence. 

Tlie  resolutions  read  :  "That  those  United  Colonies  are,  and  of  right  ought  to 
be,  free  and  independent  States;  that  they  are  absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
Britisli  Crown,  and  tliat  all  political  connection  between  them  and  the  State  of 
Great  Britain  is,  and  ought  to  be  totally  dissolved.  That  it  is  expedient  to  take 
tilt'  most  effectual  mea.sures  for  forming  foreign  alliances.  That  a  plan  of  con- 
federation be  prepared  and  transmitted  to  the  respective  colonies  for  their  consid- 
eration and  approbation."  The  resolutions  were  seconded  by  John  Adanis,  and 
their  consideration  wjis  postponed  until  the  next  day.  The  next  day  they  were 
considered  in  a  committee  of  the  whole,  until  seven  in  the  evening ;  and  Congress 
adjourned  over  Sunday,  and  on  Monday  continued  the  debate,  and  postponed  the 
resolution  until  the  1st  of  July,  having  decided  to  appoint  a  committee  to  prepare 
a  declaration  in  conformity  with  it.     This  committee  was  elected  by  ballot  the 


346 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMLi.iCU. 


[1776. 


i 


M- 


next  (lay,  iiml  consisted  of  Thomns  .Tofforson  of  Virginia,  Julin  Adams  of  Mnsaa- 
clmsetts,  Benjamin  Franklin  of  Pennsylvania,  Roger  Sherman  of  Conrfccticut, 
and  Robert  R.  Livingston  of  New  York.  The  only  objection  to  tbe  innnodiatc 
passage  of  tiie  resolution  was  on  the  part  of  such  mendiers  as  tiiought  it  pienia- 
turc.  Jefferson  says  :  "  It  appearing  in  tlie  course  of  tlu'sc  debates  tliat  tlie  colc- 
nies  of  New  York,  Now  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and  Soutli 
Carolina  were  not  yet  matured  for  tailing  from  tlie  parent  stem,  but  that  they  were 
f.ist  advancing  to  that  state,  it  was  tliougiit  most  prudent  to  wait  a  wliile  for  tiieni." 
The  debates  were  secret,  and  no  official  record  was  kept  of  them,  and  no  record 
of  any  speech  made  is  known  to  exist.  Jefferson  kept  a  summary  of  wliat  was 
said,  and  this  was  not  printed  until  1830,  in  a  selection  from  his  private  papers, 
Tlie  Reverend  Dr.  Zubly,  tlie  delegate  from  Georgia,  was  accused  by  Chase,  the 
deputy  from  Maryland,  of  having  written  letters  to  Governor  Wright  of  Georgia, 
violating  Ids  pledge  of  secrecy.  Zubly  denied  the  charge,  but  his  sudden  depart- 
tirc  seemed  to  strengthen  tlic  charge,  and  Houston,  his  colleague,  was  sent  after 
him. 

1776,  June  8.  —  A  provincial  conference  in  Pennsylvania 
sanctioned  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

The  vote  was  taken  on  the  18th.  They  made  arrangements  also  for  a  conven- 
tion to  fiamc  a  now  government  for  tlie  province. 

177G,  June  10.  —  The  provincial  conp;ress  of  New  Jersey  met 
at  Burlington,  and  declared  for  independence. 

The  congress  voted  that  the  proclamation  of  Governor  Franklin,  summoning 
the  assembly  to  meet,  "ouglit  not  to  be  obeyed,"  since  "  hysucli  proclamation  he 
had  acted  in  direct  contempt  and  violation  of  the  resolve  of  Congress  of  tlie  15tii 
of  May."  The  next  day  it  was  voted  tliat  he  sliould  be  secured  as  an  enemy  to 
the  liberties  of  the  country.  Tliis  was  done  by  confining  him  to  his  own  house, 
and  referring  the  case  to  the  Continental  Co'.igress,  wlio  ordered  him  to  be  sent  :i3 
a  jirisoner  to  Connecticut.  On  tlie  21st  the  provincial  congress  voted  to  form  a 
government  "  for  regulating  the  internal  police  of  the  colony,  pursuant  to  the 
recommendation  "  of  tlie  Continental  Corgress.  On  the  next  diiy,  tlie  22d,  a  new 
set  of  delegates  were  chosen,  and  instrucled  to  join  in  "  declaring  tlie  United  Col- 
onics independent  of  Great  Britain,"  "  always  observing  that,  whatever  plan  of 
confederacy  tliey  entered  into,  the  regulating  the  internal  police  of  this  province 
was  to  be  rci^erved  to  tlie  colony  legislature." 

1776,  June  11.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Now  York,  in 
replying  to  a  letter  from  their  delegates,  refused  them  permission 
to  vote  for  independence. 

The  letan-  from  the  delegates  was  dated  the  8th  of  June,  and  the  reply  informed 
them  that  they  were  not  authorized  to  vote  for  independence,  since  the  provincial 
congress  declined  to  instruct  them  on  that  point.  That  measures  had  been  taken 
to  obtain  the  authority  of  the  people  to  establish  a  regular  government,  and  "it 
would  be  imprudent  to  require  the  sentiments  of  the  people  relative  to  the  ques- 
tion of  independence,  lest  it  should  create  division  and  have  an  unhappy  influence 
on  the  others."  On  the  same  day  the  congress  adopted  a  set  of  resolutions  con- 
cerning local  government,  and  asking  the  freeholders  to  express  their  opinions 
"  respecting  the  great  question  of  independency,"  but  postponed  their  publica- 
tion until  after  the  election  of  deputies  with  authority  to  form  a  new  gov- 
crnmeat. 


1776.] 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


347 


1776,  June  12. — A  Board  of  War  was  established  by  Con- 
gress, with  a  secretary  and  clerks. 

It  consisted  of  five  members  of  Congress.     Jolm  Adams  was  its  chairman. 

1776,  June  12.  —  The  new  government  of  Virginia  waa 
organized,  and  Patrick  Henry  was  chosen  governor. 

1776,  June  12.  —  The  Virginia  convention  adopted  a  Bill  of 
Rights. 

This  declared  "  That  all  men  arc  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and  have 
certain  inherent  natural  rights.  That  all  power  is  vested  in  the  people,  and  gov- 
ernment should  be  ibr  the  common  benefit.  That  all  men  are  entitled  to  the  free 
exercise  of  their  religious  convictions."  The  convention  also  formed  a  constitu- 
tion, iind  elected  a  governor  and  other  officers. 

1776,  June  12.  —  Congress  chose  a  committee,  consisting  of 
one  from  each  of  the  colonies,  to  report  a  form  of  confederation, 
and  another  committee  of  five  to  prepare  a  plan  for  treaties  with 
fureign  powers. 

Tliat  a  committee  be  appointed  "  to  prepare  and  digest  the  form  of  a  confeder- 
ation to  be  entered  into  between  these  colonies,"  was  voted  on  the  11th,  and  on 
the  12th  tliat  it  should  consist  of  a  member  from  each  colony.  The  committee 
consisted  of  Josiah  Bartlett  of  New  Hampshire,  Samuel  Adams  of  Massachusetts, 
Stephen  Hopkins  of  Rhode  Island,  Roger  Sherman  of  (  onnecticut,  Robert  R. 
Livingston  of  New  York,  John  Dickenson  of  Pennsylvania,  Thomas  McKoan  of 
Dehiware,  Thomas  Stone  of  Maryland,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr.,  of  Virgin  losepli 
Ik'wes  of  North  Carolina,  Edward  Rutledge  of  South  Carolina,  Butto  iiett 

of  Georgia.     Francis  Ilopkinson,  of  New  Jersey,  was  appointed  June  2o. 

1776,  June  14.  —  The  assembly  of  Delaware  instructed  the 
delegates  to  the  Continental  Congress  to  agree  with  tiie  other 
delegates  "  in  forming  such  further  compacts  between  the  United 
Colonies  "  and  "  adopting  such  other  measures  as  shall  be  deemed 
necessary." 

Also  "  reserving  to  the  people  of  this  colony  the  sole  and  exclusive  right  of 
regulating  tlie  internal  government  and  police  of  tlic  same."  Tlie  next  day  it 
voted  that  persons  liolding  office  sliouhl  continue  "  in  the  name  of  the  government 
of  the  counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex  upon  D(.'laware,  as  they  tised  to 
exercise  them  in  the  name  of  the  King,  until  a  new  govornuient  sliould  be  formed 
agreeably  to  the  resolution  of  Congress." 

1776.  —  In  the  spring,  Washington'.s  Life  Guard  was  organized, 
varying  at  different  times  from  sixty  to  two  hundred  and  fifty 
men. 

They  were  selected  from  the  various  regiments,  their  duty  being  to  protect  tlio 
person,  baggage,  and  papers  of  the  cliief.  In  April,  when  Washington  was  in 
New  York,  one  of  the  Life  Guard  was  tried  and  shot  for  liis  participation  in  a  plot 
to  capture  Washington  and  deliver  him  to  one  of  tlie  British  armed  ships  in  the 
harbor.  The  plot  had  been  formed  by  the  Tories,  and  the  man  had  been  bribed 
W  them.  The  last  survivor  was  Uzal  Knapp,  of  Orange  County,  New  York,  who 
died  in  January,  185G,  and  was  buried  ut  the  foot  of  the  fiag-stalT  iu  front  of  Wash- 


mm^' 


348 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


i  • 


ington's  lioadquartcrs  at  Newburg,  on  tho  Hudson, 
monument  was  erected  to  him. 


On  the  18th  of  July,  1860,  a 


177G,  June  14.  —  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  declared  for 
independence. 

Tliey  instructed  their  delegates  to  propose  in  Congress  "  to  declare  the  United 
American  Colonics  free  and  independent  States,"  and  further  a  plan  of  confeder- 
ation, "  saving  that  the  power  for  tiie  regulation  of  the  internal  concerns  and 
policy  of  each  colony  "  be  left  to  their  local  governments. 

177G,  June  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Hampshire  declared 
for  independence. 

Tliey  instructed  tlieir  delegates  "to  join  in  declaring  The  Thirteen  Colonies 
an  independint  state,  .  .  .  provided  the  regulation  of  their  internal  police  be 
under  the  direction  of  their  own  assembly." 

1776,  June  18.  —  Congress  committed  tho  oversight  of  the 
Tories  and  suspected  persons  to  the  regularly  appointed  local 
committees  of  inspection  and  observation. 

1776,  June  20.  —  Admiral  Lord  Howe  arrived  oflF  the  coast  of 
Massachusetts,  and  issued  a  circular  letter  to  the  governors  that 
he  and  iiis  brother,  the  general,  were  empowered  to  grant  a  par- 
don to  all  who  would  submit  and  aid  iu  restoring  peace. 

There  was  no  response  to  it. 

1776",  June  23.  —  Governor  Eden  of  Maryland  took  refuge  on 
the  British  man-of-war  Fowey,  which,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  had 
anchored  off  Annapolis. 

This  ended  the  series  of  royal  governors  in  Maryland. 

1776,  June.  —  Congress  called  upon  each  of  the  colonies  to 
furnish  its  soldiers  with  a  suit  of  clothes,  to  be  paid  for  by 
Congress. 

Tlie  waistcoat  and  breeches  might  be  of  deer-skin.  A  blanket,  felt  hat,  two 
sliirts,  two  pair  of  hose,  and  two  pair  of  shoes,  were  also  required  for  ciicli 
soldier. 

1776,  June  24.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  counties 
of  Pennsylvania,  in  session  at  Pliiladelphia,  declared  for  inde- 
pendence. 

The  convention  wis  called  by  the  committee  of  Philadelphia.  The  declaration 
was  introduced  by  Benjamin  Hush.  It  said  they  would  concur  in  a  vote  by  Con- 
gress declaring  the  colonies  free,  provided  the  right  to  form  their  own  government 
was  reserved  to  the  colonics. 

1776,  June  28.  —  Fort  Sullivan,  on  Sullivan's  Island,  Charles- 
ton harbor,  was  attacked  by  a  fleet  under  Sir  Peter  Parker.  The 
attack  lasted  about  ten  hours,  and  the  fleet  was  repulsed. 

The  fort  was  unfinished,  built  of  palmetto  logs,  and  garrisoned  by  five  hundred 
men,  under  Colonel  William  Moultrie.     The  Britibh  lost  in  killed  and  wounded 


The  , 
quested 
i'ranklin 


I 

to  the  COM 

1 

1776, 

1 

containt 

I 

in  wiiicl 

1 

be  "  Til 

1776, 
troops 
on  State 

Hei 
The 


CI  I 


how  "tho"| 

them, 

British 


the 


an  (I 
g')| 


"■  couiJ 
V-il  niilitj 

^^'ashin{,'tc| 
f  ither  the  " 
lotliing 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


349 


two  hundred  and  twcnty-flvc ;  the  gnrrison,  two  killed  and  twenty-two  wounded. 
Moultrie  waa  promoted  for  his  p.illantry,  and  the  fort  ealkd  Moultrie  in  his  honor. 
The  fleet,  in  May,  had  arrived  at  Cape  Fear,  but  finding  that  no  assistance!  eould 
be  given  it  by  the  loyalists  in  North  Carolina,  it  was  decided  to  attack  Charleston. 
After  the  repulse  the  fleet  returned  to  New  York,  to  join  the  main  British  army, 
which  had  arrived  in  New  York  the  day  of  the  attack  on  Fort  Moultrie. 

177G,  June.  —  Tho  northern  army  rotrcatod  from  Canada  to 
Crown  I\)int. 

Sullivan  had  been  put  in  command.  John  Adams  said  that  it  was  "  disfrraced, 
defeated,  discontented,  dispirited,  diseased,  undisciplined,  eaten  up  with  vermin, 
no  clothes,  beds,  blankets,  nor  medicines,  and  no  victuals  but  salt  \wrk  and  flcmr." 
At  Chambly  it  had  sufTered  severely  from  small-pox.  Carleton,  the  Enf^lish  com- 
mander, was  rewarded  with  the  order  of  the  Bath,  and  Congress  thanked  Sullivan 
for  his  prudent  retreat.  At  Crown  Point  Gates  assumed  command.  Chambly, 
Montreal,  and  .St.  John's  reverted  to  the  British. 

177G,  Junk  28.  —  A  convention,  assembled  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, declared  for  independence. 

It  recalled  the  former  instructions  against  independence,  and  instructed  its 
delegates  "to  concur  with  the  delegates  of  the  other  colonies  in  declaring  tho 
United  Colonies  free  and  independent  States,  provided  the  sol  >  and  f  .xeiusivo 
right  of  regulating  tho  internal  government  and  police  of  this  colony  be  reserved 
to  the  people  thereof." 

177G,  June  28.  —  The  Declaration  of  Independence  was  re- 
ported to  Congress,  and  ordered  to  lie  on  the  table. 

The  committee  to  whom  the  jjreparation  of  the  declaration  was  intrusted  re- 
quested Thomas  Jefterson  to  prepare  a  draft  of  it.  He  submitted  his  dr.atl  to 
i'ranklin  and  John  Adams,  who  made  a  few  verbal  alterations.  It  was  then  read 
to  the  eoinmittee,  and  acct^pted. 

1776,  June  29.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Evening  Post  of  this  date 
contained  an  article  concerning  tho  necessity  for  independence, 
in  which  it  was  suggested  that  the  name  of  the  new  nation  should 
be  "  The  United  States  of  America.' 

1776,  June  30.  —  General  Howe  with  about  eight  thousand 
troops  arrived  at  Sandy  Hook,  in  New  York  iiarbor,  and  embarked 
on  Staten  Island. 

lie  was  soon  joined  by  Admiral  IIowo. 

The  circular  letter  to  the  late  royal  governors,  offering  pardon,  was  sent  on 
fihorc  July  14 ;  on  the  19th,  Congress  ordered  it  printed  in  the  newspapers,  to  show 
how  "  the  insidious  court  of  Great  Britain  h.-id  endeavored  to  disarm  and  amuse 
them,"  and  that  those  whom  "  hopes  of  moderation  and  justice  on  the  part  of  the 
British  government  still  kept  in  suspense,"  should  see  "  that  the  valor  alone  of 
tlieir  country  is  to  save  its  liberties."  Tho  Tories  of  Stnten  Island  formed  a 
loyal  militia,  and  promises  of  support  were  sent  in  by  those  of  Long  Island  and 
New  .Jersey.  The  attempt  was  made  by  the  llowes  to  open  communication  with 
Washington  and  subsequently  with  Congress,  but  as  they  refused  to  recognize 
cither  the  military  rank  of  Washington  or  the  political  existence  of  Congress, 
nothing  came  of  it. 


1 

I 


350 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1776. 


1776,  July  I.  —  Tho  Continental  Congress  mot  and  resolved 
itself  into  ii  committee  of  the  whole  "  to  take  into  consideration 
tlie  resolution  respecting  independency,"  that  is,  tho  resolution 
submitted  by  the  delegates  from  Virgiuia  on  the  7th  of  June. 

Iknjuinin  Harrison  wii8  calk-d  to  tlic  cliiiir.  The  now  ddcj^ntos  from  New 
Jorsoy,  who  had  hoi-n  Hcnt  to  votu  for  indcjKndi'nfi',  desired  to  lu'ur  the  arf^uinents 
fur  it,  and  John  Adams  was  ur);ed  to  spvak,  and  did  ko.  IUh  speech  waH  replied 
to  I)y  Jolin  Dickenson,  wlio  argued  for  its  jiostponenient.  After  hvi  Iiad  finished, 
AdaniH  npoke  again,  and  tlie  vote  wan  postponed  until  the  next  day.  Dicrkensons 
Bpccch  was  printed  by  himself,  hut  the  others  wc  have  no  record  of.  Adams,  in 
1H07,  wrote  a  letter  to  Mrs.  Mcrey  Warren,  giving  an  account  of  the  scene,  in 
wiiieli  he  says  of  liis  speech,  "  I  wisli  some  one  had  reniemhered  the  speech,  for 
it  is  almost  the  only  one  I  ever  made  that  I  wish  was  literally  preserved."  The 
letter,  printed  iVom  tho  original,  will  be  found  in  the  appendix  to  Frothingham's 
Rise  of  the  Hepuhlic. 

1770,  July  1.  —  The  Maryland  council  of  safety  authorized 
the  loan  of  two  thousand  pounds,  for  nine  months  to  Daniel  and 
Samuel  Hughes,  who  had  a  furnace  in  Frederick  County,  to  en- 
courage them  "  to  prosecute  their  cannon  foundery  with  spirit 
and  diligence." 

They  proposed  to  Congress  to  enlarge  their  works  if  Congress  would  take  all 
the  cannon  they  ecmld  make,  and  a  contract  for  one  thousand  tons  of  cannon  was 
made  with  them.  Virginia  applied  to  Congress  for  permission  to  buy  cannon  from 
them,  as  being  "the  only  persons  in  this  part  of  the  continent  to  be  depended  on 
fur  cannon ;  "  and  it  was  given  as  soon  as  the  needs  of  Congress  were  supplied. 

177G,  —  At  tho  Declaration  of  Independence  every  acre  of  land 
in  tho  country  was  held,  mediatcl}'  or  immediately,  by  giants  from 
the  crown.  All  our  institutions  recognized  the  absolute  title  of 
the  crown,  subject  only  to  the  Indian  right  of  occupancy,  and 
recognized  the  absolute  title  of  the  crown  to  extinguish  that  right. 
An  Indian  conveyance  alone  could  give  no  title  to  an  individual. 

1776,  July  2.  —  The  vote  was  taken  in  the  Continental  Con- 
gress upon  tlie  question  of  independence,  and  nine  of  tho  colo- 
nies voted  for  the  resolution. 

The  delegates  from  New  York  were  excused  from  voting  on  account  of  tiicir 
instructions.  Tlic  Congress  then  went  into  a  conunittce  of  tho  whole  to  considir 
tiie  declaration,  and  in  its  discussion  occupied  tlie  rest  of  this  session,  and  those 
of  tho  iid  and  4th  of  July.  Of  these  discussions  Jefferson  says  :  "  The  pusillmii- 
mous  idea  that  we  had  friends  in  England  worth  keeping  terms  with  hill  liauntL'd 
the  minds  of  many.  For  this  reason,  those  passages  wliich  conveyed  censure  on 
the  people  of  England  were  struck  out,  lest  they  should  give  them  offence.  Tiiu 
clause,  too,  reprobating  tho  enslaving  the  inhabitants  of  Africa  was  struck  out  in 
complaisance  to  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  who  had  never  attempted  to  restrain 
the  importation  of  slaves,  and  who,  on  tlie  contrary,  wished  to  continue  it.  Our 
northern  brethren  also,  I  believe,  felt  a  little  tender  under  those  censures;  for 
though  their  people  had  very  few  slaves  themselves,  yet  they  had  been  pretty 
considerable  carriers  of  them  to  others."  In  the  original,  the  slave  trade  was 
declared  "  piratical  warfare  against  human  nature  itself." 


L776. 


)lvecl 
ation 
utiou 

0. 

n  New 
iniuMits 

uislu'd, 
unsona 
inns,  in 
cne,  in 
cch,  lor 
."  The 
ngham's 


lorizcd 
el  and 

,  to  en- 
li  spirit 

,  take  nil 
nnon  was 
inon  from 
icnilcd  on 
ipplic'd. 

',  of  land 
its  iVom 
title  of 


icy 


and 


at  right, 
lividual. 

tul  Con- 
cho colo- 


nt  of  tlicir 
to  consiiUr 
and  tlioso 
pusilliir.i- 
U  haunted 
censure  o" 
fence.    The 
uck  out  in 
to  restrain 
ue  it.    Our 
nsurcs;  !«'' 
been  pretty 
trade  was 


.-..^^ 


■**(W_    «^- 


v'-^ 


1776,1 
met  at 
of  Indoi 
The  del] 

%  this  acl 
act  of  the  [ 

'^'P.  of  ,v]|l 

f^nventioil 
ordered  it  [ 
'''c  action  | 

1776. 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


351 


1776,  July  2.  —  Tho  provincial  congroas  of  Now  Jorsoy 
adopted  "  Tho  Cunatitution  of  Now  Jersey,"  whicli  had  been 
propured  by  a  coiumitteo. 

'I'liiH  couimittci'  n-jMH-ti'd  tlii'  coiiNtitution  Juno  2-1,  two  (lnyn  iiflrr  its  appoint- 
ment. TliiH  foiiNtitutiiin  kept  in  forco  »ixty-i'i^ht  years.  IFiiiliT  it  the  first  Mtiito 
liginlalure  met  at  I'riiK'eton,  August  27,  and  olfctod  William  Living.iton  gov- 
iTnor. 

1776,  July  4.  —  Tho  Continental  Congres.q,  sitting  as  a  com- 
mittee of  tho  wiiolo,  iioeoptotl  tho  dechinition.  In  tlio  evening 
tlio  C()ri\iiiitteo  rone,  and  tho  chairman  announced  tho  dechiration 
hid  been  agreed  upon.  It  was  then  voted  upon,  and  tho  twelve 
colonics  unanimously  accepted  it  as  "  Tho  declaration  by  tho 
Representatives  of  tho  United  iStates  of  America  iu  Congress 
Assembled." 

Congress  ordered  tho  declaration  to  be  printed  under  tho  supervision  of  the 
committee  tliiit  reported,  nnd  fonies  to  be  sent  the  eoiuniitteeii  and  eonventions, 
and  also  tliu  coninianding  oflicers  of  the  army  to  proehiini  it  to  tlic  troops  and 
thu  people  in  each  of  the  states.  It  also  appointed  Benjamin  rranklin,  John 
Ailanis,  and  Tlionias  Jeflerson  a  coiuniittee  to  prepare  a  design  for  n  seal  of  the 
United  States  of  America. 

1776,  July  6.  —  Tlio  news  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  received  at  Now  York. 

The  liing's  leaden  statue  in  Bowling  Green  was  taken  down  and  run  into 
bullets.     The  Episcopal  clergymen  shut  up  their  churches. 

1776,  July  7.  —  The  northern  army  fell  back  from  Crown 
Point  to  Ticonderoga. 

A  council  of  war  had  d(  eidcd  Crown  Point  nntenahle.  Congress  declared  that 
by  appointing  Gates  to  the  eonmiund  they  had  no  intention  to  supersede  Schuyler, 
and  recommended  both  generals  to  act  in  harmony.  Tho  small-pox  was  very 
virulent  in  the  army ;  by  death  and  desertion  it  lost  in  three  months  al)out  five 
thousand  men,  and  of  the  five  thousand  remaining,  two  thousand  were  on  the  sick 
list. 

1776,  .July  9.  —  The  new  provincial  congress  of  Now  York 
met  at  White  Plains,  and  gave  their  banction  to  tho  Declaration 
of  Independence. 

The  delegates  had  been  elected  with  authority  to  form  a  government  for  the  stiite. 
The  instructions  of  the  delegates  from  New  York  had  not  permitted  them  to  vote. 
By  this  action  of  the  provincial  congress,  the  declaration  was  made  tlio  unanimous 
actof  the  Thikteen  United  Statks.  The  document  was  referred  to  a  commit- 
tee, of  which  John  Jay  was  the  chairman.  Tlieir  report  was  favorable,  and  the 
convention  resolved  to  support  the  declaration  with  thoir  lives  and  fortunes,  and 
ordered  it  sent  to  the  county  committees.  Tiicir  proceedings  they  announced  as 
tlie  action  of  the  representatives  of  the  state  of  New  York. 

1776,  July  9.  —  Washington  communicated  the  Declaration  to 


i"^  iif  if 


352 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


ill 


the  army  in  a  general  order,  which,  with  the  Declaration,  was 
read  at  six  in  the  evening  at  the  head  of  each  brigade,  and  dis- 
tributed in  copies  freely  to  the  men. 

In  tills  order  he  said:  "  The  General  hopes  this  important  event  will  serve  as 
an  incentive  to  every  officer  and  soldier  to  act  with  fidcdity  and  courage,  »;■  know- 
ing that  now  the  peace  and  safety  of  his  country  depend  (under  God)  solely  on 
the  success  of  our  arms ;  and  that  he  ^s  in  the  service  of  a  state  possessed  of 
sufficient  power  to  reward  his  merit  and  advance  him  to  the  highest  honors  of  a 
free  country."  "The  expressions  and  behavior  of  officers  and  men  testified 
their  wai.ncst  approbation,"  wrote  Washington  subsequently. 

1776,  July  12.  —  The  committee  of  Congress  appointed  to 
draw  up  articles  of  confederation,  reported  a  plan. 

Eighty  copies  were  ordered  printed  for  the  use  of  the  members,  who  were 
enjoined  to  carefully  avoid  making  tlicm  public.  The  plan  presented  was  dmwn 
up  by  John  Dickenson.  On  tlie  29th  of  July,  John  Adams  wrote  :  "  One  great  ques- 
tion is  liow  we  shall  vote,  —  v.'liethcr  each  colony  shall  h.ave  one,  or  whether  each 
shall  have  weight  in  proportion  to  its  number  or  wealth,  or  imports  and  exports, 
or  a  compound  r.atio  jf  all?  Another  is,  whether  Congress  shall  have  authority  to 
limit  the  din<ensions  of  each  colony,  to  prevent  those  whi(;h  claim  by  procLima- 
tion,  or  commission,  to  the  South  Sea,  so  as  to  bo  dangerous  to  the  rest."  The 
press  of  I    siness  prevented  any  further  action  being  taken  with  this  plan. 

1776,  July  15.  —  A  state  convention  of  Pennsylvania  assembled 
at  Fhilodelphia  and  took  the  government  of  the  state  into  their 
ovn  hands. 

The  assembly  continued  to  meet,  but  could  not  get  a  quorum,  and  expired  in 
September  in  protesting  against  the  new  order  of  things. 

1776,  July  18.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  approved  tlie 
actioii  of  Congress,  and  solemnly  engaged  to  support  it  with 
th<^ir  "  lives  and  fortunes." 

The  legal  title  ot  the  colony  was  clianged  to  that  of  "  the  State  of  Rhode 
Island  and  Providence  Plantations."  The  records  of  this  session  end  with  the 
words  "  God  save  the  United  States." 

1776,  July  19.  —  Congress  resolved  that  the  "  declaratio.i, 
passed  on  the  4th,  be  lairly  engrossed  on  parchment,  with  the  title 
and  style  of  '  Tho  unanimous  Declaration  of  the  Thirteen  United 
States  of  America,'  and  that  the  saitio,  wiicn  engrossed,  be  signed 
by  every  r^ember  of  Congress." 

The  ^  •■  iral  says,  August  2 :  "  The  declaration  being  engrossed  and  compared 
at  the  table,  was  signed  by  the  members."  Jefferson  says  it  was  generally  signed 
on  tlie  4th.  If  it  was  so  sigi^ed,  that  copy  is  not  known  to  be  in  existence.  John 
Adams  writes  i^n  the  9th  of  July:  "As  soon  as  an  Aiu'.rican  seal  is  prepared, I 
conjecture  tlie  Declaration  •  ill  be  superscribed  by  all  the  members."  The 
engrossed  cojjy  is  preserved  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  An  engrav- 
ing of  it,  with  fac-similos  of  the  signatures,  wa&  published  in  1819.  The  engrossed 
copy  was  signed  by  the  following  fifty-si"  delegates :  New  Hampshire,  Joslah 
Bartlett,  William  Whipple,  Matthew  Thornton.    Massachusetts,  Jf^lin  Hancock, 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


353 


Siiniucl  AJams,  John  Adams,  Robert  Trent  Paino,  Elbridgc  Gerry.  Sliode  Island, 
Stephen  Hopkins,  William  EUery.  Connecticut,  Roger  Sherman,  Samuel  Hun- 
tington, William  Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott.  New  Yorlc,  William  Eloyil,  Philip 
Livingston,  Francis  JA'wis,  Lewis  JS'orris.  New  Jersey,  Richard  Stockton,  John 
Witherspoon,  Francis  llopkinson,  John  Hart,  Abrani  Clark.  Pennsylvania, 
IJohert  Morris,  Benjamin  Ru«h,  Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Morton,  George  Clymor, 
.Iiuiies  Smith,  George  Taylor,  James  Wilson,  George  Ross.  Delaware,  Caesar 
Kodney,  George  Read,  Thomas  McKean.  Maryland,  Samuel  Chase,  William 
I'aca,  Thomas  Stone,  Cliarles  Carroll  of  Carrolton.  Virginia,  George  Wythe, 
liichard  Henry  Lee,  Thomas  Jefferson,  Benjamin  Harrison,  Thomas  Nelson,  Jr., 
Francis  Lightt'oot  Lcc,  Carter  Braxton.  North  Carolina,  William  Hooper,  Joseph 
llewes,  John  Penn.  South  Carolina,  Edward  Rutledge,  Thomas  TIeywood,  Jr., 
Thomas  Llynch,  Jr.,  Arthur  Middleton.  Ueorgia,  Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hull, 
Gforge  Walton. 

1776,  August  28.  — The  Biitish  forces,  under  Goneral  Howe, 
attacked  the  Americans  at  Brooklyn,  Long  Island,  and  were  suc- 
cessful. 

The  n"xt  night  Washington  witlidrew  his  forces  to  New  York  city,  and  Long 
Isliind  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  British.  Howe,  for  this,  was  given  the 
Order  of  the  Bath. 

1776,  Septkmber  1.  —  A  further  attempt  was  made  by  the  Howes 
to  negotiate  for  peace. 

(ienerai  Sullivan,  who  had  been  captured  by  the  British  advance  on  Long 
Island,  was  sent  with  a  verbal  message  from  the  Howes,  expressing  a  desire  to 
collier  with  son  e  members  of  Congress,  as  private  persons,  with  a  vie'\  'f  ending 
the  contest,  if  it  were  possible.  Congress  replied  that,  as  representatives  of 
irl.-iendent  state  ,  they  could  not  act  iu  their  private  capacities,  Imt  they  would 
send  a  coirinittce,  since  they  were  desirous  of  a  reasonable  peace,  and  that  the 
Howes  might  consider  thein  in  any  light  they  preferred.  Franklin,  John  Adams, 
and  Edward  Rutkdge,  chosen  such  a  committee,  met  the  Howes  on  Staten  Island; 
but  no  result  followed  the  conference,  l^ird  Howe  wrote  :  "  The  v  were  very  ex- 
plicit in  their  opinion  that  the  associated  colonies  conld  not  accede  to  any  peace 
<ir  alliance  hulas  free  and  independent  states."  The  Howes  then  issued  a  proc- 
lamation, saying  the  British  government  would  revise  the  instructions  to  the  royal 
governors,  and  all  acts  of  Parliament  in  which  the  colonies  were  aggrieved;  and 
calk'd  upon  the  people  to  judge  for  themselves  whether  it  was  not  better  for  them 
to  return  to  their  allegiance. 

177G,  Septembfr  4.  —  The  Massachusetts  lef^islature  voted 
their  "entire  satisfaction"  with  ihe  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence. 

1776,  September  14.  —  The  Americans  evacuated  New  York 
city,  and  tlio  British  occupied  it. 

1776,  SErTEM.UE:i  15.  —  A  detachment  of  the  British  landed 
near  Kipp's  Bay,  aboat  three  miles  above  New  York  city. 

The  main  body  ot'  the  army,  under  Washington,  was  encamped  at  Harlem,  and 
mlctaclinient  under  Putnam  held  the  city.  The  British  had  erected  a  battery 
<m  an  island  at  Uell  Gate,  and  armed  ships  ascended  the  East  and  North  River  at 
llic  3ai.ie  time.     Under  their  fire  tiio  landing  was  made;  and  the  troops  iiostcd  to 

23 


354 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


guard  the  spot,  panic-struck,  fled  without  resistance.  Two  brigades  from  New 
England,  brouglit  up  to  support  them,  did  the  same.  Washington,  wlio  had  come 
to  tlie  spot,  disgusted  at  sucli  conduct,  exclaimed,  throwing  his  hat  on  tlie  ground, 
"  Are  these  the  men  with  whom  I  am  to  defend  America?  "  He  was  witldn  eiglity 
paces  of  tlic  enemy,  when  his  attendants,  turnin  '  Ins  horse's  head,  hurried  hL\ 
away.  Orders  were  sent  to  Putnam,  and  he  hurriedly  withdrew,  leaving  hia  heavy 
artillery  and  stores. 

1776,  September  16.  —  A  skirmish  occurred  between  the  Brit- 
ish and  American  forces,  at  New  York,  in  wliioh  the  colonists 
repulsed  their  assailants. 

1776,  September  20.  —  The  South  Carolina  assembly  voted 
their  support  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence. 

1775,  September  20.  —  A  convention  in  ndaware,  of  delegates 
from  each  county  elected  for  this  purpose,  adopted  a  constitution 
for  the  state. 

This  convention  was  called  from  a  suggestion  of  the  assembly.  The  constitu- 
tion adopted  remained  in  force  for  sixteen  years. 

1776,  September  20.  —  A  fire  broke  out  in  New  York  city,  and 
destroyed  about  a  third  of  it. 

It  was  reported  that  the  Sons  of  Liberty  had  caused  it,  and  the  British  soldiers 
in  possession  of  tlie  city  seized  some  persons  and  throw  them  into  tlie  flames. 
The  fire  was,  however,  accidental,  and  was  heightened  by  the  drouglit  prevailing 
at  the  time. 

1776,  September  22.  —  Nathan  Hale  was  executed  as  a  spy,  at 
New  York,  by  command  3*"  General  Howe. 

Hale  was  born  at  Coventry,  Connecticut,  June  7,  1755.  He  graduated  at 
Yale  in  177'?,  and  on  the  news  of  the  battle  of  Lexington,  entered  the  army  as  a 
lieutenant,  and  was  soon  advanced  to  a  captaincy.  Wlien  the  army  retreated 
from  Long  Island,  Wasliington  desired  accurate  knowledge  of  the  movements  of 
the  British,  and  Hale  volunteered  to  gather  it.  He  entered  the  Lritish  camp  in 
disguise,  made  drawings,  and  took  memoranda;  but  on  his  return  was  appre- 
hended and  taken  before  Howe,  who  ordered  him  h.nngc  d  the  next  inorning.  His 
last  saying  was,  "  I  only  regret  that  I  have  but  one  life  to  lose  for  my  country." 

1776,  September  28.  — TIio  convention  called  in  Pennsylvania 
met  in  Philadelphia,  ai.d  adopted  a  consliiution. 

The  convention  met  July  12,  and  laid  the  constitution  thoy  had  adopted,  and 
declured  to  be  in  force,  before  the  assemlily  liolding  authority  under  the  ciiartcr. 
The  assembly  denounced  ihe  convention,  and  declared  no  obedience  was  due  to 
its  ordinances.  The  next  year,  the  state  being  tiireatencd  witli  invasion.  Congress 
appointed  Samuel  Adams,  Mr.  Duer,  and  Richard  Henry  Lee,  a  committee  to 
exercise  all  authority  iioccssary  for  the  p'-b!ic  safety  in  Ci)njuncti(,n  with  the  offi- 
cers of  the  staie.  The  officers  of  tiic  Ccitincntal  army  were  ordered  to  su'  rt 
the  authority  of  this  committee. 

1776,  September.  —  Congress  resolved  to  make  provision  for 
granting  certaiu  quantities  of  land  to  the  officers  and  soldiers 


.776. 

I  New 
,  come 
round, 
eiglity 
id  hu\ 
heavy 


ouists 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


355 


l.iptcd,  and 
ho  c'uartcr, 
WHS  due  to 
1,  Congress 
.mniittec  to 
ith  theoffl- 
to  su'     r' 


who  should  serve  through  the  war,  or  to  their  heirs  if  killed  in 
service. 

1776,  October  3.  —  A  loan  was  opened  of  five  millions  of 
dollars. 

Interest  at  four  per  cent,  was  offered,  and  loan  offices  opened  under  the  man- 
agement of  commissioners  to  be  appointed  by  the  local  authorities.  The  certifi- 
cates were  of  three,  four,  five,  six  hundrea,  and  a  thousand  dollars.  They  were 
payable  to  bearer,  and  circulated,  adding  to  the  depression. 

1776,  October  11. — The  flotilla  on  Lake  Champlain,  under 
Arnold,  was  diiveii  back  to  Ticonderoga. 

One  boat  was  captured,  and  tlie  others,  to  escape  this  fate,  vrere  run  ashore  and 
burned,  the  crews  escaping  to  the  land.  The  Americans  lost  eleven  vessels  and 
ninety  men,  the  British  three  vessels  and  fifty  men.  The  control  of  the  lake  thus 
soeured,  Carleton  with  iiis  army  took  possession  of  Crown  Point,  retiring  finally 
to  winter-quarters  down  the  lake,  as  the  works  in  Ticonderoga,  held  by  Gates  with 
about  eij^jht  thousand  men,  were  too  strong  to  be  attacked. 

On  the  3d  of  July,  Congress  hud  empowered  the  Marine  Committee  to  engage 
shipwrights  to  go  to  Lake  Champlain,  with  wages  of  tliirty-seven  and  a  half  dollars 
a  month,  and  a  lation  and  a  lialf  with  a  half  pint  of  rum.  By  the  22d  of  August 
one  sloop,  three  scliooners,  and  five  gondolas,  carrying  fifty-eight  guns,  eighty-six 
swivels,  and  four  hundred  and  forty  men,  were  built  at  Skenesborough  (Whitehall). 
Tills  flotilla,  augmented  with  six  other  vessels  subsequently  finished,  was  placed 
under  the  couuuand  of  General  Arnold,  who  on  the  llth  of  Octobc"  fought  this 
first  naval  battle  of  the  Revolution,  near  Valcour's  Island,  .against  a  fleet,  superior 
ill  numbers  and  strength,  which  had  been  constructed  witii  similar  rapidity.  Some 
of  the  material  for  the  English  vessels  had  been  brought  from  England,  and  the 
fleet  was  under  the  command  of  Captain  Pringle.  The  term  of  service  expiring, 
Gates'  army  rapidly  diminished,  and  during  the  winter  Ticonderoga  was  held  by 
a  very  small  garrison. 

1776,  October  15.  —  The  New  York  convention  ordered  all 
liides  to  be  carefully  preserved,  and  sent  to  some  place  of  safety 
north  of  the  Highlands. 

The  day  after,  Robert  R.  Livingston  a»sked  that  Congress  be  a.'^ked  to  appoint 
a  commissary  to  take  care  of  the  hides,  since  those  tliat  had  been  provided  for  the 
army  at  Ticonderoga  liad  been  sent  to  Connecticut  by  the  contractors,  and  so 
many  oi  them  wasted  that  already  they  were  scarce. 

1776,  October  18.  —  The  convention  of  delegctes  in  North 
Carolina  adopted  a  constitution  ibr  the  staf^. 

The  convention  was  called  August  1),  t  >  meet  on  the  16th  of  October,  and  met 
that  day  at  Halifax.  Jt  was  called  by  the  council  of  safety,  consisting  of  twelve 
persons,  appointed  by  the  provincial  congress,  and  pledged  to  carry  out  the 
decisions  both  of  the  provincial  and  Continental  Congress.  Tiie  call  stated  that  the 
business  of  the  convention  would  be  "  not  only  o  make  laws  for  the  good  govern- 
ment of,  but  also  to  form  a  constitution  for  this  state ;  tliat  this  last,  as  it  is  the 
oorncr-stone  of  all  law,  so  it  ought  to  be  fixed  and  permanent ;  and  that  as  it  is 
well  or  ill  ordered  it  must  tend  in  the  first  degree  to  promote  the  h.appiness  or 
misery  of  the  state."    The  convention  at  the  same  time  adopted  a  Bill  of  Righta 


356 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


im 


■which  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.     The  constitution  thus  adopted  re- 
mained in  force  sixty-nine  years. 

1776,  October  28.  — Tlio  battlo  of  Wliito  Plains  was  fought, 
in  which  the  division  under  McDougall  was  driven  from  its 
position. 

Wasliington  had  witli.lrawn  from  Manhattan  Island,  leaving  only  a  garrison  at 
Fort  Washington  of  three  tliousand  men.  lie  now  removed  his  headquarters  to 
the  west  side  of  the  Hudson. 

1776,  October.  —  A  strong  force  from  the  Carolinas  and  Vir- 
ginia marched  against  tlij  Cherokees,  who  had  begun  hostilities. 

1776.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  divided  the  county  of  Fin- 
castle  into  three  counties,  Washington,  Montgomery,  and  Ken- 
tucky. 

Fineastle  C(mnty  had  included  all  the  territory  west  of  the  mountain.".  The 
new  county  Kentucky  included  ihe  wiiole  of  the  state  of  that  name.  Tiie  settlors 
of  Transylvania  gave  up  their  plan  of  a  separate  comnmnity,  and  agreed  to  organ- 
ize under  the  authority  of  Virginia. 

1776,  October.  —  Franklin  sailed  for  France  in  the  Reprisal, 
of  sixteen  guns. 

She  was  one  of  the  new  national  frigates,  and  was  the  first  American  vessel  to 
appear  in  Europe.  Franklin,  with  Jefferson  and  Dcanc,  )iad  been  appointed  com- 
missioners to  the  French  court,  Sei)tember  26.  Deano  was  already  in  Europe; 
and,  Jefferdon  declining  the  position,  Arthur  Lee,  already  in  London,  was  ap- 
pointed in  his  place.  In  December,  Franklin  arrived,  and  Lee  joined  him.  They 
were  received  privately,  with  no  public  acknowledgment  of  their  position.  Soon 
after  their  arrival  they  addressed  a  note  to  Lord  Stormont,  th"  British  ainba.ssador 
at  Paris,  proposing  to  exchange  some  English  prisoners,  brought  to  France  by 
American  privateers,  for  Americans  held  as  prisoners  by  the  English.  The  note 
was  answered,  on  a  slip  of  paper,  as  follows :  "  The  king's  ambassador  receives 
no  application  from  rebels,  unless  they  come  to  implore  his  majesty's  mercy."  The 
commissioners  returned  the  slip  for  his  lordship's  "  better  consideration."  ^ 

1776.  —  The  British  this  year  —  and  for  six  after  —  used  sev- 
eral cc  idemned  hulks,  moored  in  Wallabout  Bay,  as  prison-ships 
for  prisoners  ;  and  it  has  been  estimated  that  eleven  thousand 
five  hundred  Americans  died  in  these  plague-sliips. 

The  dead  bodies  were  thrown  overl)onrd,  and  for  many  years  the  tides  used  to 
wash  up  tlie  hones.  In  1808  they  were  collected,  and  laid  in  a  vault  near  the 
present  navy-yard. 

1776.  —  Hampton  Sidney  College  was  founded  in  Prince 
Edward  County,  Virginia,  by  the  Presbvterians. 

1776.  —  Mexico  was  divided  into  twelve  intendancies  and  three 
provinces. 

Those  were  New  Mexico,  Upper  and  Lower  California,  and  the  intendancies  of 
Durango,  Sonora,  San  Luis  Potosi,  Z.;eatecas,  Cfuadalaxara,  Guanaxuato,  Valla- 
dolid,  Mexico,  Puebla,  Vera  Cruz,  Oaxaca,  and  Yucatan. 


fisal, 


Soon 

aasador 

ranee  by 

The  note 

reeeivt'S 

■."  The 

i 

ed  eev- 
nsliips 


Trinco 
x>d  three 

idancics  of 
.ati),  Valla- 


.i,i 


1776.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


357 


1776.  —  Watson  and  Ledyard,  who  had  a  paper-mill  at  East 
Hartford,  supplied  the  paper  for  a  weekly  issue  of  eight  thousand 
to  tlio  Hartford  papers,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  writing-paper 
used  in  the  colony  and  by  the  army. 

1776,  October.  —  Jefferson  was  appointed  chairman  of  the 
committee  to  revise  the  constitution  of  Virginia.  Ho  had  declined 
a  re-election  to  Congress. 

The  work  occiipied  two  years  and  a  half.  The  bills  cutting  off  entail,  abolish- 
ing primogeniture,  tlio  bill  for  religious  freedom,  and  relief  from  taxation  for  the 
support  of  the  established  Church,  were  proposed  by  Jefferson;  and  he  was  so 
proud  of  his  success  in  remodelling  the  constitution,  that  he  directed  the  epitaph 
lie  dictated  to  mention  that  he  was  the  author  "  of  the  statute  of  Virginia  for  re- 
ligious freedom." 

1776,  November  6,  —  A  motion  in  the  House  of  Commons  to 
revise  the  acts  of  parliament  by  which  the  colonies  thought  them- 
selves aggrieved,  was  lost  by  a  large  majority. 

1776,  November  8.  —  A  convention  in  Maryland  adopted  a 
1  onstitution  lor  the  state. 

This  convent!  in  was  called  by  a  convention  exercising  the  authority  of  gov- 
ernment, on  the  3d  of  .July,  "for  the  express  purpose  of  forming  a  new  govern- 
ment by  the  autliority  of  <he  people  only,  and  enacting  and  ordering  all  things  for  the 
preservation,  safety,  and  general  weal  of  the  colony."  The  convention  thus  called 
iuloptcd  a  Bill  of  Rights  on  the  3d  of  November,  in  which  the  freedom  of  the 
press  was  ncognized.  The  constitution  thus  adopted  remained  in  force  for 
Beventy-five  yi-ars. 

1770,  November  16.  —  Congress  proposed  a  convention  of  the 
New  liliiglund  States,  to  meet  at  Providence,  to  consider  the  cur- 
rency. 

1776,  Novembf:r  16.  —  Fort  Washington  was  captured. 

The  Britisli  took  possession  of  tlie  west  side  of  the  Hudson  River.  By  this 
capture  liie  British  obtained  about  two  thousand  prisoners  and  a  large  quantity 
of  artillery. 

1776,  November  20.  —  Fort  Lee  was  evacuated  by  the  Ameri- 
Cc'i:  J  under  Greneral  Greene. 

'.'lie  baggage,  artillery,  and  stores  were  left  to  the  British. 

1776,  November  23.  —  Congress  empowered  the  commission- 
ers ill  each  department  to  appoint  persons  to  take  charge  of  the 
hides  and  taUc     in  each  district. 

It  was  stated  in  Congress,  on  Decembor  4,  that  one  third  of  the  soldiers  at 
TiconJoroga  had  no     iocs. 

1770,  November  24.  —  The  British  under  Cornwallis  entered 
the  Jerseys,  the  American  forces  retreating. 

.'.iring  til  operations  at  New  York,  the  provincial  congress  was  obliged  by 
the  movements  of  the  armies  to  change  its  place  of  meeting  to  Harlem,  King's 


it 


t-v.:i  s'la^s 


358 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1776. 


I 


Bridge,  Philip's  Manor,  Croton  River,  and  Fislikill,  sitting  nt  times  armed,  in 
order  to  be  prepared  apiinst  surprise.  Tliere  was  fear  lest  the  Tories  should  riHo 
and  openly  join  the  British.  A  committee  was  appointed,  of  which  Jay  was  the 
chairinun,  "for  inquiring  into,  detecting,  and  defeating  conspiracies."  Greiit 
numbers  of  Tories  were  arrested.  Though  many  of  them  were  sent  away,  the 
jails,  and  sometimes  the  churches,  were  crowded  with  them.  Their  personal 
property  was  confiscated  to  the  state.  When  released,  they  were  required  to  give 
bonds  not  to  go  from  witliin  certain  limits.  These  prompt  measures  repressed, 
them. 

1776.  —  During  the  British  occupution  of  Now  York,  there 
were  four  daily  papers  published,  and  the  proprietors  so  arraugcd 
their  issue  as  to  have  one  paper  appear  each  day. 

Rivington's  Royal  Gazette  appeared  every  Wednesday  and  Saturday;  Hugh 
Gaine's  Gazette  or  Mercui-y,  on  Mondays ;  Robertson,  Mills,  and  lliclcs's  Royal 
American  Gazette,  on  Thursdays ;  and  Lewis's  Ne.w  York  Mercury  and  General 
AdveHiser,  on  Fridays.  It  has  been  said  that  one  of  these  was  also  publislied  uii 
Tuesdays. 

1776,  December  2.  —  A  British  fleet,  under  Sir  Peter  Parker, 
appeared  oft'  Block  Island,  and  an  army  of  six  thousand  meu, 
under  General  Clinton,  took  possession  of  Newport. 

Newport  was  taker  on  the  8th.  There  was  no  defence.  Commodore  Hopkins, 
with  several  ships,  escaped  up  the  bay,  and  were  blockaded  at  Providence. 

1776,  December  2.  —  Washington  and  his  army  entered  Tren- 
ton, New  Jersey,  and  the  stores  and  baggage  were  transpoited 
over  the  Delaware. 

His  army  did  not  exceed  four  thousand  men,  exclusive  of  the  division  in  tlic 
Highlands  under  Heath,  and  the  corps  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson  under  Leo. 
They  were  very  illy  provided  in  all  requisite  stores.  Many  of  the  militia  left  iw 
their  terms  were  approaching  :  the  continentals  had  been  enlisted  for  only  a  year. 
The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  had  retired  first  to  Burlington,  then  to  Pittstown, 
and  then  to  Ilattonfield,  where  it  dissolved.  In  Philadelphia  the  retreat  produced 
great  excitement,  l^utnam  had  been  sent  there  to  take  the  command.  Mifflin 
raised  a  militia  force  of  fifteen  hundred  men,  and  joined  Washington  at  Trenton, 
80  that,  on  December  7,  he  advanced  again  upon  Princeton :  but,  Cornwallis  ap- 
proaching, he  again  crossed  the  Delaware,  and,  securing  all  the  boats,  the  British 
were  forced  to  remain  at  Trenton. 

1776.  —  The  Congress  selected  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  which 
had  been  a  naval  station  for  the  king's  ships,  to  be  the  site  for 
one  of  its  navy-yards ;  and  two  frigates,  of  thirty-six  guns  eacii, 
were  ordered  to  be  built  there. 

1776,  December.  —  Thomas  Johnson  was  elected  governor  of 
Maryland,  under  the  new  constitution. 

1776,  December.  —  John  McKinley  v/as  elected  president  of 
Delaware,  under  the  new  constitution. 

1776,  December  11.  —  Congress,  by  resolution,  conferred,  for 
six  months,  the  extraordinary  power  upon  Washington  to  take 


176. 


177G.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


359 


a,  in 
1  rise 
i8  the 
Great 
y,  the 
rsonal 
o  give 
ircssed. 


there 


whatever  ho  might  want  for  the  army,  if  the  owners  refused  to 
soil  at  a  reasoiiablo  price,  and  to  arrest  those  who  refused  to  take 
the  Continental  curroncy.  He  was  also  given  power  to  displace 
any  officer  under  the  rank  of  brigadier,  and  to  iill  vacancies  thus 
created. 

1776,  Decemiier  18.  —  The  convention  of  Nortli  Carolina  agreed 
upon  a  constitution,  under  which  Richard  Caswell  was  chosen 
governor. 

1776,  December.  —  The  term  of  service  approac  ling  its  end, 
another  army  was  enlisted. 

This  onlistiuont  was  piiicl  at  tliP  end  of  their  term.  A  coinniittco  of  Congress 
hiul  visited  the  eaiiii)  at  Harlem  and,  in  consultation  with  Washington,  matured  a 
phm  for  anotlier  army,  to  conBijt  of  eighty-eigiit  hattalions,  of  seven  hundred  and 
fiity  men  each.  Massachusetts  and  Virginia  were  to  furnish  each  fifteen  battal- 
ions; Pennsylvania,  twelve;  North  Carolina,  nine;  Connecticut  eight;  South 
l-'arolina  six  ;  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  each,  four;  New  Hampshire  and  Mary- 
land, eacli,  three;  Rhode  Island,  two;  Delaware  and  'Jeorgia,  each,  one.  Bat- 
talions were  substituted  for  regiments,  to  avoid  the  raiik  of  colonel,  which  had 
iniule  dilTicultics  in  exchanging  prisoners.  The  men  were  to  be  enlisted  for  tho 
war,  and  at  the  end  of  their  service  to  be  entitled  to  a  bounty  of  one  hundred 
acres.  Colonels  were  to  have  five  hundred  acres,  and  other  ofiiceru  in  proportion 
t)  their  r  ink.  Twenty  dollars  bounty  was  to  be  given  each  recruit.  It  was  found 
necessary,  however,  to  take  recruits  for  three  years,  though  to  these  no  land  was 
to  I)C  given.  Tlie  states  were  to  enlist  their  quotas,  and  provide  their  arms  and 
clothing ;  the  expense,  together  with  the  pay  and  support,  to  be  a  common  charge. 
The  company  and  battalion  officers  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  states,  and  com- 
missioned by  Congress.  The  articles  of  war  were  made  more  strict.  National 
foimderies  and  workshops  for  military  stores  were  established  at  Carlisle,  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  Springfield,  MassachuseUs.  The  recruiting  proceeded  slowly,  and 
Massachusetts  ottered  an  extra  bounty  of  sixty-six  dollars,  other  states  doing  tho 
same.  The  states  were  behindhand  in  the  appointment  of  their  officers,  and  with- 
out them  enlisting  could  not  begin.  On  December  27,  Congress  authorized  Wash- 
ington to  enlist  tnid  officer  sixteen  additional  battalions,  with  three  regiments  of 
artillery,  a  corps  of  engineers,  and  three   thousand  light-horse. 

1776,  December  20.  —  Congress  met  at  Baltimore. 

It  continued  to  hold  tho  session  there  until  March,  1777. 

1776.  —  TiHi  provincial  congress  of  New  York  offered  premi- 
ums of  one  hundred,  seventy-five,  and  fifty  pounds  \o  tho  first 
three  powder-mills  erected,  capable  of  making  ono  huaurod 
pounds  a  week. 

1776.  —  The  provincial  congress  of  Virginia  resolved  to  build 
a  Hictovy  of  nitre,  in  Halifax  Coimty,  and  pay  one  shilling  a  pound 

for  it. 

It  also  appropriated  five  hundred  pounds  for  a  powder-mill. 

1776.  —  North  Carolina  offered  two  hundred  pounds  for  the 


360 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1776-7. 


first  fivo  hundred  weight  of  gunpowder,  and  one  hundred  pouuda 
for  the  first  thousand  pounds  ol"  refined  sulphur. 

Tlic  supply  of  powder  was,  however,  inadequate,  and  mucli  was  imported.  A 
considerable  amount  was  also  obtained  by  capture. 

1776,  Di:cEMni;u  26.  —  Washington  crossed  tlio  Delaware  with 
his  army,  and  attacked  and  routed  the  advanced  post  of  the 
Hessians  at  Trenton. 

About  a  thousand  prisoners  wore  taken,  and  six  cannons.  The  British  retired 
to  I'rinceton,  and  Washington  rcoccupied  Trenton. 

1776,  Dkckmher  27.  —  The  proposed  convention  mot  at  Provi- 
dence, Riiode  Island. 

They  recommended  no  more  paper  money  bo  issued,  unless  absolutely  neccK- 
sary,  and  that  borrowing  at  five  per  cent,  interest,  to  be  met  with  taxation,  be 
substituted.  Tiiey  also  proposed  a  scheme  for  regulating  by  law  the  prices  of 
labor  and  articles,  imported  or  of  home  make. 

1777,  January  3.  —  Washington,  at  Princeton,  Now  Jersey, 
attacked  and  deCeated  a  detacluncnt  of  the  British  army. 

The  next  day  the  American  army  vent  into  winter-quarters  at  Slorristown, 
New  Jersey.  For  six  months  no  impoitant  military  movement  was  made,  tiiout,^!) 
skirmishes  were  frequent,  in  wliieh  the  Americans  were  generally  successful. 
The  army  was  really  weak,  but  made  tiie  best  show  of  strength;  and  the  Britisii 
were  ignorant  of  its  real  condition,  being  themselves  very  short  for  forage  and 
8i;pplies.  The  recovery  of  tlie  Jerseys  by  Washington,  with  an  army  that  had 
been  supposed  to  be  almost  entirely  disorganized,  gave  Washington  i  high  repu- 
tation both  at  home  and  abroad,  where  the  fortunes  of  the  contest  were  narrowly 
watched.  One  of  its  chief  effects  was  tiie  stinnilation  of  the  recruiting.  His 
extraonlinary  powers  Washington  also  exercised  with  prudence,  and  tlie  single 
view  to  the  jjublic  good.  The  medical  department  was  reorganized,  Dr.  Shippen 
of  riiiladelphia  being  placed  in  charge  of  it.  Dr.  Craik  was  made  his  assistant, 
and  Dr.  Rush  surgeon-general  of  the  middle  department. 

1777,  January.  —  The  Cherokees  sued  for  peace,  which  was 
made  with  them. 

They  ceded  a  large  tract  of  land,  including  the  early  settlements  on  the  Ten- 
nessee. 

1777,  January  16.  —  Loan-oflfice  certificates,  in  sums  from  two 
hundred  to  ten  thousand  dollars,  were  authorized  by  Congress. 

The  amount  was  finally  made  equal  to  the  outstanding  issue  of  Continental 
billf".  Loan-offices  were  opened  in  all  the  states.  The  rate  of  interest  was  iiiiule 
finally  six  per  cent.,  and  state  bills,  as  well  as  Continental  bills,  were  taken  in 
payment.  Loans  came  in  very  slowly ;  the  loan-offices  were  overdr.'iwn,  and  tlic 
pressing  necessity  for  funds  forced  further  Issues  of  bills  of  credit,  which,  to  the 
amount  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  were  authorized  in  February  and  M.iy. 

1777.  —  TiiK  new  legislature  of  North  Carolina  erected  the  ter- 
ritory coded  hy  the  Cherokees  into  the  district  of  Washingtou, 
and  organized  a  land-office. 


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ANNAi       OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


361 


Any  one  coulil  enter  six  hundred  and  fifty  acres  of  land  for  hiinsclf,  witii  one 
hundred  for  his  wife,  and  as  much  more  for  each  of  his  children,  to  be  paid  for  at 
the  rate  of  two  pounds  ten  shillings  the  hundred  acres,  with  the  fees  for  entry 
and  survey.     A  greater  quantity  than  this  was  charged  double  price. 

1777,  January  20.  —  Congress  voted  that  an  authenticated 
copy  of  the  Declaration,  with  the  names  of  the  signers,  be  pre- 
pared and  sent  to  each  of  the  United  Sta-tes,  with  a  request  that 
it  should  be  placed  on  record. 

1777,  February  5.  —  The  convention  in  Georgia,  called  for  the 
purpose,  adopted  a  constitution  for  the  state. 

The  convention  was  called,  to  meet  at  Savannah  in  October,  by  the  president 
of  the  provincial  council,  in  whom  the  authority  of  the  government  was  vested. 
The  call  was  based  upon  the  authority  of  the  resolution  passed  by  Congress,  May 
15,  177G;  and  the  people  were  enjoined,  in  the  call,  to  adopt  a  government  v;hich 
should  "conciliate  the  affections  of  the  United  States;  for  under  their  shadow 
they  would  find  safety,  and  preserve  to  tiiemselves  their  invaluable  rights."  The 
constitution  adopted  remained  in  force  eight  years.  Under  tlie  constitution, 
Georgia  was  divided  into  eight  counties  —  four  along  the  coast,  and  four  up  the 
Sivviiunah.  Under  the  new  constitution  John  Adam  Trueilten  was  elected  gover- 
nor, May  8. 

1777,  February.  —  Letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  against 
America  were  issued  in  England. 

Parliament  also  g.ave  authority  to  secure  and  detain,  except  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Privy  Council,  without  bail  or  trial,  all  persons  accused  or  suspected  of  trea- 
8011  committed  in  America,  or  of  piracy  on  the  high  seas. 

1777,  February  15.  —  Congress,  after  discussing  the  report 
from  the  New  England  convention,  adopted  it  with  the  exception 
of  raising  the  proposed  interest  upon  the  loans  to  six  per  cent.,  and 
recommended  the  Middle  States  to  hold  a  convention,  and  the 
Southern  States  another. 

1777,  February  19.  —  Stirling,  Mifflin,  St.  Clair,  Stephen,  and 
Lincoln  were  made  major-generals. 

February  5,  ai)d  May  3.  Commissions  as  brigadiers  were  given  to  Poor,  of 
New  Hampshire;  Glover,  Patterson,  and  Learned,  of  Massachusetts;  Vurnum, 
of  llhode  Island;  Huntington,  of  Connecticut;  George  Clinton,  of  New  York; 
Wayne,  De  Haas,  Cadwalladcr,  Hand,  and  Keed,  of  Pennsylvania;  VVeedon, 
Muhlenburg,  Woodford,  and  Scott,  of  Virginia;  Nash,  of  North  Carolina;  De- 
barre,  of  France ;  Conway,  an  Irishman  who  had  served  in  the  French  army. 
At  first  the  British  refused  all  exchange  of  prisoners,  on  the  ground  that  the 
Americans  were  rebels ;  but  finally  the  matter  was  arranged  and  a  partial  ex- 
change effected.  Lee,  who  had  been  captured  in  the  retreat  through  New  Jersey, 
lield  a  liighcr  rank  than  any  prisoner  in  possession  of  the  Americans,  and  Congress 
offered  to  exchange  six  Hcseian  field  officers  for  him.  Howe  refused,  claiming 
Lee  as  a  deserter  from  the  British  army.  Congress  then  ordered  the  Hessian  offi- 
cers, together  with  two  British  officers,  to  be  put  in  prison,  and  treated  as  Lee 
^M  treated.  Howe  received  orders  to  send  Lee  to  England,  but  did  not  do  so, 
fearing  for  the  result  upon  the  officers  held  for  his  exchange,  and  the  efifect  it 


fll'F', 


m\: 


862 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1777. 


would  produco  upon  the  Hessian  troops  in  the  Eritish  army.  Finally  Lee  was 
treated  as  a  prisoner  of  war.  To  prisoners  in  New  York  were  intrusted  to  the 
Tories  there,  and  Washington  n  ^ed  to  receive  thom,  feeble  and  emaciated  from 
their  confinement  in  the  hullz«,  in    xchange  for  healthy  and  well-fed  prisoners. 

1777.  —  TiiF  assembly  of  North  Carolina  enacted  that  the  con- 
sent of  the  covinty  court  was  necessary  to  the  emancipation  of 
slaves. 

Slaves  fraed  without  this  consent  were  to  he  resold  into  slavery.  Tlie  assembly 
complained  of  the  numbers  of  slaves  set  free,  and  the  danger  there  was  in  so  doing, 

1777,  February.  —  Congress  instructed  the  commissioners  to 
Franco  to  press  the  formation  of  a  treaty,  offering  most  favorable 
terms.  Commissioners  were  also  appointed  to  other  courts  iu 
Europe. 

Fianklin  to  Spain,  and  on  his  decline,  Arthur  Lee;  William  Lee  to  Berlin  and 
Vienna,  and  Ralph  Izard  to  Florence.  Loe  was  not  permitted  to  go  to  Madrid, 
being  stopped  at  Burgos  by  an  agent  of  the  Spanish  government.  Izard  made  no 
attempt  to  visit  Florence,  but  lemained  in  Paris.  William  Lee  visited  Berlin, 
whence,  his  papers  having  been  stolen,  he  returned  to  Paris. 

1777,  March  4.  —  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia. 

It  remained  here  in  session  until  the  27th  of  September.  From  the  27th  of 
September  until  the  30th,  Congress  sat  ai,  Lancasier,  Pennsylvania.  From  Sep- 
tember 30  until  July,  1778,  at  York,  Pennsylvania.  From  July  2,  1778,  until  June 
80,  1783,  at  Philadelphia.  On  June  .SO,  1783,  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey.  On 
November  2G,  1783,  at  Annapolis,  Maryland.  On  November  30,  1784,  iit  Trenton, 
New  Jersey.  On  January  11,  1785,  Congress  met  at  New  York,  and  held  the 
sessions  in  that  city  until  1790,  when  Philadelphia  was  made  the  capital  for  ten 
years. 

1777,  March  4. — The  new  government  of  Pennsylvania  was 
organized,  with  Thomas  Wharton,  Jr.,  elected  as  pi'esident,  and 
George  Bryan  vice-president. 

1777.  —  New  Jersey  passed  a  militia  law  allowing  commutation 
on  payment  of  a  certain  sum  of  money. 

The  personal  estates  of  all  refugees  within  the  British  lines,  who  did  not  return 
within  a  certain  time,  were  confiscated.  New  York  passed  a  similar  law,  v  iiich  the 
refugees  in  New  York  city  attempted  to  retaliate  for  by  fitting  out  privateers. 

1777,  March.  —  Congress  resolved  that  state  bills  of  credit 
should  be  received  for  loan-office  certificates,  such  receipts 
counting  towards  the  payment  of  the  states'  quota  of  the  Con- 
tinental debt. 

1777,  March  23.  —  A  detachment  of  the  British  from  New 
York  city  ascended  the  Hudson,  and  destroyed  a  quantity  of 
stores  collected  at  Peekskill. 

1777,  March  26.  —  Congress  voted  to  suspend  Commodore 
Hopkins. 


[1777. 

Lee  was 
id  to  the 
ilcd  from 
jners. 

he  con- 
itioa  of 

1  assembly 
\  80  doing. 

oners  to 
avorablo 
sourts  iu 

Berlin  and 

to  Madrid, 

ird  made  no 

iited  Berlin, 


1  the  27th  of 
From  Sep- 
'8,  until  June 
Jersey.  On 
at  Trenton, 
and  held  the 
vpital  for  ten 

Ivania  was 
sident,  and 

)mmutation 

did  not  return 
.aw,  V  hieh  the 
rivatecrs. 

IS  of  credit 

•h   receipts 

[of  the  Con- 

from  Nexv 
Iquautity  of 

Commodore 


1777.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


863 


1777,  March  26.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Yorktown,  for  the 
Middle  States,  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation  of  Con- 
gress. 

New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia  were 
represented.  A  scale  of  prices  was  agreed  upon.  This  scheme,  which  was  gen- 
erally popular,  was  greatly  opposed  by  the  traders  of  all  kinds,  and  finally  fell 
into  disuse. 

1777,  April  20.  —  The  convention  in  New  York,  exercising 
the  authority  of  government,  adopted  a  constitution  ibr  the  state. 

The  draft  of  the  constitution  was  drawn  up  bp  Jolin  Jay.  The  constitution  was 
declared  "  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  people"  This  constitu- 
tion remained  in  force  forty-five  years.  It  was  the  first  which  gave  the  clioice  of 
the  governor  to  the  people.  George  Clinton  was  elected  governor  July  3.  Jay 
was  .appointed  chief  justice,  and  Robert  11.  Livingston  chancellor.  The  first  legis- 
lature met  in  September,  and  until  that  time  the  committee  of  safety  exercised 
authority.  The  constitution  gave  the  legislature  power  to  naturalize  at  its  dis- 
cretion ;  and  under  tlus  authority  naturalization  acts  for  persons  were  passed  until 
1790. 

1777,  April  27.  —  A  party  of  British  from  New  York,  under 
Governor  Tryon,  destroyed  a  quantity  of  stores  at  Danuury, 
Connecticut. 

On  the  retreat  they  were  attacked  by  the  militia  under  David  Wooster  and  Ben- 
edict Arnold.  Wooster  was  killed ;  Arnold  was  made  a  major-general,  and  pre- 
sented by  Congress  with  a  liorsc  fully  caparisoned. 

1777,  May  5.  —  The  'ritish  army  in  possession  of  Newport, 
Rhode  Island,  establisuod  a  newspaper  called  the  Newport 
Gazette. 

1777,  May  24.  —  A  quantity  of  stores  and  twelve  vessels  at 
Sag  Harbor,  collected  by  the  British,  were  destroyed  by  an  ex- 
pedition from  Connecticut  under  Colonel  Meigs. 

1777,  June  3.  —  The  Continental  Congress  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  three  to  devise  ways  and  means  of  supplying  the 
United  States  with  salt. 

The  committee  having  reported.  Congress,  on  the  13th,  passed  a  resolution 
advising  tlie  states  to  offer  such  inducements  for  its  importation  as  .shouUl  prove 
effectual.  Tlie  statos  were  also  recommended  to  hire  vessels  to  import  it ;  and 
tlie  agents  of  the  United  States  in  Europe  and  the  West  Indies  were  to  be  in- 
structed by  the  secret  committee  to  effect  its  importation.  At  the  same  time  tlio 
diflferent  states  were  urged  to  erect  and  encourage  the  erection  of  works  for 
its  manufacture.  In  1780  the  price  of  salt  is  said  to  have  reached  eight  dollars  a 
bushel.  There  were  numerous  small  works  for  its  manufacture  aH  along  the 
coast,  which  were  frequently  destroyed  by  parties  from  the  blrjkading  fleet. 
This  year  Congress  was  petitioned  to  detail  a  guard  of  one  hundrer'.  men  to  guard  a 
salt-work  it  was  proposed  to  build,  if  such  protection  could  be  scjured. 

1777,  June  14.  —  Congress  voted,  "  That  the  flag  of  the  thir- 


364 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1777. 


teen  United  States  be  thirteen  stripes,  alternately  red  and  white ; 
that  the  union  bo  thirteen  stars,  white  in  a  blue  field,  represent- 
ing a  new  constellation." 

This  order  was  not  promulgated  until  September.  With  the  new  order  of 
things  a  new  commerce  liad  opened  to  the  colonies.  Shipments  of  tobacco, 
lumber,  and  other  staples  were  made  to  Holland,  Spain,  and  France,  directly  in 
some  cases,  but  chiefly  through  tlie  West  Indies.  St.  Eustatia,  a  Dutch  island 
in  the  Caribbees,  became  a  great  port  for  this  trade,  as  it  was  a  free  port.  Con- 
gress authorized  this  year  also  the  building  of  tliree  seventy-fours,  five  frigates, 
and  one  or  two  smaller  vessels.  The  Lexington,  commanded  by  Captain  John 
Barry,  on  the  17th  of  April,  made  the  first  capture  of  an  armed  ship  (tlie  Edward; 
by  a  national  vessel.  Tlie  privateers  were  very  busy,  and  very  successful. 
Witliin  a  year  from  the  opening  of  the  war  they  captured  nearly  tliree  hundred 
and  fifty  British  vessels,  worth,  with  their  cargoes,  nearly  five  millions  of  dollars. 
The  British  West  India  Islands  felt  the  effects  of  the  war  more  than  even  the 
United  States,  fifteen  thousand  negroes,  it  is  said,  having  starved  in  Jamaica 
alone.  The  English  cruisers  retaliated  considerably  upon  American  vc'ssels,  and 
their  capture  of  provisions  chiefly  relieved  the  islands.  In  France,  American 
privateers  were  allowed  to  sell  their  prizes  despite  the  protest  of  the  English 
ambassador ;  and  vessels  to  sail  under  American  commissions  were  allowed  to  be 
secretly  fitted  out. 

1777,  July  1.  —  Burgoyne  appeared  before  Ticonderoga. 

He  had  advanced  from  Canada.  A  few  days  before  he  had  met  a  council  of 
the  Six  Nations  on  the  coast  of  Lake  Champlain,  and  some  four  hundr'  il  of  their 
warriors  joined  his  army.  He  then  issued  a  proclamation,  speaking  of  the  fury 
of  the  Indians,  the  difficulty  of  restraining  them,  and  threatening  all  who  should 
presume  to  resist  him  with  the  extremities  of  war. 

1777,  July  2.  —  Vermont  applied  to  Congress  for  admission  to 
the  Union. 

The  state  had  been  organized  January  15,  and  a  constitution  adopted.  Con- 
gress refused  the  application,  as  the  territory  was  claimed  by  New  York.  Ver- 
mont had  raised  a  Continental  regiment.  Burgoyne  issued  a  proclamation  calling 
a  convention  of  deputies  from  each  township  to  meet  for  re-establishing  the  royal 
authority.  Seliuyler  issued  another,  threatening  those  who  complied  with  Bur- 
goync's  proclamation  with  the  punishment  of  treason. 

1777,  July  6.  —  The  garrison  at  Ticonderoga,  under  St.  Clair, 
abandoned  that  place,  and  retreated  through  New  Hampshire. 

Tliey  were  pursued  by  the  British,  who  captured  the  baggage  and  stores,  and 
the  next  day  at  Hubberton  came  up  with  the  rear  and  captured  many  of  tliem. 
Tlie  garrison  at  Whitehall  abandoned  it  and  retreated  to  Fort  Edward,  on  the 
Hudson,  where  St.  Clair  with  liis  forces  joined  them.  General  Schuyler  VM 
liere,  and  the  united  northern  army  amounted  to  about  five  thousand  men,  but 
was  disorganized  and  in  want  of  supplies. 

1777,  July  13.  —  General  Prescott  was  captured  near  New- 
port by  a  small  party  who  came  over  from  the  mainland  for  the 
purpose. 

General  Prescott  had  offered  a  reward  for  the  capture  of  Arnold,  who,  in  re- 


[1777. 

yliite ; 
esent- 


jrder  of 
tobacco, 
irt'ctly  in 
2\\  island 
rt.    Con- 
!  frigates, 
tain  John 
;  Edward; 
uccessful. 
e  hundred 
of  dollars. 
I  even  the 
n  Jaiiiaica 
c'ssels,  and 
,  American 
;hc  English 
Lowed  to  be 

oga. 

1  council  of 

Ir.-il  of  their 

of  the  fury 

\  who  should 

mission  to 

loptcd.  Con- 
York.  Ver- 
nation calling 
ling  the  royal 
[ed  with  Bur- 

^r  St.  Clair, 
apshire. 
nd  stores,  and 
Inany  of  them. 
Idward,  on  the 
I  Schuyler  w« 
Isaiid  men,  but 

near  New- 
land  for  the 

old,  who,  in  i^ 


1777.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


365 


turn,  offered  linlf  as  much  for  the  capture  of  Prescott.  Hia  capture  gare  the 
Americans  a  prisoner  of  equal  rank  for  Lee,  who  had  been  taken  in  much  the  same 
way,  and  tho  exchange  was  eventually  made. 

1777.  —  With  the  spring,  in  order  to  get  reinforcements  for  tho 
northern  army,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and  Connecticut 
were  obh'gcd  to  enforce  a  draft  of  militia,  to  serve  for  a  year,  until 
the  regiments  could  bo  filled. 

Negroes  were  now  accepted,  and  many  obtained  their  freedom  by  serving.  At 
first  they  wcro  specially  prohibited.  In  tho  middle  and  southern  states,  which 
were  more  behindhand  in  recruits  than  New  England  was,  many  of  the  indented 
servants  enlisted.  Congress  having  offered  land  to  such  of  the  Hessians  as  should 
desert,  Howe  offered  money  to  such  foreigners  in  the  American  service  as  should 
leave  it.  At  Washington's  request  Congress  abandoned  a  plan  they  had  matured 
for  retaining  a  part  of  the  pay  of  indented  servants  for  compena.ating  their  mas- 
ters, leaving  this  to  be  done  at  the  public  expense,  and  declaring  all  enlisted 
servants  free. 

1777.  —  During  this  year  a  lottery  was  established,  the  profits 
of  which  wgre  to  be  devoted  to  the  expenses  of  the  government. 
It  was  not  a  success. 

1777. — During  this  year  tho  Marquis  do  La  Fayette  arrived 
with  a  ship  loaded  with  military  stores  by  Deane,  and,  offering 
his  services  in  the  army  as  a  volunteer  without  pay,  was  given 
a  commission  as  major-general,  and  entered  the  military  family 
of  Washington. 

He  was  but  nineteen,  belonged  to  a  most  distinguished  family  of  France,  and 
came  secretly,  the  French  court  liaving  forbidden  his  doing  so,  and  sent  orders  to 
intercept  him  at  the  West  Indies. 

1777,  July  29.  —  Burgoyne  with  his  army  reached  the  Hudson. 

Fort  Edward  was  abandoned  by  tlie  Americans,  who  crossed  the  river  and  re- 
tired to  Saratoga,  and  then  to  Stillwater,  just  above  the  mouth  of  the  Mohawk. 

1777,  August  1.  —  Congress  recalled  the  officers  of  the  north- 
ern army,  and  ordered  an  inquiry  into  their  conduct. 

The  order  was  soon  suspended  on  Wasliington's  representation  that  tho  army 
could  not  be  left  without  offlcevs.  The  loss  of  the  artillery  and  stores  had  ex- 
cited Congress.  The  army  was  reinforced,  Washington  declined  the  appointment 
of  a  new  general,  and  Congress  appointed  Gates. 

1777,  August  3.  —  A  detachment  of  Burgoyne'a  army  laid 
siege  to  Fort  Schuyler,  near  the  head  of  the  Mohawk. 

Schuyler  sent  Arnold  with  three  regiments  to  support  the  garrison,  and  with 
the  rest  of  his  army  withdrew  to  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk  and  Hudson. 

1777,  August  16.  —  The  Americans,  under  John  Starl'-,  at- 
tacked a  detachment  of  Burgoyne's  army  at  Bennington,  Ver- 
laont,  and  defeated  them. 

Stark  had  resigned  his  Continental  commission  aa  colonel,  and  accepted  the 


366 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1777. 


'"[TTffi 


command  of  a  force  of  New  Hampshire  militin,  which  had  been  raised  after  the 
Hurrcndcr  of  Ticondcrogn,  at  the  expense  of  John  Langdon.  The  result  of  this 
engagement  was  the  capture  of  about  six  hundred  prisoners,  a  quantity  of  mil- 
itary stores,  and  four  pieces  of  artillery. 

1777,  August  22. — A  detachment  of  the  American  forces, 
under  Sullivan,  landed  oi'  Staten  Island,  surprised  two  regi- 
ments of  Tories,  and  captured  a  number  of  prisoners. 

Tiic  papers  of  some  of  the  Quaker  societies  on  the  island  being  captured, 
Congress,  on  their  examination,  advised  the  council  of  P'.iiladclphia  to  arrest 
eleven  of  tiie  wealthiest  leading  Quakers  of  that  city,  among  them  Tlionms 
Wharton,  the  father  of  the  recently  elected  president  of  Pennsylvania.  A  few 
weeks  before,  John  Ponn,  the  late  governor,  and  others  had  been  obliged  to  give 
their  parole,  and  were  now  sent  as  prisoners  to  Fredericksburg,  Virginia.  Con- 
gress recommended  all  the  states  to  arrest  all  persons  "who  have  in  tlieir  general 
conduct  and  conversation  evinced  a  disposition  inimical  to  the  cause  of  America," 
•^nd  also  to  seize  tiie  records  of  the  Quaker  meetings,  and  send  such  portions  as 
related  to  politics  to  Congress  for  examination. 

1777,  August  22,  —  Schuyler  was  superseded  by  Gates. 

Stark's  victory  revived  the  courage  of  the  people,  and  recruits  came  flocking 
to  the  northern  army. 

1777,  August  22.  —  The  British  at  Fort  Schuyler  retreated, 
and  left  to  Arnold  the  greater  part  of  their  stores  and  baggage. 

The  Indians  began  to  desert  from  Burgoyne's  army. 

17*^7,  AUGUST  27.  —  Thb  British,  under  General  Howe,  from 
New  York,  landed  on  the  north-eastern  branch  of  Chesapeake 
Bay. 

As  soon  as  the  stores  and  baggage  were  landed,  the  army,  in  two  columns, 
began  the  march  to  Philadelphia,  'listant  about  sixty  miles.  On  landing,  Howe 
iiisued  a  proclamation  offering  pardon  to  those  who  had  been  active  in  rebellion 
if  tliey  would  now  submit,  and  peace  and  security  to  those  who  should  remain 
quiet. 

1777,  September  2.  —  Washington,  having  marched  through 
Philadelphia,  stationed  his  army  at  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

He  had  about  fifteen  thousand  men,  though  his  sick  list  diminished  this  force 
to  about  eleven  thousand.  Tlie  militia  of  Maryland  and  Virginia  had  not  arrived. 
The  Pennsylvania  militia  numbered  thirty  thousand  as  enrolled,  but  not  more 
than  three  thousand  could  be  mastered,  A  portion  of  the  New  Jersey  militia  had 
been  recalled  to  act  against  the  British  in  that  state  under  Sir  Henry  Clinton.  In 
Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  the  Tories  were  numerous,  but  a  corps  from  Dela- 
ware, under  Cxsar  Rodney,  took  the  field. 

1777,  September  11.  —  Washington  with  his  army  retired 
behind  the  Brandywine,  where  a  battle  occurred,  and  the  Amer- 
icans were  driven  back. 

The  Americans  retired  to  Chester,  then  to  Philadelphia,  and  from  there  to 
(rcrmantown. 


W: 


1777. 

ftor  tho 
of  this 
of  miU 

forcefl, 
)   regi- 

[laptured, 
to  arrest 
T\ionin8 
;.     A  few 
ed  to  give 
lia.    Con- 
lir  general 
America," 
)ortioiis  as 


IS. 

no  flocking 

retreated, 
baggage. 

»we,  from 
iiesapeake 

0  columns, 
Inding,  Howe 

in  rebellion 
Ivould  remain 

id  througli 
laro. 

Jicd  this  force 
|d  not  arrived. 

jut  not  more 
|ey  militia  Iwl 
Clinton.    1" 

[s  from  Dc)a- 

ly  retired 
the  Amer- 

1  from  there  tp 


1777.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


367 


1777,  September  12.  —  A  party  of  British  entered  Wil- 
mington. 

Tlicy  mode  McKinley,  the  president  of  tho  state,  a  prisoner,  and  seized  a 
TCSBcl  on  which  were  the  public  records  and  much  valuable  property. 

1777,  September  17.  —  Ticonderoga  was  besieged  by  the 
Americans. 

Burgoync's  comraxinications  with  his  base  were  thus  cul  off,  and  his  provisions 
were  becoming  scant.     His  forage  was  exhausted,  and  hia  hors.s  were  dying. 

1777,  September  19.  —  Tho  battle  of  Bemus'  Heights  was 
fouglit  between  the  British,  under  Burgoyne,  and  tho  Americans, 
under  Gates. 

Gates  had  taken  up  a  position  at  this  point,  and  was  attacked.  Tho  field  re- 
mained in  possession  of  the  British,  the  Americans  retiring  to  tlieir  camp.  Both 
parties  claimed  the  victory,  but  the  British  loss  was  the  gnater,  while  tho  effect 
was  decidedly  in  favor  of  the  Americans,  since  it  gave  theui  courage,  stimulated 
recruits,  and  increased  their  moi'ale. 

1777,  September  22.  —  Howe  with  his  army  crossed  the  Schuyl- 
kill, and  placed  himself  between  Washington's  forces  and  Phil- 
adelphia. 

T''i8  forced  tho  abandonment  of  Philadelphia,  since  Washington's  army  was 
in  no  condition  for  an  engagement,  being  sadly  deficient  in  clothing  o,nd  supplies 
of  all  kinds.  The  abandonment  of  Thiladelphia  being  foreseen,  tho  military 
Btorcs  had  been  remove'  ind  Hampton,  one  of  Washington's  aides,  was  senc  to 
secure  in  Philadelphia  t'  J  shoos,  blnri'^ts,  and  clothing  which  the  city  could  sup- 
ply before  they  fell  into  the  handf.  of  the  enemy.  Congress,  before  retiring  from 
the  city,  gave  Washington  extraordinary  powers  for  sixty  days,  and  then  for  twice 
this  time.  He  could  suspend  officers,  fill  vacancies,  and  take  supplies  for  the 
army  where  he  could  find  them,  giving  certificates  for  them;  and  could  also 
secure,  for  tho  owners,  such  goq^s  as  would  prove  serviceable  to  the  eneny. 
Subsequently,  while  at  York,  Congress  gave  Washington  authority  to  seize  f.nd 
try  by  court-martial  all  persons  within  thirty  miles  of  any  town  occupied  by  the 
British,  wlio  should  give  them  any  information  or  aid. 

1777,  September  25.  —  Howe  with  his  army  occupied  Phil- 
adelphia. 

The  Tories  there  welcomed  him.  Among  others,  Duch6,  who  had  been  selected 
as  the  minister  to  open  the  first  session  of  Congress  with  prayer,  wrote  to  Wash- 
ington, advising  him  to  desert  the  ungodly  cause  in  which  he  was  engaged.  The 
bulk  of  the  British  army  was  encamped  at  Gcrmantown. 

1777,  October  4.  —  The  Americans,  from  their  camp  on  the 
Schuylkill,  surprised  the  British  camp  at  Germantown. 

Washington  had  heard  that  two  detachments  of  the  British  army  had  been  sent 
—the  one  to  remove  the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware,  an'.',  the  other  to  guard  a 
train  of  provisions  from  Chester,  which  the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware  obliged 
tlie  British  to  transport  by  land.  The  surprise,  which  was  at  first  complete,  was, 
OQ  account  of  the  darkness,  changed  into  a  defeat.     After  the  first  surprise  the 


?»,\i 


■fuK;;?--'' 


4 


368 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1777. 


discipline  of  the  British  troops  enabled  them  to  rally,  and  their  superior  knowl- 
edge of  the  town  gave  tlicm  the  ndv.intuge. 

1777,  October  5.  —  The  posts  on  the  Hudson  aiirrouderocl  to 
the  British,  who  ascended  the  river  from  New  York. 

Gates  had  the  knowlc(l;jro  uf  this,  and  that  an  attempt  would  bo  made  to  Jup- 
port  Burgoyne.  After  beginning  tli<j  negotiutlons  for  surrender,  Burgoyno  hoard 
of  it  from  a  deserter,  but  on  contiullivtiua  with  his  officers  concluded  to  luaintain 
his  agreement. 

1777,  October  9. —  Burgoyno  with  hia  army  fell  back  upon 
Saratoga. 

1777,  October  16.  —  Burgoyno  surrendered. 

The  troops  were  to  march  out  with  the  honors  of  war,  lay  down  their  arms, 
and  be  transported  from  Boston  to  England,  under  an  engagement  not  to  serve 
against  the  United  States  until  exchanged.  The  number  surrendered  was  five 
thousand  six  hundred  and  forty-two,  the  previous  losses  of  the  army  being  about 
four  thousand. 

1777,  October  30.  —  Congress  directed  the  board  of  war  to 
write  to  the  government  of  New  York,  urging  that  the  lead 
mines  in  that  state  be  worked,  and  promising  to  supply  prisoners 
of  war  for  the  purpose,  if  necessary. 

The  Livingston  mine  at  Atcram  was  worked  during  the  war.  The  scarcity  of 
lead  caused  the  lead  gutters  and  roofs  to  be  taken  up  and  run  into  bullets.  Tiie 
lead  statue  of  tlie  king  erected  in  New  York  in  1770  was  melted  up  in  the  family 
of  Governor  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  and  made  42,000  bullets. 

1777,  October.  —  Congress  adopted  the  rule  for  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  quotas  to  bo  assessed  upon  the  states. 

All  property  in  slaves  was  exempted  froir  assessment. 

1777,  November  10.  —  The  British  captured  the  works  defend- 
ing the  obstructions  in  the  Delaware,  and,  removing  them,  opened 
their  connection  with  the  fleet. 

1777,  November.  —  Congress,  in  session  at  York,  Pennsylvania, 
organized  a  new  board  of  war,  consisting  of  persons  not  members 
of  Congress. 

John  Adams  was  sent  as  a  commissioner  to  France,  and  Silas  Deanc  was  re- 
called to  give  an  account  of  his  proceedings.  Hancock  resigned  as  president  of 
Congress,  and  Henry  Laurens,  of  South  Carolina,  was  elected  to  the  position. 

1777.  —  The  amount  of  bills  of  credit  issued  this  year  was 
thirty-four  millions. 

In  November  and  December  each,  a  million  was  issued.  The  depreciation 
which  had  begun  in  the  spring  had  increased. 

1777,  November  15.  —  Copies  of  the  articles  of  the  plan  for 
confederation  were  ordered  transmitted  to  the  legislatures  of 
the  various  states,  with  the  recommendation  that  their  delegates 


[1777. 

•  knowl- 
rocl  to 

I  to  3Up- 
no  heaid 
luaintiiin 

k  upon 


leir  arms, 
t  to  serve 
1  was  Ave 
eing  about 

f  war  to 
the  lead 
prisoners 

I  scarcity  of 
lUets.  The 
1  the  family 

distribu- 


1777.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


369 


defend- 
in,  opened 


cs 


insylvania, 
members 

leanc  was  re- 
president  of 
position. 

year  was 
depreciation 

le  plan  foj 
slatures  ot 
delegates 


bo  authorized  to   ratify  them  in  the  Congress  of  the  United 
States. 

Tliirtoen  copies  were  ordered  made,  and  signed  by  tbe  president  of  Congress, 
Henry  I^aurens,  and  on  the  21)tli  tiiey  were  ordered  translated  into  French  and 
sent  to  Canada.  With  tliein  was  sent  a  circtiliir  letter,  which  said  :  •'  Permit  us, 
tlicn,  earnestly  to  reeoniniend  llicse  articles  to  the  immediate  and  dispassionate 
attention  of  tlie  le((islatures  of  tlie  respective  states.  Let  them  be  candidly  re- 
vlcwcu  under  a  sense  of  the  difficulty  of  combining;  in  one  general  system  the 
various  sentiments  and  interests  of  a  continent  divided  into  so  many  sovereign  and 
independent  communities,  under  a  conviction  of  the  absolute  necessity  of  uniting 
nil  our  councils  and  all  our  strength  to  maintain  and  defend  our  common  lib- 
erties. Let  them  be  examined  with  a  liberality  becoming  brethren  and  fellow- 
citizens  surrounded  by  the  same  imminent  dangers,  contending  for  the  same  illus- 
trious prize,  and  deeply  interestr^d  in  being  for  ever  bound  and  connected  to- 
gctlier  liy  ties  the  most  intimate  and  indissoluble;  and  finally  let  them  be  adjusted 
witli  the  temper  and  magnanimity  of  '  n  and  patriotic  legislators,  who,  while 
they  are  concerned  with  the  prosperity  of  iheir  own  more  immediate  circle,  are 
capable  of  rising  superior  to  local  attachments  when  they  may  be  incompatible 
witjj  the  safety  and  glory  of  the  general  confederacy." 

1777,  November  22.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to 
raise  by  taxation  five  millions  Tor  the  coming  year,  and  to  refrain 
from  issuing  state  bills  of  credit,  calling  in  those  already  issued 
for  over  the  denomination  of  a  dollar,  and  raising  their  funds  for 
their  expenses  by  taxation. 

The  proceedings  of  a  convention  held  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts,  the  last 
of  July,  had  recommended  the  repeal  of  all  laws  regulating  prices,  an<l  siibsti- 
tuting  for  them  laws  against  forestalling  and  engrossing.  Their  report  btiog 
brouglit  before  Congress,  it  recommended  three  conventions  for  the  "tates,  — one- 
for  tlic  northern  ones,  one  for  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  and  onf 
for  South  Carolina  and  Georgia,  —  to  fix  a  new  sr  ic  of  prices  by  the  state  logis- 
liitures,  and  authorize  the  seizure  by  the  Continental  commissaries  of  goods  at 
these  prices,  which  tlie  holders  refused  to  sell. 

1777,  November  27.  —  Congress  recommended  the  stataa  to 
make  speedy  sale  of  the  property  belonging  to  those  "  wiiO  had 
forfeited  the  right  to  the  protection  of  their  several  states,"  the 
proceeds  to  be  invested  in  the  loan  certificates. 

Most  of  the  states  had  passed,  or  soon  passed,  such  laws,  but  the  results  were 
not  as  favorable  as  it  was  hoped  they  would  be.  In  December,  Congress  advised 
the  states  to  call  in  their  colonial  bills,  replacing  them  with  their  own,  or  with 
Continental  bills,  so  that  all  the  circulation  should  bear  date  subsequent  to  the 
battle  of  Lexington.  The  same  month  they  recommended  the  states  to  seize  for 
the  army  all  clothing  in  the  possession  of  any  citizen  to  be  sold,  giving  receipts 
for  the  same,  and  inflicting  penalties  upon  those  who  sought  to  evade  such  seizure ; 
and,  further,  to  authorize  the  Continental  commissaries  to  seize  and  give  receipts 
for  such  goods  "purchased  up  or  engrossed  by  any  person  with  a  view  of  selling 
the  same."  These  laws,  Congress  said,  were  "unworthy  the  character  of  infant 
npubUcs,"  but  had  "become  necessary  to  supply  the  defects  of  public  virtue,  and 
to  correct  the  vices  of  some  of  her  sons." 

24 


370 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1777. 


11 


1777.  —  The  army  went  into  wintor-quartors  at  Vulloy  Forge. 

During  the  winter  it  sufTered  greiitiy  from  want  of  mippMcu.  Wnnliin^vton 
offered  a  premium  for  tlie  bent  pattern  of  a  shoe  made  of  uiitiuined  liide.  For 
want  of  bhinketit  the  troops  paMxed  the  niglita  round  tiie  canip-.'ireH.  More  than  a 
quarter  of  them  were  reported  unfit  for  duty,  bein^  •'  l)iiriJv)()t  or  otiierwise 
nalted."  Cattle  and  eorn  were  seized  to  prevent  famine,  eertideates  l)ein«  K'ven 
for  tliem,  w  !iich  were  paid  (when  paid)  in  bills.  Mennwliilo  the  liritisli  paid  in 
gold.  The  new  board  of  war  was  appointed  in  November,  and  eonsisted  of  Gates, 
Mifflin,  Pickering,  Josepii  Tnimhall,  and  Uiehard  Peters.  A  plot  was  foniud  to 
force  Washington  to  resign,  and  Hui)stitute  Gates  in  his  place.  A  coriesi)()ndencc 
was  carried  on  between  (iatea,  Mifllin,  and  Conway,  whii  li  came  to  Wadhington's 
knowledge.  Patrick  Henry,  the  governor  of  Virginiii,  and  Henry  Laiinns,  tlio 
president  of  Congress,  enclosed  to  Washington  anonymous  letters  they  liad  re- 
ceived criticising  his  conduct  of  the  war.  Though  it  appeared  that  Washington 
liad  lost  New  York,  Newport,  and  Philadeli)hia,  and  been  defeated  at  Brandy  wine 
and  Germantown,  ^vhile  Gates  had  captured  Burgoyne  ami  his  army,  yet,  as  soon 
as  tlie  ])lot  became  known,  the  indignation  of  the  officers  under  him,  as  well  as  of 
the  state  legislatures  and  the  jjcople,  so  disconcerted  those  active  in  the  plot  that 
they  concealed  or  destroyed  all  evidence  of  it  they  could;  so  tliat  there  is  com- 
paratively little  nuthcn'ic  evidence  known  to  be  extant  ccmcerning  its  supporters 
or  their  designs. 

1777,  December  3.  —  Tlio  Neiv  Jersey  Gazette  appeared. 

It  was  published  by  Isaac  Collins,  and  continued  until  178C.  It  was  the  first 
newspaper  in  New  Jersey. 

1777  or  1778.  —  Oliver  Evans,  of  Delaware,  invented  the 
elevator,  conveyer,  drill,  descender,  and  hopper-box,  —  all  im- 
provements in  flour-mills. 

For  years  he  found  difficulty  in  persuading  manufacturers  to  use  them,  and  it 
was  not  until  1786  that  he  obtained  from  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  tlie  sole 
right  to  use  his  improvements  in  flour-mills.  Evans,  who  was  all  his  life  iin 
inventor,  was  born  in  Newport,  Delaware,  in  1755,  and  died  in  New  York  city, 
April  21,  1819. 

1777.  —  David  Bushnell,  of  Saybrook,  Connecticut,  in  1777, 
in  response  to  the  rewards  offered  by  Congress  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  British  ships,  made  an  attempt  upon  the  frigate  Cerberus, 
Commodore  Simmons,  lying  at  anchor  off  Now  London. 

He  did  not  blow  up  the  frigate,  but  destroyed  a  vessel  lying  near  her.  About 
Christmas  of  the  same  year,  he  sent  a  fleet  of  kegs  down  the  Delaware  to  destroy 
the  British  ships  holding  possession  of  the  river,  and  against  which  fire-ships  had 
been  employed  without  effect.  Owing  to  the  darkness,  the  kegs  were  left  at  too 
great  a  distance  from  the  ships,  and  were  dispersed  by  the  ice  floating  in  the 
stream.  Next  day  they  exploded,  and  blew  up  a  boat,  and  caused  great  alarm 
among  the  sailors  on  the  English  ships.  Tlie  event  was  celebrated  in  a  song  by 
Francis  Ilopkinson,  entitled  The  Battle  of  the  Kegs. 

The  torpedo  was  shaped  like  two  shells  placed  in  contact,  and  largo  enough  to 
contain  a  man ;  arranged  with  glass  windows,  air-pipes,  and  ventilators.  Behind 
this  submarine  vessel  was  a  powder  magazine,  water-tight,  holding  one  hundred 
and  fifty  pounds  of  powder,  fitted  with  an  apparatus  for  firing  the  powder,  at  any 


r 

tioii 
tioii 
tlio 

Bii 

Anier 

sion 

away, 

17' 
with 

One 
Englai 
treat  w 
into  Pi 


TJie 
value, 
limit. 


[1777. 


1777-8.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH   AMERICA. 


S71 


Forge. 

i<le.     For 
1)1-0  than  a 

otherwise 
•in),'  K'vt'n 
sh  piiHl  in 
1  of  Gates, 

fonuod  to 
jspomloncc 
axliington's 
imnns,  the 
icy  had  re- 
^Viv»liinj;ton 
Bramlywinc 
yot,  as  soon 
,8  well  as  of 
he  plot  that 
here  is  com- 
la  supporters 

•od. 

was  the  first 

rented  the 
.  —  all  ira- 

them,  and  it 
land  tlic  soltf 
vU  his  life  im 
ew  York  city, 

It,  in  1771 
16  destruc- 
e  Cerberus, 
n. 

iv  her.  About 
arc  to  destroy 
.  fire-ships  ha^l 
vere  left  at  too 
floating  in  the 
>d  great  alarm 
d  in  a  song  ^)' 

arge  enough  to 

.ators.    Behind 

g  one  hundred 

powder,  at  any 


time  detaehnhle  from  tho  vessel  hy  turning  n  screw,  and  attached  by  other  appa- 
ratus to  tlie  bottom  of  tho  vessel  intended  to  bo  l)lown  up.  Bushneli  made  sev« 
oral  attempts  to  blow  up  tho  Briri  'U  vc**8ols,  but  was  succcsstXil  only  in  thU 
instance,  where  a  schoone.  was  destroyed. 

i777.  —  AnouT  this  time,  the  first  works  for  making  salt  by 
P  >lar  heat  wore  built  on  Qui  'et  Nock,  in  tho  town  of  Dennis, 
Barnstablo  County,  Massachusetts. 

The  originator  of  this  specific  enlciprisc  was  John  Seara,  who,  with  Edward 
Scars,  Ciiristoplicr  and  Edward  Crowell,  built  tho  first  vat. 

1778,  January.  —  A  further  loan  of  ton  millions  ««*«  author- 
ized by  Congress. 

It  produced  no  result,  since  the  subscription  for  the  first  M'aa  not  completed. 
A  new  issue  of  three  millions  of  bills  was  made  this  month ;  two  more  were 
issued  in  February;  two  in  March;  six  and  a  half  in  April;  five  in  May;  five  ia 
June ;  making  an  issue  of  twenty-three  and  a  half  millions  in  tho  first  six  months 
of  the  year. 

1778,  January  2.       Commodore  Ho^-kins  was  dismissed. 

1778.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  passed  a  bill  prohibiting  the 
importation  into  the  state  of  slaves. 

1778,  January  8.  —  A  convention  from  tlic  northern  states  met 
at  Now  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  agreed  upon  the  scale  of  prices 
for  provisions  and  clothing. 

Sonic  of  the  states  attempted  by  legislation  to  enforce  these  prices,  but  un- 
successfully. 

1778,  January.  —  Congress  resolved  to  suspend  the  embarka- 
tion of  Burgoyne's  soldiers  "  till  a  distinct  and  explicit  ratifica- 
tion of  the  convention  of  Saratoga  shall  bo  properly  notified  by 
tlio  court  of  Great  Britain." 

Burgoync,  in  a  letter,  complained  of  the  quarters  for  his  officers,  and  said  the 
Americans  had  broken  the  convention.  Congress  took  advantage  of  this  expres- 
sion to  suspend  tho  sending  awny  of  the  troops.  The  transports  were  ordered 
away,  and  Burgoync  alone  was  allowed  in  March  to  return  to  England  on  parole. 

1778,  January  30.  —  Two  treaties  were  signed  by  France 
with  the  American  commissioners. 

One  was  of  friendship  and  commerce,  the  other  of  defensive  alliance,  should 
England  declare  war  with  France.  Vergennes  had  expressed  his  readiness  to 
treat  with  the  American  commissioners  as  soon  as  he  heard  of  the  introduction 
into  parliament  of  Lord  North's  conciliatory  bills. 

1778,  February  9.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  resolved  to 
raiae  a  regiment  of  slaves. 

They  were  to  be  niade  free  on  enlistment,  and  their  owners  to  be  paid  their 
value,  as  assessed  by  a  committee,  one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  being  the 

liuiit 


372 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1778. 


1778.  —  TJndeh  the  d-rection  of  General  George  Clark,  a  few 
families  settled  at  the  falla  of  the  Ohio,  where  the  city  of  Louis- 
ville, Kentucky,  now  stands. 

Under  authority  from  Virginia,  Clark  had  enlisted  men,  and  descended  tlio 
Ohio  from  Pittsburg,  and  captured  Kaskaskia,  an  old  French  settlement  near  the 
Mississippi.  The  people  were  promised  security,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance 
to  the  United  States,  and  did  so ;  those  at  ^incennes,  on  the  Wabash,  taking  an 
oath  of  allegiance  to  Virginia  also.  In  October,  the  Virginia  assembly  made  all 
the  land  claimed  by  the  state,  north  of  the  Ohio,  into  the  county  of  Illinois. 

1778.  —  During  this  year,  sixty-three  millions  and  a  half  of 
bills  of  credit  were  issued,  making  the  whole  amount  outstanding 
nearl)'  one  hundred  millions. 

Several  millions  of  these  bills  had  been  paid  in  for  certificates  of  the  intcrost- 
Lcaring  loan ;  but  the  bills  had  been  immediately  paid  out  again,  and  the  cortifl- 
cates  themselves  were  used  as  an  addition  to  tlic  currency.  At  the  end  of  the 
year  the  depreciation  was,  at  the  north,  six  to  one ;  and  at  the  south,  eight  to  one. 
Congress,  in  December,  denounced  a  rumor  that  the  bills  would  never  be  re- 
deemed, t.8  "  false  and  derogatory  to  the  honor  of  Congress."  In  December  (the 
31st)  Congress  made  a  furtlier  call  for  six  millions  annually  for  eighteen  years  on 
the  states,  to  commence  in  1780,  and  to  be  appropriated  to  pay  the  interest  on  all 
loans  made  to  the  United  States  previously  to  that  year.  Franklin,  writing  to 
Samuel  Cooper  on  the  22J  of  April,  1779,  said,  "  After  the  first  emission  I  pro- 
posed that  we  should  stop,  strike  no  more,  but  borrow  those  we  had  issued.  Tliis 
was  not  then  approved  of,  and  more  bills  were  issued." 

1778,  February  17.  —  Lord  North  introduced  in  parliament  a 
plan  for  conciliation. 

He  introduced  two  bills  :  the  first  renouncing  all  intention  on  the  part  of  par- 
liament t:  lay  taxes  on  A.nierica;  and  the  other  appointing  five  commissioners, 
two  of  whim  were  the  commanders  of  the  military  and  naval  forces,  with  ample 
powers  to  treat  for  the  re-establishment  of  the  royal  authority. 

At  the  same  time  David  Hartley  was  seut  to  Paris  to  negotiate  for  a  settlement 
with  the  American  commissioners  there. 

1778. —  South  Carolina  amended  her  constitution. 

This  action  was  taken  to  harmonize  the  constitution  with  the  Declaration  of  In- 
dependence ;  the  chief  change  being  that  the  governor  was  deprived  of  his  power 
of  veto.  As  Rutledge  thought  it  too  democratic  for  him  to  sign,  he  resigned,  and 
Lowndes  was  elected. 

1778.  —  A  NUMBER  of  slaves  brought  :nto  Salem,  in  a  prize 
ship,  were  set  at  liberty  by  the  court  of  Massachusetts. 

1778.  —  A  PRESS  was  erected  ut  Hanover  —  then  claimed  by 
Vermont,  but  now  in  Connecticut  —  by  J.  P.  Sp  3oner  and  Timo- 
thy Green,  printers  from  Norwich,  Connecticut. 

The  same  yenr  they  began  p  newspaper,  but  removed,  at  the  request  of  the 
newj.y  organized  government  of  Vermont,  to  Westminster. 

1778.  —  The  New  Jersey  Journal  appeared  at  Chatham,  New 
Jersey. 


778. 


1778.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


373 


few 
ouia- 

^d  the 
ar  t\»e 
giftnco 
ing  ftn 
lado  all 

i. 

>alf  of 
mdiug 

intcrost- 
c  certifl- 
id  of  the 
it  to  one. 
cr  be  rc- 
mbcr  (tbe 
1  ycivrs  on 
rest  on  all 
vriting  to 
3ion  1  pro- 
ucd.    This 

lament  a 

art  of  paT- 

luuissioners, 

with  ample 

|a  settlement 


Lration  of  In- 
fofhis  power 
lesigned,  and 


In  a  pr^zo 

hairaed  by 
land  Timo- 

[caucst  of  tlw 

Ltbam,  New 


It  was  published  by  David  Franks,  and  was  continued  until  after  the  Rerolu- 
tion.  He  then  went  to  New  York,  but  returned,  and  revived  tlie  Journal  at  Eliza- 
bcthtown,  continuing  to  issue  it  until  1U18. 

1778,  March  13.  —  The  French  treaties  with  America  having 
been  communicvted  to  the  British  court,  the  British  ambassador 
to  Paris  was  recalled. 

Ths  was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war.  April  7,  propositions  were 
introduced  into  beta  houses  of  parliament  to  make  peace  with  America,  aban- 
doning all  attempts  to  maintain  political  authority,  and  in  both  were  rejected. 
Tlic  command  in  chief  of  the  armies  in  America  was  given  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton. 

1778,  March.  —  Conway  was  ordered  to  the  northern  depart- 
ment, and  sent  in  his  resignation  to  Congress,  which  was  ac- 
cepted. 

Soon  after  lie  was  wounded  in  a  duel  with  General  Cadwallader,  senC  an  humble 
apology  to  Washington,  and  on  his  recovery  returned  *o  France. 

1778,  March.  —  The  Duke  of  Richmond  said  in  the  English 
parliament,  the  remedy  "  is,  instantly  to  declare  America  inde- 
pendent, and  withdraw  our  fleets  and  armies." 

1778,  April  15.  —  News  arrived  of  Lord  North's  conciliatory 

bills. 

Congress  ordered  them  printed  in  the  newspapers,  together  with  the  report  of 
R  committee,  ending  with  a  unanimous  resolution  denouncing  all  who  should 
at'enipt  a  separate  treaty  as  open  and  avowed  enemies,  and  declaring  that  no 
conference  could  be  held  with  any  commissioners  until  the  British  armies  were 
withdrawn,  or  tiie  independence  of  the  United  States  acknowledged. 

1778,  April.  —  Gates  and  Mifflin  ceased  to  act  on  the  board  of 
war,  their  places  being  supplied  by  members  of  Congress. 

Mifflin,  in  August,  resigned  his  commission,  and  was  sent  as  a  member  of  Con- 
■^.oss  from  Pennsylvania. 

1778,  April  23.  —  Jonathan  Trumbull,  the  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, replied  to  Governor  Tryon,  of  New  York,  refusing  au 
attempt  which  had  been  made  to  lead  that  state  into  acting  with- 
out reference  to  the  General  Congress. 

The  scheme  of  the  English  ministry  was  to  break  up  the  union  of  the  states  by 
treating  with  them  separately.  Governor  Trumbull  replied  thai  *'  all  such  pro- 
posals were  to  be  addressed  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States." 

1778,  May.  —  Baron  Steuben,  a  Prussian  oflScer,  was  ap- 
pointed inspector,  with  the  rank  of  major-general. 

lie  introduced  a  uniform  system  of  exercise  and  tactics.  By  a  new  plan  of 
organization,  each  battalion  of  foot  consisted,  officers  included,  of  five  hundred 
and  eighty-two  men,  in  nine  companies ;  the  horse  and  artillery  battalions  being 
ono  tliird  smaller.  By  this  the  Continental  array  should  liave  consisted  of  sixty 
tiiousand  men,  hut  it  never  counted  more  than  half  of  this.  Georgia  and  South 
Carolina  were  never  called  on  for  troops,  except  for  local  defence,  on  account  oJ 
tlieir  large  slave  population.     An  independent  corps,  part  cavalry  and  part  foot, 


"  Ifl 


1 

3 

374 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1778. 


was  raised  by  Pulaski ;  another  snch  was  commanded  by  Armand,  a  French  offi- 
cer; and  a  tliird,  wholly  cavalry,  by  Henry  Lee.  The  works  at  West  Point, 
suggested  by  Kosciusko,  were  comnien<;ed. 

1778,  May.  —  Congress  promised  half-pay  for  seven  years  to 
all  oflBcera  who  should  serve  to  the  end  of  the  war ;  and  to  all 
soldiers  who  should  serve  the  same  time,  a  gratuity  of  eighty 
dollars. 

The  promise  was  made  from  the  reiterated  recommendations  of  Washington. 
He  had  proposed  half-pay  for  life,  and  this  term  was  a  compromise,  both  Con- 
gress and  the  people  having  a  dislike  of  a  permanent  military  establishment. 

1778,  May.  —  News  of  the  treaties  with  France  arrived. 

It  was  brought  by  a  French  frigate,  despatched  for  this  special  purpose. 

1778,  May  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  prohibited  the 
circulation  of  state  bills  of  credit  alter  the  1st  of  July. 

Those  in  circulation  were  to  bo  exchanged  for  loan-office  certificates,  or  re- 
deemed by  notes  of  the  state  treasurer. 

1778,  June  8.  —  Congress  laid  an  embargo,  to  continue  in  force 
Until  November  15. 

September  2,  its  provisions  were  modified  so  as  to  allow  provisions  to  be 
shipped  to  ports  on  the  coast;  but  on  October  2  this  privilege  was  withdrawn. 

1778,  June  13.  —  The  commissioners  under  Lord  Nortls's  acta 
sent  a  copy  of  their  commission  to  Congress,  with  an  address 
proposing  a  cessation  of  hostilities.  - 

They  were  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  William  Eden,  a  brother  of  the  late  governor 
of  Maryland,  and  Governor  Johnstone.  Washington  had  refused  a  passport  to 
Adam  Furguson,  their  secretary,  to  visit  Congress.  They  proposed,  as  a  basis 
for  negotiation,  that  the  privileges  for  trade  heretofore  allowed  to  the  colonies 
should  be  extended;  that  no  military  force  should  be  kept  in  any  colony  without 
tlie  permission  of  its  assembly;  that  the  Continental  bills  of  credit  should  be  sas- 
taincd,  and  an  arrangement  made  for  their  eventual  settlement;  a  representatii  ii 
in  the  British  parliament  to  be  allowed  the  colonies,  and  of  the  British  governnie  it 
in  the  colonial  assemblies,  and  the  colonial  adaiinistrations  to  be  so  organized  as 
to  be  almost  entirely  independent. 

1778,  June  15.  —  The  Independent  Ledger  and  American  Ad- 
vertiser appeured  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Draper  and  Folsom.  In  1783  it  was  published  by  John 
W.  Folsom  alone. 

1778,  June  17.  —  Congress  returned  a  brief  answer  to  the 
address  of  the  commissioners,  refusing  to  treat  unless  the  inde- 
pe'idence  of  the  states  was  first  acknowledged,  or  the  British 
armies  withdrawn. 

The  commissioners  sent,  July  1,  a  long  answer,  to  which  Congress  made  no 
reply. 


1^*- 


1778.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ST6 


1778,  Jttne  18.  —  The  British  army  evacuated  Philadel^ynia. 

The  baggage  and  stores,  with  some  three  thousand  non-combatants,  w  o  held 
to  their  Britisli  allegiance,  were  sent  to  New  York  by  water;  and  tlie  army,  about 
twelve  thousand  in  number,  marched  for  New  York  over  land. 

1778.  —  Parliament  passed  an  act  renouncing  their  right  to 
tax  the  provinces,  save  for  the  regulation  of  commerce. 
The  proceeds  of  such  tuxes  to  be  applied  for  the  use  of  the  provinces. 

1778,  June  28.  —  The  battle  of  Monmouth  Court  House  took 
place  betweon  the  British,  under  General  Clinton,  on  their  way 
from  Philadelphia  to  New  York,  and  the  Americans,  under  Gen- 
eral Washington,  from  the  camp  at  Valley  Forge. 

Tiic  advance  guard  of  the  Americans  was  under  Lee,  who  had  been  ordered  to 
make  an  attack.  On  coming  up  with  the  main  body  of  the  army,  Washington 
found  Lee  in  full  retreat.  Ordering  the  line  of  battle  to  be  formed,  au  engage- 
ment followed,  wliicli  night  put  an  end  to,  and  during  this  the  British  withdrew 
to  tlie  high  ground  of  Nevcrsink.  Lee  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  and  suspended 
for  a  year.  Shortly  after  the  end  of  his  sentence,  for  an  insolent  letter  to  Con- 
gress, which  he  retracted  and  made  an  apology  for,  he  was  dismissed  the  service. 

1778,  July  3.  —  A  battle  took  place  between  the  Wyoming 
settlers,  under  Colonel  Zebulon  Butler,  and  the  British  force,  com- 
manded by  Colonel  John  Butler,  assisted  by  seven  hundred  In- 
dians, in  which  the  settlers  were  defeated  and  driven  into  Fort 
Wyoming. 

All  the  prisoners  taken  were  massacred,  and  the  fort  besieged.  On  the  5th  of 
July,  under  promises  of  security,  the  garrison  surrendered.  Butler  and  the  Tories 
left ;  but  the  Indians  remained,  and,  burning  the  houses,  laid  waste  the  territory, 
nnd  forced  the  women  and  children  in  the  valley  —  all  that  were  left  of  the  flour- 
ishing settlement  —  to  flee  through  the  wilderness  to  Stroudsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
many  perishiMg  on  the  way. 

1778,  July  6.  —  The  French  fleet,  under  Count  D'Estaing, 
arrived  oli'  the  Delaware. 

The  fleet  consisted  of  twelve  ships-of-the-line  and  four  ft-igates.  It  brought 
four  thousand  French  soldiers,  and  Mr.  Gerard,  who  was  appointed  ambassador 
to  the  United  States,  and  Silas  Deane,  who  returned  in  obedience  to  the  recall  of 

Congress. 

1778,  July  21.  — Washington  with  his  army  crossed  the  Hud- 
son, and  encamped  at  White  Plains. 

The  purpose  was  to  make  with  the  French  fleet  a  combined  attack  upon  New 
York  city.  The  fleet  came  to  anchor  oflT  the  harbor,  but  as  the  pilots  refused  to 
take  the  largest  ships  over  the  bar,  the  attack  was  given  up,  and  an  attack  on 
Newport,  then  held  by  a  British  army  of  about  six  thousand  men  under  General 
Pigot,  designed. 

1778,  July.  —  Nine  of  the  states  having  instructed  their  dele- 
gates to  accept  the  articles  of  confederation,  Congress  ratified 


f! 


376 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1778. 


them ;   not,  however,  to  be  binding  until  all  the   states  had 
accepted  them. 

On  the  lOih  of  July,  Conjn'ess  issued  an  appeal  to  the  states  "to  conclude  the 
glorious  compact." 

1778,  August  10. — An  American  army,  nnder  Sullivan,  ef- 
fected a  landing  upon  the  island  on  which  Newport  is  situated. 

It  was  composed  of  ten  thousand  men,  in  two  divisions  —  one  commanded  by 
Greene,  and  tlie  other  by  La  Fayette.  The  French  fleet  had  entered  Narragansett 
Bay,  and  opened  communication  with  tlie  army  at  the  head  of  it ;  but  Lord  Howe, 
at  New  York,  having  been  reinforced  by  four  men-of-war,  had  sailed  for  the  relief 
of  Newport,  and  arriving  at  Narragansett  Bay,  the  French  sailed  out  to  engage 
them,  carrying  the  French  troops  on  board  which  were  to  co-operate  in  the  attack 
on  Newport. 

1778,  August  11.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  accusing 
Johnstone  of  attempts  at  bribery,  and  declining  to  hold  any 
further  correspondence  with  him  or  the  commission  of  which 
he  was  a  member. 

He  had  written  letters  to  several  members  of  Con^cress,  one  of  whom,  Joseph 
Reed,  stated  that  a  distinct  offer  had  been  made  to  him  of  ten  thousand  pounds 
and  any  office  he  miglit  wish.  He  had  replied,  "that  he  was  not  worth  purchas- 
ing ;  but  such  as  he  was,  the  king  of  England  was  not  rich  enough  to  buy  him." 

1778,  August.  —  The  people  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  suf- 
fered severely  from  the  want  of  provisions.  Corn  was  sold  at 
eight  dollars  a  bushel.  The  embargo  which  had  been  laid  on  all 
vessels,  in  order  that  their  crews  might  serve  in  the  military 
operations,  was  removed. 

1778,  August  20.  —  The  French  fleet  reappeared  off  Newport. 

A  severe  storm  had  scattered  both  fleets,  and  D'Estaing  determined  to  go  to 
Boston  to  refit  his  ships.  Tlic  storm  had  also  injured  the  troops  before  Newport, 
blowing  down  their  tents.  Sullivan  and  the  oflicers  of  the  army  sent  a  written 
protest  to  D'Estaing  concerning  his  leaving  them  to  go  to  Boston. 

1778,  August  29.  —  Sullivan  withdrew  from  before  Newport. 

The  British  followed  and  attacked  his  army,  but  were  repulsed,  and,  on  the 
81st,  the  American  army  crossed  again  to  the  mainland.  The  British  army  was 
the  next  day  reinforced  by  four  tliousand  men  from  New  York,  led  by  Clinton  in 
person. 

1778,  September.  —  A  controller  and  two  chambers  of  accounts 
were  constituted  by  Congress  to  look  after  financial  matters. 

They  acted  under  the  committee  having  superintendence  of  the  treasury.  The 
complicatiiT?  of  accounts  made  them  necessary,  the  expenditures  of  the  yeu 
reaching  sixty-seven  millions. 

1778,  September  14.  —  Congress  appointed  Franklin  sole  com- 
missioner to  France. 

Adams  returned :  he  had  found  a  violent  dispute  in  process  among  the  com- 


[1778. 
bs  bad 

elude  the 

fan,  ef- 
iiated. 

nanded  by 
.rragansett 
ord  Howe, 
•  the  relief 
t  to  engage 
I  the  attack 

accusing 
hold  any 
of  which 

liom,  Joseph 

Lsand  pounds 

jrth  purchas- 

buy  lum" 

[sland,  9uf- 

^ras  sold  at 

laid  on  all 

le  military 

Newport. 

nined  to  go  to 

[fore  Newport, 

sent  a  written 

Newport. 

[l,  and,  on  the 

ritish  army  wa« 
by  Clinton  in 

of  accounts 
latters. 


1778.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


377 


treasury. 


Tlie 


Jes  of  the  ye»t 

Ilin  sole  coin- 
Long  the  com- 


missioners.   The  French  court  had  granted  them  a  loan  of  three  milliuns  of  livrcs, 
or  about  Ave  liundrcd  thousand  dollars. 

1778,  September.  —  The  towns  of  New  Bedford  and  Fair 
Haven  were  burned,  and  a  raid  made  upon  the  cattle  of  Martha's 
Vineyard,  by  expeditions  of  the  British  from  Newport. 

1778,  September.  —  The  coraraisaioners  made  a  demand  that 
Burgoyne's  troops  should  be  released  on  parole,  and  tendered  a 
ratification  of  the  capitulation  signed  by  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  the 
Earl  of  Carlisle,  and  William  Eden. 

Congress  replied  that  as  the  acts  of  the  commissioners  required  the  approval 
of  parliament,  their  authority  to  make  a  definite  ratification  was  questioned.  Soon 
after,  as  Sir  Henry  Clinton  neglected  to  provide  the  transports  for  supplying  them 
with  stores,  they  were  marched  to  Charlottesville,  Virginia,  and  quartered  in 
huts.  Some  of  the  officers  were  eventually  exchanged,  but  the  greater  part  of 
them  remained  prisoners  during  the  war. 

1778,  October.  —  John  Roberts  and  Abraham  Carlisle  were 
tried,  found  guilty,  and  executed  in  Philadelphia,  for  treason  in 
having  aided  the  enemy. 

They  were  Quakers.  In  JJovember,  twenty-three  others  were  tried  and  ac- 
quitted. 

1778,  October.  —  The  settlement  of  Unadilla,  on  one  of  the 
upper  branches  of  the  Susquehanna,  occupied  by  a  mixed  pop- 
ulation of  Indians  and  refugees,  was  destroyed  by  a  Continental 
regiment  of  the  Pennsylvania  line,  stationed  at  Schoharie. 

Kovengc  was  taken  by  surprising  Cherry  Valley,  in  November.  The  fort  there 
held  out,  but  tlie  inhabitants  were  massacred. 

1778.  —  An  expedition  was  undertaken  by  the  militia  and 
troops  of  Georgia  and  South  Carolina  against  St.  Augustine. 
It  proceeded  as  far  as  St.  Mary's,  but  was  there  abandoned. 

1778,  October.  —  A  raid  on  New  Jersey  was  made  by  Clinton's 
army  from  New  York. 

Little  Egg  Harbor  was  burned,  and  the  surrounding  country  ravaged.  Bay- 
ard's rotrinient  of  horse  was  surprised  and  cut  to  pieces.  The  infantry  of  Pulas- 
ki's legion  were  surprised  and  slaughtered. 

1778,  October  3.  —  The  commissioners  published  a  manifesto, 
addressed  to  the  assemblies  and  the  people. 

It  began  with  charging  Congress  with  the  responsibility  of  continuing  the  war ; 
offering  to  the  assemblies  separately  the  terms  already  proposed  to  Congress ; 
reminding  tlio  people  that  the  points  originally  in  dispute  had  all  been  conceded 
by  Great  Britain ;  su,u:gesting  to  the  clergy  that  the  French  were  papists ;  allow- 
ing forty  days  for  submission;  and  ended  with  threatening,  if  this  offer  was  not 
accepted,  that  the  war  would  thereafter  be  carried  on  with  a  view  to  desolate  the 
country.  Congress  had  this  manifesto  published  in  the  papers,  together  with 
their  comments  upon  it.  La  Fayette,  in  consequence  of  the  disparaging  remarks 
upon  the  French,  despite  the  remonstrance  of  Washington  and  D'Estaing,  sent  a 


^^/'*' 


378 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1778-9. 


challenge  to  the  Earl  of  Carlisle,  who  declined  it  on  the  groaiid  that  for  his  public 
acts  ho  was  responsible  only  to  his  own  sovereign.  At  the  end  of  the  forty  days 
tlic  commissioners  returned  to  England. 

1778,  October  3  -Goveraor  Greene,  of  Rhode  Island,  by 
vote  of  the  assembly,  wrote  to  Connecticut,  asking  to  have 
the  embargo  in  that  state  removed,  so  as  to  allow  provisions 
to  be  sent  to  Rhode  Island,  which  was  suflfering  from  their 
scarcity. 

1778,  November  1.  —  An  English  fleet  under  Admiral  Byron 
arrived  off  Boston. 

A  storm  scattered  it,  and  D'Estaing  sailed  for  the  West  Indies.  Both  the 
Howes  resigned,  and  returned  to  England. 

1778,  November.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from  New 
York  sailed  for  Georgia. 

1778,  December  10.  —  Laurens  resigned  the  presidency  of 
Congress,  and  John  Jay  was  elected  to  the  oflSce. 

1778,  December.  —  Lincoln  was  sent  to  supersede  Howe  in  the 
command  of  the  southern  division. 

1778.  —  A  settlement  was  made  at  Elmira,  New  York. 

1778.  —  The  first  insurrection  of  the  natives  of  Mexico 
against  the  blind  and  foolish  oppression  of  the  Spaniards,  broke 
out. 

It  was  soon  stamped  out  in  blood. 

1779,  January.  —  Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  fifty  mil- 
lions more  of  bills. 

The  faith  of  the  United  States  was  pledged  for  their  redemption  before  January 
1,  1797,  and  was  to  be  kept  by  the  payment  by  tlie  states  of  the  six  millions 
annually.  In  February,  ten  millions  more  were  authorized,  together  with  loan 
certificates  of  twenty  millions.  In  April,  five  millions  more  of  bills  were  issued, 
and  in  May  and  June  twenty  millions  more. 

1779,  January.  —  A  British  force  from  New  York,  under 
Colonel  Campbell,  having  landed,  defeated  the  Americans  under 
General  Howe,  and  captured  Savannah. 


1779,  January. 
ish  in  Savannah. 


General  Prevost  took  command  of  the  Brit- 


He  had  been  in  command  in  East  Florida,  and  was  ordered  to  unite  his  forces 
with  those  under  Campbell,  and  take  command.  He  sent  Campbell  on  an  expe- 
dition against  the  interior,  by  which  Augusta  was  captured.  A  proclamation  was 
issued  of  pardon  to  those  who  would  return  to  their  allegiance.  Some  of  the 
leaders  fled,  but  the  state  generally  submitted ;  those  who  were  suspected  being 
disarmed. 


.778-9. 


1779.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


379 


lis  public 
arty  days 

md,  by 
:o  have 
ovisiona 
m  their 

1,1  Byron 
Both  the 

•om  New 
dency  of 
)we  in  the 
rk. 


f   Mexico 
rds,  broke 


f  fifty  mil- 

efore  January 
six  millions 

her  with  loan 
were  issued, 

ork,  under 
cans  under 

)f  tho  Brit- 

inite  his  forces 
.11  on  an  expc- 
^claraation  *« 
Some  of  the 
uspected  being 


1779,  January  2.  —  Congresa  recalled  the  issues  of  bills 
of  credit  made  the  20th  of  May,  1777,  and  the  11th  of  April, 
1778,  because  they  had  been  so  largely  counterfeited. 

It  also  appcnlcd  to  the  states  to  pay  their  quotas  of  the  fifteen  millions  for  this 
year,  and  six  millions  a  year  for  the  next  eiglitecn  years ;  tlie  quotas  were  to  bo 
uGoJ  for  paying  the  loans.  Only  tho  bills  issued  before  1780  were  to  be  used  in 
paying  tlie  quotas. 

1779,  January  5. — Taxes  for  fifteen  millions  were  allotted 
among  tho  states. 

Georgia,  being  occupied  by  the  British,  was  exempted  from  tho  allotment. 

1779,  February. —  Lincoln  sent  General  Ashe  to  operate 
against  Augusta. 

The  British  deserted  the  city  and  retired  down  the  river,  the  Americans  fol- 
lowii'g. 

1779,  February  8.  —  Congress  requested  Now  York  and 
Connecticut  to  repeal  their  embargo  upon  bread  stuffs  for  the 
benefit  of  ilhode  Island. 

Connecticut  contributed  five  hundred  bushels  of  grain  and  four  thousand  tlirce 
Imndred  pounds  in  money  within  two  months  for  the  aid  of  Rhode  Island. 

1779,  February  14.  —  A  battle  took  place  at  Kettle  Creek, 
Georgia,  between  tho  Americans  under  Colonel  Pickens,  and  a 
band  of  Tories  under  Colonel  Boyd,  in  which  the  latter  were 
utterly  defeated. 

The  Tories  were  from  North  Carolina,  hastening  to  join  the  British  forces  nt 
Augusta,  Georgia.  Their  loss  was  seventy  killed  and  seventy-five  prisoners ;  the 
Americans  lost  thirty-eight. 

1779,  February  23.  —  Vincennes,  on  the  Wabash,  and  the  fort 
were  captured  by  an  expedition  under  Clark. 

Hamilton,  the  British  commander  at  Detroit,  was  taken  prisoner  and  sent  to 
Virginia. 


1779,  March. 
feated  it. 


The  British  attacked  Ashe's  force,  and   de- 


All  the  cannon  and  stores  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  British,  who  lost  only  five 
killed  and  eleven  wounded,  while  some  four  hundred  of  the  Americans  were 
killed  or  taken  prisoners.  Augusta  was  again  occupied,  and  Prevost  issued  a 
proclamation  reinstating  Sir  James  Wliite  as  governor,  and  re-establishing  tho 
laws  and  administration  as  before  1775. 

1779,  March  2.  —  By  a  vote  of  Congress,  Rhode  Island  was 
relieved  from  fifty  thousand  dollars,  or  one  sixth  of  her  allotted 
share,  of  the  Continental  tax. 

The  delegates  from  South  Carolina  assumed  the  portion  of  the  tax  remitted  to 
Bhode  Island,  for  their  state. 


380 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1779. 


1779,  March  4.  —  The  Amer'an  Journal  and  General  Adver- 
tiser was  commenced  at  Providouce,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  published  by  S(>ut]iwick  and  Wheeler,  and  appeared  every  Thursday. 

1779.  —  The  legif-ilature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  for  the 
gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

It  was  introduced  by  George  Bryan. 

George  Bry.an  was  a  native  of  Dublin,  but  came  to  this  country  when  young. 
In  177C  he  was  chosen  vice-president,  and  in  1778  president,  of  the  executive 
council  of  Pennsylvania.  In  1780  ho  was  appointed  judge  in  the  supreme  court 
of  tlic  state,  and  held  the  office  until  his  death,  January,  1791. 

1779.  —  The  coin  passing  throiigh  the  treasury  this  year 
amounted  to  seventy-three  thousand  dollars. 

For  1778  and  1779  this  makes  the  coin  used  in  carrying  on  the  entire  machinery 
of  the  government  only  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  thousand  six  hundred  and 
sixty-six  dollars. 

1779,  April  15.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from  New  York 
visited  Nantucket,  and  carried  off  a  dozen  vessels,  chiefly  loaded 
with  oil. 

1779,  April  16.  —  Three  American  vessels,  under  the  com- 
mand of  Captain  John  B.  Hopkins,  arrived  at  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, with  a  British  fleet  they  had  captured  ofl*  Cape  Henry. 

The  ships  were  the  Warren,  the  Queen  of  France,  and  the  Ranger.  The  fleet 
they  captured  consisted  of  seven  vessels  —  one  twenty-gun  ship  and  six  transports 
—  containing  twenty-four  British  officers  on  their  way  to  Georgia.  The  stores 
captured  were  valued  at  eighty  thousand  pounds. 

1779.  —  Benjamin  Waterhouse,  a  physician  of  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, first  introduced  vaccination  for  small-pox  into  the 
country. 

Dr.  Jenner  communicated  to  him  his  discovery  in  England,  and  Waterhouse 
tried  the  experiment  not  only  on  himself,  but  his  family.  For  seven  years  he 
defended  the  practice,  not  only  against  the  prejudices  of  the  people,  but  the  ridi- 
cule of  the  profession,  and  wrote  and  published  a  great  deal  on  the  subject. 

1779,  April.  —  Lincoln  set  out  towards  Augusta. 

It  was  desirable  that  th.T  legislature  of  Georgia  should  have  an  opportunity  to 
meet  again.  In  South  Carolina  every  effort  had  been  made  to  strengthen  Lin- 
coln's forces.  John  Rutledge  had  again  accepted  the  governorship,  and  the 
assembly  had  passed  a  more  stringent  militia  law. 

1779,  April.  —  A  block-house  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the 
present  city  of  Lexington. 

1779,  May  11.  —  Charleston  was  summoned  to  surrender. 

While  Lincoln  was  on  his  way  to  Augusta,  having  left  Moultrie  with  tlie 
militia  to  guard  the  Savannah  River,  Prevost  crossed  the  Savannah  with  his 
army,  and  advanced  to  Charleston.  When  the  summons  was  given,  Rutledge, 
who  was  there,  offered  that  South  Carolina  should  be  neutral  during  the  war, 


[1779. 
Adver- 

ursday. 

b  for  the 


hen  young. 
J  executive 
iremo  court 

this    year 

■e  machinery 
Hundred  and 

New  York 
efly  loaded 

.  the   com- 
Massachu- 
Henry. 

rer.  Tlic  fleet 
[  six  transports 
The  stores 

ton,  Massa- 
X  into  the 

nd  WatcrhoTise 
seven  years  he 
le,  but  tlie  ridi- 
subject. 


opportunity  to 
trengthen  Lin- 
)rship,  and  the 

site  of  the 

Irender. 
loultrie  with  tiie 
[annah  vith  hi) 
given,  Butlcdgc, 
[during  the  *«. 


1779.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


381 


leaving  it  to  ho  decided  nt  its  closo  to  whom  it  should  belong.  Tlii.s  proposition 
was  not  received.  Pending  the  negotution,  the  works  wcro  strengthened,  and 
reinforcements  had  been  received. 

1779,  May.  — A  force  from  Now  York,  unJor  General  MathewB, 
raided  in  Virginia. 

lie  took  Portsmouth  and  Norfolk,  and  captured  or  burned  a  hundred  and 
thirty  merchant-vessels  in  the  James  and  Elizabeth  rivers,  carrying  off  with  liini 
about  three  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco.  An  unfinished  frigate  and  eight 
smaller  vessels,  building  for  the  government,  were  destroyed.  The  damage  of 
this  raid  was  estimated  at  two  millions  of  dollars. 

1779,  May.  —  A  settlement  was  made  on  the  site  of  Nashville, 
by  a  party  under  James  Robertson. 

In  1784,  the  settlement  was  incorporated  as  a  town;  in  1806  received  a  city 
charter,  and  in  1812  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state.  Before  the  late  war,  tho 
city  carried  on  the  largest  publishing  business  of  tho  West,  the  publishing  house 
of  the  Southern  Methodist  Conference  being  here.  Tho  neighborhood  is  cele- 
brated as  a  stock-raising  country,  and  has  a  high  reputation  for  blood-horses, 
sliccp,  and  Cashmere  goats.  Tho  exports  arc  cotton,  tobacco,  wheat,  and  Indian 
corn. 

1779,  May  21.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  pay  in, 
during  tho  year,  forty-five  millions  of  the  bills,  in  addition  to  the 
fifteen  millions  already  called  for. 

1779.  —  In  the  spring  the  American  army,  exclusive  of  the 
few  troops  in  the  southern  division,  consisted  of  about  sixteen 
thousand  men. 

Of  these.  Gates  had  command  of  three  thousand  in  New  England,  his  head- 
quarters being  at  Providence,  Rhode  Island ;  seven  thousand  were  about  Middle- 
brook,  in  which  place  Washington  had  his  head-quarters.  The  rest  of  the  army 
were  in  the  highlands  of  the  I  ndson,  under  McDougall,  completing  the  de- 
fences of  West  Point,  and  under  Putnam,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Hudson.  Tho 
British  had  eleven  thousand  men  in  New  York,  and  over  four  thousand  at  New- 
port. The  organization  of  the  army  was  modified.  Tho  state  quotas  were  re- 
duced to  eighty  battalions  :  Massachusetts  to  furnish  fifteen ;  Virginia  and  Penn- 
sylvania, each,  eleven ;  Connecticut  and  Maryland,  each,  eight ;  the  two  Carolinas, 
each,  six;  New  York,  five;  New  Hampshire  and  New  Jersey,  each,  three;  Rhode 
Island,  two;  Delaware  and  Georgia,  each,  one.  Huger  of  South  (^arolina, 
Sumner  and  Hogan  of  North  Carolina,  Gist  of  Maryland,  and  William  Irvine  of 
Pennsylvania,  were  made  brigadiers. 

1779,  May  21.  —  The  states  were  called  upon  to  supply  their 
[quotas  of  forty-five  millions  for  this  year,  before  January 
1 1,  1780. 

I  1779,  May  28.  —  The  Board  of  Treasury  reported  to  Congress 
I  that  it  was  impracticable  to  carry  on  the  war  with  paper  money, 
jifthe  quartermasters  and  commissaries  continued  their  enormous 
[expenditures. 

Congress  appointed  a  committee  to  inquire  into  tho  subject. 


382 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTH  AMERICA. 


[1779. 


m 


1779.  — President  Reed  of  Pennsylvania,  in  his  message  to  the 
assembly,  stated  that  the  sale  of  the  confiscated  estates  had 
brought  in  sufficient  "  to  afford  a  great  relief  to  the  good  people 
in  this  state  from  their  public  burdens." 

1779,  June  20.  —  Lincoln  arrived  at  Charleston,  and  encamped 
near  the  town. 

Ho  niatlo  iin  attack  upon  a  redoubt,  intpnded  to  cover  a  bridge  of  boatii 
Trcvost  bad  provided,  and  was  repulsed.  Prcvoat  withdrew  to  Beaufort,  and 
tlien  returned  to  Georgia. 

1779,  June.  —  Clinton,  from  New  York,  ascended  the  Hudson, 
and  captured  Verplanck's  Point  and  Stony  Point. 

Tbo  M'orlcs  at  Stony  Point  were  unfinished,  and  were  abandoned;  as  they 
cununanded  tiiose  at  Verplanck's,  these  also  were  surrendered.  These  captures 
interfered  with  tlie  transportation  of  the  stores  for  Washington's  army. 

1779,  June.  —  Commissioners  were  appointed  by  Virginia  and 
North  Carolina  to  run  the  boundary  line  between  these  two 
states. 

When  they  reached  the  summit  of  the  Cumberland  Mountains,  the  North  Caro- 
lina commissioners  aLandoned  the  survey;  but  Walker,  the  Virginia  commis- 
sioner, continued  it,  rind  ascertained  the  point  on  the  Mississippi  where  it  ought 
to  strike.  Fort  Jefferson  was  soon  erected  just  above  this  point,  being  named  in 
honor  of  Jefferson,  who  had  been  elected  governor  of  Virginia. 

1779,  June.  —  Tl'  Spanish  court  published  a  manifesto  which 
was  equivalent  to  a  declaration  of  war  with  England. 

It  had  proposed  to  mediate  between  France  and  England,  and  on  the  rejection 
of  its  offer  by  England,  published  this  manifesto.  It  did  not,  however,  recognize 
the  independence  of  the  United  States. 

1779,  July  4.  —  A  British  expedition  from  New  York,  under 
Governor  Tryon,  ravaged  Connecticut. 

New  Haven  was  plundered ;  Fairfield  and  Norwalk  were  burned.  Crossing  over 
to  Long  Island,  Sag  Harbor  was  visited. 

1779,  July  16.  —  The  British  at  Stony  Point  were  surprised 
by  an  expedition  under  General  Anthony  Wayne. 

Over  five  hundred  prisoners  were  captured,  the  American  loss  being  one  hun- 
dred. Operations  were  commenced  against  Verplanck's  Point,  but  abandoned 
when  the  Britisli  army  moved  out  from  New  York  to  defend  it.  Stony  Point  being 
also  abandoned,  the  British  reoccupied  it. 

1779,  July  26.  —  An  expedition  fitted  out  by  Massachusetts 
under  Captain  Saltonstall,  in  the  Continental  naval  service,  made 
a  landing  to  dislodge  a  post  on  the  Penobscot,  which  had  been 
established  by  a  party  from  Nova  Scotia. 

Finding  the  works  too  strong,  reinforcements  were  sent  for  from  Boston.  An 
expedition  in  defence  of  the  post  was  sent  from  New  York  under  Sir  George 
Collier,  which  arrived  in  August.    The  Massachusetts  army  abandoned  their  posi- 


[1779. 

e  to  the 
tea  bad 
I  people 

acamped 

J   of  boats 
Mifort,  and 

,  Hudson, 

cd;  as  they 
cse  captures 

r. 

[•ginia  and 
these  two 

3  North  Caro- 
;inia  oommis- 
rhcrc  it  ought 
>ing  named  iu 

festo  which 

the  rejection 
vcr,  recognize 

iTork,  under 

Crossing  over 
■e  surprised 

being  one  hun- 
Hit  aliandoned 
ny  Point  being 

issachusetts 
krvice,  made 
[h  had  been 

Itn  Boston.  A'' 
ller  Sir  George 
loned  their  poa- 


1779.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


883 


tion,  and  OBcnpcd  through  the  woods.  Tho  ships,  five  IVlgatos  and  ton  smaller 
veHsels,  were  destroyed,  tiie  others  being  captured  by  the  liritiHli.  Saltonstall  waa 
tried  hy  a  court-martial  and  caNliiered.  Kventually,  after  mueli  diHcussion,  Con- 
gress assumed  the  expenses  of  tlio  expedition,  which  had  resulted  in  heavy  loss. 

1779,  July  30.  —  The  Trcasui^  Board  was  reorganized,  and 
Gerry  rctirod  from  it. 

It  consisted  of  three  members  of  Congress,  to  ho  changed  every  six  months, 
and  of  two  permanent  nienil)er8  not  belonging  to  Congress.  Under  these  were  an 
auditor-general,  six  auditors,  a  treasurer,  and  three  chambers  of  accounts.  Tho 
envoys  'n  Europe  were  instructed  to  obtain  information  in  tlieir  respcctivo 
countries  concerning  tho  methods  used  in  organizing  and  conducting  their  finan- 
cial nuitters. 

1779,  August  17.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to  make 
provJHion  for  their  officers  and  soldiers,  either  by  granting  the 
officers  }ialf-pay  for  life,  and  rewarding  the  soldiers,  or  by  such 
other  method  as  they  should  think  best. 

It  was  also  recommended  the  states  to  make  provision  for  the  widows  of  such 
as  should  b6  killed. 

1779,  August  18,  —  Paulus  Hook,  now  Jersey  City,  was  cap- 
tured by  a  corps  of  iiie  American  army  under  Major  Honry  Loo. 

1779,  August  21.  —  The  frigate  Providence  and  two  other 
United  States  ships,  under  Captain  Whipple,  brought  into  Boston 
eiglit  prizes  captured  along  the  coast. 

These  prizes  were  valued  at  over  a  million  of  dollars. 

1779.  —  Pittsfield,  in  Massachusetts,  this  year  instructed  its 
representatives  to  the  general  court  to  use  their  "  best  endeavors, 
that  any  petition  which  may  be  preferred  from  this  town,  or  from 
any  individual  of  it,  respecting  the  erecting  a  Paper  Mill  in 
this  town,  be  attended  to  and  espoused  by  you  in  the  General 
Court." 

1779.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  vested  by  an  act  the 
title  to  all  ungranted  lands,  or  quit-rents  in  the  state. 

Tlio  late  proprietaries  were  allowed  their  private  property,  including  the  lands 
already  appropriated  as  proprietary  tenths,  with  tlie  quit-rents  accruing  on  them. 
The  a8seml)ly  also  granted  the  late  proprietaries  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand 
pounds,  payable  in  instalments  to  commence  one  year  after  peace.  This  they  did 
as  a  proof  of  "tlieir  liberality  and  remembrance  of  the  enterprising  spirit  which 
distinguished  the  founder  of  Pennsylvania."  This  grant  was  faithfully  paid,  and 
the  lieirs  also  were  indemnified  by  the  British  government. 

1779,  August  22. —  An  army  under  General  Sullivan,  at  New- 
town, now  Elmira,  defeated  the  Tories  and  Indians,  and  laid  the 
country  waste. 

At  the  same  time  an  expedition  from  Pittsburg  ascended  the  Alleghany,  de- 
•troying  the  Indian  villages  along  the  river. 


i  } 


\ 


384 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1779. 


mm 


f 


1779,  August.  —  Tlio  French  floot,  under  D'Estuing,  arrived 
off  the  coast  of  Ooorgiu. 

It  liiul  roturned  from  the  Went  Indici. 

1779,  Seitkmher. —  A  Spuniah  oxpodition  from  New  Orleans' 
under  the  connnand  of  (ialvez,  tlie  governor,  captured  Baton 
Rouge,  and  a  fort  near  Natchez. 

Soon  lifter  ho  captured  Mobile,  leaving  I'ensncolu  as  the  only  fort  in  West 
Florida  in  posiieHglon  of  the  EnKlitiii. 

1779,  Skptembkr  1.  —  Congresg  promiaod  that  the  issues  of 
Continental  bills  should  not  exceed  two  hundred  millions. 

Tlie  issue  was  stated  by  Jay,  in  a  eircuhir  of  Sei)tend)er  13,  as  being  ono 
hundred  ond  sixty  milliona.  The  depreciation  was  twenty  for  one.  The  loans, 
tlie  interest  on  which  was  payable  in  bills  on  France,  were  seven  and  a  half  millions 
before  August  1,  1778,  and  since  twenty-six  millions.  The  interest  on  this  was  to 
increase  with  the  increase  of  the  issue.  The  foreign  debt  was  estimated  at  four 
millions.  Of  the  sixty  millions  in  paper  currency  culled  from  the  states,  only 
three  millions  had  come  into  the  treasury. 

1779,  September  27.  —  John  Adams  was  appointed  by  Congress 
a  commissioner  to  negotiate  with  Great  Britain^  and  Joim  Jay 
with  Spain. 

Jay  wii  to  obtain  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi,  and  a  loan  of  five  mil- 
lions of  dollars.  The  vacancy  of  the  presidency  of  Congress  made  by  his  appoint- 
ment M'as  filled  by  the  election  of  Samuel  Huntington  of  Connecticut.  Shortly 
aitcr  Laurens  was  commissioned  to  Holland  to  negotiate  a  loan. 

1779,  October  6.  —  Congress  called  on  the  states  to  pay  their 
quotas  of  fifteen  millions. 

They  were  to  pay  it  on  the  Ist  of  the  next  February,  and  the  first  of  cacli  suc- 
ceeding month  until  October  1,  1780.  Georgia  being  in  possession  of  the  enemy, 
was  excused. 

A  circular  letter  was  sent  with  these  calls,  in  which  Congress  explained  the 
situation.  In  the  first,  they  said :  "  Suddenly  culled  upon  to  repel  the  unpro- 
voked invasion  of  a  prince  who  ought  to  have  exerted  himself  for  our  protection; 
without  arms  or  ammunition,  without  military  discipline  or  permanent  finances, 
without  an  established  government  and  without  allies,  and  enfeebled  by  habitual 
attachments  to  our  very  enemies,  we  were  precipitated  into  all  the  expensive  opera- 
tions relative  to  a  state  of  war  with  one  of  the  most  formidable  nations  on  earth. 
Surrounded  on  all  sides  with  wants,  difficulties,  and  dangers,  notwithstanding  the 
internal  wealth  of  our  country,  immediate  taxation  was  impracticable.  And  for 
the  same  reason,  and  a  share  of  ill  success  at  different  periods,  we  could  not  hope, 
cither  at  home  or  abroad,  to  borrow  money  to  supply  our  exigencies.  From 
necessity  we  embraced  the  expedient  of  emitting  paper  money  on  the  faith  of  the 
United  States ;  an  expedient  often  successfully  practised  in  separate  states  while 
we  were  subjected  to  British  dominion.  Large  sums  were  indispensably  neces- 
sary, and  the  paper  currency  multiplied  beyond  what  was  necessary  for  the  pu> 
pose  of  a  circulating  medium.  This  alone  could  not  fail  to  discredit  it  in  some 
degree,  but  the  arts  of  an  unprincipled  enemy  have  added  to  the  mischief.  Ai 
their  last  effort,  they  have  had  recourse  to  fraud.    Their  cmlsBaries  have  em- 


[1779. 
ftvrivod 


Orleans' 
I  Baton 

t  In  WcBt 

Bsues  of 
I. 

being  ono 
The  loans, 
iftlf  niilUons 
1  this  was  to 
lated  ttt  four 
states,  only 


1779.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOUTII   AMERICA. 


886 


ployed  a  variety  of  nrtiflceH  to  dehafle  our  iiioiu'y  nnd  increase  the  cokI  of  com- 
tiioditieR.  Tile  fenrH  anil  a|)))relienHion8  of  tlie  people  liavo  been  nhirniud  bjr 
nii»ii'proRentiitionH,  wliile  our  eniMuies  of  tlie  liiHlu'st  rank  have  not  liottitnted  to 
couutfrfoit  our  billn  of  credit  and  dinperHe  tlioin  tlirouKJi  tiie  country.  Sneli  l)einjy 
the  einl)arraH8nu'nt8  wliicli  interrupt  tlie  free  circulation  of  our  money,  they 
liiuilly  call  for  a  remedy,  and  Congress,  from  n  reRard  for  jjood  faitii,  for  private 
ju.-tiee  and  tlie  piiblicr  nafety,  are  hound  to  apply  it.  To  raise  the  value  of  our 
jjiiper  money  and  to  redeem  it  will  not,  wo  are  perHUuded,  be  difllcult.  Without 
imlilic  inconvenience,  or  private  di«tres»,  the  whole  of  the  del)t  incurred  in  paper 
emicsions  to  this  day  may  be  cancelled  by  taxes ;  it  may  be  cancelled  within  a 
period  .so  limited  as  must  leave  the  possessor  of  the  bills  satisllcd  with  his  security, 
and  if,  l)y  a  continuance  of  the  war,  the  jmlilic  service  should  demand  further 
emissions,  tliey,  too,  may  be  cancelled  within  the  same  period;  it  bein^  evident 
that  our  ability  to  sustain  a  tax  nmst  increase  in  proportion  to  the  quantity  of 
money  in  circulation." 

Gordon,  in  his  history  of  the  American  Revolution,  quotes  from  a  confiden- 
tial letter  written  by  General  Clinton  to  Lord  George  Germain,  about  1781, 
us  follows:  "The  experiments  suKtfested  by  your  lordsiiip  have  been  tried; 
no  assistance  that  co\ild  be  drawn  from  the  power  of  tfoM,  or  the  arts  of  coun- 
terfeiting, have  been  left  untried,  but  still  the  currency,  like  the  widow's  cruso 
iif  oi!,  lias  not  failed."  While  New  York  was  in  possession  of  the  British, 
the  newspapers  contained  advertisements  of  counterfeit  money,  and  flaps  of  truce 
were  made  use  of  to  circulate  it.  In  New  York,  counterfeiting  the  Continental 
hill8  was  a  regular  business,  and  the  British  armies  carried  forged  bills  as  one  of 
their  supplies. 

1779,  October  9.  —  An  assault  upon  Savannah,  by  the  combined 
French  and  American  forces,  was  repulsed. 

Pulaski  was  mortally  wounded.  D'Escaing  sailed  again  for  the  West  Indies, 
and  Lincoln  returned  to  Charleston. 

1779,  October  20. — A  convention  met  at  Hartford,  Connecti- 
cut, of  delegates  from  the  five  New  England  states. 

It  arranged  a  tariff  of  prices,  and  proposed  a  scale  for  payment  in  Continental 
l)ill8,  on  tlie  liasis  of  twenty  for  one,  advising  u  general  convention  to  be  held  in 
Piiiladelphia  in  January. 

1779,  October.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
act  prohibiting  the  involuntary  sale  of  slaves  out  of  the  state. 

1779,  October.  —  Verplanck's  Point  and  Stony  Point,  on  the 
Hudson,  were  evacuated  by  the  British. 

Clinton  hearing  of  the  arrival  of  D'Estaing's  fleet,  was  afraid  for  New  York. 
To  strengthen  it,  these  posts  were  vacated,  the  troops  from  Newport  withdrawn, 
and  an  expedition  to  the  West  Indies  detained. 

1779,  October  25.  —  The  British  army  evacuated  Newport. 

Forty-six  Tory  families  went  with  them.  During  the  British  occupation  of  the 
island,  more  than  five  hundred  houses  had  been  destroyed,  and  a  legislative  com- 
mittee reported  in  1782  that  the  damage  in  Newport  alone  was  about  one  hun- 
lired  and  twenty-five  thousand  pounds.  The  British  carried  away  with  them  the 
records  of  the  town  from  its  settlement.     They  were  sunk  in  the  ship  which  car 

25 


386 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1779-80. 


ried  them,  at  Hell  Gate,  in  New  York  lutrbor,  and  partially  recovered  three  years 
afterwards. 

1779,  November  IJ).  —  Congress  approved  the  proposition  made 
by  the  convention  at  Hartford,  but  urged  the  states  to  adopt  it 
at  once  without  waiting  lor  another  convention. 

1779,  December.  —  The  winter  was  unusually  severe,  and  in 
Rhode  Island  wood  was  very  scarce,  selling  for  twenty  dollars  a 
cord. 

Corn  WIS  worth  four  siv.'cr  dollars  a  bushel,  and  potatoes  two  dollars. 

1779,  December  26.  —  The  British,  under  Clinton,  rrubarked 
at  New  York  for  Savannah. 

He  carried  about  seven  thousand  men,  of  whom  two  thousand  were  Tories. 
The  Tories  in  the  British  service  at  this  time  amounted  to  about  five  thousand. 

1780,  January.  —  Massachusetts  adopted  a  constitution. 

A  convention  was  called  by  the  existing  autliority,  of  delegates  chosen  by  the 
method  of  choosing  representatives,  for  tlie  sole  pui-posc  of  forming  a  constitu- 
tion. They  accepted  one  prepared  by  John  Adams,  Samuel  Adams,  and  Jimics 
Bowdoin,  and,  submitting  it  to  the  people,  adjourned.  After  the  people  had  voted 
upon  it,  they  reassembled,  and,  counting  the  votes,  declared  it  adopted,  .lolin 
Hancock  was  chosen  in  October  the  first  governor  under  it.  It  recognized  the 
freedom  of  the  press,  and  also  provided  a  property  qualification  for  tlie  sufl'ragc. 
The  legislature  was  autiiorized  to  provide  for  the  support  of  ministers,  and 
compel  attendance  on  their  services.  It  also  assumed  tlie  riglit  to  practically  re- 
enact  the  colonial  laws  against  blasphemy,  which  was  defined  as  denying  the  Divine 
inspiration  of  any  part  of  the  Bible,  or  the  received  opinions  of  the  Divinity. 
The  Bill  of  J{ights  held  that  "all  men  are  born  free  and  equal." 

1780,  January  5.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  of  retaliation, 
ordering  the  same  allowances  and  treatment  to  be  given  to 
British  prisoners  that  was  given  to  American  prisoners  in  British 
hands. 

1780,  February  5.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  fco  fill  up 
their  quotas,  by  new  enlistments  or  drafts,  so  as  to  make  an  army 
of  thirty-five  thousand  men. 

Washington  had  not  quite  ten  thousand  men.  The  bounties  now  paid  disaf- 
fected the  old  soldiers. 

1780.  —  The  Pennsylvania  assembly  forbade  the  introduction 
of  any  more  slaves  into  the  state,  and  declared  all  persons  born 
after  the  passage  of  the  act,  free. 

George  Bryan  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  the  passage  of  this  act.  It  was 
opposed  as  "premature,"  and  likely  to  have  a  bad  effect  in  the  southern  states. 
This  action  of  Pennsylvania  was,  however,  soon  imitated  by  Connecticut,  Uhodo 
Island,  and  New  Hampshire.  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  Maryland,  and 
Virginia  had  prohibited  the  further  importation  of  slaves,  and  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land had  repealed  their  colooial  restrictions  on  emancipation ;  but  a  bill  for  gradual 


19-80. 

CO  years 

n  made 
idopt  it 

and  in 
lollars  a 

nibarked 

ere  Tories, 
iiousand. 

on. 

loscn  by  the 

r  a  constitu- 

,,  and  James 

>le  had  voted 

opted.    John 

.cognized  the 
the  suffrage. 

linisters,  and 

practically  rc- 

ing  the  Divine 
the  Divinity- 
retaliation, 
given  to 
in  British 

les  to  fill  up 
Ike  an  army 

low  paid  disnf- 

introduction 
iersons  born 

lis  act.  It  ^i^' 
louthern  states. 
nccticut,  Khortf 
,  Maryland,  and 
Linia  and  Mary 
Tbill  for  gradual 


1780.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


387 


emancipation,  vliicli  was  prepared  by  Jefferson  and  Wythe  for  Virpinia,  was  not 
brou{,'!it  forward  in  178.")  wliile  Jefferson  was  in  France;  and  in  New  York  a  bill 
for  it  was  voted  down  in  1785. 

1780.  —  The  boundary  line  between  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia 
was  finally  agreed  upon. 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line  was  continued  to  a  point  five  degrees  west  of  the 
Delaware,  and  a  line  drawn  due  north  from  this  point  was  to  form  the  western 
boundary  of  Pennsylvania.  By  this  arrangement  Pittsburg  came  again  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  Pennsylvania. 

1780.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  imposed  a  duty  on  the 
export  of  bar  and  pig  iron,  io  be  paid  in  coin. 

1780.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  granted  to  Henry 
Guest,  of  New  Brunswick,  the  exclusive  right  for  five  years  to 
make  currier's  oil  and  blubber  by  a  new  process,  —  discovered  by 
bim,  —  I'rom  materials  found  in  the  United  States. 

'"amples  and  dcscrii)tions,   scaled,   were    deposited  with   the    clerk  of   the 

assembly. 

1780. — ^^An  association  waa  formed  at  "Worcester,  Massachu- 
setts, for  spinning  and  weaving  cotton,  and  a  subscription  was 
opened  to  raise  funds  for  procuring  a  jenny. 

On  the  30th  of  April,  the  Spy  announced  that  the  Tuesday  before  "  the  first 
piece  of  corduroy  made  in  the  factory  in  this  town  was  taken  from  the  loom." 

1780.  —  The  term  of  enlistment  "for  three  years,"  made  in 
1777,  ran  out,  and  the  army  was  eo  much  reduced  that  Congress 
called  earnestly  upon  the  respective  states  to  replenish  their 
regiments. 

The  average  bounty  in  many  states  was  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  'n  specie. 
In  JIassachusetts  it  was  two  hundred  and  eifility.  The  pay  M'as  six  dollars  and 
sixty-six  cents  in  specie  a  niontli,  or  its  equivalent,  exclusive  of  bounties. 

1780.  —  The  legislature  of  Maryland  abolished  the  quit-rents, 
and  declared  the  proprietary  estates  forfeit. 

To  a  claim  subsequently  made  for  indemnity  no  attention  was  paid.  The 
illcfjitimacy  of  Henry  Harford,  and  the  fact  that  he  had  inherited  by  will  instead 
of  tlirough  descent,  were  supposed  to  justify  a  disregard  of  his  claim  for  i..- 
demnity. 

1780,  February  7.  —  The  convention  of  northern  states  met 
at  Pliiladelphia,  and  discussed  various  measures  for  the  cur- 
rency. 

1780,  February  19.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  instructed 
its  delegates  to  Congress  to  cede  a  portion  of  the  land  claimed 
under  its  charter,  for  the  common  benefit. 

The  land  was  that  portion  of  her  claim  west  of  a  line  drawn  through  the  western- 
nost  extremity  of  Lake  Ontario. 


m 


388 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1780. 


1780,  February  25.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  fur- 
nish  supplies  in  kind  for  the  campaign  of  the  opening  year. 

Tliree  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  hundred-weight  of  beef;  four  hundred  and 
fifty-five  thousand  gallons  of  rum ;  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  thousand  barrels 
of  flour ;  six  hundred  and  ninety-five  thousand  bushels  of  corn,  or  an  equal  quan- 
tity of  short  forage ;  fifty-three  tliousand  bushels  of  salt ;  nine  thousand  tons  of 
liay;  seven  thousand  hogsheads  of  tobacco,  and  fifty-two  tliousand  bushels  of 
rice,  were  asked  for  to  supply  the  army.  The  accounts  for  these  supplies  were 
to  be  kept,  and  settled  in  silver  coin;  and  those  states  furnishing  more  than  their 
quota  were  to  receive  interest  at  six  per  cent,  on  the  surplus,  while  any  deficiency 
was  to  be  charged  at  the  same  rate.     To  this  call  no  reply  was  made. 

1780,  March  6.  —  Congress  resohvid  upon  a  change  in  the 
character  and  management  of  tiie  bills  of  credit. 

They  made  a  statement  that  "it  is  essential  speedily  to  reduce  the  qi'.antity  of 
the  paper  medium  in  circulation,  and  to  establish  and  appropriate  funds  that  shall 
insure  the  punctual  redemption  of  the  bills."  The  United  States  was  now  com- 
petent to  do  this,  because  "their  independence  being  well  assured,  their  civil  gov- 
ernments established  and  vigorous,  and  the  spirit  of  their  citizens  ardent  for 
exertion,"  therefore  the  following  measures  were  adopted.  The  states  should  con- 
tinue to  furnish  their  quotas  of  the  iifteen  millions  assigned  them  October  C,  1779 ; 
coin  should  be  received  for  taxes  at  th"  rate  of  one  dollar  for  forty  of  the  bills ; 
that  the  bills  so  received  (except  those  for  January  and  February)  should  be 
destroyed ;  that  as  bills  were  received  others  should  be  irsued,  not  to  exceed  a 
twentieth  part  of  those  re  ;eivcd ;  that  the  new  bills  should  be  redeemed  in  specie, 
with  interest  at  five  per  cent.,  in  six  years,  or  in  sterling  exchange  at  four  shillings 
and  sixpence ;  tiie  new  bills  were  issued  on  the  faith  of  the  different  states,  as  well 
as  upon  that  of  the  United  States,  and  six  tenths  of  them  were  given  to  the  indi- 
vidual states  in  proportion  to  their  quotas,  and  four  tenths  reserved  for  the  United 
States,  and  credited  to  the  states,  in  accordance  with  tlieir  quotas  of  October  fi, 
1779;  the  interest  paid  upon  the  st'rling  exchange  by  the  United  States  to  be 
charged  to  the  states ;  and  the  states  to  provide  funds  to  redeem  one  ai. .  Ji  of  their 
quotas  yearly  from  the  1st  of  January,  1781. 

1780,  March  18.  —  Congress  fixed  the  depreciation  of  the  cur- 
rency  at  forty  for  one  as  the  scale  at  which  all  loan  certificates 
and  those  from  commissaries  were  to  be  paid. 

The  scale  had  been  begun  in  March,  1778,  at  one  and  three  quarters  for  one. 
In  September  5  it  was  ordered  that  only  coin,  or  the  new  issue,  should  be  received. 

1780,  March  20.  —  Congress  advised  the  repeal  of  the  laws 
making  the  old  bills  of  credit  a  legal  tender,  and  desired  the 
assemblies  of  the  states  to  consider  the  proposed  measure  for  the 
new  issue. 

1780,  March  20.  —  Congress  recommended  the  atatvjs  to  modify 
their  tender  laws  so  as  to  conform  to  the  change  in  the  bills  of 
credit. 

The  states  did  so ;  but,  as  they  did  not  respond  to  the  change  of  the  6tli  of 
March  as  promptly  as  necessary  to  raise  money,  Congress  was  forced  to  draw  bills 


1780. 
0  fur- 

•cd  and 
biirrcls 
il  quun- 
tons  of 
ihels  of 
\es  were 
lan  their 
eficiency 


1780.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


389 


in 


the 


i:'.antUy  of 
that  shall 
now  cora- 
r  civil  gov- 
ardent  for 
should  con- 
)er  G,  17'"  1 
f  the  bills ; 
)  should  be 
to  exceed  a 
pd  in  specie, 

3ur  shillings 
tates,aswcll 
to  the  indi- 
,r  the  United 
,f  October  (>, 
Slates  to  bo 
SI.  ..h  of  their 

-,f  the  cur- 
jertificatcs 

.rters  for  one. 
d  be  received. 


{• 


.  the  laws 
[csired  the 
iure  for  the 


^9  to  tnoclify 
the  bills  of 

of  the  Gth  of 
U  to  draw  bilU 


upon  their  ministers  in  Europe,  and  did  so  for  about  seven  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

1780,  March.  —  Pennsylvania  issued  bills  of  credit  to  the 
amount  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

Tliey  bore  five  per  cent,  interest;  and,  besides  the  security  of  the  public  credit, 
tlie  assembly  set  aside  city  lots  in  Philadelphiii  and  on  Province  Island  for  their 
redemption.  In  December,  the  assembly  made  them  a  legal  tender,  and  fixed 
their  value  in  relation  to  the  Continental  bills  at  one  to  seventy-five,  to  last  until 
tlie  first  of  the  next  February,  when  the  state  executive  council  was  the  first  week 
in  each  month  to  publish  the  rate. 

1780,  April  10.  —  Congress  resolved,  that  as  soon  as  the  con- 
dition of  tlie  finances  would  allow,  the  states  should  make  up  the 
deticiency  of  the  army's  pay  caused  by  the  depreciation  of  the 
Continental  money. 

Massachusetts  had  done  thie,  and*the  Pennsylvania  line  complained  that  it  was 
not  done  for  them. 

1780,  April  24.  —  Congress  appealed  to  the  states  to  be  prompt 
in  collecting  their  quotas. 

1780,  May  2.. —  Two  Connecticut  regiments,  in  Washington's 
army,  threatened  to  march  home,  or  help  themselves  to  supplies. 

1780,  May  10.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  to  collect  and 
pay  in,  within  thirty  days,  ten  millions  of  dollars  —  a  part  of  the 
sum  called  for  the  year  before. 

Tl'  ates  south  of  Virginia  were  exempted  from  this  call.  The  amount  was 
to  be  .    .  lected  in  bills  of  credit. 

1780,  May  12.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  surrendered  to 
the  British  under  General  Chnton. 

Clinton  had  left  New  York  the  last  of  the  preceding  year,  and  i:  January  had 
reaeiied  Savannah.  From  there  the  fleet  entered  Charleston  harbor,  passing  Fort 
Moultrie  with  trifling  loss.  The  city  was  finally  invested.  For  it  defence  Lincoln 
liiul  nearly  seven  thousand  men.  In  May,  Fort  Moultrie  surrendered,  and,  as  the 
enemy  were  nearly  ready  to  assault  the  city,  and  the  works  for  its  defence  were  full 
iif  breuclics,  Lincoln  offered  to  capitulate.  The  soldiers  were  to  march  out  and  lay 
down  their  arms,  and  be  dismissed  on  their  parole  not  to  take  up  arms,  and  to  be 
secure  as  long  as  the  parole  was  kept.  Governor  Rutledgc,  with  three  of  the 
council,  liad  left  the  city  before  the  investment  was  completed.  The  lieutenant- 
governor,  Gadsden,  and  five  councillors,  were  included  in  the  capitulation. 

1780,  May  19.  —  The  dark  day  occurred  in  New  England. 

The  darkness  extended  from  Connecticut  to  New  Hampshire.  Candles  were 
needed  at  noonday. 

1780,  May.  —  As  the  army  was  in  danger  of  disbanding  from 
Avant  of  provisions,  a  number  of  persons  subscribed  in  currency, 
and  gave  their  bonds,  payable  in  coin  if  necessary,  to  secure  the 
government  for  the  purchase  of  the  supplies.     The  bonds  were 


a9o 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTH  AMEBICA. 


[1780. 


never  collected.  They  ranged  I'rom  ten  thousand  pounds  to  one 
thousand,  and  together  amounted  to  throe  hundred  and  fifteen 
thousand  pounds. 

A  partial  list  of  their  names  can  be  found  in  II.  Nilcs'a  Principles  and  Acta  of 
the  Revolution,  p.  486.  Tliey  formed  a  bank  called  the  Bank  of  Pennsylvania. 
Tlie  movement  was  originated  by  Bobert  Morris  of  Pliiladelpliia.  Congress 
directed  the  Board  of  Treasury  to  deposit  in  the  bank  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand pounds  in  sterling  bills  of  exchange  to  secure  tlieui. 

1780,  May  22.  —  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  Clinton  from 
Charleston,  threatening  severe  penalties  for  those  appearing  iu 
arms  against  the  royal  authority. 

June  1,  another  was  issued,  offering  pardon  to  all  those  who  returned  to  their 
allegiance;  such  as  "under  mock  forms  of  justice  liad  polluted  themselves  witli 
the  blood  of  their  loyal  fellow-subjects  "  being  excepted. 

1780,  May  26.  —  Congress  resolved  that  commissary  certifi- 
cates would  be  received  at  their  face  for  all  Continental  taxes. 
They  were  thus  made  an  addition  to  the  currency. 

1780,  May  27.  —  Congress  recommended  the  legislatures  of  the 
states  to  empower  the  collectors  to  receive  for  taxes  the  certiti- 
cates  of  quartermasters  and  commissaries. 

The  states  made  such  attempts  to  collect  the  taxes  called  for  that  the  sellers  of 
supplies  on  credit  were  afraid  tliey  would  not  be  paid. 

1780,  May.  —  A  committee,  of  which  Schuyler  was  chairman, 
reported  to  Congress  on  the  condition  of  the  army. 

They  had  been  appointed  to  visit  the  camp,  and  in  consultation  with  Wasii- 
ington,  suggest  concerning  its  organization.  They  said,  "Tliat  tlic  army  was 
jdve  months  unpaid;  that  it  seldom  had  more  than  six  days'  provisions  in  advance, 
and  was  on  several  occasions,  for  sundry  consecutive  days,  without  meat;  tliivt 
the  army  was  destitute  of  forage ;  that  the  medical  department  had  neitlicr  sugar, 
tea,  chocolate,  wine,  nor  spirits ;  and  that  every  department  was  without  muuvy, 
or  even  the  shadow  of  credit." 

1780,  May  29.  —  Tarleton,  commanding  a  British  force  sent  by 
Clinton  from  Charleston,  overtook  and  defeated  at  Waxhaws,  near 
the  North  Carolina  line,  a  regiment  from  Virginia  under  Buford. 

The  regiment  had  set  out  to  reinforce  Charleston :  it  was  cut  to  pieces,  no 
quarter  being  given.  Two  other  detachments  sent  from  Charleston  by  Clinton 
(one  towards  Augusta,  and  the  other  towards  Camden)  met  with  no  resistance, 
the  people  submitting  and  giving  their  parole,  or  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

1780,  June  3.  — A  new  proclamation  was  issued  from  Charles- 
ton, discharging  the  paroles  of  those  not  taken  in  arms,  and 
making  an  oath  of  allegiance  necessary  to  escape  being  treatod 
as  an  enemy. 

Clinton  now  returned  to  New  York,  leaving  Cornwallis  in  command.  He  sub- 
sisted his  troops  by  seizure  of  supplies  from  those  who  had  not  taken  the  oath, 
and  by  paying  those  who  had  with  certificates  upon  the  British  commissaries. 


[1780. 


1780.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


391 


to  one 
tifteeu 

I  Ads  of 
sylvania. 
Congress 
ifty  tliou- 

on  from 
Aviug  ill 

!d  to  their 
iclves  with 


y  certifi- 
;al  taxes. 


res  of  the 
[lo  certiti- 

,he  sellers  of 
cliairraan, 

with  Wasli- 
10  army  wiis 

in  advance, 
t  meat;  tlmt 
leitlier  sunrti". 
ihout  money, 

[ce  sent  by 
[liaws,  near 
jr  Buford. 
to  pieces,  no 
jjn  by  Clinton 
no  resistance, 
liUegianec. 

\,m  Charles- 
I  arms,  aiui 
Ing  treated 

Imd.  He  sub- 
laken  the  oath, 
Imissarica. 


1780,  June  12.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  issued  twenty 
thousand  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

They  bore  interest  at  six  per  cent.,  and  were  to  be  redeemed  in  specie  on  the 
following  January.     They  were  made  a  legal  tender. 

1780,  June  23.  —  The  British,  under  Clinton,  advanced  from 
New  York  to  SpringGold,  New  Jersey,  and  drove  Greene  with 
his  detachment  back  over  the  Rah  way. 

Clinton  soon  after  withdrew  his  army  to  Staten  Island  to  recuperate. 

1780,  July  10.  —  A  French  fleet  of  forty-four  sail,  under  Ad- 
miral Do  Torney,  with  six  thousand  troops  under  Count  de 
Kochambeau,  arrived  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island. 

In  the  licet  there  were  twelve  ships-of-war  and  thirty-two  transports.  Rocham- 
beau  Iiad  orders  to  place  himself  under  Washington's  command. 

1780.  —  The  crops  this  year  were  a  failure. 

1780,  July  31.  —  News  arrived  that  a  second  French  fleet  was 
blockaded  at  Brest  by  a  British  fleet. 

The  British  fleet,  which  had  reinforced  Clinton  at  New  York,  proceeded  to 
Newi>'jrt,  and  blockaded  the  French  fleet  there.  The  French  army  was  forced  to 
remain  at  Newport  to  protect  the  fleet;  and,  to  aid  them,  three  thousand  five  hun- 
dred militia  were  kept  at  Newport  under  arms. 

1780,  July. — The  command  of  the  southern  department  was 
given  to  Gates. 

lie  took  command  at  Deep  River,  and  pressed  forward  towards  Camden. 

1780,  August  3.  —  The  command  in  the  Highlands,  embracing 
the  works  at  West  Point,  was  given  to  Benedict  Arnold. 

He  obtained  the  position  in  order  to  betray  it. 

1780,  August  6.  —  An  engagement  took  place  between  the 
British  and  Americans  at  Hanging  Rock,  South  Carolina,  in 
which  the  latter  were  victorious. 

Tlie  Americans  were  commanded  by  General  Sumter ;  the  British  and  Tories 
by  Colonel  Tarleton.  The  battle  lasted  about  four  hours,  and  was  one  of  the 
hardest  fought  engagements  of  the  war,  considering  the  numbers  engaged. 

1780,  August  13.  —  Congress  resolved  that  from  and  after  the 
first  of  that  month  the  army  should  receive  their  pay  in  the 
"  new  bills." 

The  lands  grant  was  also  extended  to  the  general  officers. 

1780,  August  16.  —  The  battle  at  Sanders'  Creek,  a  few  miles 
north  of  Camden,  South  Carolina,  took  place  between  the  British 
under  Lord  Cornwallis,  and  the  Americans  under  General  Gates. 
The  Americans  were  defeated. 

The  two  armies  were  approaching  each  other  witliout  being  aware  of  it,  and 


392 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1780. 


met  suddenly  in  the  dark,  a,  little  after  midnight;  a  skirmish  took  place  between 
the  vanguards,  but  the  battle  did  not  begin  until  morni.ig.  Tlic  BritiHli  loss  was 
three  liundred  and  twenty-five ;  the  American,  in  killed,  wounded,  and  prisoners, 
nearly'  two  thousand  men.     Among  the  killed  was  the  Baron  de  Kalb. 

1780,  August  18.  —  Sumter's  force  was  surprised  by  Tarleton, 
and  completely  scattered. 

Georgia,  South  and  North  Carolina  had  not  a  single  b.attalion  in  the  field.  Tlie 
Virginia  line  had  been  chiefly  c.iptured  at  Charleston,  or  scattered  in  other  engage- 
ments. The  Maryland  line  was  reduced  to  a  single  regiment,  and  the  Delaware 
lino  to  a  single  company.  Among  the  prisoners  taken  at  Camden  were  some  wlio 
had  submitted  and  taken  a  Eritiah  protection.  Of  these,  several  were  hanged  on 
tiie  spot,  and  the  same  fate  was  tlircatened  for  all  who  shou!  1  imitate  their  exam- 
ple. Some  forty  of  the  cliief  residents  of  Cliarleston  were  arrested,  and  sent  to 
St.  Augustine.  Sumter  and  Marion,  who  wore  both  officers  in  the  Continental 
service,  were  commissioned  as  generals  by  Governor  Rutle»3go  of  South  Carolina, 
and  continued  to  keep  a  resistance  to  the  British,  though  the  means  at  their  com- 
mand were  of  tlie  slightest  kind. 

1780,  August.  —  Congress  resolved  that  any  one  who  should 
sell,  embezzle,  or  wilfully  misapply  the  supplies  of  the  army, 
should  suft'er  death,  or  any  other  punishment  a  court-martial 
should  decide. 

1780,  August. —  General  Greene  resigned  the  position  of 
quartermaster,  which  was  accepted  by  Colonel  Pickering. 

1780,  August  24.  —  The  provision  of  half-pay  for  seven  years 
was  extended  to  the  generals,  and  for  such  as  had  died,  or  should 
die,  in  the  service,  to  their  wives  or  children. 

1780,  August  26.  —  Congress  earnestly  recommended  the 
states  to  withdraw  their  quotas  of  the  bills  of  credit,  by  taxa- 
tion or  otherwise,  in  order  to  prepare  for  the  new  issue ;  and  at 
the  same  time  to  raise  by  taxes,  payable  in  the  new  issue,  their 
respective  quotas  of  three  millions. 

This,  it  was  hoped,  would  be  paid  into  the  Continental  treasury  by  the  last  of 
December. 

1780,  September  6.  —  Congress  resolved  that  the  lands  which 
should  be  ceded  by  the  states,  claiming  them  under  their  ciiarters, 
or  by  authority  of  royal  proclamations,  should  be  formed  into  re- 
publican states,  and  become  members  of  the  Union  with  the  sanio 
rights  of  sovereignty,  freedom,  and  independence  that  the  origi- 
nal members  of  the  Union  had. 

1780.  —  During  the  early  part  of  this  year  the  cold  was  so 
intense  that  the  Hudson  froze. 

There  was  great  scarcity  of  fuel  aud  fresh  provisions  in  New  York  city,  and 
Kniphausen  feared  an  attack  upon  the  city,  as  the  ice  in  the  river  offered  nn 
opportunity  for  the  Americans  to  cross  it.  All  the  inhabitants  were  put  under 
arms ;  a  "  Board  of  Associated  Loyalists  "  was  formed,  and  William  Franklin,  the 
late  governor  of  New  Jersey,  who  had  been  exchanged,  was  made  its  president 


1780.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


393 


l)Ctwcen 
\  lo98  was 
^>risonurs, 

larleton, 

fleUi.    The 
ler  cngage- 
B  Pelawiire 
J  some  who 
I  hanged  on 
their  exam- 
and  sent  to 
Continental 
.th  Carolina, 
.t  their  com- 


1780,  September  6.  —  Congress  advised  the  states  whose  boun- 
daries were  under  dispute  to  surrender  a  portion  of  their  terri- 
tory in  order  to  maintain  the  confederacy,  since  tlie  Union  was 
necessary  *'  to  their  very  existence  as  a  free,  sovereign,  and 
independent  people." 

The  ignorance  of  the  geography  of  the  country  at  tlio  time  when  the  charters 
were  granted  luul  caused  these  conflicting  claims.  There  was  no  controversy 
about  their  boundaries  between  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New  .Jersey,  Maryland, 
New  Hampshire,  and  Rhode  Island  ;  but  tlie  charters  of  some  of  the  others  were 
of  impossible  dimensions,  extending  a  claim  to  tlie  South  Sea,  tlie  Mississippi 
Kiver,  or  tlie  Pacific  Ocean.  The  dominion  of  Connecticut,  for  cxiimple,  was,  by 
its  charter,  extended  to  the  Pacific. 

1780,  September  15.  —  Congress  made  a  call  upon  Massachu- 
setts, New  Hampshire,  and  Connecticut  ibr  supplies  for  the  army. 

A  thousand  head  of  cattle  a  week  were  wanted  for  "  the  immediate  supply  of 
the  army." 

1780.  —  At  the  same  time,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Del- 
aware were  asked  to  furnish,  "  with  all  possible  dispatch,"  two 
thousand  head  of  cattle. 

Warrants  were  drawn  on  the  loan-ofBces  for  $28,300  for  the  expense  of  for- 
warding cattle  to  the  army. 

1780,  September  19. — Wa,shington  went  to  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut, to  consult  with  Rochambeau  concerning  some  definite  plan 
of  action. 

1780,  September  23.  —  Major  Andrd  was  arrested,  and  Arnold's 
treachery  discovered. 

Andre  was  tried  by  a  court-martial,  of  which  General  Greene  was  president, 
and  Steuben  and  Lafayette  members.  He  was  condemned  as  a  spy,  and  hanged 
October  2.  Arnold  was  paid  fifty  thousand  dollars  by  the  English  government  for 
his  treachery,  together  with  a  brigadier's  commission  in  the  British  army.  lie 
issued  an  "Address  to  the  Inliabitants  of  America,"  and  also  a  "Proclamation  to 
the  Officers  and  Soldiers  of  the  Continental  Army,"  inviting  them  to  desert,  con- 
trasting their  wretchedness  with  the  prompt  jiay  and  abundance  of  the  English 
service,  and  offering  three  guineas  to  each  private,  and  to  the  officers  commissions 
in  the  Britisli  army  according  to  their  rank,  and  the  number  of  men  they  brought 
with  them.     This  document  met  with  the  contempt  it  deserved. 

1780,  September.  —  Laurens  embarked  for  Holland. 

He  was  captured  on  his  passage  by  an  English  sliip,  and  his  papers,  which  he 
threw  overboard,  were  saved  by  a  sailor  who  leaped  in  the  sea  after  them.  The 
information  they  contained  of  the  negotiations  carried  on  with  the  Americans  by 
I'll'  Dutch  led  to  a  declaration  of  war  by  England.  December  2,  Laurens  was 
I  iifined  in  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high  treason. 

1780,  October  5.  —  A  court  of  inquiry  was  ordered  by  Con- 
gress into  the  defeat  at  Camden. 
Washington  appointed  General  Greene  to  succeed  General  Gates. 


394 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1780. 


1780,  October.  —  Congroas  assented  to  a  plan  for  the  organi- 
zatiou  of  the  army,  presented  by  the  committee  sent  to  the  camp. 

Tlie  army  was  to  consist  of  fifty  regiments  of  infantry,  four  regiments  of  artil- 
lery, one  of  artificers,  two  partisan  corps,  and  four  legions  —  part  liorso  and  pnrt 
foot.  All  new  enlistments  were  to  be  for  tlie  war.  Massacliusetts  and  Virginia 
were  to  furnish,  cacli,  cloven  regiments ;  Pennsylvania,  nine ;  Connecticut,  six ; 
Maryland,  five ;  North  Carolina,  four ;  New  York,  three ;  New  Hampshire,  New 
Jersey,  and  Soutli  Carolina,  each,  two ;  liiiode  Island,  Delaware,  and  Georgia, 
each,  one.  The  full  list  would  have  made  the  army  amount  to  thirty-six  thousand 
men,  but  it  never  had  in  the  field  one  half  this  number.  Half-pay  for  life  was 
promised  all  oflBcers  who  served  until  the  end  of  the  war. 

1780,  October  9.  —  A  body  of  loyalists  from  North  Carolina, 
commanded  by  General  Ferguson,  were  defeated  at  King's 
Mountain  by  a  body  of  backwoodsmen  under  Shelby  and  Sevier. 

The  survivors  (eight  hundred  in  number)  surrendered,  and  ten  of  the  most 
active  in  inducing  them  to  rise  were  tried  and  hanged  on  the  spot. 

1780,  October  10.  —  Connecticut  offered  to  cede  her  claim  to 
the  unsettled  territory  west  of  Pennsylvania. 

She  excepted  a  tract  south  of  Lake  Eric  and  adjoining  Pennsylvania,  and 
known  subsequently  as  the  Connecticut  Reserve. 

1780,  October.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  voted  to  raise 
three  thousand  men. 

Recruits  were  given  twelve  thousand  dollars  in  paper,  and  nt  the  end  of  the 
war  were  to  have  three  hundred  acres  of  land  and  a  "healthy,  sound  negro,"  or 
two  hundred  dollars  in  coin.  Men  to  serve  eighteen  months  were  drafted  from  the 
militia.  The  seizuro  of  provisions  at  certain  fixed  prices  was  authorized,  and  ten 
millions  in  bills  of  cicdit,  redeemable  at  forty  for  one,  were  issued. 

1780,  October.  —  Fort  George  and  Fort  Anne  were  captured 
by  an  expedition  of  Indians  and  Tories  under  Sir  John  Johnson. 

Another  expedition  drove  the  Oneidas,  friendly  to  the  Americans,  from  the 
vicinity  of  Niagara  to  the  neighborhood  of  Albany. 

1780,  October  19.  —  General  Vr^n  Rensselaer  defeated  a  party 
of  Indians  and  Tories  at  Fox  Mills. 

The  New  York  line  was  stationed  for  the  winter  at  Albany.  Washington'j 
headquarters  were  at  New  Windsor.  The  New  England  troops  were  quartered  in 
the  Highlands,  those  of  New  Jersey  at  Ponipton,  and  Pennsylvania  near  Morris- 
town. 

1780.  —  For  this  year  the  expenditure  from  the  treasury  was 
eighty-three  millions,  old  tenor,  and  nine  hundred  thousand  new. 

In  specie  the  payments  were  estimated  at  three  millions.  Jay  suoi  ceded  in 
borrowing  in  Spain  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  payable  in  three  years. 
Four  million  livres  were  lent  the  commissioners  by  the  French  court. 

1780,  November  4.  —  A  call  was  made  upon  the  states  for  ten  i 
millions  of  dollars,  to  be  raised  by  taxes. 


■ 


[1780. 

organi- 
0  camp. 
8  of  artil- 
aiid  imrt 
d  Virginia 
;ticut,  six; 
shire,  ^'ew 
d  Georgia, 
,x  tliousand 
Cor  life  was 


Carolina, 
it  King's 
ad  Sevier. 
I  of  tlio  most 

3r  claim  to 

isylvania,  and 
;ed  to  raise 

the  end  of  the 
mna  negro,"  or 

[rafted  from  tk 
lorizcd,  andten 

5re  captured 
)bn  Johnson, 
kcans,  from  tk 

bated  a  party 

Washington's 
^cre  quartered  in 

lia  near  Morris- 

treasury  ^^ 
liousand  new. 

ijay  succeeded  in 
lleintlireeyeatt. 

luurt. 

1  states  for  ^^  I 


1780.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


395 


Tlio  quotas  wore  to  be  paid  in  coin,  or  in  "money  of  the  new  eniisaiun; "  and 
the  terms  were  the  aanic  ua  those  of  February. 

1780,  November  16.  —  An  advcfrtisomont  by  Isaiah  Thomas,  in 
the  MassachustUa  Spy,  oilers  ton  shillings  a  pound  i'or  '*  clean 
white  rags." 

1780,  November  18.  —  An  ongagomont  took  place  between  the 
Ainoricans  under  General  Sumter,  and  a  party  of  mounted  Brit- 
ish and  Tories  under  Colonel  Wemyss,  at  Fish-Dam  Ford,  on  the 
Broad  Hivor,  Soutli  Carolina. 

The  British  were  driven  back. 

1780,  November  20.  —  An  engagement  between  the  Amoricans 
under  General  Sumter,  and  the  British  cavalry  under  Colonel 
Tiulcton,  took  place  at  Blackstocks,  a  plantation  on  the  Tiger 
River,  South  Carolina. 

After  a  sharp  contest,  Tarleton  was  driven  back,  leaving  about  two  hundred 
killed  or  wounded  on  the  field.  The  Americans  lost  three  killed  and  five  wounded. 
Sumter  was  severely  wounded.  His  men  carried  him  to  a  place  of  safety,  and 
tlien  disbanded  and  scattered. 

1780,  December  2.  —  Greene  took  command  of  tho  southern 
army  at  Charlotte. 

Gates  had  obtained  some  recruits.  The  army  was  in  tatters,  the  milit.-iry  chest 
was  empty,  and  supplies  were  obtained  by  impressment. 

1780,  December  31.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  tendered  to 
Congress,  for  the  common  benefit,  the  territory  claimed  by  her. 

Tliis  was  the  vast  domain  north-west  of  the  Ohio,  and  extending  to  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  lakes.  Tho  right  of  Virginia  to  the  remaining  territory  east  of  the 
Mississippi,  and  north  of  35°  30'  north  latitude,  was  retained. 

1780.  —  An  act  for  establishing  the  town  of  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky, was  passed  by  the  Virginia  legislature. 
It  was  named  in  honor  of  Louis  XVI. 

1780.  —  The  depreciation  of  the  bills  of  credit  this  year  was, 
in  January,  forty  for  one ;  in  December,  seventy-five  ibr  one. 
Virginia  during  this  year  issued  thirty  millions  of  dollars,  and 
made  it  a  legal  tender  at  forty  for  one. 

Congress  this  year  called  for  an  aggregate  of  taxes  of  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
six  millions  of  dollars. 

1780.  —  David  Bryan,  of  Duchess  County,  New  York,  made 
I  the  first  winnowing-machine  ev<'r  known  to  bo  used  in  the 
1  United  States. 

The  machine  was  first  brought  into  England  from  Holland  in  tho  early  part  of 

|tlic  eighteenth  century. 

1780.  —  Ann  Lee  founded  the  sect  of  Shakers  at  Lebanon,  New 

lYork. 

Ann  Lee  was  born  at  Manchester,  England,  February  29,  17S6,  and  died  Sep- 
«nibcr  8,  1784,  at  Watervliet,  New  York.     She  came  to  this  country  in  1774. 


396 


ANNALS  OB  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1780-1. 


1780.  —  The  first  glass-works  of  which  there  is  any  precise 
account  were  built  at  Tcuiplo,  New  Iluuipshiro,  by  Robert 
Hewufl  of  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

The  works  wore  erected  there  on  nceotmt  of  the  cheapness  of  fUel.  The  work- 
men, thirty-two  in  number,  were  Hessians,  deserters  from  tlie  Britisii  army.  Tiiey 
were  a  diunken  set;  and  in  the  winter,  in  consequence  of  carelessncsg,  tlio  works 
took  fire,  and  were  destroyed.  An  unsuccessful  attempt  waa  mudo  to  rebuild 
them,  but  enough  capital  could  not  bo  raised. 

1781,  January  1.  — A  mutiny  broke  out  in  the  Pennsylvania 
troops. 

Tlie  whole  line,  with  the  exception  of  three  regiments,  nmstcred  under  armi 
and  demanded  redress  for  their  grievances.  They  arrested  the  British  spies  who 
came  among  them  to  excite  them  to  violence,  and  delivered  them  to  General 
Wayne.  Tlie  men  were  in  arrears  of  pay.  They  claimed  to  be  entitled  to  dis- 
charge, since  they  had  enlisted  for  tlirec  years  or  the  war.  Tiie  officers  claimed 
tliey  had  enlisted  for  three  years  and  the  war.  The  new  recruits  had  recuivwl 
large  bounties,  wliich  was  a  further  cause  of  discontent  to  those  who  were  not 
paid.  A  Congressional  connnittee  offered  an  innnediate  supply  of  clothing,  cer- 
tificates  for  pay  due,  and  the  discharge  of  those  who  had  enlisted  for  three  years 
or  the  war,  their  oaths  to  be  taken  as  to  the  fact.  Most  of  the  line  was  dis- 
charged.    Tlie  British  spies  they  had  arrested  were  hanged. 

1781,  January. —  Some  of  the  New  Jersey  line  mutinied. 

They  refused  to  obey  certain  officers,  and  claimed  to  be  discharged  on  their 
oaths.  A  committee  of  tlie  New  Jersey  legislature,  to  inquire  into  the  grievances 
of  the  soldiers,  refused  to  proceed  until  tiiey  returned  to  their  duly.  Some  of 
tiiem  did  so,  and  tlie  rest  were  forced  to  submit  by  a  detachment  of  eastern 
troops  under  Howe,  who  surrounded  their  camp.  Tiiree  of  the  ringleaders  were 
condemned  by  a  court-mariiai  to  deafii,  and  two  of  them  were  shot,  and  the  rest 
forced  to  apologize  to  their  officers  and  promise  for  the  future  to  obey. 

1781,  January.  —  Holland  declared  war  against  England. 

Paul  Jones  had  carried  some  of  his  prizes  into  the  ports  of  Holland,  and  she 
refused,  on  the  demand  of  England,  to  deliver  them  up. 

1781,  January  11.  — The  Salem  Gazette  and  General  Adver- 
User  appeared  in  Salem,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Mary  Crouch,  who  removed  the  plant  firom  Charleston, 
Soutii  Carolina,  after  the  death  of  her  husband.  After  she  had  issued  tiiirty-five 
numbers  of  the  Gazdte,  it  was  united  with  the  Essex  Gazette,  publislied  by 
Samuel  Hall. 

1781,  January.  —  Arnold,  who  had  been  sent  from  New  York 
to  Portsmouth  with  a  command  composed  chiefly  of  loyaUsts,  as- 
cended the  James  River,  and  burned  Riclimond. 

He  proposed  to  spare  the  city  if  ships  should  be  allowed  to  come  and  carry 
away  the  tobacco  and  other  stores  in  it.  Governor  Jefferson  refused  this  prop- 
osition. 

1781,  January   15.  —  Congress  made   a  requisition  on  the 


[1780-1. 

'  pvociso 
Hubert 


Tlic  work- 
riny.  They 
.,  tho  works 
J  to  rebuild 


1781.] 


ANNALS  or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


397 


Ivania 


insy 


I  under  arms 
ish  8i)ie8  who 
1  to  General 
,litloil  to  (lU- 
ficers  claimeil 

had  received 
who  were  not 

clotiiing,  eer- 
for  tlircc  years 
,  lino  was  dis- 

utinictl. 
harged  on  tlieir 
)  tlie  grievances 
luly.  Soi»e  "f 
nt  of  eiistern 
iglcaders  were 
ot,  and  tiie  rest 
bey. 

n  gland. 
[oUand,  and  she 

nerol  Adver- 

fom  Cliarleston, 
ssued  ti>irty-flve 
le,  publislied  by 

,m  New  York 
loyalists,  as- 

n  come  and  carry 
Lfused  this  prop- 

Lition  on  the 


stiitea  for  eight  hundred  and  soventy-nino  thousand  dollars,  to 
bo  paid  in  coin. 

It  was  needed  for  tlio  arrears  of  i)ay  due  tho  army.  On  the  18th  nf  April, 
ConKres!)  reported  tliat  it  had  not  been  all  paid.  One  half  of  it  had  been.  Mas- 
saclmsetts  and  New  Ilanipsiiiro  sent  to  cacli  of  their  soldiers  twenty-four  specie 

dollars. 

1781.  January  17.  —  The  Americans  under  General  Morgan 
defeated  tho  British  at  Cowpens,  iSoutli  Carolina,  under  Tarloton. 

The  Rritish  lost  more  than  bIx  hundred  men,  and  all  their  baggngo  and  artil- 
lery ;  tho  Americans,  less  than  eighty. 

1781,  January.  —  Tbo  emprosa  of  Rns.«iia  offered  her  media- 
tion towards  making  peace  between  England  and  America. 

The  enii)oror  of  Germany,  at  the  request  of  Great  Britain,  joined  in  tho  medi- 
ation. Nothing  resulted  from  it.  England  refused  to  acknowledge  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States,  or  to  a<huit  them  to  tho  negotiation ;  and  France, 
through  whose  agency  it  was  carried  on,  broke  it  olT. 

1781,  February  2. —  The  legislature  of  Maryland  united  in 
instructing  their  delegates  to  Congress  to  agree  to  the  articles 
of  confederation. 

Maryland  had  refrained  from  accepting  the  articles  of  confederation  from  a 
conviction  that  the  public  lands  should  be  the  common  territory  of  tho  various 
states,  and  had  expressed  an  official  opinion  to  this  effect,  which  had  excited  a 
strong  remonstrance  from  Virginia.  Now  being  convinced  that  agreeing  to  the 
articles  of  confederation  would  aid  tho  common  cause  of  tha  states,  she  did  so. 

1781,  February  3.  —  Congress  recommended  the  states  to 
give  the  Congress  "  power  to  levy  for  the  use  of  the  United 
i^tates  a  dut}'  of  five  per  cent,  ad  valorem,  at  the  time  and  place 
of  importation,"  upon  all  goods,  with  some  exceptions,  arriving 
after  May  1 ;  the  duties  to  be  used  in  paying  the  principal  and 
interest  of  the  debt,  and  the  expenses  of  the  war. 

Riiode  Island  refused;  Virginia  consented,  and  then  retracted;  Georgia  said 
nothing.  In  April,  Congress  made  anotlver  ajipeal  of  a  similar  nature,  with  a  liko 
result.  This  course  had  been  recommended  by  a  convention  of  the  New  England 
states,  held  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  the  autumn  before. 

1781,  February.  —  Jndah  Paddock  Spooner  and  Timothy 
Green  published  the  first  newspaper  in  Vermont,  the  Vennont 
Gazette,  or  Qreen  Mountain  Postboy,  at  Westminster. 

In  1783,  the  press,  under  new  proprietors,  was  removed  to  Windsor.    Tho 
j price  of  the  Gazette  in  1788,  "as  far  north  as  Brandon,"  was  "four  bushels  of 
wiieat  per  year ;  one  bushel  of  which  to  be  lodged  at  the  time  of  subscribing,  or 
[as soon  after  as  possible." 

1781,  February  21. —  Congress  created  a  superintendent  of 

I  finance. 

The  Board  was  found  cumbersome  and  inefficient.    Robert  Morris  was  made 


898 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1781. 


siipcrlntondont,  with  nn  pxtcnulon  of  the  dutici  nnd  powera  of  the  Ronnl.  Ho 
took  Gouvprncur  Morrii  ui  his  nsnistant.  Kol)frt  Morrii  wnn  also  tin*  fliicni 
n^i'iU  of  Ponntiylvnniii.  On  September  20  ho  wrote ;  "The  Into  movements  of 
the  nriiiy  have  so  entirely  drained  mc  of  money  that  I  liavo  been  oblimd  to 
1  IihIko  my  personal  credit  very  deeply,  hesidoA  borrowing  from  my  friends,  and 
ndvnneinjx,  to  promote  the  i)ut)Iic  servlee,  every  shillinj^  of  my  own."  All  tlie 
money  Morris  advanced  was  finally  repaid  to  him.  Morris  accepted  the  i)o»ilion 
with  the  express  slipulatioii  tliut  all  tho  transactions  should  be  in  specie  values. 

1781,  Fkhiiuary  28.  —  Oalvoz,  tliti  Spanish  governor  of  Louis- 
iana,  sailocl  lioin  New  Orleans  to  attack  PenHacola. 

Galve/  was  reinforced  froni  Havana  and  Mobile,  and  Colonel  Campbell  in 
command  surrendered  tho  post. 

1781.  —  DuRiNO  the  Bummor  the  Spanish  post  at  St.  Louis  was 
attacked  by  tlio  British  from  Mackinaw. 

They  descended  by  Lake  Mlcliigan  and  tho  Illinois,  but  were  forced  to  raiic 
the  siege  by  General  Clark. 

1781.  —  Fort  Jkfferson  was  attacked  by  tho  Choctaws. 

General  Clark  drove  thorn  away.  The  fort  was  soon  after  abandoned,  as  tno 
expensive  to  retain.  General  Clark  was  commissioned  as  brigadier-general,  ami 
had  his  headquarters  at  Fort  Nelson,  now  Louisville.  The  regioi  as  being  fiist 
settled.  Tlic  Virginia  paper  money  was  so  depreciated  that  warrants  for  a  tli(>u- 
sand  acres  could  be  bought  for  five  dollars  in  specie,  and  so  many  warrants  wiO' 
issued  that  the  lands  were  covered  witli  conflicting  titles,  caused  by  tho  carelcis 
surveys.  Tlirce  counties  were  laid  out:  tho  region  about  Louisville,  called  .Tcf- 
forson;  that  about  Lexington,  called  Fayette;  and  that  between  the  Kentucky 
and  the  Cumberland,  called  Lincoln. 

1781,  March  1.  —  The  articles  of  confederation,  by  the  sig- 
nature of  tho  delegates  from  Maryland,  became  the  settled  law 
of  the  Union. 

These  "  Articles  of  Confederation  nnd  Perpetual  Union  of  tho  United  States 
of  America"  provided  for  a  firm  league  for  the  comm(m  defence,  whetlier  the 
attack  was  made  upon  grounds  of  religion  or  of  sovereignty.  The  free  iiilmbi- 
tants  of  each  slate  were  entitled  to  the  i)rivil-'}iOS  and  immunities  of  the  free  citi- 
zens of  the  other  states.  Tlio  Union  was  represented  in  a  Congress,  in  whicli  ciicii 
state  liad  one  vote.  Congress  had  the  sole  riglit  to  decide  on  war  and  peace,  and 
arrange  the  quotas  for  each  state  of  men  and  money  for  the  common  dLfence. 
Congress  also  could  form  treaties  nnd  alliances,  establish  prize  courts,  and  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal.  Disputes  between  the  states  were  to  be  settled 
by  Congress.  No  state  was  to  be  deprived  of  territory  for  the  United  States. 
Congress  had  the  power  to  borrow  money,  to  regulate  the  coinage,  fix  weiglits 
nnd  measures,  establish  post-offlces,  and  make  rules  for  the  army  and  navy.  The 
assent  of  nine  states  was  necessary  for  important  decisions.  •'  Each  state  retains 
its  sovereignty,  freedom,  nnd  independence,  and  every  power,  jurisdiction,  and 
riglit  which  is  not  by  this  confederation  expressly  delegated  to  the  United  States 
in  Congress  assembled."  The  regulation  of  commerce  and  taxation  whb  re- 
served to  the  states.  No  state  could  receive  or  send  foreign  embassies,  or  enter 
into  alliances  with  another  state,  and  all  were  bound  to  submit  to  the  decisions  of 


1781.] 


ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


399 


r-gt>noriil,  ami 
lis  being  fiwt 
„t8  for  ft  tliou- 
warrnnts  wn'-' 
by  the  cureless 
lie,  calleil  .Tef- 
the  Kentucky 


('onRTOns  on  qucntiotii  subniittod  to  it.  ConprrcM  Iind  power  to  appoint  one  pcr- 
don  fniin  ciicli  state,  to  serve  toKotlier  as  a  couiniittcc,  witli  uutliority  In  tlio 
roceHa  of  ('onKresi.  Aniendinents  were  to  bo  agreed  to  in  ConitreiR,  and  a|>- 
jiroved  by  tlio  leffiNlntures  of  tiio  »tate(i.  The  articleH,  atteHted,  were  ordered 
Hont  to  the  executive  of  each  state,  tlie  connnnnder-in-ciiief  of  tlio  aruiy,  and  Ihu 
ministers  abroad,  and  aUo,  tranitlatcd  into  French,  to  Canada. 

1781,  March  1.  —  The  Now  York  dologatea  to  Conpress 
coded  to  tho  United  States  the  territory  west  of  a  lino  drawn 
through  tiio  wowtorn  extremity  of  Luke  Ontario. 

Tluy  reserved  tho  right  of  retracting  if  tho  8amo  guaranties  wore  not  given 
to  New  York  as  were  given  to  the  other  states  making  similar  cessions.  The 
Maryland  delegates  tlien  signed  the  articles  of  confederation,  which  thus  became 
tlie  law. 

1781,  MARCir  15.  —  Tho  battle  of  Guilford  Court  House  took 
pliico,  iu  North  Carolina. 

Tlio  Americana  under  Grccno  lost  their  artillery,  and  won  obliged  to  retreat. 
Tliu  liritisli  under  Cornwallis  fell  back. 

1781,Mai?(II  16.  —  The  French  fleet  from  Newport  engaged 
with  the  English  fleet  off  tho  capos  of  tho  (MioHapeako,  and 
being  worsted  in  the  engagement,  returned  to  Newport  to  relit. 

Tliey  had  sailed  to  co-operate  with  an  expedition  sent  by  Washington  under 
La  Fayette  to  capture  Portsmouth,  Virginia,  and  Arnold  with  liis  force.  After 
tlio  engagement,  tlio  Britisli  fleet  entered  tlio  Chesapeake,  and  reinforced  the 
troops  at  Portsmouth,  while  La  Fayette  with  his  force  halted  at  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land, Ills  men  being  almost  wholly  without  shoes,  hats,  and  tents. 

1781,  Apihl  18.  —  Congress  made  a  statement  of  tho  financial 
condition,  on  a  specie  valuation. 

Tiio  foreign  debt  was  computed  at  six  millions,  bearing  an  interest  of  three 
Imnilred  and  sixty  thousand  dollars.  The  domestic  debt  was  stated  to  be  eighteen 
million,  fifty-seven  thousand,  one  hun'^red  and  fifty-seven  dollars.  Of  this,  seven 
million,  tliree  hundred  .md  thirteen  thousand,  three  hundred  and  six  drew  inter- 
est, payable  in  Frinice,  of  four  iinndred  and  thirty-eiglit  tliousand  seven  hundred 
and  ninety-ciglit  dollars.  The  bills  of  credit  were  comi>uted  in  this  estimate  at 
Beventy-live  for  one. 

1781,  April  25.  —  A  second  battle  was  fought  at  Camden,  in 
which  the  Americans  under  General  Grecno  were  forced  to 
retreat.     Tho  British  under  Lord  llawdon  evacuated  Camden. 

1781,  May  2.  —  The  bills  of  credit  of  Pennsylvania  stood  at 
the  rate  of  three  to  one  silver  dollar,  and^  one  to  scvcnty-fivo 
Continental  bills  of  credit. 

Continental  bills  of  credit  stood  at  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  for  one  silver 
(lullar.  The  council  at  this  date  fixed  the  value  of  the  bills  of  credit  f  tlie  state 
atone  for  one  hundred  and  seventy-five  in  the  Continental  bills.  As  the  popular 
rule  was  to  multiply  this  rate  by  three,  to  get  the  value  of  Continental  money  in 
Klation  to  silver,  the  rate  of  Continental  bills  became,  ia  reference  to  silver,  five 


400 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1781. 


hundred  and  twenty-five  for  one;  that  is,  they  prnctically  censed  to  circulate. 
Though  it  had  been  Bntici|)ated  tliiit  tliis  event  would  he  most  disastrous,  yet 
there  was  no  disturbance  caused  by  it,  but  on  the  contrary  a  universal  sense  of 
rejoicing.  The  people  were  aware  that  the  Continental  money  had  supported  tlie 
cost  of  the  war,  and  that  its  depreciation  in  their  hands  was  tiie  payment  of  the 
cost.  At  the  same  time,  they  felt  that  sucli  a  method  of  payment  was  not  the 
most  economical,  and  yet  perhaps  more  so  than  the  regular  funding  of  the  debt, 
with  a  long  arrear  of  intcnst,  would  have  been.  In  April,  a  committee  of  Con- 
gress, speaking  of  the  depreciation  of  the  issues  in  1779  of  bills  of  credit,  said: 
"A  compliance  with  these  requisitions  would  not  only  have  answered  the  exi- 
gencies of  the  year,  but  would  have  arrested  depreciation  in  its  progress.  But 
as  they  were  not  complied  with  in  duo  tiuio,  and  the  demands  of  the  public  were 
pressing  and  constant,  the  prospect  of  future  taxes  served  only  to  urge  those  who 
had  in  their  possession  the  supplies  and  accessories  wanted  to  enhance  the  price 
in  order  to  pay  their  taxes  with  greater  ease,  while  the  treasury,  receiving  no 
recruit  from  taxes,  was  from  time  to  time  replenished  with  new  emissions ;  and 
from  these  causes  combined,  the  depreciation,  instead  of  receiving  a  check,  pro- 
ceeded with  redoubled  vigour." 

1781.  —  The  American  Herald  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Edward  E.  Powers.  In  1788  he  removed  to  Worcester, 
and  continued  its  publication  thtre,  adding  to  its  title,  Worcester  Recorder. 

1781.  —  The  journal  of  the  second  session  of  the  assembly  of 
New  York  was  n^t  printed  this  year  on  account  of  the  scarcity 
of  paper. 

1781.  —  By  order  of  Congress,  Robert  Aiken  printed. an  edi- 
tion of  the  Bible,  in  small  12mo,  in  Philadelphia. 

This  has  generally  been  called  the  first  Bible  in  English  printed  in  America. 
The  p:ipcr  upon  which  it  was  printed  was  made  in  Pennsylvania.  Witli  the  con- 
clusion of  peace,  English  printed  Bibles  were  imported  and  sold  so  cheap,  that 
Ail'cn  in  1789  memorialized  Congress  asking  for  a  patent  giving  him  the  oxclu- 
Bive  right  for  fourteen  years  to  print  the  Bible  in  the  United  States.  His  uppli- 
cation  was  laid  upon  the  tabic,  and  in  conscfpience  he  stated  that  he  lost  by  \\\v, 
publication  "more  than  three  thousand  pounds  in  specie." 

1781,  May  25.  —  Richmond,  Virginia,  was  abandoned  by  La 
Fayette  with  his  force  at  the  approacii  of  Cornwallis. 

The  Virginia  legislature  moved  to  Charlottesville,  and  the  prisoners  of  Bur- 
goyne's  army  were  marched  to  Winchester.  The  assembly  had  proclaimed 
martial  law  within  twenty  miles  of  either  army,  given  extraordinary  powers  to 
Governor  Jefierson,  and  issued  flft*  en  millions  of  pounds  in  bills  of  credit. 

1781,  June  4.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  adjourned  from 
Charlottesville  to  Staunton. 

An  expedition  under  Tarleton  was  appronohing.  It  captured  seven  members 
of  the  assembly.     Jefferson  narrowly  escaped. 

1781,  June  5.  —  Augusta,  Georgia,  was  captured  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Lee. 


[1781. 

circulate, 
trous,  yet 
sense  of 
ported  the 
cnt  of  the 
t\8  not  the 
f  the  debt, 
■^e  of  Con- 
redit,  said : 
ed  the  cxi- 
grcss.    But 
public  were 
e  those  who 
ce  the  price 
receiving  no 
issions;  and 
I  check,  pro- 

)n,  Massa- 

to  "Worcester, 
cordcr. 

sseinbly  of 
he  scarcity 

jd.an  edi- 

h1  in  America. 
SViUi  the  con- 
so  cheap,  that 
dm  the  exclu- 
des. Il>«  «PP^^' 
I  he  lost  by  tlm 

Ined  by  ^^ 

Isoners  of  Bur- 
Jad  proclaimed 
lary  vowers  to 
If  credit. 

Lmed  from 


1781.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA- 


401 


8CVC 


on  members 


Ired   by  the 


1781,  June  7.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  elected  Thomas 
Nelson  governor. 

Jefferson's  term  had  expired,  and  ho  refused  a  re-election.  Nelson  was  one 
of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  He  was  an  earnest  supporter 
of  the  cause,  and  devoted  his  great  wealth  so  freely  to  maintain  it,  that  when  ho 
died,  on  January  4,  1789,  at  the  age  of  fifty-one,  his  effects  were  sold  at  auction 
to  pay  his  debts. 

1781,  June  18.  —  The  siege  of  Ninety-Six  was  abandoned  by 
General  Greene  after  ixu  unsuccessful  assault. 

It  was  soon  after  abandoned  by  the  garrison  of  Tories  defending  it. 

1T81,  July  16.  —  Thomas  McKean,  a  delegate  from  Delaware, 
was  elected  president  of  Congress. 

At  the  reorganization  of  Congress,  November  5,  under  the  new  articles  of 
confederation,  McKean  resigned,  and  John  Hanson  of  Maryland  was  elected  to 

tlie  position. 

1781,  August  1.  —  Cornwollis  retired  with  his  whole  army  to 
York  town,  Virginia. 

It  consisted  of  eight  thousand  men.  He  had  also  several  frigates  and  smaller 
vessels,  which  had  aided  in  the  raids  upon  Virginia.  The  amount  of  damage 
done  during  tliis  summer's  campaign  by  tlie  various  expeditions  under  the  direc- 
tion of  Coriiwallis,  was  estimated  at  not  less  than  ten  millions  of  d-jllars. 

1781,  August  2.  —  Colonel  Isaac  Hayne,  of  Charleston,  South 
Carolina,  was  hanged  by  the  British  as  a  deserter. 

He  had  been  captured  at  the  surrender  of  Charleston,  given  his  parole,  and 
subsequently,  under  compulsion  as  he  claimed,  had  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
Greene  in  a  proclamation  tlireatened  to  retaliate,  and  shoot  as  deserters  all 
found  in  tlie  enemy's  ranks  wiio  had  once  been  in  liis  own.  The  war  at  the 
south  was  carried  on  with  great  bitterness.  Botii  sides  plundered  and  burned  the 
iiouses  of  tiieir  opponents.  Capturing  their  slaves,  and  selling  them,  was  com- 
mon. Sunipter  is  said  to  have  paid  his  men  by  tliis  means.  Tlie  advantage  of 
the  cainiiaign  was  decidedly  in  favor  of  tlie  Americans,  the  greater  part  of  South 
Carolina  being  recovered. 

1781,  August  17.  —  Washington  and  Rochambeau,  on  con- 
sultation, resolved  to  strike  a  blow  at  Cornwallis,  in  Virginia. 

News  had  been  received  that  Do  Grasse  witii  a  French  fleet  would  arrive  to 
lend  their  aid.  Tiie  French  army  from  Newport  had  joined  Wasliington's,  and 
together  tliey  moved  soutii  through  New  Jersey. 

1781,  August  20.  —  Congress  consented  to  a  conference,  of  a 
committee  and  agents  of  Vermc  it,  authorized  to  show  cause 
^'hy  she  should  bo  independent. 

As  a  result  of  this  conference,  Congress  resolved  that  if  Vermont  would  rclin- 
qnisli  her  claim  to  territory  claimed  by  New  York  and  New  Hampshire,  slic  woulid 
be  admitted  to  tlic  Union.  New  York  protested,  and  sent  troops  to  re-establish 
her  authority  over  tiie  towns  east  of  the  Hudson  and  north  of  the  Massachusetts 
line,  wliich  had  been  received  by  Vcrmcnt.    New  Hampshire  threatened  to  do 

26 


402 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1781. 


the  s-mo  with  the  towns  on  the  enst  bank  of  the  Connecticut,  which  hnd,  on  thoir 
application,  been  received  by  Vermont.  The  Vermont  legislature  dissolved  tlie 
connection  with  the  townships  in  dispute,  and  retired  to  tlie  original  limits  uf 
the  state. 

1781,  August  25. —  Laurens  landed  at  Boston  from  his  mission 
to  France,  bringing  with  him  supplies  and  money. 

Before  Laurens  had  arrived  in  Paris,  Franklin  had  obtained  a  loan  of  four 
millions  of  livres,  to  pay  the  bills  drawn  against  him,  and  also  a  subsidy  of  six 
millions  of  livres,  for  supplies,  and  to  pay  outstanding  and  future  bills.  A  fur- 
ther loan  of  ten  millions  the  French  court  agreed  to  guarantee  in  Holland. 

1781,  August.  —  Congress  intrusted  the  department  of  foreign 
affairs  to  Robert  R.  Livingston,  and  the  war  department  to  Gen- 
eral Lincoln. 

The  next  month,  the  management  of  naval  matters  was  intrusted  to  the  super- 
intendent of  finance. 

1781,  August.  —  John  Adams  was  commissioned  as  American 
minister  at  the  Hague,  Holland. 
He  was  refused  a  reception  there. 

1781,  August.  —  Dana,  who  had  been  sent  as  minister  to  Rus- 
sia, could  not  obtain  an  audience  there. 

1781,  August  31.  —  The  French  fleet  under  De  Grasse,  from 
the  West  Indies,  arrived  at  the  Chesapeake. 

The  fleet  from  Newport  soon  joined  them.  They  avoided  an  engagement 
with  the  British  fleet  sent  from  New  York,  and  successfully  united  with  tlie  army 
operating  against  Cornwallis. 

1781,  September  6.  —  A  British  force  under  Benedict  Arnold 
ravaged  the  coast  of  Connecticut. 

They  burned  New  London,  captured  Fort  Griswold,  and  slaughtered  the  garri- 
son after  surrender. 

1781,  September  8.  —  An  engagement  took  place  at  Eutaw 
Springs,  South  Carolina,  between  the  Americans  under  Geuoral 
Greene  and  the  Britisii  under  Colonel  Stuart. 

Both  parties  claimed  the  victory,  but  the  advantage?  were  with  the  American?. 
and  both  forces  retired. 

1781,  September  17.  —  Washington,  Do  Grasse,  and  Rochani- 
beau  in  an  interview  arranged  a  plan  of  operations. 
The  besieging  army  amounted  to  sixteen  thousand  men. 

1781,  September.  —  The  supreme  court  of  Massachusetts  de- 
cided slavery  not  to  exist  in  Massachusetts. 

The  judges  upon  the  bench  were  N.  P.  Sargent  of  Haverhill,  David  Sewall 
of  York,  and  James  Sullivan.  The  suit  was  brought  for  damages  for  enticin!,' 
away  a  slave.    In  the  court  of  common  pleas  damages  had  been  recovered,  but 


[1781. 

Ill,  on  tlipir 
ssolved  tlio 
il  limits  of 


is  mission 

loan  of  four 
ibsiily  of  six 
ills.  A  fur- 
lland. 

of  foreign 
at  to  Geu- 

to  the  supcr- 
s  American 


ster  to  Ru3- 
Grasse,  from 

an  engngomcnt 
with  the  army 

ledict  Arnold 
litcred  the  garti- 

•0  at  "Eutaw 
tider  Geucial 

\\  the  Araoricam. 
land  Rocliam- 


achusetts  dc- 

ill,  David  Se«i>ll 
[ages  for  enticin'^ 
2n  rccovcrea,  bu' 


^»ii: 


ttm^iy^nr' 


Ak 


1781.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


403 


on  appeal  to  the  supreme  court,  the  decision  was  that  there  were  none,  since,  by 
tl.L-  Bill  of  Rights,  slavery  was  not  recognized. 

1781,  October.  —  Thomas  Barclay  was  sent  as  American  con- 
sul to  Paris,  France. 

lie  was  autliorizcd  to  settle  all  outstanding  accounts,  and  was  sent  to  take  the 
place  which  Palfrey  had  been  sent  to  fill  the  year  before,  but  who  was  probably 
lost  with  the  ship,  which  was  never  hoard  from. 

1781,  OcTCiER  19.  —  Lord  Cornwallis  surrendered  at  York- 
town,  Virginia,  to  the  allied  French  and  American  forces  under 
Washington. 

There  were  about  seven  thousand  troops.  The  ships  and  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred sailors  were  given  up  to  tlie  French.  Cornwallis  was  allowed  t  send  a  ship 
witliout  examination,  under  cover  of  sending  despatches  to  Clinton  at  New  York, 
and  in  it  some  of  the  most  obnoxious  Tories  escaped.  The  British  were  made 
to  march  out  with  their  colors  cased;  and  Lincoln,  who  had  surrendered  iit 
Ciiarleston,  was  chosen  to  receive  the  capitulation. 

1781,  October  31.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  eight 
millions  of  dollars,  to  be  paid  quarterlv,  beginning  on  the  1st  of 
April,  1782. 

1781,  November  5.  —  Congress  reorganized  under  the  articles 
of  confederation. 

The  sessions  were  to  bo  yearly,  commencing  in  November.  The  delegates 
were  elected  for  a  year,  but  wore  liable  at  any  time  to  bo  recalled.  They  could 
also  serve  not  more  than  throe  years  in  six,  and  could  hold  no  salaried  Federal 
office.  Tlie  assent  of  nine  states  was  required  on  important  points,  and  no  st.ate 
could  be  considered  voting  unless  represented  by  two  delegates.  Upon  matters 
of  foreign  policy  Congress  could  decide,  but  it  had  no  power  to  tax.  It  could 
make  requisitions,  but  could  not  enforce  them.  The  Continental  Congress  had 
resolutely  assumed  powers  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  during  the  time 
that  its  bills  of  credit  passed  current  readily,  had  a  great  power  wiiich  it  used 
wisely.  While  the  articles  of  confederation  were  under  discussion,  though  with- 
out any  express  authority,  it  continued  to  exercise  this  power,  trusting  to  the 
consent  of  the  states.  After  three  or  four  years,  the  Congress  of  the  confedera- 
tion seldom  contained  a  complete  representation  from  all  the  states  at  the  same 
time.  Tlie  debates  were  mostly  carried  on  in  a  conversational  manner,  there 
being  no  reporters  or  spectators  present.  Tlie  states  paid  the  expenses  of  their 
representatives.  While  South  Carolina  and  Georgia  wore  in  the  possession  of 
the  liritish,  Congress  gave  their  delegates  an  allowance  from  the  treasury.  Tlie 
president  was  provided  with  a  house  at  the  public  charge,  an'-  his  household 
expenses  provided  for  in  the  same  way. 

1781.  —  During   this  year  the   total  expenditures  from  the 
treasury  were  less    than  two  millions  of  dollars. 
This  included  the  money  raised  by  the  sale  of  bills  on  France. 

1781,  November.  —  Pennsylvania  applied   to   Congress  for  a 
"federal  court,"  to  settle  the  disputed  jurisdiction  to  Wyoming. 
Connecticut,  by  her  charter,  claimed  this  northern  half  of  Pennsylvania. 


i 


iS'i 


404 


ANNALS  OF  NOIITII  AMERICA. 


[1781-2. 


1781,  November  27.  —  Sii-  Guy  Carleton  was  appointed  to 
supersede  Clinton  in  the  command  of  tl)e  British  forces. 

1781,  December  31.  —  The  Bank  of  North  America  was  incor- 
porated by  a  resolution  of  Congress. 

The  corporators  were  partly  tlio  subscribers  wlio  had  given  their  personal 
bonds  to  the  government  in  1780.  7'Iie  title  of  the  corporation  vraa  The  Pres- 
ident, Directors,  and  Company  of  the  Bimk  of  North  America,  and  it  was  "for 
ever."  Its  capital  was  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  which  was  afterwards 
increased  to  two  millions.  Subscriptions  to  its  stock  were  to  be  paid  in  gold  ur 
silver.  Its  notes,  payable  in  cash  on  demand,  were  to  be  received  by  the  United 
States  for  all  taxes,  duties,  and  debts  due  the  United  States.  It  began  business 
January  7,  1782,  having  received  subscriptions  of  about  seventy  thousand  dollars, 
with  not  over  forty  thousand  paid  in.  Within  six  months  it  had  advanced  tlio 
government  four  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollars,  chiefly  in  its  own  notes 
and  in  the  bills  of  credit  of  the  :itutes.     The  charter  was  to  continue  ten  years. 

1782,  February  22.  —  A  motion  in  the  House  of  Commons  for 
an  address  to  the  king  to  put  a  stop  to  the  war,  was  lost  by 
one  vote. 

On  the  27th,  a  similar  motion  was  carried. 

1782,  February.  —  Vermont  having  complied  with  the  condi- 
tions, claimed  admission  into  the  Union. 

She  passed  also  an  act  of  indemnity  and  oblivion,  and  another  confirming  all 
existing  grants  of  land  in  her  territory.  Congress  delayed  acting  on  her  claim, 
and  soon  after  called  upon  her  to  make  restitution  to  the  New  Yorkers  whom  she 
had  sent  away.     New  York  opposed  her  admission. 

1782,  March  28.  —  Lord  North  resigned. 

His  successor,  the  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  was  in  favor  of  recognizing  the 
independence  of  tlie  United  States. 

1782,  April  12.  —  The  French  fleet  under  Count  Do  Grasse, 
and  the  English  fleet  under  Admiral  Rodney,  met  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  had  an  engagement  in  which  the  English  had  the 
advantage. 

The  English  fleet  comprised  thirty-seven  sliips  of  the  line  and  ten  frigates, 
and  the  French  fleet  thirty-three  ships.  One  third  of  the  French  fleet  was 
captured  or  destroyed. 

1782,  April  19.  —  Holland  acknowledged  the  independence 
of  the  United  States,  and  received  John  Adams  as  minister. 

1782,  May  31.  —  Sir  Guy  Carleton  communicated  to  Congress 
his  instructions  to  treat  for  peace. 

He  had  been  authorized,  with  Admiral  Digby.  Congress  declined  to  negotiate 
except  at  Paris  and  in  connection  with  France. 

1782,  May  22.  —  Congress  sent  a  committee  to  the  northern 
states,  and  another  to  the  southern,  to  represent  the  alarmingly 


L781-2. 
ited  to 

3  incor- 

■  personal 

The  Pres- 

was  "  for 

afterwards 

1  in  goW  or 
the  United 
vn  business 
and  dollars, 
Ivanced  Uio 
1  own  notes 
ten  years. 

amons  for 
13  lost  by 


tlie  condi- 


confirming  all 

an  her  chiim, 

rs  whom  slw 


icognizing  the 


Do  Grasse, 
the  West 
sh  bad  the 

ton  frigates, 
Inch   fleet  was 


lependenco 
minister- 
to  Congress 

3d  to  negotiate 

U  northern 
alarmingly 


1782.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


405 


destitute  condition  of  Washington's  army  encamped  near   the 
Hudson, 

1782,  May  24.  —  General  Wayne  attacked  a  detachment  of  the 
British  army  about  four  miles  from  Savannah,  Georgia,  and  drove 
them  back  to  the  town. 

1782,  June  6.  —  An  expedition  to  destroy  the  Christian  Indian 
settlements  at  Sandusky  was  itself  attacked  by  the  Indians  and 
routed. 

The  Christian  Indians  had  the  year  before  been  driven  from  their  homes  on  the 
Muskingum,  and  foreed  to  settle  at  Sandusky.  Many  of  the  party  now  attacking 
tlieni  were  captured  and  burned  at  the  stake. 

1782.  —  The  last  contest  in  Kentucky  with  the  Indians  from 
the  north  of  the  Ohio  took  place  at  Big  Blue  Lick. 

Boone  was  one  of  the  leaders.  It  was  with  difficulty  that  any  of  the  settlers 
escaped. 

1782,  June  20.  —  Congress  adopted  a  design  for  the  great  seal 
of  the  United  States. 

The  design  was  an  American  eagle,  holding  in  his  right  talon  an  olive  branch, 
nnJ  in  liis  left  a  bundle  of  thirteen  arrows,  in  his  beak  a  scroll  inscribed  E 
riuribus  Unum,  and  over  liis  head,  in  an  azure  field,  tliirteen  stars.  On  the 
reverse  an  unfinislied  pyramid,  with  an  eye  over  it,  having  above  the  words  Annuit 
coeptis,  on  the  base  MDCCLXXVI,  and  underneath  Novus  ordo  Seculorum. 

1782.  —  About  this  time  there  was  a  window-glass  factory  at 
Gloucester,  New  Jersey. 

1782.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  erected  the  county  school 
at  Chester,  Kent  County,  into  Washington  College. 

It  was  named  "  in  Jionorable  and  perpetual  memory  of  his  Excellency,  General 
Washington." 

1782. — The  Christian  Indians  at  a  Moravian  village,  on  the 
Muskingum,  were  massacred  by  a  party  of  volunteers  from 
Pittsburg. 

Some  ninety  of  them  were  killed,  on  the  ground  that  they  had  aided  in  some 
murders  whic'a  had  recently  been  committed. 

1782,  July.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  bills 
enlarging  the  powers  of  the  supreme  court,  and  creating  the 
courts  of  common  pleas  and  county  sessions. 

The  judges'  salaries  were  three  hundred  pounds  a  year,  and  in  February  they 
memorialized  the  general  court  for  an  increase. 

1782,  July  4.  —  A  committee  was  appointed  by  the  Massachu- 
setts legislature  to  consider  "  what  measures  were  to  be  taken  to 
reduce  the  expenses  of  the  government,  show  the  best  method 
of  supplying  the  public  treasury,  and  reforming  the  state  of  the 
finances." 

They  reported  in  October,  advising  the  establishment  of  customs  and  imposts. 


406 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTII  AMElilCA. 


[1782. 


1782,  July  11.  —  Tho  British  evacuated  Savannah,  Georgia, 
which  was  immediately  occupied  by  the  Americana  under 
General  Wayne. 

The  British  carried  away  with  them  about  five  thousand  negroes. 

1782,  July  30.  — Rhode  Island  refused  to  give  Congress  tho 
power  to  levy  an  import  duty  of  five  per  cent. 

The  grounds  for  the  refusal  were,  that  the  articles  of  confederation  guaranteed 
her  the  resources  of  trade ;  that  to  surrender  it  would  infringe  upon  tho 
sovereignty  of  the  state ;  that  she  needed  it  to  protect  her  from  the  inland  dutiuD 
her  neighbors  might  impose;  tliat  Congress  was  not  responsible  for  tho  moneys 
thus  placed  in  its  hands ;  that  sucli  surrender  would  tend  to  create  an  army  of 
office-holders,  and  corrupt  public  morals ;  and,  finally,  that  Congress  had  not  yet 
come  to  any  decision  concerning  the  public  lands,  which  the  united  efforts  of  tlio 
colonies  had  conquered  for  the  conunon  benefit. 

1782,  August. —  Parliament  gave  Richard  Oswald  authority  to 
treat  for  peace. 

He  had  visited  Franklin  in  Paris  semi-offlcially,  and  learned  from  him  tliat 
independence,  a  satisfactory  boundary,  and  participation  in  the  fisheries  were 
indispensable  to  the  treaty.  Jay  was  with  Franklin  in  Paris.  Oswald's  instruc- 
tions authorized  him  to  treat  with  certain  "  colonies."  Jay  objected  to  this,  and 
Oswald  obtained  new  ones  authorizing  him  to  treat  with  tho  commissioners  of 
"the  United  States  of  America." 

1782,  August  19.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  liaviiig 
voted  to  grant  the  right  to  Congress  to  lay  an  import  duty,  tho 
vote  was  negatived  by  Governor  Hancock  as  contrary  to  tho 
liberties  of  the  people. 

1782,  September  4.  —  Congress  made  a  call  upon  tho  states  for 
twelve  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

The  call  said  this  amount  was  immediately  and  absolutely  necessary  for  the 
payment  of  interest  on  the  public  debt. 

1782,  October  16. —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  two 
millions  of  dollars  for  the  expenses  of  the  next  year. 

Up  to  January  30,  1783,  $1,480,511  had  been  paid  by  the  states,  in  answer  to 
the  repeated  calls  by  Congress.  The  estimated  requirements  of  tho  next  year 
were  eight  millions,  besides  that  wanted  for  interest. 

1782,  October  17.  —  The  Cherokees  made  a  treaty  with  Gen- 
eral Pickens,  who  had  led  an  expedition  against  them. 

By  it  they  gave  to  Georgia  all  their  lands  south  of  tlio  Savannah  and  east  of  the 
Chattahoochee.  The  treaty  was  confirmed  the  next  year,  and  by  another  shortly 
after,  they  gave  up  all  claim  to  the  lands  east  of  the  Altamaha  and  Oconee. 

1782,  October  31.  —  Congress  accepted  formally  tho  deed  of 
New  York  conveying  her  title  to  the  western  lands. 

A  committee  had  examined  the  claims  of  tho  various  states  to  the  western 
lands,  and  reported  to  Congress  that  New  York's  claim  was  better  than  that  of  any 
other  state,  company,  or  individual. 


[1782. 


1782.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITII  AMERICA. 


407 


oorgia, 
uudor 


ross 


tho 


juarantccd 
upon  tho 
and  dutk'S 
he  nioncya 
^n  army  of 
iiid  not  yit 
forts  of  tho 

tliority  to 

im  him  that 
sheries  were 
lid's  jnslruc- 
to  tliis,  aiul 
nissioncra  of 

stts  liavliig 
i  duty,  tho 
rarv  to  tlio 

,0  states  for 
:c8sary  for  the 

Itcs  for  two 

in  answer  to 
Itho  next   year 

witli  Geu- 

[and  east  of  tho 
another  shortly 
Oconee. 

tho  deed  of 

J  to  the  western 
Ihanthatofany 


1782,  November  3.  —  Tho  now  Congress  met,  and  Elias 
Boudinot  of  New  Jersey  was  made  president. 

1782,  November  27.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  consoli- 
dated tho  paper  money  issues  of  the  state. 

Tlie  bills  wore  to  ho  rodccmcd  hy  the  treasurer,  in  his  notes  bearing  six  per 
rent,  interest,  their  viila.3  being  calculated  upon  the  scale  of  depreciation  pre- 
viously adopted. 

1782.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  repealed  the  colonial  statute 
forbidding  the  emancipation  of  slaves  except  for  meritorious 
conduct,  and  by  the  governor  and  council. 

Emancipation  remained  unrestricted  for  twenty-three  years. 

1782.  —  New  Hampshire  took  a  census. 

The  actual  population  was  found  to  be  82,000  persons;  the  estimate  in 
apportionment  was  200,000. 

1782,  November.  —  A  court  of  five  judges,  appointed  by  Con- 
gress, mot  at  Trenton,  and  decided  the  disputed  question  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  Wyoming  in  favor  of  Pennsylvania. 

Tlic  court  sat  six  wetks.  Connecticut  submitted  to  it.  Tiie  people  of  Wyo- 
mint,'  objected  to  the  refusal  on  the  part  of  Pennsylvania  to  recognize  tiieland  titles 
given  by  Connoctieut. 

1782,  November  30.  —  The  preliminary  articles  of  peace  were 
signed  at  Paris. 

With  a  distrust  of  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  French  court,  which  was 
natural  from  tiie  peculiar  combination  of  circumstances,  but  whicli  was  wholly 
undeserved,  as  is  now  fully  known,  the  American  commissioners  had  sijjned  these 
preliminary  articles  without  consulting  Vergennes.  Adams  joined  Franklin  and 
Jay  in  Taris  before  the  signing  of  the  articles.  The  following  provisions  were 
settled  after  much  discussion,  and  not  a  few  compromises.  Canada  was  ceded  to 
Great  Britain ;  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  United  States  was  to  bo  the  St.  Croix. 
Tlie  northern  lino  of  Florida,  according  to  the  proclamation  of  17G3,  was  to  be  the 
southern  boundary  of  the  United  States,  completed  by  a  line  due  west  from  the 
St.  JIary's  to  the  Appalachicola,  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi  at  the  31°  of  north 
latitude.  The  United  States  had  a  riglit  to  participate  in  the  fisheries  of  New- 
foundland. By  a  secret  article,  if  Groat  Britain  in  making  peace  with  Spain 
sliould  retain  West  Florida,  tho  northern  boundary  of  that  province  was  to  be  a  line 
due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the  Yazoo  to  the  Chattahoochee.  The  English  commis- 
sioners souy;ht  to  obtain  some  indemnity  or  restitution  for  the  Tories,  but  this  was 
refused  unless  England  would  make  restitution  for  the  private  property  destroyed 
during  tho  war.  Further  confiscation  was  to  bo  stopped,  and  it  was  agreed  that 
Congress  should  recommend  tho  states  to  restore  all  confiscated  property.  It  was 
also  agreed  by  a  special  article  that  no  impediments  should  be  placed  by  either 
side  to  the  collection  of  debts.  As  soon  as  possible  the  British  armies  and  fleets 
were  to  he  withdrawn,  and  the  articles  were  to  take  oflTect  when  peace  had  been 
toncluded  between  Franco  and  Great  Britain.  Just  b(  fore  the  signing,  Laurens 
arrived,  and  an  article  was  added  that  "  no  negroes  or  other  property  "  should  be 
carried  away  by  the  evacuating  armies. 


408 


AXXALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1782-3. 


i 


w 


1782,  December.  —  A  committee  of  the  officers  of  the  .irmy, 
appointed  for  the  purpose,  presented  a  petition  to  Congress, 
asking  for  a  settlement  of  their  pay. 

They  agreed  to  furego  the  Imlf-pHy  fur  life,  for  a  sum  to  bo  paid  down,  or 
secured. 

1782,  December.  —  A  new  loan  of  six  millions  of  livres  was 
made  by  the  French  court  to  the  United  Statcn. 

1782,  December  14.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  evacu- 
ated by  the  British. 

1783,  January  20.  —  Preliminaries  of  peace  were  signed  at 
Versailles,  Franoe,  between  Spain,  France,  and  Great  Britain. 

1783,  January  31. —  By  an  account  made  up  at  this  time,  it 
appears  that  only  four  hundred  and  twenty-two  thousand  one 
hundred  and  sixty-two  dollars  had  been  paid  by  the  states  to- 
wards the  eight  ninijons  required  for  the  expenses  of  the  past 
year. 

Delaware,  North  and  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  had  paid  nothing. 

1783,  February  24. —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
tariflf  act  levying  specific  duties  on  all  imported  articles,  and  pro- 
viding  lor  bonding  goods  intended  for  exportation. 

Domestic  liquors,  carriages,  dogs,  billiard-tables  were  also  taxed.  The  Bame 
session  a  law  was  passed  giving  the  Roman  Catholics  the  same  civil  rights  as 
Protestants.  Tlic  term  "  Roman  Catholics  excepted"  had  slipped  into  the  act  of 
16G3,  declaring  the  rights  of  freemen,  no  one  knows  exactly  how.  It  was  proba- 
bly interpolated,  while  the  laws  were  kept  in  manuscript,  in  some  copy  that  was 
made  of  them;  perhaps  through  orders  given  to  Governor  Dudley,  in  1702,  by 
Queen  Anne. 

1783,  March  11.  —  Tn  the  general  orders  for  the  day,  "Wash- 
ington spoke  of  a  call  which  had  been  made  anonymously  lor  a 
meeting  of  the  officers  of  the  array,  to  consider  the  aspect  of  their 
affairs,  as  irregular  and  destructive  of  discipline,  and  called  a 
meeting  of  the  officers,  subsequently  to  that  named  in  the  call, 
to  hear  a  report  from  Congress  by  the  committee  they  had  sent. 

An  anonymous  address,  written  by  Captain  Armstrong  of  the  PcnnsylvaniJ 
line,  had  been  circulated,  and  another  was  issued  in  reply  to  general  order  of  the 
day.     Much  anxiety  was  felt  concerning  the  action  of  the  officers,  who  were  really 
suffering  for  their  pay.     At  the  meeting  on  the  15th,  Washington  entered,  made  a  | 
few  remarks,  and  then  retired.     The  meeting  passed  a  resolution  of  "  unshaken  j 
confidence  in  the  justice  of  Congress,"  and  adjourned. 

1783,  March  23.  —  Congress  resolved  that  the  half- pay  of  the  j 
officers  of  the  army  should  be  commuted  to  five  years'  full  pay. 

The  amount  was.  paid  in  bonds  of  the  government  drawing  six  per  cent.  Tlisj 
commut.ation  was  about  four  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  to  a  colonel,  and  Wl 
thousand  four  hundred  to  a  captain.  It  was  at  the  option  of  the  officers  whetlieij 
to  receive  it  or  not.     Many  of  the  states  opposed  this  measure. 


[1782-3. 

lie  army, 
Congress, 

id  down,  or 

ivres  "was 

vaB  evacu- 

,  Bip;ned  at 
Britain. 

■bis  time,  it 

lousand  ono 

e  states  to- 

of  the  past 

thing. 

and  passed  a 

ilea,  and  pro- 

ixcd.    The  same 

le  civil  rights  as 

d  into  the  act  of 

It  was  proba- 

me  copy  that  w«3 


1783.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


409 


dley, 


in 


1702,  by 


JO 


day,  Wi^sh- 

ymously  tor  a 
aspect  of  tbeir 

and  called  J 
3(1  iu  the  call, 
hey  bad  sent. 
the  Pcnnsylvani* 
neral  order  of  tjc 

,  who  were  really 
n  entered,  made  a 

ion  of  "  unshakw  I 

|half-payof*«l 
lears'  fuU  pay- 

liK  per  cent.    H 
[a  colonel,  and  t«l 

L  officers  wUetl^i 


17^3,  March  23.  —  The  news  of  tho  proliminarios  of  peace 
rouchcd  Philadolpliia. 

17S3,  ApniL  11.  —  Congress  isaued  a  proclamation  annonnc-ng 
that  provisional  articles  of  peace  had  boon  signed  ou  tiio  iiOth 
of  November,  and  declared  a  cessation  of  arms. 

In  ft  Benenil  order,  Wushington  appointed  the  10th  as  the  date  for  rondincj  to 
the  army,  at  tlie  liead  of  cftch  rej?h»ient,  this  proclamation,  which,  he  said,  "  like 
another  morning  star,  promised  tlie  approucli  of  a  hrighter  day  than  liath  illumed 
tlie  western  liemisphere."  It  was  thus  read,  just  eight  years  after  the  hattle  of 
Lexington.  The  proclamation  of  peace  was  celebrated  in  Greene's  army  on  tho 
23d  of  April. 

1783.  —  A  CONVENTION  in  Now  Hampshire  adopted  a  new  con- 
Btitution  for  that  state. 

It  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.  The  president  was  elected  by  the  peo- 
ple, and  was  president  of  tho  council,  and  had  the  power  of  appointing  executive 
or  judicial  officers. 

1783,  Aphtl  18.  —  Tho  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  granted  a 
charter  to  the  Bank  of  North  America  for  ten  years. 

As  tlie  ])ower  of  Congress  to  grant  a  cliarter  to  tlie  bank  was  questioned,  this 
notion  was  taken  as  a  matter  of  security.  Tho  bunk  was  given  u  monopoly  of 
issue  of  bills. 

1783,  April  18. —  Congress  prepared  a  now  impost  bill,  in 
which  a  provision  was  inserted  repealing  tlie  article  of  tho  con- 
federation giving  the  states  tho  solo  power  of  taxation. 

This  act  was  limited  to  twenty-five  years,  and  gave  the  appointment  of  tho 
collectors  to  the  states.  The  states  were  also  called  upon  to  contrii)Ute  revenues 
Bufflcient  to  raise  their  yearly  quotas  to  a  million  and  a  half,  while  those  whicli 
had  not  ceded  their  western  lands  were  urged  to  do  so  immediately. 

1783.  —  A  PREMIUM  of  four  pounds  was  offered  in  Massachu- 
setts for  every  wolfs  head,  and  a  pound  for  every  whelp,  brought 
to  tho  selectmen  of  any  town. 

The  system  of  bounties  for  the  killing  of  wolves  was  used  by  almost  all  of 
the  colonies.  In  IG77,  three  thousand  one  hundred  and  twonty-fivo  guilders 
(twelve  hundred  and  fifty  dollars)  were  paid  by  the  Dutch  settlement  on  the  Dela- 
ware for  this  purpose. 

1783.  —  The  assembly  of  Connecticut  granted  a  boimty  of  ten 
shiliiiins  for  every  hundred  white  mulberry-trees  planted  for  ten 
years,  and  three  ponce  an  ounce  for  tho  raw  silk  produced. 

The  act  was  renewed  the  next  year.  Its  passage  was  chiefly  due  to  the  exer- 
tions of  Messrs.  Styles  and  Aspinwall,  who  renewed  their  interest  in  the  subject 
of  silk  culture,  which  the  war  of  the  Revolution  had  interrupted  but  not  de- 
stroyed. 

1783.  —  Burlington,  Vermont,  the  seat  of  the  University  of 
Vermont,  was  settled. 

In  1787  it  was  organized,  and  in  1789  the  first  store  was  built.    During  tlie  war 


i 


'$ 


410 


ANNALS  OF  NOllTII  AMEUICA. 


[1783. 


of  1812,  a  garrison  and  hospital  woro  gtationod  here  hy  the  government.  It  is  on 
the  eastern  hhorc  of  Luke  Ciiunipliun,  lius  a  Inkc  trudo  and  a  lar^n  inorcantilu 
business,  as  tlie  steamers  from  Montreal  all  stop  here;  and  a  steam IV rr/ connecti 
witli  I'ort  Kent  and  Pluttsburg. 

1783.  —  An  application  was  made  to  parliament,  by  the  loyal- 
ista,  tor  an  iudomnity. 

A  committee  of  one  from  oacli  colony  lind  l>ccn  selected  to  mnkc  the  applicn- 
tion.  Parliament  appointed  a  commission,  and  in  1791  three  million,  two  Imndrcil 
and  ninety-tliree  tliousimd,  four  hundred  nnd  flfty-flvc  poiinds  wore  allowed.  Tlio 
whole  amount  claimed  was  eiglit  milli(m,  twenty-six  thousand,  and  forty-flvo 
pounds.  Claims  up  to  ten  thousand  pounds  were  paid  in  full ;  on  those  larger  a 
deduction  was  made.  The  payment  was  in  stock  bearing  three  and  a  half  per 
cent.  Two  hundred  and  four  claimants,  who  had  lost  offices,  were  provided  for 
with  pensions  amounting  to  twenty-flvo  tliousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-flvo 
pounds.     The  Pcnn  and  Calvert  families  were  among  these  claimants. 

1783,  April.  —  Congress  proposed  to  amend  the  articles  of 
conlbdoration,  in  the  matter  of  apportioning  the  ratios  of  the  statea. 

The  appraised  value  of  the  houses  and  improved  lands  had  been  the  basis,  but 
no  appraisement  had  been  made.  It  was  now  proposed  that  the  basis  should  be 
"  the  whole  number  of  white  and  other  free  citizens  and  inhabitants  of  every  age, 
sex,  and  condition,  including  those  bound  to  servitude  for  a  term  of  years,  and 
three  fifths  of  all  other  persons,  except  Indians  not  paying  taxes ;  "  and  that  by  a 
triennial  census  the  number  should  be  arrived  at. 

1783.  —  Dickenson  College,  at  Carlisle,  Pennsylvania,  was 
incorporated. 

1783. —  The  Transylvania  Seminary,  in  the  District  of  Ken- 
tucky, was  incorporated  by  the  Virginia  assembly. 

It  was  endowed  witli  confiscated  lands.  The  Hampden  Sidney  Academy  was 
chartered  as  a  college. 

1783.  —  The  number  of  refugees  who  had  settled  in  Nova 
Scotia,  from  the  colonies,  was  estimated  this  year  at  eighteen 
thousand. 

1783,  April  26.  —  Congress  issued  an  address  to  the  states,  in 
which  they  said :  "  The  citizens  of  the  United  States  were  ''n- 
sponsible  for  the  greatest  trust  ever  confided  to  a  political 
society." 

1783,  May.  —  Treasury  notes  were  issued  to  pay  the  threo- 
months'  pay  to  the  furloughed  soldiers ;  and  an  earnest  appeal 
was  made  to  the  states  to  contribute  their  quotas. 

The  treasury  notes  were  payable  six  months  from  date,  and  were  receivable  for 
all  Continental  taxes,  all  Continental  receivers  being  authorized  to  redeem  tlie:n 
on  presentation. 

1783,  May  13.  —  The  Order  of  the  Cincinnati  was  formed  by 
the  officers  of  the  army  encamped  on  the  Hudson. 


[1783. 

It  U  on 
norcuntilu 
y  connects 


1783.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTH  AMEU'CA. 


411 


le 


loyal- 


wo  huniln-il 
Dwcd.  Tlio 
a  forty-flvo 
:)80  liirger  a 
1  a  half  i)i'r 
proviiU'J  for 

9. 

ivticles  of 
;  the  states. 

the  basis,  but 
isis  should  l)C 
I  of  every  age, 

of  years,  and 

and  that  by  a 

rlvania,  was 
•let  of  Ken- 
Academy  was 

led  in  Nova 
lat  eighteen 

Ihe  states,  in 

tes  were  ^■^• 

a  political 

the  thre*!- 
rnest  appeal 

Ic  receivable  for 
|o  redeem  tlien 

formed  by 


It  was  originnlly  intemled  to  bo  luTrditary,  admittinf?  only  tlio  cldi'st  soni  of 
tlie  orit;inul  founders.  It  excited  great  o])i><>Niti<in,  ax  an  attempt  to  introduce  nn 
hereditary  aristocracy.  At  tlu-  first  nieoting,  in  May,  1784,  Washington  and  otlieri 
were  iniitrunientul  in  having  tliis  prineipio  abolislied. 

17?3,  June  2.  —  Wtvsliinpjton,  by  iiistrnctions  of  Congrosa,  in 
genoml  urdora  grantod  lurloiiglis  to  most  of  tho  wokliors. 

Tliis  action  being  considered  simply  a  way  of  dismisHing  thorn  with(nit  tho  p:iy- 
incnt  of  tlie  arrears  due  tliem,  caused  gniat  dissatisfaction.  Tiie  fnrlou^lied  men 
wore  to  luivo  three  months'  pay,  and  keep  their  arms  and  accoutrements  as  an 
ixtra. 

1783,  June  23.  —  Tho  Rhodo  Island  assomhly  ropoalod  tlio 
tarill"  iict,  and  passed  aiiothor,  laying  two  per  cent,  duty  ad  valo- 
rem upon  all  imports. 

1783.  —  The  aascmhly  of  Maryland  prohibited  tho  Importation 
of  Bla\  03,  and  removed  the  restrictions  on  emancipation. 

1783,  June  26.  —  Congress  adjourned  to  Princeton. 

A  portion  of  tiu;  I'ennsylvnnia  lino  marched,  without  their  offlcers,  from  Lnn- 
castir  to  Piiiladolphia,  and  surrounding  the  State  House,  in  whicli  Congress  was 
sluing,  demanded  tho  immediato  payment  of  the  pay  due  them.  Washington 
sent  a  force  to  suppress  violence.  Several  of  the  nmtineers  were  condennied  to 
deatii  by  a  court-martial,  but  were  all  pardoned  before  execution. 

1783,  July.  —  Congress  resolved  that  its  sessions  slundd  bo 
held  alternately  at  Annapolis  and  Trenton,  the  next  session  to  bo 
held  at  Annapolis. 

Tliis  arrangement  to  last  until  two  federal  cities  should  be  built,  one  near  tho 
falls  of  tlie  Delaware,  nnd  tlic  other  near  tlie  falls  of  tlie  Potomac,  the  sessions  to 
bo  iield  in  thcnt  alternately. 

1783,  August.  —  A  ship,  loaded  at  Boston,  sailed  for  China. 

ller  cargo  was  valued  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  Tliis  was  the 
commencement  of  the  trade  of  this  country  with  Cliina. 

1783,  September  3.  —  The  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  at  Paris. 

1783,  October  18.  —  Congress  rutiried  tlie  peace,  and  issued  a 
procliunation  to  disband  the  army  on  the  3d  of  November. 

1783,  October  18.  —  Commercial  agents  of  France  were  sta- 
tioned at  various  parts  of  the  country. 

The  consul  for  the  New  England  states  was  Piulip  .Toseph  do  PEtombe.  The 
assi'iiibly  of  Uliode  Island,  on  the  27tli,  granted  exequaturs  to  him,  and  .Joseph 

1  M.  S.  Toscan,  the  vice-consul.  The  consuls  appointed  consular  agents  in  va- 
rious ports.  Franklin  had  made  a  consular  agreement  with  tho  French  gov- 
ernment, which  was  not  ratified  by  Congress  for  some  years  on  account  of  tho 

I  powers  which  it  gave  to  the  consuls. 

1783,  November.  —  In  consideration  of  the  increasing  impor- 
Itance  of  the  provinces,  their  application  to  tho  Post  Office,  to 


Il 


MS 


l™||| 


412 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1783-4. 


have   packets    sail   rej^ularly   from  Falmouth   to  Halifax,    was 
grautod. 

1783,  November  2.  —  Washington  issued  his  farewell  address 
to  the  army. 

1783,  November  25.  —  The  British  evacuated  New  York  city, 
and  encamped  on  Staten  Island,  awaiting  their  embarkation. 

With  the  evacuation  of  New  York,  several  tliousand  loyalists  found  it  neces- 
Bary  to  abandon  the  country.  Tho«e  from  the  nortli  went  chiefly  to  Canada  or 
Nova  Scotia;  those  from  the  soutli  to  the  West  India  Islands.  Washington  called 
Carlcton's  attention  to  the  article  of  the  treaty  prohibiting  the  carrying  away  of 
slaves.  Carlcton  refused  to  understand  this  clause  as  referring  to  slaves  who 
had  sought  refuge  under  the  British  flag,  and  sent  such  negroes  away  :n  the 
first  vessels,  keeping  an  accurate  list  of  them.  Many  of  them,  under  promise 
of  protection,  had  deserted  in  Virginia  and  the  Carolinos.  They  were  carried  't 
Nova  Scotia,  whence  many  of  them  emigrated  to  Sierra  Leone,  as  freemen,  where 
their  descendants  to-day  reside. 

1783,  December  2.  —  The  definitive  treaty  of  peace  was  re- 
ceived at  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  by  a  vessel  from  London. 

1783,  Decp:mber  4.  —  Long  Island  and  Staten  Island  were  va- 
cated by  the  British,  who  embarked. 

The  sea-coast  was  free,  but  Britisli  garrisons  remained  in  the  western  posts  of 
Oswcgatchie  (now  Oj^jdensburg),  Oswego,  Niagara,  Presquo  Isle  (now  Eric),  San- 
dusky, Detroit,  Mackinaw,  and  a  few  others. 

1783,  Decembfjr  23.  —  Washington,  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  in 
the  presence  of  Congress,  returned  his  commission  to  the  presi- 
dent, and  resigned  his  command. 

The  Congress,  it  is  said,  "were  seated  and  covered  as  representatives  of  the 
Bovcrcigrty  of  the  Union."    Washington  siood  during  the  remarks  he  made. 

On  liis  way  tlirough  Philadelphia,  Washington  deposited  at  tlie  comptrollor'j 
ofBce  his  account  of  his  expenses.  It  amounted,  including  tlie  secret-service  fund, 
to  nineteen  thoussind,  three  hundred  and  six  pounds,  eleven  shillings,  and  nine 
pence,  in  Virginia  money ;  or  sixty-four  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifteen  dolhirs. 

This  same  day  Congress  ordered  letters  to  be  addressed  to  the  executive  of 
New  Hampshire,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  South  Carolina,  and 
Georgia,  informing  them  that  the  honor  of  the  United  St.ates  required  the  attend- 
ance of  their  delegates ;  th.at  during  the  session  there  had  not  been  more  than 
seven  states  represented,  and  most  of  them  by  only  two  delegates ;  and  that 
"matters  of  great  national  concern"  must  be  immediately  settled,  and  ruquirtJ 
the  assent  of  nine  states. 

1783,  December.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a  | 
copyright  I^w. 

It  provided  that  natives  of  the  state  —  or  of  other  states  which  should  pa^ 
similar  law  —  should  enjoy  its  benefits. 

1784,  January  14. — Congress  ratified  the  definitive  treatj| 
of  peace. 


*^n]!n5«fnflf-f^i 


[1783-4. 
ifax,    was 

ill  address 

York  city, 
kation. 

luntl  it  neccB- 
to  Canada  or 
hington  called 
rying  away  of 
to  slaves  who 
is  away  in  tlio 
under  promise 
rcre  carried  "i 
freemen,  where 

ace  was  re- 
n  London. 

md  were  -va- 

western  posts  o( 
(now  Erie),  San- 

Mary-tnd,  in 
to  the  presi- 

Iscntativcs  of  the 

rks  he  made, 
the  coiuptroUcr'! 

Icret-servicefiri 

hillings,  and  mw 

[nd  fifteen  dollars. 

the  executive  uf 

Ith  Carolina,  aM 

luired  the  attend- 

been  more  tlim 

[legates ;  and  tliat 

|led,  and  r^l^'^ 

land  passed  81 

licU  should  pa- 

itinitive  treaty] 


1784.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


413 


1784,  January  14.  —  Congress  announced  by  proclamation  that 
a  treaty  of  peace  had  been  confirmed. 

1784,  Janlary  22.  —  The  Empress  of  China,  Captain  Green, 
sailed  from  New  York  to  China. 

Slio  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  ship  to  display  the  American  flag  in  any 
Chinese  port. 

1784.  —  Salt-works  are  said  to  have  been  erected  on  Big 
Beaver  River,  by  an  association  of  Pittsburg  and  Philadelphia 
merchants. 

1784.  —  The  first  lots  on  the  site  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania, 
were  sold  by  the  proprietaries  of  the  manor,  John  Penn,  Jr.,  and 
John  Peun,  to  Isaac  Craig  and  Stephen  Bayard. 

1784.  —  The  American  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  Benjamin  Franklin  Baehe.  It  was  opposed  to  the  Federal 
party.  In  1802  it  passed  into  the  possession  of  Zacharlah  Poulson,  and  was  known 
as  Poulson's  Advertiser. 

1784,  March.  —  The  Northwest  Territory,  ceded  by  Virginia, 
was  accepted  by  Congress, 

Virginia  in  her  cession  reserved  certain  lands  for  her  revolutionary  soldiers, 
and  stipulated  that  the  expenses  of  the  expeditions  for  the  conquest  of  Kaskaskia 
and  Vinccnnos  should  be  paid,  the  Franch  inhabitants  being  secured  in  their 
riglits.  The  lands  were  to  be  made  into  republican  states,  with  the  rights  of  the 
original  stat  j,  and  each  of  them  not  less  than  ton  thousand,  nor  more  tlian  twen- 
ty-two thousand  five  hundred  miles  in  extent. 

Congress  appointed  a  committco,  composed  of  Jefferson  of  Virginia,  Clmse  of 
Maryland,  and  Howell  of  Rhode  Island,  who  reported  a  plan  *'  for  the  temporary 
government  of  the  western  territory."  By  this  the  territory  was  to  be  divided 
into  ten  states,  in  which  slavery  wr.s  to  be  abolished  after  1800.  The  report  was 
adopted,  the  anti-slavery  clause  being  stricken  out,  since  it  failed  to  obtain  the 
necessary  vote  of  seven  states.  The  vote  was  taken,  and  the  report  accepted, 
April  23.  North  Carolina  on  the  vote  was  divided ;  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and 
Georgia  were  unrepresented;  Maryland,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina  voted 
against  it. 

1784,  March  24.  —  The  Massachusetts  Centinel  and  the  Bepub- 
lican  Journal  appeared  as  a  .;emi-weeldy  in  Boston,  Massa- 
oliusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Warden  and  Russell,  and  was  managed  by  Major  Benjamin 

Kussell.    It  was  a  strong  advocate  of  the  constitution.     June  IC,  1790,  its  name 

was  changed  to  the  Columbian  Centinel.     In  November,  1828,  Russell  sold  the 

,  concern  to  Adams  and  Hudson ;  and  in  1840  it  was  merged  in  the  Boston  Dailj 

I  Aiurtiser. 

1784.  —  New  Brunswick  and  Cape  Breton  were  set  off  as  dis- 
tmct  governments. 


414 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1784. 


1784.  —  The  first  English  settlement  in  Sydney  County,  Nova 
Scotia,  was  made  by  officers  of  the  Nova  Scotia  regiment. 

Since  then,  they  have  had  augmentations  from  Scotland  and  New  England.  The 
principal  towns  arc  Milford  Haven,  famous  for  its  coal  and  fisheries ;  Canseau, 
whose  harbor  is  always. accessible;  and  St.  Mary's,  noted  for  its  salmon  fishery, 

1784,  April  1. —  Congress  apportioned  the  necessary  quotas  to 
the  states  of  the  amount  required  to  protect  drafts  Avhicli  had 
been  drawn  by  Robert  Morris,  as  treasurer,  upon  Holland,  and 
sent  back  protested. 

A  portion  of  the  drafts  so  drawn  had  been  met  by  the  proceeds  of  loans  made 
in  Holland;  the  remainder,  unpaid,  amounted  to  six  hundred  and  thirty-six  thou- 
ijand  dollars. 

1784.  —  The  Connecticut  assembly  required  the  judges  to  give 
in  writing  the  reasons  for  their  decisions. 

1784,  April  21.  —  Congress  asked  from  the  states  the  limited 
power,  for  fifteen  ye;irs,  to  regulate  the  foreign  trade  of  the 
country ;  and  commissioners  were  sent  abroad  to  negotiate  trea- 
ties on  the  basis  of  reciprocity. 

Seven  states  had  given  their  assent  to  the  impost  act,  but  generally  with  quali- 
fications. JcfTerson,  who  had  drawn  up  the  plan,  which  Congrefs  approved,  for 
the  negotiation  of  commercial  treaties,  was  sent  to  Europe  to  take  Jay's  place,  lie 
having  given  notice  of  intended  return. 

1784,  April  30.  —  A  treaty  with  Sweden  was  signed  by 
Franklin. 

Special  powers  for  this  purpose  had  been  given  him. 

1784,  May.  —  The  Board  of  Treasury  was  re-established. 

Robert  Morris  had  resigned.  This  board  consisted  of  three  members,  and  their 
duties  were  those  of  the  suporintenujnt. 

1784,  June  1.  —  The  committee  to  regulate  matters  during  the 
absence  of  Congress  dispersed,  leaving  no  one  in  control. 

It  consisted  of  one  delegate  from  each  state,  and  had  been  appointed  according 
to  the  articles  of  confederation,  nt  the  adjournment  of  Congress.  It  divided  into 
two  parties.     The  experiment  was  not  tried  a  second  time. 

1784,  July  1.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  rejected  the 
impost  act  of  Congress  laying  five  per  cent.  duty. 

It  also  raised  the  state  duty  on  imports  from  two  to  two  and  a  half  per  cent. 
An  act  was  also  passed  regulating  the  value  of  gold  coin  in  circulation. 

1784,  September.  —  James  Rumsey  exhibited  on  the  Potomac  | 
River,  in  presence  of  Washington,  who  gave  a  certificate  to  that 
effect,  a  boat  which  worked  against  the  stream  by  means  olj 
mechanism. 

Rumsey  was  born  in  Cecil  County,  Maryland,  about  1743 ;  died  in  England  De- 1 
ccmbcr  23,  17'J2.     He  subsequently  gave  nmcii  attention  to  steam  as  a  motirti 


[1784. 

tnty,  Nova 
jnt. 

ngland.  Tlie 
C8-,  Canseau, 
mon  fisliery. 

■y  quotas  to 
whicli  had 
[oUand,  and 

of  loans  made 
,hirty-six  thou- 

dgea  to  give 

s  the  limited 
trade  of  the 
jgotiate  trea- 

jrally  with  quali- 
;?s  approved,  for 
:o  Jay's  place,  lie 

13   signed  by 


tablished. 
icmbers,  and  theit 


lers  during  the 
lontrol. 
.pointed  accordiii? 
It  divided  into 


1784.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


415 


re 


3Jected 


the 


Id  a  half  P"  <=*"'■ 
lulation. 

li  the  Potomac  j 
rtificate  to  tl 
by  means  ol  1 

lied  in  England  Df  I 
Bteam  as  a  niome 


power,  held  a  controversy  with  John  Fitch  ns  to  who  Imd  the  prior  right,  went 
over  to  England,  and  obtained  patents  for  his  inventions  in  England,  France,  and 
Holland.  In  December,  1792,  ho  made  a  successful  trip  with  his  boat  on  the 
Thames,  and  was  preparing  for  another,  when  he  died.  In  1839,  Congress  voted 
to  his  son,  James  Rumsey,  a  gold  medal,  in  commcmoratiun  of  hia  father's  ser- 
vices in  giving  the  benefit  of  steamboats  to  the  world. 

1874,  October  4.  —  A  treaty  was  made  at  Fort  Schuyler  with 
the  Six  Nations. 

They  agreed  to  peace,  and  ceded  their  claim  to  the  territory  west  of  Pennsyl- 
Tania. 

1784.  —  North  Carolina  ceded  her  western  territory,  on  cer- 
tain conditions,  to  the  United  States. 

A  subsequent  session  repealed  it  before  the  United  States  had  a  chance  to  ac- 
cept it. 

1784,  November  1.  —  The  annual  session  of  Congress  began  at 
Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

Richard  Henry  Lee  w.is  chosen  president.  One  hundred  thousand  dollars  were 
appropriated  to  lay  ont  a  federal  city  and  erect  public  buildings  near  the  Valls  of 
the  Delaware.  It  was  voted  inexpedient  to  build  more  tlian  one  federal  city  at 
this  time.    Congress  at  its  adjournment  voted  to  meet  in  New  York. 

1784.  —  The  assembly  of  Maryland  established  for  the  western 
shore,  at  Annapolis,  a  college,  to  be  called  St.  John's. 

This  with  Washington  College  were  to  constitute  the  University  of  Maryland ; 
and  a  perpetual  grant  of  twelve  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  to  Washington  College, 
and  seventeen  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  to  St.  John's,  to  be  taken  from  tlic  mar- 
riage, tavern,  and  peddler's  licenses,  and  fines,  was  voted  them. 

1784.  —  North  Carolina  adopted  the  rule  of  the  equal  divis- 
ion of  intestate  estates  among  all  the  heirs. 

1784.  —  The  Connecticut  assembly  forbade  the  further  intro- 
duction of  slaves  into  that  state,  and  declared  those  born  subse- 
quently to  the  act  free. 

Rhode  Island  passed  a  similar  law. 

1784.  —  Eight  bags  of  cotton,  shipped  in  an  American  ship  to 
Liverpool,  England,  were  seized  on  their  arrival,  on  the  ground 
tliat  so  much  cotton  could  not  be  raised  in  the  United  States. 

1784.  —  About  this  time  Mr.  Chittenden  of  New  Haven,  Con- 
necticut, invented  a  machine  for  making  teeth  for  cards,  capable 
of  producing  eighty-six  thousauv'  in  an  hour. 

1784.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  passed  an  act  for 
the  encouragement  of  arts  and  sciences. 
It  secured  to  authors  their  copyrights,  and  patents  to  inventors. 

1784.  —  New  Jersey  was  reported  as  having  eight  furnaces 
and  seventy-nine  forges  for  the  manufacture  of  iron. 


i  I 


416 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1784. 


1784.  —  The  cost  of  transportation  from  Philadelphia  to  Erie 
is  said  to  have  been  two  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  a  ton. 

The  trunsportation  was  by  pack-horses  and  wagons. 

1784.  —  The  Bank  of  New  York,  and  the  Bank  of  Massachu- 
setts, in  Boston,  were  organized. 

1784,  November.  —  Samuel  Seabury  was  consecrated  Bishop 
of  the  Episcopal  churches  in  Connecticut. 
The  ceremony  took  place  at  Aberdeen,  Scotland. 

1784.— 

Of  the  two  hundred  millions  of  Continental  bills  of  credit  issued  by  Congress, 
eighty-eight  had  been  paid  for  taxes  into  the  state  treasuries,  at  the  rate  of  forty 
for  one,  and  replaced  by  four  million  four  hundred  thousand  dollars  of  the  "  new 
tenor,"  bearing  interest  at  six  per  cent,  Massachusetts,  New  Hampshire,  and 
Rhode  Island  had  thus  provided  for  their  entire  quota  of  the  issue.  Connecticut, 
Delaware,  both  the  Carolinas,  and  Georgia  had  taken  up  none.  The  other  states 
had  taken  up  a  part.  About  forty  millions  were  in  tiie  federal  treasury,  and  a  part 
of  tlie  balance  was  in  the  state  treasuries,  the  remainder  being  in  the  hands  of 
individuals.  Besides  these  Continental  issues,  all  of  the  states  had  made  issues 
of  their  own.  In  Massachusetts  and  Pennsylvania,  these  had  been  called  in,  and 
bonds  issued  for  them.  In  others  of  the  states,  land  warrants  had  been  issued 
for  a  part  of  them,  the  rest  remaining  in  the  holders'  hands.  In  Virginia  eventu- 
ally this  portion  was  received  for  bonds  at  the  rate  of  one  thousand  for  one.  The 
direct  and  indirect  taxes  also,  levied  by  the  states,  arc  estimated  at  about  tiiirty 
millions.  Congress  had  also  borrowed  about  forty-four  millions,  ten  of  wiiich 
were  due  in  France.  Franklin  had  signed  contracts  for  about  seven  millions. 
The  French  king  remitted  the  interest  until  peace  was  declared,  and  the  payment 
was  to  be  made  in  instalments,  beginning  the  next  year.  There  was  a  loan  from 
Spain,  another  from  the  Farmers  General  of  France,  and  the  loan  from  Holland. 
Besides  these,  the  United  States  owed  at  home  eleven  millions  and  a  half,  specie 
value,  borrowed  on  loan-office  certificates ;  six  millions  to  the  army ;  five  millions 
to  the  officers  for  comnmtation  of  pay ;  and  twelve  millions  on  other  accounts. 
The  states  also  owed  their  own  debts  of  this  kind. 

1784,  November  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  authorizing  their  delegates  in  Congress,  or  any 
three  of  them,  to  cede,  lor  the  common  benefit,  to  tlie  United 
States  such  of  the  disputed  lands  claimed  by  her  as  they  should 
think  proper. 

The  lands  were  specified  as  lying  between  the  Hudson  and  the  Mississippi. 

1784,  December  14.  —  A  convention  met  at  Jonesborough, 
Tennessee,  and  resolved  to  organize  an  independent  government, 
under  the  name  of  Franklin,  or  Frankland. 

Both  names  appear  to  have  been  used.  The  convention  made  a  provisional 
organization,  taking  the  constitution  of  North  Carolina  as  a  basis,  and  referring  to 
a  convention,  to  meet  the  next  year,  the  subject  of  a  permanent  constitution.  The 
people  had  objected  to  the  cession  of  their  territory  by  North  Carolina,  and  were 
not  appeased  by  iti  prompt  repeal. 


[1784. 

to  Erie 
,  toil. 


issaclm- 
L  Biabop 


f  Congress, 
ate  of  forty 
f  the  "  new 
iipshirc,  and 
Connecticut, 

other  states 
y,  and  a  part 
lie  hands  of 

made  issues 
jailed  in,  and 

been  issued 
•ginia  eventu- 
'or  one.  The 
;  about  tliirty 

ten  of  wliich 

iven  millions. 

the  payment 

a  loan  from 

Toin  Holland. 

[a  half,  specie 
five  millions 

[her  accounts. 


178-i-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


417 


islature  of 
any 
he  United 
hey  sboulil 

lississippi. 

lesborough, 
ument) 


)ver 


I  a  provisional 
[id  referring  to 
Ititution.  The 
lina,  and  were 


1784.  —  Maysvtlle,  Kentucky,  on  tbe  Ohio  River,  was  settled, 
under  tbe  name  of  Limestone. 

In  1788,  the  name  was  clijinged  to  the  present  one,  in  honor  of  John  May,  one 
of  the  orii,Miinl  settlers.  It  has  been  for  many  years  the  largest  hcuip  market  in 
the  United  States. 


The  Litcbfield  Law  Scbool  was  opened  by  Tapping 


1784. 
Reeve. 

Until  1798  he  was  the  sole  instructor.  Reeve  was  born  in  Brookhaven,  Longf 
Island,  in  October,  1774;  died  at  Litchfield,  Connecticut,  December  13,  1823.  In 
1772,  lie  settled  in  Litchfield,  and  began  to  practise  law.  His  school  soon  became 
lamous,  and  in  1798  ho  took  as  an  associate  James  Gould.  Mr.  Reeve  continued 
to  lecture  until  1820.  He  was  the  first  lawyer  who  labored  to  effect  a  change  in 
tlie  laws  regarding  the  property  of  married  women.  The  building  in  which  lie 
began  tlu)  law  school  is  still  standing  in  Litchfield. 

1784,  December  25.  —  A  conference  was  beld  at  Baltimore  of 
Methodist  preachers,  and  tbe  Methodist  Episcopal  Cburch  of 
America  was  organized. 

1784.  —  The  legislature  of  Georgia  granted  a  tract  of  wild 
lands  for  a  college. 

A  charter  for  it  was  granted  the  next  year.  The  University  of  Georgia  was 
subsequently  organized  at  Athens  upon  this  grant. 

1785,  January  1.  —  The  Falmouth  Gazette  and  Weekly  Adver- 
tiser appeared  at  Falmoutb,  Maine. 

This  first  newspaper  in  Maine  was  published  by  Thomas  B.  \Yait  and  Benja- 
min Titcomb.  In  1786,  when  Falmouth  was  incorporated  and  called  Portland,  it 
was  published  by  Wait,  and  its  name  changed  to  the  Cumberland  Gazette.  Tit- 
comb  also  commenced  soon  after  the  publication  of  the  Gazette  of  Maine,  wliich 
was  discontinued  in  1796. 

1785,  January  21.  —  A  treaty  was  made  witb  tbe  western 
Indians. 

1785,  February  24.  —  Jobn  Adams  was  appointed  minister  to 
Great  Britain. 

The  younger  Pitt  declined  to  enter  into  any  treaty  on  the  subject  of  com- 
merce. 

1785,  March.  —  Tbe  Pbiladelpbia  society  for  promoting  agri- 
culture was   formed. 

1785.  —  The  South  Carolina  Agricultural  Society  was  formed 
in  South  Carolina. 

This  society  oflcred  premiums  for  the  introduction  of  various  articles,  among 
others  a  medal  for  the  first  flock  of  sheep  of  the  true  merino  breed,  and  for  oil 
made  from  cotton  or  other  seeds. 

1785.  —  John  Baine,  a  type  founder  of  Edinburgh,  about  ibis 
time  established  a  type  foundery  in  Philadolpbia, 
Baine  died  in  17Q0. 

27 


418 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1785. 


ill 


liil 


1785.  —  An  iron  mine  was  opened  in  Tinmouth,  Rutland 
County,  Vermont. 

1785.  —  James  Juliann,  of  Philadelphia,  advertised  "the  great 
American  Piano-forte  of  his  own  invention." 

1785. — The  Philadelphia  dispensary,  the  first  institution  of 
the  kind  in  the  country,  was  planned  by  Dr.  Benjamin  Hush  of 
Philadelphia. 

1785,  March.  —  Under  the  provisional  arrangement  of  Frank- 
land,  an  assembly  met  and  chose  John  Sevier  governor. 

Courts  wore  institutctl,  laws  passed,  and  an  address  forwarded  to  Governor 
A'artin  of  North  Carolina,  stating  that  the  inhabitants  of  tlic  eounties  of  Wash- 
ington, Sullivan,  and  Greene  had  formed  the  state  of  Frankland,  and  declared 
themselves  independent  of  North  Carolina.  In  April,  Governor  Martin  urged 
tlicm  in  a  manifesto  to  return  to  their  allegiance,  and  the  assembly  of  North 
Carolina  passed  an  act  of  oblivion,  while  insisting  on  their  authority. 

1785,  March  1.  —  The  New  York  Daily  Advertiser  appeared 
in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  Francis  Childs  &  Co.  Philip  Freneau  became  its  editor 
about  1790,  and  continued  to  be  so  until  the  seat  of  government  was  changed  to 
Washington. 

1785.  —  Dubuque,  the  oldest  town  in  Iowa,  was  settled  by 
Julien  Dubuqne,  a  French  Canadian,  who  had  the  grant  from 
Spain,  and  authority  to  work  the  lead  mines  in  the  vicinity. 

The  United  States  took  formal  possession  of  the  land  in  1833,  having  made  a 
treaty  with  the  Indians  of  the  neighborhood  the  year  before,  and  leases  of  tlie 
mines  were  issued.  In  1844,  in  consequence  of  the  trouble  in  collecting  the 
rents,  the  leases  were  called  in,  and  the  mining  lands  offered  for  sale.  La  Sueur, 
in  his  voyage  up  the  Mississippi  in  1700,  discovered  the  lead  mines  in  Iowa, 
Illinois,  and  Wisconsin. 

1785,  March  8.  —  General  Knox  was  made  secretary  of  war. 

In  April,  an  enlistment  was  ordered  for  three  years  to  defend  the  western 
frontier. 

1785,  March  10.  —  Jefferson  was  appointed  minister  to  France 
in  place  of  Franklin,  who  had  resigned. 

1785,  April  19.  —  The  delegates  from  Massachusetts  made  ii 
deed  to  Congress  of  all  the  territory  west  of  the  present  western 
boundary  of  New  York. 

Congress  on  the  20th  of  May  provided  for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  lands 
northwest  of  the  Ohio.  By  this  ordinance  the  lands  were  all  surveyed  at  the 
public  expense,  and  divided  into  townships  of  six  miles  square,  each  townsliip  into 
thirty-six  sections  of  a  square  mile,  one  section  in  each  township  being  reserveil 
for  schools.  The  lands  were  then  otrered  for  sale  to  purchasers  in  the  states  in 
quantities  proportionate  to  the  quotas  of  the  status.  The  sales  were  at  auction  at 
a  minimum  price  of  a  dollar  an  acre,  M'ith  the  expense  of  the  survey,  §Wi  * 
township.    Payment  was  in  specie  or  certificates  of  federal  debt.    This  system  was 


ill 


[1785. 
Rutland 

he  great 

ution  of 
lluriU  of 

of  Frank- 
to  Governor 
ics  of  Wnsh- 
Bnd  declared 
larfm  urged 
bly  of  North 

!•  appeared 

ime  Us  editor 
as  changed  to 

settled  by 
grant  from 
cinity. 

having  made  a 
d  leases  of  tlio 
collecting  the 
lie.  La  Sueur, 
[luincs  in  Iowa, 

vry  of  war. 
l;nd  the  western 

[er  to  France 

Letts  madon 
Tscnt  western 

Lie  of  the  hwh 
Isurveyed  at  tlio 
Ich  township  into 
\  heing  reserve 
Is  in  tlie  states  m 
Jero  at  aucti^  'A 
]e  survey,  Si'-*''* 
This  system  was 


1785.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


419 


an  improvement  upon  tliat  ;n  use  in  New  England  and  Pennsylvania ;  in  Virginia 
and  North  Carolina,  each  purchaser  had  surveyed  his  own  grant.  A  propositiia 
to  prohibit  slavery  in  these  lands  was  referred  to  a  committee. 

1785.  —  The  Vermont  legislature  established  a  mint  at  Eupert, 
which  issued  copper  cents  and  some  few  half  cents. 

The  ctnts  bore  on  one  side  a  sun  rising  from  behind  hills,  with  a  plough  in  the 
foreground;  legend  Vermoniensium  Res  Vublica  178G;  on  tlie  reverse  a  radiated 
eye  surrounded  by  thirteen  stars;  legend  Quarta  Decima  Stella.  The  cents 
coined  in  1788  had  on  one  side  a  head  with  the  legend  AuctoHtate  Vermoniensium  ; 
on  the  reverse,  a  woman  and  tlie  letters  Incie.  Et  Lib. 

1785.  —  Connecticut  authorized  a  mint  at  New  Haven  to  issue 
coins  of  copper  weighing  six  pennyworths. 

On  one  side  a  head  with  the  words  Auctori.  Connec.  ;  on  the  reverse,  a  female 
holding  an  olive  branch,  with  tlie  words  Inde.  Et  Lib.  1785.  This  mint  lasted  for 
three  years. 

1785,  May  2.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  added  a  duty 
of  seven  and  a  half  per  cent,  on  all  goods  imported  in  British 
vessels. 

1785,  May.  —  A  convention  was  held  at  Danville,  Kentucky, 
which  petitioned  Virginia  for  permission  to  form  a  new  state. 

In  March,  the  assembly  of  Virginia  liad  made  the  three  western  counties  a 
separate  judicial  district,  and  given  it  a  supreme  court  of  its  own.  Another  con- 
vention was  held  soon  after,  and  an  address  to  the  people,  in  manuscript,  was  cir- 
culated.    There  was  no  printing-press  in  Kentucky. 

1785,  June.  —  A  suit  in  Massachusetts,  brought  by  John 
MiuTay  and  involving  religious  liberty,  was  decided  by  tlfe  jury 
in  favor  of  liberty. 

Tlie  law  of  Massacluisetts  taxed  the  inhabitants  for  the  support  of  tho  Orthodox 
clergy.  The  third  article  of  the  Bill  of  Rights  gave  individuals  tlie  right  to  pay 
their  taxes  for  tlie  support  of  any  public  Protestant  teaclier  of  piety,  religion,  and 
morality  on  wliose  services  they  attended ;  otherwise  they  were  used  for  the  support 
of  the  established  preaclier  of  the  district.  Mr.  Murray,  whose  opinions  were 
those  of  the  Univcrsalists,  was  settled  over  a  congregation  in  Gloucester,  Massa- 
chusetts, wlio  built  him  a  cliurch.  The  Calvinists  of  the  town  excommunicated 
him.  and  disputed  his  right  to  take  the  assessments  of  the  members  of  his  audience 
for  his  support.  A  suit  was  therefore  brouglit  by  Mr.  Murray  against  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  town  of  Gloucester.  The  point  had  been  tried  before  and  appealed, 
but  this  was  the  first  decision  it  reached. 

John  Murray  was  born  in  England,  December  10,  1741,  and  died  in  Boston, 
Septembers,  1815.  In  1770,  he  came  to  tliis  country,  lie  is  generally  considered 
the  founder  of  Universalisra  in  tliis  country. 

1785,  June  14.  —  The  first  pier  for  the  bridge  from  Charlestown 
to  Boston  was  laid. 

The  bridge  was  finished  in  about  a  year,  was  considered  at  that  time  one  of  the 
I  greatest  building  enterprises,  and  its  completion  was  celebrated  by  a  public  pro- 
cession, in  wliich  the  legislature,  military,  and  civic  societies  joined. 


420 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTU  AMEUICA. 


[1785. 


1785.  —  The  Davidson  Academy  was  incorporated  at  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. 

In  182(5  ita  name  was  changed  to  the  Naslivillc  University. 

1785,  June  27.  —  The  assembly  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an 
additional  tariff  act,  levying  specific  duties  upon  all  tools,  and  an 
ad  valorem  duty  of  from  five  to  twenty  per  cent,  upon  hats, 
articles  of  leather,  furs,  paper,  and  other  articles,  "  for  encoura- 
ging the  manufacture  thereof  within  thia  state  and  the  United 
States." 

1785,  July  6.  —  The  "  dollar  "  was  adopted  by  Congress. 

Jefferson  was  cliiefly  instranicntal  in  ita  adoption,  and  in  that  of  the  decimal 
system  of  subdiviiiions. 

1785.  —  One  bag  of  cotton  from  Charleston,  South  Carolina, 
twelve  bags  from  Philadelphia,  and  one  from  New  York  were 
shipped  to  Liverpool. 

1785.  —  Theatres  were  reopened  in  New  York  and  Philadel- 
phia, 

The  company  of  wliich  Lewis  Hallam,  the  son  of  the  manager  who  had  intro- 
duced the  first  tlieatrical  company  in  tlic  country,  was  manager,  liad  returned  from 
Jamaica.  Tliey  had  gone  there  on  the  opening  of  tlie  war.  Tlie  Continental 
Congress  had  passed  a  resohition  discountenancing  "  sliows,  plays,  and  other 
expensive  diversions  and  entertainments ;  "  and  the  company  "  determined  to  leave 
the  continent  rather  than  offend  the  patriotic  supporters  of  their  country's  frue- 
dom."  This  is  a  statement  made  hy  Hallam  in  a  memorial  to  tlie  Massachusetts 
legislature  in  1790.  He  says  also  that  the  various  British  comnmnders  in  New 
York  during  the  war  repeatedly  asked  the  company  to  return  there,  but  they 
refused;  "  they  felt  themselves  Americans,  and  would  not  act  in  opposition  \o 
their  country." 

1785.  —  The  constitution  of  Vermont  was  amended. 

It  had  been  adopted  in  1777.  The  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  every  inmi, 
twenty-one  years  of  age,  of  peaceable  behavior,  and  a  resident  of  the  state  a  year 
before  the  election.  An  assembly  of  a  single  house  was  elected  by  the  towns.  I; 
could  pass  no  act  before  it  had  been  printed  for  the  consideration  of  the  people. 
and  laid  before  the  governor  and  council,  and  laid  over  one  session.  A  council 
of  censors,  consisting  of  tliirteen,  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  people  once  in  seven 
years,  to  inquire  wliether  the  constitution  had  been  violated,  and  to  suggest  j 
amendments,  if  needed,  and  call  a  convention  to  consider  them,  the  proposed  | 
amendments  being  printed  six  months  before.  The  first  article  of  the  Bill  of  | 
Kiglits  read:  "No  male  person  born  in  this  country,  or  brought  from  over  sen,  j 
ought  to  be  bound  l)y  law  to  serve  any  person  as  a  servant,  slave,  or  apprentice 
after  he  arrives  at  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  nor  female,  in  like  manner,  after  I 
she  arrives  at  the  ago  of  twenty-one  years,  unless  they  are  bound  by  their  o»nl 
consent,  after  they  arrive  at  such  age,  or  are  bound  by  law  for  tiie  payment  off 
debts,  damages,  fines,  costs,  or  the  like."  The  constitution  of  1777  had  coii-| 
tained  this  provision. 

This  revision  also  removed  the  test  of  Protestantisui,  contained  in  the  first  coii-| 


[1785. 
I  Naah- 


isaed  an 
ji,  aiid  an 
)on  l^ats, 
oncoura- 
0  Uuited 


ress. 
the  decimal 


a  Carolina, 
York  were 

id  rUiladel- 

vho  had  intro- 
1  returned  from 
n\o  Contincntiil 
lays,  and  other 
(crnnnedtolcavo 

Ir  country's  free 

^c  Massachusetts 

,mander9inNc^v 

there,  but  they 

in  opposition  to 

led. 

[en  to  every  rm^ 
If  the  state  a  yeat 
|hy  the  towns.  U 
lion  of  the  pcopU;.  ^ 
Lsion.  A  council 
Lie  once  in  seven 
V  and  to  suggest 
[cm,  the  propose 
IcleoftheBiUof 
sAA  from  over  sea, 
favc,  or  apprcnW 
[like  manner,  an« 
oundhy  their  o« 

lor  the  paymfn'-^M 
'  of  1777  had  cof 

led  in  the  first  co^ 


1785.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


421 


Btitution  in  a  provision  that  no  one  could  be  a  member  of  the  assembly  who  did 
not  sign  a  declaration  of  his  belief  in  a  God,  the  creator  and  governor  of  the  uni- 
verse, the  rewarder  of  the  good  and  the  punisher  of  the  wicked,  and  in  the  Old 
and  New  Testaments  as  inspired,  and  in  the  Protestant  faith.  Tlie  members  were 
in  1793  absolved  from  tlic  whole  declaration.  Public  schools  in  every  town,  at 
public  expense,  were  provided  for  in  the  constitution,  and  county  schools  and  a 
university  recommended. 

1785,  July.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  Prussia. 

In  case  of  war  it  prohibited  privateering,  making  free  ships  insure  fi-ec  goods. 

1785,  July.  —  M.  Gardoqui  was  sent  by  Spain  as  minister  to 
the  United  States. 

1785,  August.  —  Jefferson,  in  letters  from  Paris,  mentions  that 
tho  French  government  were  practically  introducing  an  im- 
proved method  of  manufacturing  fire-arms. 

It  consisted  "  in  the  making  every  part  of  them  so  exactly  alike  that  what 
belongs  to  any  one  may  b'^  used  for  every  musket  in  the  magazine." 

1785,  September.  —  Congress  made  a  requisition  on  the  states 
for  three  millions  of  dollars. 

It  was  a  portion  of  the  eight  millions  called  for  in  178L  Two  thirds  of  it  were 
made  payable  in  interest  certificates,  called  "  indents." 

1785,  October  14.  —  News  was  received  that  Algiers  had  de- 
clared war  against  the  United  States. 

Circulars  with  this  information  were  sent  to  the  several  states  by  John  Jay. 
No  formal  proclamation  was  made,  but  American  vessels  were  seized,  the  object 
being  to  force  the  United  States  to  pay  tribute  to  Algiers. 

1785.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Herald  was  started  in  Philadelphia 
by  Matthew  Carey. 

It  was  tlie  first  to  give  regular  reports  of  legislative  proceedings. 

Cakey  was  born  in  Dublin,  January  28,  17G0 ;  died  in  Philadelphia,  September 
IG,  1839.  He  came  to  tliis  country  in  1784.  In  1791  he  opened  a  bookstore,  and 
was  the  originator  of  the  yearly  fairs  which  have  resulted  in  the  trade  sales.  lie 
wrote  largely  on  politico-conmiercial  topics. 

1785,  October.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  passed  an  act  mak- 
ing it  treason  to  erect  a  n^w  state  in  any  part  of  her  territory 
without  first  obtaining  permission  from  the  assembly. 

1785,  November.  —  The  convention  in  Frankland  met  and 
rejected  the  constitution  which  had  been  prepared  by  a  com- 
mittee, adopting  the  provisional  form  as  a  permanent  one. 

It  sent  William  Cocke  as  a  delegate  to  Congress,  asking  admission  to  the  Union. 
I  He  met  no  encouragement. 

1785,  November.  —  Congress  convened,  and  John  Hancock, 
[again  a  delegate,  was  chosen  president. 

As  sickness  prevented  his  attendance,  David  Ramsey,  of  South  Caroliaa,  was 
sppointed  chairman. 


422 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1785-6. 


1785,  NovEMBE..  —  The  Virginia  legislature  authorized  the 
election  of"  five  delegates  from  each  of  the  seven  counties  of 
Kentucky,  to  consider  the  question  of  forming  an  independent 
government. 

If  tho  convention  should  decide  for  this,  th,'  separation  would  ho  allowed,  pro- 
vided Congress  would  admit  tlic  new  state  before  June,  1787,  and  provided  the  new 
state  would  assume  its  proportion  of  Virginia's  debt.  The  Ohio  was  to  remain 
open,  and  all  Virginia  land  titles  to  be  held  good,  and  warrants  to  be  located  until 
September,  1788,  and  no  special  tax  to  be  levied  on  non-resident  citizens  of  tliu 
United  States  who  were  land-owners  in  the  new  state. 

1785.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  passed  a  Religious  Freedom 
Act. 

It  confirmed  and  extended  the  act  of  177G,  suspending  the  collection  of  parish 
rates. 

1786,  January.  —  Treaties  were  made  with  the  various  tribes 
of  Indians,  so  that  tlio  jurisdiction  of  tho  United  States  extended 
over  almost  all  the  territory  of  the  present  states  of  Tennessee, 
Alabama,  and  Mississippi. 

1786,  February.  —  A  special  committee  to  examine  the  matter 
of  the  federal  impost  reported. 

Nine  states  had  so  far  granted  the  power  to  Congress  to  levy  it,  that  it  could 
act,  provided  Georgia,  Maryland,  New  York,  and  Rhode  Island  should  agree. 
Rhode  Island,  Maryland,  and  Georgia  soon  agreed  to  it,  and  so  did  New  Yorlc, 
thougli  reserving  the  collection  of  the  duties  to  her  own  officers,  and  niiikini; 
them  payable  in  her  own  recently  issued  bills  of  credit.  Another  cominitteo 
reported  that  all  the  states  except  Delaware,  Georgia,  and  South  Carolina  had 
granted  the  power  to  Congress  to  regulate  commerce  for  a  certain  term  of  years, 
though  some  of  them  had  done  so  with  conditions. 

1786,  March  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  assembly  of  Uhode 
Island  empowering  Congress  to  regulate  the  trade  of  that  state 
with  vessels  of  nations  having  no  treaties  with  the  United  StateB, 
and  to  forbid  the  importation  by  such  nations  of  goods  of  their 
own  manufacture,  and  also  to  regulate  the  trade  between  tho 
states.  The  same  session  a  tender  act  was  passed  to  enable 
debtors  to  settle  their  obligations  by  the  transfer  of  lands  and 
certain  personal  eifects  at  an  appraised  value,  the  same  to  bo  re- 
deemed within  a  year  by  the  payment  of  their  value  in  money, 
with  interest. 

The  Tender  Act  was  repealed  the  same  year. 

1786,  March.  —  James  Eumsey  succeeded,  on  the  Potomac,  in 
propelling  a  boat  by  a  steam-engine  and  machinery. 

The  motion  was  caused  hy  the  force  of  a  stream  of  water  thrown  out  at  the 
stern  through  a  pump. 

The  next  year  he  made  another  successful  trip ;  and  ahout  this  time  he  and 
John  Fitch,  who  had  been  experimenting  on  the  Delaware,  engaged  in  a  contro- 
versy on  the  subject  of  steam  navigation. 


[1785-6. 

zed  tho 
mties  of 
opondout 

llowed,  pro- 
xled  tho  new 
H  to  ri'umin 
octttcd  until 
izuns  of  tlio 

I  Freedom 

tion  of  parish 

io\i3  tribes 
8  extended 
Touuossee, 

)  the  matter 

;,  that  it  could 
should  agree. 
did  New  York, 
rs,  and  luakini; 
her  committee 
li  Carolina  hail 
term  of  years, 

jlyofRliodo 
Lf  that  state 
jiitcd  States, 
lods  of  their 
^etween  tlio 
led  to  enable 
^f  lands  and 
fme  to  be  re- 
]o  in  money, 


Potomac,  in 
Lown  out  at  the 

lis  time  he  and 
Iged  in  a  contro- 


178G.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


423 


178G,  April  25.  —  Tho  logisltxturc  of  Now  York  authorized  its 
agents  to  settle  tho  question  of  disputed  bordora  otherwise  than 
by  appeal  to  tlie  federal  courts. 

178G,  May  3.  —  Tlio  assembly  of  Rbodo  Island  created  a  loau, 
or  "  bivnk,"  of  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. 

IJills  of  credit  to  this  iiniouiit  were  issued,  nnd  loaned  on  mortgages  of  land  to 
double  their  value,  to  be  paid  into  the  treasury  at  the  end  of  fourteen  years. 
Tiie  deputies  from  Providence  entered  their  protest  against  it. 

1786.  — The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  passed  an  act  laying 
a  duty  of  five  poiuuls  a  head  upon  the  importation  of  slaves. 

The  act  spoke  of  the  introduction  of  slaves  into  the  state  as  "of  evil  consc- 
(juences  and  highly  impolitic." 

1786.  —  TiiK  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  forbid- 
ding theatrical  pcrlbrmances. 

1786.  —  The  first  American  play  was  represented  in  New 
York. 

It  was  a  comedy,  entitled  "Tho  Contrast,"  and  was  written  by  Royal  Tyler, 
wiio  was  subsequently  chief  justice  of  Vermont. 

1786.  —  A  COINAGE  of  copper  money  was  authorized  by  Now 
Jersey.  Tho  patent  allowed  tho  establishment  of  two  mints,  one 
at  Solitude,  t\   >  miles  west  of  Morristown,  the  other  at  Elizabeth. 

The  coins  had  on  the  obverse  a  horse's  head,  with  a  plough  beneath  it,  and  the 
legend,  Nova  Cacaarea  1786;  rovers'^   p    hield,  the  legend,  E  Pluribus  Unum. 

1786,  July  5. —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  authorized 
its  agents  to  settle  the  question  of  disputed  borders. 

1786,  July.  — The  merchants  refusing  to  sell  their  wares  for 
the  bills  of  credit,  a  mob  in  Newport  forced  the  dealers  in  corn 
to  accept  the  bills  for  their  stock. 

The  distress  wsis  severe,  and  tho  movement  spread,  leading  to  conventions.  The 
assembly  passed  penal  laws  in  favor  of  the  bills.  A.  plan  for  state  trade  was 
suiji'-ested,  tlio  state  providing  vessels  and  importing  necessaries,  under  the  direc- 
tion of  a  committee  of  the  legislature ;  payiuents  for  the  supplies  to  be  made  in 
produce,  lumber,  and  labor,  to  furnish  return  cargoes.  A  law  case  against  a 
butclicr  for  refusing  to  sell  his  meat  for  the  bills  of  credit  was  tried  before  the 
superior  court  in  Newport,  with  a  full  bench,  and  the  court  declared  the  acts  in 
favor  of  the  bills  unconstitutional  and  void.  An  extra  session  of  the  assembly 
was  called,  and  tho  judges  were  summoned  before  them  to  give  their  reasons  for 
their  decision.  Their  examination  was  postponed  until  the  next  session.  The 
judges  maintained  their  independence,  and  that  they  were  not  accountable  to  the 
assembly;  and  the  assembly  resolved  finally  that  "no  satisfactory  reasons"  had 
been  given  by  the  judges  for  their  judgment,  and,  there  being  no  ground  for  im- 
peachment, dismissed  them. 

1786,  July  29.  —  The   Commomoealth,  or  Pittsburg  Gazette, 
appeared  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 
It  was  published  by  Jolm  Scull. 


424 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1786. 


1786.  —  Falmouth,  Maine,  was  incorporated,  and  its  numo 
changed  to  Portland. 

1786.  —  Calonne  stated,  thin  year,  tliat  tlio  Amorifan  war  of 
independence  had  cost  Franco  t'onrtcen  hundred  and  forty  mil. 
h'oiis  of  francs  —  about  two  htnidrod  and  lilly-HJx  iniUionH  of 
dollars.  The  English  national  debt  was  increased  by  the  war, 
in  dollars,  about  five  hundred  and  seventy-live  millions. 

1786.  —  At  the  convention  hold  in  Annapolis,  Maryland,  Janiofl 
Madison  said  "  there  was  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  United 
States  would  one  day  become  a  great  cotton-producing  country." 

1786.  —  The  seed  of  sea  island,  or  long  staple  cotton,  was 
introduced  about  this  year  into  Georgia. 

1786.  —  This  year  there  wore  within  ton  miles  of  Lancaster, 
Pennsylvania,  wliich  was  situated  on  the  great  high-road  to  tho 
West,  eighteen  grain-niilis,  sixteen  saw-mills,  one  fulling-mill, 
four  oil-mills,  five  hfcrnp-mills,  two  boring  and  grinding-mills  for 
gun-barrels. 

1780. — Jefferson,  writing  to  M.  Pe  Warville,  in  August, 
Bays :  — 

"Virginia,  Marylnnd,  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  New  Jersey,  and  New  York 
abound  willi  large  manufacturing  millH  for  the  exportation  of  flour." 

1786.  —  Robert  and  Alexander  Barr,  Scotchmen,  made  three 
carding,  roping,  and  spinning  machinea  for  Hugh  Orr,  at  his 
works  at  East  Bridgewater,  Massachusetts. 

The  legislature  granted  them  two  hundred  pounds  to  compl  ;to  them,  and  gave 
them  six  tickets  in  the  land  lottery,  which  had  no  blanks,  m  a  reward.  The 
machines  were  placed  on  exhibition.  They  cost  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven 
pounds,  and  are  said  to  have  been  the  first  jenny  and  stock-co'd  made  iu  the 
country. 

1786,  July.  —  A  three-inch  cylinder  model  of  a  steam-engine 
was  built  in  Philadelphia  by  John  Fitch  and  Henry  Voight,  by 
which  a  skilT  was  moved  on  the  Delaware  by  means  of  oars  at- 
tached to  a  crank. 

The  next  year  a  twelve-inch  cylinder  engine  was  imilt,  which  propelled  a 
steamer  on  the  Delaware  in  the  presence  of  the  Federal  convention,  then  in 
session  in  the  city. 

1786.  —  Lynchburg,  Virginia,  on  tho  south  bank  of  the  James 
River,  was  laid  out. 

The  manufacturing  of  tobacco  is  the  chief  business  of  the  city. 

1786,  August  3.  —  Congress  called  upon  the  states  for  three 
millions  seven  hundred  ami  seventy-seven  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  to  pay  the  expenses  and  two  instalments  of  the  foreign  debt,  fnllin? 
due.  One  million  six  hundred  and  six  thousand  of  it  could  be  paid  in  "indents.' 
A  large  part  of  the  last  year's  requisition  remained  unpivid.     Rhode  Island  hiid 


[1786. 
g  name 

1  wav  of 

orty  mil- 
llionrt  of 
tho  wivr, 

id,  Jivmos 
10  United 
country." 

)tton,  was 

Lancaster, 

)ivd  to  tho 

ullins-"")^) 
ig-milU  for 

iu  August, 

und  New  York 

It 

matlo  three 
Orr,  at  Ins 

iv  rcxviu-d.    The 
Ird  made  in  the 

Lteam-engino 
ly  Voight,  by 
|ia  of  oars  at- 

[ich  propeUtHt  a 
,cntion,  then  h. 

lof  tUe  Jawes 


ttes  for  three 

dollars. 
L,i  debt,  folV.ti? 

kodc  Island  hud 


1786.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


425 


miido  tlio  Continental  tnxos  payable  in  lier  own  hills  of  credit.  New  Jersey 
nt'imed  to  piiy  until  New  York  connented  to  the  fi-denil  impost,  and  then,  though 
she  recalled  this  refusal,  she  made  no  nrranBoniont  for  collecting  tho  money. 
IVnnsylvania  claimed  that  too  lar^o  a  quota  had  hicn  assigned  her.  South  Caro- 
H''ii  claimed  credit  for  supplies  she  had  furnished  the  army  in  17H-'  and  1783. 

178G,  AiUJUST.  —  Tho  courts  in  Worcostor,  Maasachuootta,  and 
tho  adjoining  counties,  were  prevented  by  an  armed  I'orco  of  tho 
people  from  holding  their  sodsions. 

The  poj)ular  discontent  against  tho  extortionate  fees  of  tho  lawyers,  tho  multi- 
plicity of  lawsuits,  and  the  absence  of  any  money  in  circulation,  since  the  statu 
and  Continental  issues  had  ceased  to  serve  this  purpose,  had  boon  for  a  long 
time  gathering  to  a  head. 

1786,  August   7.  —  An    Indian   Bureau    was    organized   by 

Congress. 

It  was  subordinate  to  the  War  Department,  and  had  two  superintendents,  one 
for  the  district  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  the  other  for  the  district  south  of  that 
river.  Their  duty  was  to  keep  tho  Indians  quiet  by  treating  them  with  justice, 
and  i)i;?venting  the  encroachments  by  which  their  hostility  was  generally  pro- 
voked. The  states  of  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  and  Virginia  especially  conceived 
it  their  right  to  deal  directly  with  tiic  Indians,  though  tho  articles  of  confedera- 
tion had  given  exclusive  control  over  Indian  aft'airs  to  Congress. 

1786,  Septkmbkr  6.  —  The  Eampakire  Gazette  appeared  in 
NorthcUnpton,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  William  Butler.  It  was  issued  to  counteract  the  discon- 
tent wliieh  culminated  in  Shays'  rebellion. 

1786.  —  The  popo  appointed  John  Carroll,  of  Maryland,  his 

vicar-apostolic. 

Carroll  was  afterwards  consecrated  as  bishop  of  Baltimore,  and  eventually  as 
nrchbishiip  of  the  United  States.  By  the  state  constitution,  the  Catholics  had 
been  made,  politically,  the  equals  of  the  Protestants. 

1786,  September  11.  —  Congress  accepted  the  cession  of  Con- 
necticut to  the  western  lands. 

This  completed  the  title  of  the  United  States  to  the  lands  northwest  of  tlie 
Ohio. 

1786.  —  Early  this  year  the  assembly  of  Virginia  appointed 
commissioners  to  meet  in  convention  sit  Annapolis,  to  consider  tho 
question  of  commerce,  with  a  view  of  altering  the  articles  of 
confederation. 

Tho  states  had  reserved  the  control  of  their  own  foreign  commerce,  and  the 
gonernl  sentiment  of  the  inadequacy  of  tho  confederation  for  national  purposes 
was  expressed  by  Washington,  who  said  in  a  letter  dated  August  1,  1786:  "I  do 
not  conceive  wo  can  long  exist  as  a  nation  without  having  lodged  somewhere  a 
power  which  will  pervade  the  whole  Union  in  i*s  energetic  a  manner  as  the 
authority  of  the  states  governments  extends  over  the  several  states."  The  assem- 
%  of  Virginia  made  it  the  duty  of  tho  committee  appointed  to  confer  with  the 
other  states  and  invite  them  to  concur.     This  movement  of  Virginia  was  not  the 


426 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITH  AMERICA. 


[178G. 


first  that  was  made  towards  this  end.  It  was  suggested  in  Common  Sense  in 
177(1 ;  a  convention  for  the  purpose  was  suggested  by  Hamilton  in  1780 ;  by  tlie  legis- 
lature of  New  York  in  1782;  by  the  governor  of  Massachusetts,  Bowdoin,  in  a 
speech  to  tlie  legislature  in  1785,  aud  by  other  individuals ;  but  nothing  definitive 
had  arisen  from  these  suggestion". 

1786,  September  11.  —  The  convention  suggested  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Virginia  assembled  at  Annapolis,  and  issued  an  address, 
suggesting  another  and  a  larger  convention  for  the  same  purpose. 

There  were  delegates  present  from  four  legislatures — Virginia,  New  Yorl;, 
Peimsylvania,  aad  New  Jersey.  Delegates  had  been  appointed  by  New  Hamp- 
shire, Massachusetts,  llhode  Island,  and  North  Carolina,  who  did  not  attend, 
Prom  Connecticut,  Maryland,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia  no  notice  of  any 
action  had  been  received.  The  representation  was  so  partial  that  no  definite 
action  was  taken  upon  tlie  object  of  the  convention,  other  than  issuing  an  address 
urging  the  appointment  of  commissioners  from  each  of  the  states,  to  meet  in 
Philadelphia  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  of  the  next  year,  to  devise  such 
measures  as  should  meet  the  exigencies  of  the  case. 

1786,  September  29.  —  Congress  called  upon  Virginia  and 
Massachusetts  to  modify  their  cessions,  so  that  the  territory  north- 
west of  the  Ohio  could  be  divided  into  three  or  five  states,  as 
might  bo  best. 

1786,  September.  —  An  extra  session  of  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  was  called  by  Governor  Bo^vdoin. 

Acts  were  passed  diminishing  the  legal  fees  for  the  collection  of  debts,  allow- 
ing the  payment  of  back  taxes  and  debts  in  produce  at  specific  valuations.  The 
militia  was  called  out  to  defend  the  courts  in  the  southern  counties,  and  tlio  habeas 
corpus  was  suspended,  after  the  general  court  in  an  address  oflered  pardon  to  all 
for  past  oflreiices,  provided  they  should  cease  unlawful  proceedings. 

An  act  was  also  passed  limiting  the  claim  to  lands,  based  upon  writs  of  right. 
By  this  it  was  intended  to  recognize  the  rights  of  actual  settlers  and  improvers 
of  land  against  the  claims  of  those  who  demanded  possession  from  patents  or 
cliarters.  The  time  for  the  issue  of  writs  of  right  was  limited  to  sixty  years,  lor 
writs  of  entry  to  fifty  years,  and  claims  upon  one's  own  seisin  to  tliirty  years. 

1786,  September. —  A  quorum  was  not  present  at  the  conv^en- 
tion  called  in  Kentucky. 

The  members  had  been  called  aw.ny  upon  an  expedition  against  the  Indians. 
Those  who  attended  asked  from  the  assembly  oi  Virginia  tluit  a  new  convention 
should  be  called  the  next  year,  which  was  granted. 

1786,  Seitember.  —  A  convention  met  at  Portland,  Maine,  to 
consider  the  expediency  of  making  that  state  independent  ol 
Massachusetts. 

1786,  September.  —  An  armed  force  of  the   people,  in  Neffj 
ITampshire,  surrounded  the  legislative  htiU  at  Exeter,  and  dc^i 
manded  a  remission  of  taxes  and  an  issue  of  a  supply  of  bills  ot 
credit. 

The  legislature  had  submitted  a  proposed  issue  to  the  i)eople,  but  no  vote  iwJ  j 
yet  been  taken,     They  dispersed  when  appealed  to  by  Governor  Sullivan. 


[178C. 

)i  Sense  in 
)y  the  legis- 
(v'doin,  in  a 
ig  definitive 

tho  legis- 
1  address, 
o  purpose. 

New  Yor';, 
New  Ilarap- 
(1  not  nttcnd. 
notice  of  any 
at  no  dofini'u 
tig  an  address 
:;8,  to  meot  in 
,0  devise  sucli 

ivginia  and 
ritory  noi'tlv 
,ve  states,  as 

cneral   court 
i. 

,  of  debts,  allow- 


1780.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


427 


aluations. 


I'lie 


,,  and  Uie  habeas 
red  pardon  to  all 


>n 


writs  of  riglit. 
rs  and  inu'V"^'"* 
from  patents  or 
o  sixty  years,  lor 
tlurty  years, 
tt  the  conven- 

vinst  t\ic  Indian'' 
L  new  conventloa 

|and,:N^ii"«'*;, 
.uendeut  ol 


lep 


in  Keff 


...Anr.  una  tic- 


5ter, 


ply  of  bills  «i 
votcliaM 


|c,  but  no 

SuUivan 


1786,  October  16.  —  A  mint  was  established. 

It  coined  only  cents,  and  but  a  few  tons  of  tliose.  A  mint  law  had  been  passed 
in  August,  and  was  now  niodifled. 

1786.  —  The  supreme  court  of  New  York  pronounced  tlio 
Trespass  Act  void,  as  conflicting  with  the  treaty  with  ]*]ngland. 

This  act,  passed  three  years  before,  empowered  owners  of  real  estate  in  tlio 
city  to  recover  danm^jcs  and  rent  from  tliose  who  had  used  their  buildinys  during 
tlie  British  occupation. 

1786,  October  21.  —  Congress  voted  to  raise  thirteen  hundred 
men,  and  called  upon  the  states  for  money  to  support  tlicin. 

Tliey  we.'C  for  service  in  MassacJuisetts.  The  federal  armory  in  SprinsjfloM 
was  thouglit  to  be  in  danger.  Before  tlio  troops  wo.  o  raised,  the  inuurrectioa 
iiad  culminated. 

1786,  October  28.  —  A  riot  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature 
of  MassachuseUs. 

Tliis  devolved  on  justices  and  sheriffs  the  duty  of  dispersing  riotous  assemblies 
of  more  than  twelve  armed,  or  thirty  un.irmed  persons,  and  allowed  these  officers 
to  call  to  their  aid  assistance. 

1786,  October.  —  Massachusetts  established  a  mint.  The  next 
year  tlio  works  were  put  up  at  Dedham  and  on  Boston  Neck, 
and  in  1788,  cents  and  half  cents  were  issued. 

The  coins  bore  on  the  obverse  the  American  eagle,  with  arrows  in  tlie  right 
talon,  and  an  olive  branch  in  the  left,  a  sliield  on  the  breast,  bearing  tlie  word 
"Cent";  legend,  "Massachusetts,  1788";  on  the  reverse,  an  Indian  holding  a 
bow  and  arrow;  legend,  "  Commonwealth,"  and  a  star. 

1786. --About  tliis  time  a  machine  for  cutting  cold  tacks  and 
nails  was  invented  by  Ezekiel  Heed  of  Bridgewator,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

His  son  Jesse  Reed,  in  1807,  patented  a  machine  for  cutting  and  heading  tacks 
at  one  operation. 

1786,  November  9.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  selected  dole- 
gates  to  attend  the  convention  at  Philadelphia. 

Washington  was  made  the  chairman  of  the  delegation.  The  purpose  of  the 
couvi'iit  ion,  as  expressed  in  the  instruction  to  the  dck^gates,  "was  to  concur  in 
such  further  suggestions  and  provisions  as  might  be  necessary  to  secure  the 
prcat  objects  for  which  tliat  government"  (tlie  Federal  government)  "was  estal)- 
lislii'il,  and  to  render  the  United  States  as  happy  in  peace  as  they  have  been  glori- 
ous in  war." 

1786,  November  30.  —  The  agents  of  Now  York  and  Massa- 
chusetts met  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  and  agreed  upon  a  settle- 
ment of  the  disputed  claim  to  the  territory  west  of  the  Delaware. 

The  pre-emption  right  to  the  land  in  dispute  was  about  equally  divided  be- 
tween the  two  states,  the  jurisdiction  of  the  whole  being  left  to  New  York. 

1786,  December  5.  —  A  force  of  about  a  thousand  armed  men, 


428 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1786-7. 


"■ 


under    Daniel    Shays,  took    possession    of   Worcester,   Massa- 
chusetts. 

Tlioy  prevented  the  session  of  the  court  here,  and  also  in  Springfield.     Shays 
had  been  a  captiiin  in  tliu  Continental  army. 

178G. — During  the  spring,  elections  were  held  in  Frankland 
for  nicmbors  to  the  new  assembly,  and  also  to  that  of  North 
Carolina. 

Two  sets  of  officers  claimed  the  authority,  and  party  spirit  ran  very  high. 

1787.  —  The  "  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
Manufactures  and  the  Useful  Arts  "  was  formed. 

The  fee  for  membership  was  ten  shillings,  and  the  same  annual  dues  and  sub- 
8crii)ti()ns  were  received  for  a  manufacturing  fund.  Tlie  influence  of  this  society 
in  introducing  various  branches  of  industry,  and  in  calling  public  attention  to  the 
whole  subject  was  very  marked.  They  offered  prizes  for  various  new  processes 
and  machines. 

1787,  January. — The  coinage  for  Rhode  Island  was  granted 
to  Deputy-Governor  Owen  and  others,  on  their  petition,  as  "an 
exclusive  privilege  "  for  twelve  years. 

1787,  January.  —  The  militia  being  called  out  by  Governor 
Bowdoin  of  Massachusetts,  assembled,  and,  under  General  Lin- 
coln, marched  for  Worcester,  on  their  way  to  Springfield. 

While  attempting  to  capture  the  arsenal  at  Springfield,  General  Shepherd,  in 
command,  fired  upon  the  insurgents  and  dispersed  tiiem.  On  the  27th,  hearing  of 
Lincoln's  approach,  they  r. treated  to  Pelham.  On  the  3d  of  February,  from 
want  of  provisions,  they  retreated  to  Petersham.  By  a  forced  march,  Lincoln 
surprised  them  there,  captured  many  of  them,  and  the  rest  fled. 

1787,  February  3.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  met 
in  special  session. 

They  declared  the  existence  of  rebellion,  and  voted  men  to  supply  the  place 
of  tlie  militia,  who  had  been  called  out  only  for  thirty  days.  The  neigliboring 
states  were  called  on  to  assist  in  arresting  and  dispersing  the  insurgents.  New 
lliiiiipsliire,  Connecticut,  and  New  York  promptly  lent  their  aid;  Rliode  Island 
and  Vermont  not  so  promptly.  A  free  pardon  was  offered  all  who  would  lay 
down  their  arms  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiance.  Many  were  tried,  fourteen  were 
■_'ondenmed  to  death  for  treason,  but  no  one  was  executed.  A  commission,  insti- 
tuted to  pardon  those  t'aey  should  see  fit,  was  very  lenient.  They  were  neces- 
sarily so,  since  about  one  third  of  the  population  were  thought  to  sympathize 
with  the  insurgents. 

1787,  February  4.  —  The  archbishop  of  Canterbury  ordnined 
White  of  Philadelphia,  and  Provoost  of  New  York,  as  bisliop8ot 
Pennsylvania  and  New  York. 

An  act  of  parliament  had  been  obtained  to  permit  such  oidinations.  A  con- 
vention had  also  been  held,  which  matured  a  constitution  for  the  "Protestant 
Episcopal  Church  of  the  United  States,"  and  had  altered  the  liturgy  in  accord- 
ance with  the  newly  established  government. 


1786-7. 


1787.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


429 


,  Massa- 

ild.    Shays 

<'rankland 
of  North 

Y  liigli- 

gement  of 

lues  and  sub- 
if  this  society 
tention  to  the 
aew  processes 

ms  granted 
Aon,  as  "an 

y  Governor 
General  Lin- 
field. 

•al  Shepherd,  in 

27th,  hearing  of 

February,  from 

marcli,  Lincoln 

:liusett3  met 


BV 


ipply  the  place 

llMie  neisJjhbonng 

surgents.    IJew 

;  lliiode  Island 

who  would  liiy 

a,  foxirteen  were 

mnnission,  inst'- 

■liey  were  nccos- 

t  to  syuipatl"" 

kiry  ordained 
las  bisUopa  ot 

tnations.  A  con- 
the  "Protestan 
iturgy  in  ttccord- 


1787.  —  A  SPINNING-  iiNNY  was  set  up  in  Providence,  Ilhodo 
Island. 

It  was  made  by  Daniel  Jackson,  and  had  tM'cnty-cight  spindles.  Daniel 
Anthony,  Andrew  Dexter,  and  Lewis  Peck  were  tlie  copartners  in  this  enter- 
prise.   The  jenny  is  said  to  have  been  made  on  the  model  of  tliat  at  Beverly. 

1787,  February  20.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachnsetts  passed 
an  act  authorizing  the  governor  to  call  upon  tlio  military,  when 
necessary,  to  suppress  insurrection. 

Where  notice  could  not  be  given  the  governor,  the  sheriff  or  any  two  justices 
could  call  upon  the  local  military. 

1787.  —  There  were  sixty-three  paper-mills  in  Pennsylvania, 
New  Jersey,  and  Delaware,  forty-eight  of  which  wero  in  Peuu- 
sylvania. 

1787.  —  Specimens  of  white  glass,  made  at  Albany,  New  York, 
were  presented  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society.  The 
works  were  built  by  John  de  Neufville. 

John  dc  Neufville  came  to  this  country  from  Holland.  He  was  the  negotiator 
of  the  treaty  between  Holland  and  America,  which  led  to  the  war  Ivcween  Hol- 
land and  England  in  1781.  Being  an  enthusiastic  admirer  of  the  struggle  for  lib- 
erty in  this  country,  he  sacrificed  his  independent  fortune  in  its  support;  and 
finally  coming  over,  he  invested  the  remnant  of  his  wealth  in  establishing  this 
glass-work  about  eight  miles  west  of  Albany. 

1787,  February  21.  —  Congress  recommended  the  legislatures 
of  the  states  to  appoint  delegates  to  moot  in  convention  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

They  were  to  be  elected  "  for  the  sole  and  express  purpose  of  revising  the 
Articles  of  Confederation,  and  report  to  Congress  and  the  several  State  legis- 
latures." The  convention  was  for  the  purpose  of  "establishing  in  those  States  a 
film  national  government."    All  the  states  except  Rhode  Island  elected  delegates. 

1787,  March  28.  —  The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  av> 
act  contirming  in  Wyoming  the  grants  made  by  Connecticut  prior 
to  the  decision  of  jurisdiction. 

The  people  were  still  dissatisfied,  and  the  plan  of  making  an  independent  state 
was  openly  discussed. 

1787,  March  31.  —  Up  to  tliis  date,  but  one  million  three  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  had  been  paid  into 
the  Continental  treasury  by  the  states. 

From  1782,  requisitions  upon  the  states  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the  debt  had 
been  made  by  Congress,  amountmg  to  six  million,  two  hundred  and  seventy-nino 
tliousand,  three  hundred  and  seventy-six  dollars. 

1787,  April.  —  The  disputed  title  to  the  territory  west  of  the 
Altamaha  was  settled  by  mutual  agreement  by  Georgia  and 
South  Carolina. 

South  Carolina  ceded  it  to  Georgia. 


430 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1787. 


.■i 

ii 

Sii 

f^ 

1787,  April.  —  Congress  addressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  gov- 
ernors of  the  various  states,  calling  their  attention  to  the  neces- 
sity for  the  organization  of  a  national  system  of  responsibility. 

The  circular  says  tli.it  "  the  national  Constitution  having  committed  to  them  the 
management  of  the  national  concerns  with  foreign  states  and  powers,  it  was  their 
duty  to  take  care  that  all  the  rights  which  they  ought  to  enjoy  within  their  juris- 
diction, hy  the  law  of  nations  and  the  faith  of  treaties,  remain  inviolate  ;  "  and  that 
"  when  a  treaty  was  constitutionally  made,  it  immediately  be<!ame  binding  on  tiie 
whole  nation  and  superadded  to  the  laws  of  the  land,  without  the  intervention  of 
a  fiat  of  State  legislatures."  Tliis  circular  letter  was  signed  by  A.  St.  Clair, 
President. 

1787,  May  1.  —  John  Fitch  made  an  experiment  upon  the 
Delaware  with  a  steamboat  he  had  constructed,  a  description  of 
which  he  had  printed  in  the  Colurruian  Blagazine  for  December, 
1786. 

His  experiment  was  witnessed  by  Messrs.  Rittcnhouse,  Ewing,  and  Ellicott, 
with  others,  and,  according  to  the  measurements  of  these  gentlemen,  the  new 
steamboat  travelled  at  the  rate  of  eight  miles  an  hour  at  dead  w.ater.  On  the  28th 
of  March  of  this  year,  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  granted  to  Fitch  "the  sole 
right  and  advantage  of  making  and  employing  the  steamboat  by  him  lateiy  in- 
vented, for  a  limited  time"  —  that  is,  for  fourteen  years.  Fitch  ad  ol)taincd 
similar  privileges  from  <  3  legislatures  of  Delaware,  New  York,  and  Virginia. 
Fitch's  method  was  by  a  paddle-wheel  at  the  stern. 

1787,  May  25.  —  The  convention  of  delegates  from  the  states 
mot  at  Piiiladolphia,  and  organized. 

AViishington  was  elected  president.  Sixty-five  delegates  had  been  elected,  but 
ten  did  not  appear  to  take  their  seats.  Tho  convention  sat  from  May  25  until 
September  17.  Its  sessions  were  secret,  no  member  being  allowed  to  copy  from 
its  journal.  This  document  was  intrusted  to  the  custody  of  Washington,  who 
deposited  it  in  tiie  state  department.  In  IS  18  it  was  printed  by  the  order  of  Con- 
gress. One  of  the  New  York  delegates,  Robert  Yates,  made  short  notes  of  the 
earlier  debates,  which  were  printed  in  1821.  Madison  took  short-hand  notes  of 
the  proceedings,  which  he  wrote  out  daily.  These  were  printed  in  1840.  Wash- 
ington left  the  convention  on  the  2f)th  of  .Tune,  and  did  not  return  until  August  11 
On  .July  10,  he  wrote  a  letter  to  Hamilton,  in  which  he  said  he  almost  despaired 
of  seeing  a  favorable  result  of  the  proceedings,  and  regretted  having  had  any- 
thing to  do  with  them.  It  was  a  difficult  thing  to  harmonize  the  prejudices  ami 
the  local  interests  of  the  various  sections.  One  of  the  chief  disturbances  arose 
from  the  existence  of  slavery.  Luther  Martin,  one  of  tlic  delegates,  said:  'I 
believe  near  a  fortnight,  perhaps  more,  was  spent  in  the  discussion  of  tliis  busi- 
ness, during  which  we  were  on  the  verge  of  dissolution,  bcarce  held  togetlier  l)y 
the  strength  of  a  hair."  The  confiicting  elements  were  arranged  by  a  compromise 
iixing  the  basis  of  representation  by  allowing  the  slave  population  to  count  as 
three  fifths  of  their  number  in  the  enumeration  for  settling  the  representation, 
and  by  making  the  states  equally  represented  in  the  senate,  and  a  right  to  one 
member  in  the  house  for  every  forty  thousand  inhabitants.  This  and  the  reconcili- 
ation of  the  advocates  for  centralization,  and  for  the  paramount  power  of  the  state 
governments,  were  the  chief  causes  of  the  del.iy.  Hamilton  proposed  a  plan  in 
wliich  the  general  government  should  appoint  the  governors  of  the  states.     It  was 


1787.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


431 


)  the  gov- 
tie  nocea- 
sibility. 

I  to  them  the 

it  was  their 
1  their  juris- 
c ;  "  unci  that 
iiidini;  on  the 
ervention  of 
A..  St.  Clair, 


m  the  states 


11 


not,  howci'cr,  acted  upon.  Finally  the  articles  were  agreed  upon,  and  attested  in 
the  form  furnished  hy  Franklin  :  "  Done  in  convention,  by  the  unanimous  consent 
of  the  States  present,  the  17th  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord,  1787,  and 
of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  the  twelfth."  When  the 
articles  as  agreed  upon  were  read,  Franklin  said :  "  I  agree  to  that  Constitution, 
witli  all  its  faults,  if  they  arc  such,  because  I  think  a  general  government  neces- 
sary for  us ;  and  there  is  no  form  of  government  but  what  may  be  a  blessing  to 
the  people  if  well  administered ;  and  believe,  further,  that  this  is  likely  to  be  well 
administered  for  a  course  of  years,  and  can  only  end  in  despotism,  as  other  forms 
have  done  before  it,  when  the  people  shall  bo  so  corrupted  as  to  need  despotic 
government,  being  incapable  of  any  other."  When  the  document  was  signed,  it 
was  decided  that  it  should  be  transmitted  to  the  people,  the  sovereignty,  through 
Con<;ress,  which  should  forwai'd  it  to  the  various  legislatures,  and  when  its  ratifi- 
cation by  nine  states  should  be  made  known  to  Congress,  it  should  be  practically 
put  in  operation. 

1787.  —  BiNGHAMTON,  New  York,  at  the  junction  of  the  Che- 
nango and  Susquelmnna  rivers,  was  settled  by  William  Bingham 
from  Philadelphia. 

Owing  to  the  water-power,  the  city  carries  on  an  extensive  flour  and  lumber 

trade. 

1787.  —  The  states  accepted  the  Constitution  in  the  following 
order : — 

December  7,  Delaware,  unanimously;  December  12,  Pennsylvania,  by  two 
thirds  majority,  December  18,  New  Jersey,  unanimously.  1788,  January  2, 
Georgia,  unanimously ;  Januarj'  9,  Connecticut,  128  to  40 ;  February  7,  Massa- 
chusetts, 187  to  1C8,  with  nine  amendments  proposed;  April  28,  Maryland,  63  to 
12;  May  2-t,  South  Carolina,  149  to  73,  with  three  amendments;  June  21,  New 
llainpsliire,  57  to  4G,  with  the  same  amendments  proposed  by  Massachusetts ;  June 
27,  Virginia,  89  to  79,  with  amendments;  July  25,  New  York,  with  amendments; 
August  7,  North  Carolina,  conditionally,  if  the  other  states  accepted  amendments. 
178!),  November,  a  new  convention  in  North  Carolina  accepted.  1790,  May  29, 
Rhode  Island. 

1787,  June.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  granted  a 
cliartor  to  a  company,  with  the  exclusive  right  to  make  glass  for 
fifteen  years  in  Boston.  The  penalty  of  an  infringement  was  five 
hundred  pounds  for  each  offence.  The  capital  stock  was  ex- 
empted from  taxation  for  five  years,  and  the  persons  employed 
in  the  work  from  mihtary  duty. 

A  large  factory  was  built,  and  then  taken  down  and  replaced  by  another.  Op- 
erations were  not  commenced  until  November,  1792,  when  they  made  crown 
window-glass  of  a  superior  quality. 

1787,  July  6.  —  The  first  metallic  coinage  was  made  by  the 

United  States. 

It  consisted  of  cents,  liaving  thirteen  circles  linked  together,  with  a  small 
circle  in  the  middle.  The  words  *'  United  States  "  round  it ;  "  We  are  one  "  in  the 
centre;  on  tlie  reverse,  a  dial  and  sun,  the  date  and  Fugio,   with  the  words 


4S2 


ANNALS   OT'    NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1787. 


"  Mind  your  business  "  below  the  dial, 
under  a  contract  with  James  Jarvis. 


Tiio  cents  were  made  at  New  Haven, 


•Si 


1787.  —  A  COMPANY  at  Beverly,  Massachusetts,  was  formed  to 
manufacture  cotton. 

They  imported  a  carding-machinc  nt  a  cost  of  cloven  hundred  pounds.  Tlioir 
jennies  were  either  imported  or  made  from  the  machine  exliibitcd  by  the  state. 
The  legislature  made  them  a  grant  of  five  hundred  pounds.  Washington  visited 
the  manufactory  in  1789.  In  1790  they  jjetitioned  the  general  court  for  assistance 
to  carry  on  the  enterprise ;  tlic  business,  as  a  corporation,  was  abandoned,  and 
was  carried  on  by  individuals,  who  were  also  unsuccessful. 

1787,  July  11.  —  Congress  accepted  a  report  from  the  com- 
mittee appointed  for  the  subject,  entitled  "  An  Ordinance  for  the 
Government  of  the  Territory  of  the  United  States  Northwest 
of  tbe  Ohio." 

Nathan  Dane,  of  Massachusetts,  was  the  chairman  of  the  committee.  The 
report  contained  a  proviso  that  intestate  estates  should  bo  equally  divided. 
The  officers  of  the  territory  were  appointed  by  Congress,  but,  as  soon  as  it  con- 
tained five  thousand  male  inhabitants,  it  was  entitled  to  a  representative  assembly, 
Religioas  freedom,  trial  by  jury,  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus,  and  other  rights 
claimed  in  the  state  Bills  of  Rights,  were  guaranteed.  Schools,  and  justice,  good 
faith,  and  humanity  to  the  Indians  were  also  demanded.  The  states  to  be  formed 
were  to  accept  their  responsibility  for  the  public  debt,  and  were  not  to  tax  tlie 
lands  of  non-residents  higher  than  those  of  residents.  When  the  territory  con- 
tained sixty  thousand  inhabitants,  it  was  to  be  divided  into  tliree  or  five  states  at 
the  option  of  Congress ;  and  finally  "  there  sli.all  be  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
servitude  in  tlie  said  Territory,  otherwise  than  in  punishment  of  crimes,  whereof 
the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted."  A  further  clause  provided  for  the 
reclamation  of  fugitives  from  labor. 

Nathan  Dane  was  born  in  Massachusetts  in  1752,  and  died  there  in  1835.  He 
founded  the  Dane  professorsliip  in  the  Harvard  College  Law  School,  wliich  was 
filled  at  his  request  by  Judge  Story. 

1787,  July  23.  —  A  contract  was  made  with  the  Ohio  Company 
for  the  sale  of  a  tract  of  five  million  acres  extending  along  tho 
Ohio  from  the  Muskingum  to  the  Scioto. 

The  price  p.aid  was  two-thirds  of  a  dollar  an  acre,  payable  by  instalments  in 
certificates  of  the  public  debt.  The  cliief  leaders  of  the  company  were  the  Rev. 
Manasseli  Cutler  and  Winthrop  Sargent.  In  Decem1)er,  Cutler  with  a  party 
started  from  Massachusetts,  and  made  a  settlement  at  Marietta.  They  travelled 
overland,  and  were  travelling  until  April.  Cutler  is  said  to  have  suggested  the 
provisions  of  tho  ordinance  for  the  Northwest  Territory. 

1787,  September  7.  —  A  convention  at  Danville,  Kentucky, 
resolved  unanimously  in  favor  of  separation  from  Virginia. 

They  directed  the  calling  of  another  convention  to  frame  a  state  constitution, 
and  sent  an  address  to  Congress  asking  admission  to  the  Union.  At  tlie  request 
of  the  convention,  the  Virginia  assembly  elected  John  Brown,  a  Kentuckian,  to 
Congress. 


IgJUUlf 


[1787. 

iw  Haven, 
)rmed  to 


nds.  Their 
ly  the  state, 
^on  visited 
jr  assistance 
ndoncd,  and 


the  corn- 
ice for  tho 
Northwest 

imittcc.    Tlie 
iiaily   divided, 
soon  as  it  con- 
itive  assembly, 
d  other  riglits 
A  justice,  good 
.9  to  be  formed 
not  to  tax  tlie 
,c  territory  eon- 
r  five  states  at 
nor  involuntary 
rimes,  whereof 
rovidcd  for  the 

e  in  1835.    He 
lool,  which  was 


blo  Company 
kg  along  tbe 

instalments  in 

were  the  Rev. 

{r  with  a  party 

1  They  triivelkd 

ire  suggested  the 

ICcntucky, 

IVirgiiii'*' 
Ivtc  constitution, 
At  the  request 
Kentuckian,  to 


1787.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


433 


1787.  —  The  Kentucky  Gazette  was  published  at  Lexington, 
Kentucky. 

It  wts  published  by  John  Bradford,  who  had  made  the  typo  himself. 

1787,  September  28.  —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  to  trans- 
niit  the  constitution  accepted  by  (lie  convention  at  Philadelphia 
to  tho  state  legislatures,  recommending  its  reference,  for  approval 
or  rejection,  to  state  conventions  to  be  called  by  the  state  legis- 
hiturcs. 

1787.  —  A  SOCIETY  "for  promoting  the  abolition  of  slavery,  for 
tlie  relief  of  free  negroes  unlawfully  held  in  bondage,  and  for 
iinpr-)ving  the  condition  of  the  African  race,"  was  formed  in 
Philadelphia. 

Franklin  was  its  president,  and  Dr.  Rush  and  Tench  Coxc  its  secretaries.  A 
similar  society  was  soon  formed  in  New  York,  and  others  in  all  the  states  from 
Virginia  northward. 

1787,  September  28.  —  Congress  ordered  the  plan  of  the  con- 
stitution "  be  submitted  to  a  convention  of  delegates,  chosen  in 
each  State  by  the  people  thereof,  in  conformity  to  the  resolves 
of  the  Convention." 

The  seventh  article  of  the  Constitution  thus  proposed  reads:  "The  ratification 
of  the  conventions  of  nine  States  shall  be  suff  -ient  for  the  establishment  of  this 
constitution  between  the  states  so  ratifying  tlic  same."  When  accepted,  the  pre- 
imible  of  the  Constitution  thus  adopted  read:  "  We  the  '  "plc  of  the  United 
States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union,  establish  j  insure  domestic 

tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common  defence,  promote  the  ,  ural  wdfiire  and 
liocure  the  blessings  of  liijerty  to  ourselves  and  our  posterit}-,  do  ordain  ami  cxtal)- 
\\A\  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of  America."  A  ])rovision  in  tho 
Constitution  gave  Congress  the  power  to  make  a  uniform  law  for  naturalization,  to 
apply  to  all  the  states. 

1787,  October. — The  estimate  for  the  year's  expenses  was 
?3,009,788. 

Of  this,  §1,300,798  was  needed  in  specie,  to  pay  tho  interest  on  the  public 
•lebt.    The  rest  was  called  for  in  indents. 

1787,  October  27. — The  first  number  of  the  Federalist  ap- 
peared in  New  York. 

It  was  published  in  the  Independent  Journal,  and  the  subsequent  numbers  in 
allof  thep.apcrs.  Then  they  were  the  same  year  issued  in  book-form.  They  were 
written  by  Hamilton,  Madison,  and  Jay.  The  first  edition  in  book-form  was 
printed  by  J.  and  A.  McLean,  the  publishers  of  the  Independent  Journal.  In 
1188,  tlie  name  of  tliis  p.apcr,  to  distinguish  it  from  Holt's  Journal  revived,  was 
tlwnged  to  the  Neto  York  Gazette,  which  in  1810  was  merged  in  the  Journal  of 
I'ammerce.  The  Gazette,  when  in  the  possession  of  the  Langs,  as  it  was  for  many 
years,  began  tho  custom  of  giving  the  shipping  news,  and  the  elder  Lang  is  said 
to  have  instituted  the  practice  of  collecting  the  news  by  news-boats. 

1787,  October.  —  The  legislature  of  Rhode  Island  passed  a 
28 


'■'m 


Al 


434 


ANXALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1787. 


ii' 


ijii^iiii 


law  forbidding  tho  citizens  of  that  state  to  engage  in  the  slave- 
trade. 

Miiss.aclmsotts  pnsscd  a  similar  law  tlio  next  year,  and  Connecticut  and  Penn- 
sylvania did  the  Bunie. 

1787.  — The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  passed  an  act  class- 
ing actors  as  vagrants. 

All  persons  reprcsentinf^  pnbliely  for  hire  "any  piny  or  entertainment  of  the 
stage  "  might,  as  vagrants,  be  required  to  give  security  for  their  good  beliavior,  or 
bo  sent  to  tho  county  jail,  and,  at  tho  option  of  the  court,  sold  for  not  exceeding  a 
year. 

1787.  —  About  this  date  the  manufacture  of  salt  was  com- 
menced at  tlie  Onondaga  Salines. 

At  first  about  ten  bushels  a  day  were  made.  During  this  or  the  following  year, 
the  lands  in  tliis  part  of  the  state  were  ceded  to  New  York  by  the  Oneida  Indians, 
and  the  salt  springs  were  reserved  by  the  state.  The  boilmg  process  was  begun 
near  tlie  site  of  the  present  city  of  Syracuse. 

1787.  —  Syracuse,  New  York,  at  tho  head  on  Onondaga  Lake, 
was  settled. 

It  remained  a  village  until  the  completion  of  the  Erie  Canal,  when  it  rapidly 
increased  in  population  and  importance,  and  in  1817  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 
From  its  central  location,  being  accessible  by  the  New  York  Central  Railroad,  and 
being  the  terminus  of  the  Oswego  Canal  and  the  Syracuse,  Binghamton,  and  New 
York  Railroad,  it  is  a  favorite  place  for  conventions.  It  is  famous  for  its  fac- 
tories, of  machinery,  soap  and  caudles,  flour,  boots  and  shoes,  coaches,  &c. ;  and 
the  machine  shops  of  the  Central  iliii'rjad  are  established  here.  It  is  also  tlie 
depot  of  the  great  salt-producing  region  in  the  country. 

1787.  —  New  Bedford,  Massachusetts,  was  set  off  from  Dart- 
mouth, and  in  1847  received  a  city  charter. 

As  early  as  175.5,  the  people  were  celebrated  for  their  whaling  vessels;  and  in 
177G  there  were  about  sixty  vessels  engaged  in  the  business,  many  of  whicli  wore 
captured.  After  the  war  tlic  trade  revived,  was  crushed  by  the  war  of  1812,  but 
again  in  1818  a  fresh  impulse  was  given,  and  in  18C0  the  number  of  vessels  em- 
ployed in  trade  and  fishing  was  five  hundred  and  forty-seven.  Since  the  discov- 
ery of  petroleum,  and  the  use  of  gas,  kerosene,  &c.,  for  illuminating  purposes, 
the  trade  has  almost  entirely  declined.  It  was  at  one  time,  in  l85",)j  the  wealthiest 
city  in  the  country  in  proportion  to  its  population. 

1787.  —  Oliver  Evans  made  an  application  to  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania  for  fin  exclusive  right  to  use  his  steani-carriiiges, 
which  was  denied,  though  his  application  for  mill  machinery  was 
granted. 

The  same  year  he  made  the  same  application  to  the  legislature  of  Maryland. 
His  application  was  granted,  and  shortly  alter  his  mill  improvements  were  intro- 
duced into  the  extensive  establishments  of  the  EUieotts  on  the  Patapsco,  Tlie 
saving  in  attendance  alone  in  these  mills,  where  three  hundr'  d  and  twenty-fivo 
barrels  of  flour  were  made  daily,  was  estimated  at  four  thousand  eight  hundred 


[1787. 
10  slavo- 

tmd  Pcmi- 

xct  class- 

ncnt  of  the 
jeliiivior,  or 
exceodiiit;  a 

was  com- 

[lowing  yi  aT, 
eida  Indians, 
j3  was  begun 

daga  Lake, 

licn  it  rapidly 
■iitL'd  as  a  city. 
[  Railroad,  ami 
nton,  and  Ist'w 
,us  for  its  fao- 
dics,  &c. ;  ai'l 
It  is  also  tl>e 

from  Dart- 

[cssols  -,  and  in 
of  wliicli  wore 
,r  of  1812,  l)"t 
of  vessels  cm- 
lice  the  discov- 
liting  purposes, 
I,  the  wealthiest 

10  legislature 

lin-carrirtge?, 

^chincry  wn^ 

re  of  Maryland. 

Bnts  were  intro- 
Ipatapsco.  Tl'^' 
1  and  twenty-livo 

Id  eight  hundrcil 


1787-8.] 


AKNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


435 


and  Rcvpnty-flvc  dollnrR  n  year;  and  the  saving  made  by  the  increased  manufac- 
ture was  at  li-ast  fifty  cents  u  barrel. 

1787,  December.  —  James  Riimsoy  made  his  first  experiment 
witii  a  steamboat  on  the  Potomac  at  Shepherdstown.  His  method 
was  to  push  tho  boat  along  by  poles  acting  against  the  bottom, 
and  operated  by  a  steam-engine. 

In  1784  he  had  exhibited  a  model  of  his  invention  to  General  Washington;  and 
in  March,  1785,  had  obtained  an  exclusive  right  for  ten  years  from  the  assembly 
of  I'cnnsylvania  "  to  navigate  and  build  boats  calculated  to  work  with  greater  ease 
iind  rai)idity  against  rapid  rivers." 

Kuinsey  was  supported  in  his  claims  for  priority  of  invention  of  the  steamboat 
by  tlie  Rumseian  Society  of  Philadelphia,  of  wiiich  Benjamin  Franklin  was  a 
member,  and  by  the  legislatures  of  New  York,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  while 
Fiteh  was  sustained  by  those  of  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  New  Jersey.  Tho 
discussion  concerning  the  invention  of  the  steamboat,  or  the  practical  application 
of  steam  to  navigation,  comprises  an  entire  literature  of  such  dimensions  as  can- 
not be  reproduced  lu're.  There  is  no  question  tliat  tlie  idea  of  making  use  of  the 
steam-engine  as  a  power  for  the  propulsion  of  boats  was,  very  soon  after  the  inven- 
tion (if  the  steam-engine  itself,  present  in  many  minds.  It  is  said  that,  as  early  as 
1750,  a  farmer  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  had  tried,  without  success,  the  idea  of 
doing  this  by  means  of  poles,  somewhat  as  Rumsey  invented.  Oliver  Evans  seems 
to  have  had  an  idea  of  doing  it  as  early  as  1773;  and  to  otliers,  both  here  and  in 
Europe,  tho  idea  occurred.  A  succinct  account  of  the  data  concerning  the  whole 
sulijcct  may  be  found  in  the  article  upon  Steam  Navigation  in  The  Great  Indus' 
triea,  Hartford,  1872. 

1788,  January  2. —  Georgia  ratified  the  Constitr.;ion. 
1788,  January  9.  —  Connecticut  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788.  —  De  Warville,  who  visited  the  states  this  year,  saya 
Franklin  told  him  he  had  eatiiblished  about  eighteen  paper-mills. 

He  states  that  there  was  a  glass  factory  at  Alexandria,  Virginia,  which  ex- 
ported the  year  before  ten  thousand  pounds'  worth  of  its  product,  and  employed 
five  liundred  hands. 

1788,  January.  —  The  Virginia  assembly  laid  a  duty  upon 
imports. 

1788,  January  13.  —  The  Friends  in  Philadelphia  emancipated 
tlieir  shives. 

1788.  —  Mrs.  Kinsey  Burden,  of  St.  Paul's  Parish,  South 
Tarohna,  made  the  first  experiment  in  that  state  to  cultivate  Sea 
Island  cotton. 

1788.  —  A  COMPANY  was  incorporated  in  the  state  of  Connecti- 
cut to  manufacture  cloth  of  silk. 

Tiionias  Barrens  and  thirty-one  others  were  the  incorporators. 
This  year,  at  Yale  College   commencement,   President  Stiles  wore  a  gowti 
made  of  Connecticut  silk. 


436 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1788. 


KM 


mm 


1788,  February  7.  —  Massachusutta  accepted  the  national  Con- 
ntitutiun. 

A  month  after  noccpting  the  Constitution,  tlio  legislature  passed  a  rigid  liiw 
against  tlie  slave-trade,  and  anotlier  forhiilding  any  Afiiean,  or  negro,  not  a  ( iti- 
zcn,  from  settling  in  the  state.  Any  suelt  jjerson,  witiiout  a  eertifleate  of  (jitizcn- 
ship  of  another  state,  who  sliould  remain  sixty  days,  ui)()n  comijlaint  before  a  jus- 
tice of  the  peaee,  sliould  be  ordered  to  leave  tiie  state  in  ten  days,  and  neglecting 
should  bo  confined  with  hard  labor  in  the  house  of  correction.  If  found  guilty 
when  tried  at  tiie  next  session  of  the  court,  he  should  receive  not  luoro  than  tea 
stripes,  and  leave  the  state  within  tea  days. 

1788,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  a  scries  of  resolutions,  and 
sent  tliem  to  ail  tlio  states. 

The  right  of  any  state  to  pass  laws  obstructing  the  execution  of  any  treaty,  or 
attempting  to  construe  it,  was  denied.  The  states  were  all  called  upon  to  aid  in 
preparing  the  basis  of  a  new  demand  for  the  delivery  of  the  forts,  and  for  com- 
pensation for  the  negroes  carried  away,  by  repealing  any  laws  in  force  obstructing 
the  execution  of  any  part  of  the  treaty. 

1788,  March  20.  —  Tlio  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  "  to  encourage  the  manul'acturcs  of  the  state." 

It  was  limited  to  two  years,  and  forbade  the  exportation  of  manufacturing 
machines. 

1788.  —  The  "  Rumseian  Society  "  was  formed  in  PliiladelpLia 
to  aid  the  schemes  of  the  inventor  James  llumsey. 
Franklin  was  a  prominent  member  of  the  society. 

1788,  April.  —  Marietta,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum,  was 
settled. 

It  was  named  after  Marie  Antoinette,  and  was  the  first  white  settlement  in 
Ohio. 

1788,  April  28.  —  Maryland  accepted  the  Constitution. 

1788,  May.  —  A  collision  occurred  in  the  state  of  Frnnldand, 
between  the  partisans  of  the  new  state  and  those  adhering  to 
North  Carolina . 

Several  persons  were  wounded,  and  one  or  two  killed.  Sevier,  the  gov- 
ernor of  Frankland,  fled,  and  North  Carolina  assumed  the  jurisdiction  witiiout 
further  resistance.     Sevier  was  arrested  for  high  treason,  but  made  his  escape. 

1788,  May  24.  —  South  Carolina  ratified  the  Constitution. 

1788,  June  21.  —  The  state  of  New  Hampshire  ratified  the 
Constitution. 

1788.  —  John  Greenwood,  a  dentist,  established  an  office  in 
New  York. 

He  was  the  first  dentist  in  the  United  States;  .-.nd  in  1790,  and  again  in  1705, 
carved  a  set  of  teeth  out  of  ivory  for  General  Washington,  which  were  cousiilercd 
luarvels  of  neatness  and  ingenuity. 


[1788. 
iiul  Cou- 

rin'itl  law 
,  not  ii  citi- 
of  citizi'H- 
iforc  II  juH- 

iu>gK'(ling 
ounil  Kuilty 
•0  thiiii  ten 

tions,  and 

ny  treaty,  or 
„n  to  aiil  in 
Hid  i'or  <;•'">■ 
B  obstruclinu 

i  passed  an 
aanufacturing 

•hiladelpliia 
ingum,  was 

settlement  in 

tion. 

Frankland, 
idhering  to 

aer,  tlic  gov- 
[iction  without 
Ihia  escape. 

[ution. 
Iratified  the 

xn  office  in 

ignin  in  I'^^'j 
lere  consWerua 


1788.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


437 


1788,  June  25. — Virginm  rntifiod  the  Constitution. 

1788.  —  A  COMPANY  was  formed  at  Providouco,  Rhode  Island, 
for  making  "  homo-spun  cloth." 

Tliey  obtained  tlieir  drawings  for  machinery  from  the  MasHachusetts  Company. 

1788,  July  2.  —  Tho  president  of  Congress  informed  that  body 
tliat  tho  Constitution  hud  boon  ratified  by  tho  conventions  of  nino 
of  the  Slates. 

A  commiitee  was  appointed  to  report  an  act  "for  putting  the  said  Constitution 
into  operation."  Tlie  plan  adopted  l)y  Congress,  on  tho  lUth  of  September,  was  as 
follows :  — The  first  Wednesday  in  January,  1789,  was  fixed  for  the  appointment 
of  electors.  The  first  Wednesday  in  February  for  their  meeting  to  vote  for 
I'lesident;  and  the  first  Wednesday  in  March  as  tiio  time  for  commencing  tho 
iR'W  adininifitration  of  the  govornmcat,  in  New  York  city,  wliich  was  cliosuu  as  tho 
place  for  the  proceedings. 

1788,  July  4.  —  Tho  acceptance  of  the  Constitution  was  cele- 
brated with  great  pomp  in  Phihidelphia. 

Its  acceptance  by  their  states  had  been  celebrated  in  Boston,  Baltimore,  and 

Charleston. 

1788.  —  The  general  assembly  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in 
America  issued  a  pastoral  letter  recommending  the  abolition  of 
slavery  and  tho  in.struction  of  the  negroes. 

1788,  .July  8.  —  The  Continental  Congress  referred  the  peti- 
tion of  Kentucky  for  admission  into  the  Union  to  the  new  con- 
gress to  meet  under  the  new  Constitution. 

1788.  —  TnK  Confederate  Congress,  in  preparing  for  the  new 
government,  reported  tho  military  condition. 

It  hnd  about  six  hundred  men  in  the  service,  under  the  command  of  Brigadier- 
General  Ilarmar.  Two  companies  of  artillery,  formed  from  the  recruits  raised 
for  Mafsachusetts,  were  stationed,  one  at  Springfield,  and  the  other  at  West 
I'oint.  The  frontier  stations  were  :  Pittsburg ;  Fort  Mcintosh,  on  Beaver  Creek ; 
Fort  Franklin,  on  Frcncli  Creek  ;  Fort  Ilarmar,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Muskingum ; 
Fort  Steuben,  at  tho  falls  of  the  Ohio,  ojjpositc  Louisville;  and  Fort  Vincennes, 
on  the  Wabash.  The  British  still  kept  possession  of  Oswego,  Niagara,  and  the 
liosts  (in  tho  Lakes.  There  were  arsenals  at  Si>ringficld,  West  Point,  and  Phila- 
ikliihiu,  and  stores  of  arms  at  Providence,  New  London,  the  Mohawk  Uivcr,  Man- 
chester in  Virginia,  opposite  Richmond,  and  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina.  The 
regiment  of  Canadians  who  had  served  in  the  Revolution  still  drew  rations  from 
tlie  government,  though  they  had  settled  on  lands  near  Lake  Champlain  granted 
tht-m  by  New  York. 

1788.  —  John  Jay  reported  to   Congress   upon   the   foreign 

relations. 

M'ith  Great  Britain  and  Spain  thoy  were  in  an  unsettled  condition.  At  the 
time  of  the  rc.tiflcation  of  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  and  since,  Massachusetts, 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Virginia,  and  South  Carolina  had  laws  placing  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  the  collection  of  debts  due  England.     With  regard  to  the  negroes 


438 


ANNALS   OF   NOU'l  II   AMERICA. 


[1788. 


cnrried  away  by  tlic  Britirili,  ho  tlioiiKlit  EnKlund  could  nut  Imvu  acted  dilTurcntly, 
but  that  conipciiHation  was  due  tlieir  lute  owners. 


Now  York  rutifiod  tho  Constitution. 

A   coinrulttco    reported  to  Congroea  on  tho 


1788,  July  25.- 

1788,  August. - 
financial  condition. 

The  Uahilities  of  the  trona»iry  incurred  since  1774,  exclusive  of  the  ini^jrest  on 
the  domoHtlc  debt,  but  including  two  instiilineutH  of  tho  French  debt,  were  ii 
little  over  Kix  niillioiiM,  of  wliicli  more  thiin  lialf  had  lioen  ])aid.  Of  tliis  niiioutU 
nearly  two  uiiliionH  had  been  i)aid  by  the  states;  llie  rest  liad  been  received  from 
Dutch  loans.  Of  the  specie  reciuiuitions  made  since  the  jjcace  upon  tlie  ftatcs, 
about  three  millions  remained  unpaid.  One  millior  seven  iiundred  tlious>aiitl 
dollars,  in  indents,  were  called  for  to  pay  tiie  interest  on  tiio  domestic  debt.  Of 
the  five  millions  called  for  up  to  this  time,  not  two  had  been  paid.  Other  coiii- 
initteea  reported  that  the  accounts  of  tho  loan  ofHces  had  been  settled  in  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  and  Maryland.  TIk!  aeeounts 
of  the  first  Virginia  loan  office  were  lost.  South  t'arolina  and  Geor}jii>  had  usid 
tho  proceeds  of  the  loan  ufDces  for  state  ]>urp()ses.  From  tho  connnissionim 
appointed  to  settle  with  the  states,  no  returns  had  been  received  except  from  ^'ow 
York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  an<l  Georgia.  The  expenditure  of 
much  of  the  money  raised  abroad,  and  of  that  appropriated  to  the  secret  servi'jc, 
was  unexplained.  Tho  committee  spoke  of  "  many  strong  marks  of  want  of 
responsibility  ur  attention  in  former  transactions  respecting  the  public  truas- 
uro." 

1788,  August.  —  Fort  Washington  was  built  on  the  present  site 
of  Cincinnati. 

A  road  was  laid  out  by  Virginia  from  Alexandria  to  tho  Ohio,  opposite  Marietta. 
It  was  about  three  hundred  miles  long. 

Cincinnati  owes  its  growth  to  the  introduction  of  steamboats.  The  first  one  built 
there  was  finished  in  1816.  By  means  of  these  the  long  extent  of  river  coast  on  tlie 
Mississippi  and  Ohio  was  opened  to  traffic,  and  the  city  soon  became  the  di  pot  I'ur 
the  reception  and  transmission  of  the  products  of  tho  great  western  valleys. 
Since  181G,  one  fifth  of  the  whole  number  of  steamboats  built  in  the  UniieJ  StattJ 
has  been  built  at  Cincinnati,  and  in  fifty  years  the  population  increased  from  tlu' 
few  settlors  to  200,000,  an  unprecedented  growth.  The  city  is  famous  for  it^ 
manufactories,  especially  those  for  tho  curing  of  hogs  and  the  manufacture  uf 
whiskey. 

1788,  August.  —  Pennsylvania  purchased  tho  tract  between 
her  northern  boundary  and  Lake  Erie. 

She  thus  secured  the  harbor  of  Presque  Isle,  now  Erie. 

17B8.  —  A  LAND  OFFICE  was  opened  at  Canandaigua. 

The  tract  accorded  to  Massachusetts  was  purchased  of  her  for  a  million  of 
dollars,  payable  by  instalments,  in  certificates  of  her  state  debt,  by  a  company 
who  opened  it  to  settlers. 

1788,  August  7.  —  North  Carolina  conditionally  ratified  the 
Constitution. 

Another  convention,  Noyembcr  13,  1789,  accepted  it  without  conditions. 


[1788. 


1788-9.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTII   AMERICA. 


439 


I  dilTcixntly, 


3BS  on  tho 

he  in>(;rc»t  on 
ilobt,  wcrp  ft 
f  tills  nmount 
roccivud  from 
on  the  ctatcs, 
Ired  tliousiuul 
stii!  ile'>t.     Of 
.     Other  coiii- 
gfttlcd  in  Ntw 
Tho  accounts 
urgii'  hail  usi'il 
ctmimifttiiDiurs 
;eept  froi"  New 
cxpemlHiirt"  of 
secret  servii.'i.', 
rka  of  wnnt  of 
lio  public  tieas- 


oseutsite 


Q  pr 


pposite  Marietta. 

he  first  one  built 
•iver  const  on  tlie 
line  tho  dvpot  lor 
kvestern  viiUeys. 
,hc  UniieJStnteJ 
i-reiiseil  from  tlio 
Is  fiunous  lor  its 
nianutiicturo  of 


Iract  between 


la. 

Ifor  a   million  of 
|bt,  by  a  conipiiny 

ratified  the 

Conditions. 


1788.  —  Tn  tliirt  year,  or  tho  next,  El)cnezer  Alien  huilt  a  mill 
to  iiuiko  U80  of  tho  wator-powor  of  tho  Oouoseo  Fulls,  oa  tho 
fciito  of  tho  city  of  Rochoatcr,  Now  York. 

He  soon  Hold  it  tu  Colonel  Fisk.     Tlio  mill  went  to  decay. 

1788.  —  Cu.vM  Ru'HARns  &  Co.  hegan  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
Bctts,  tho  inanufacturo  of  cards,  for  carding. 

Tliey  tiBcd  a  newly  invented  machinery,  which  is  supposed  to  havo  been  that 
invented  by  Oliver  Kvans,  of  Philadelphia,  in  1777,  and  which,  as  the  state  refused 
to  assist  him  in  introdueinf;,  he  sold  to  some  one.  His  niuchinu  is  suid  to  have 
made  card  teeth  at  the  rate  of  fifteen  hundred  a  minute. 

1788,  SEPTKMnKR  15.  —  The  Herald  of  Freedom  and  Federal 
Advertiser  ajipeared  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  advocated  the  election  of  Hancock  to  the  governorship  of  Massachusetts  In 
oj)po«ition  to  Bowdoin. 

1788.  —  JosKPfi  Alexandkr,  a  Scotchman,  introduced  at  Prov- 
idonco,  Uhodo  Island,  the  uso  of  tho  fly-shuttle. 

1788,  OcTOiiEU.  —  The  Logislaturo  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  "  to  assist  tho  cotton  manufactures  of  this  state." 

1788.  —  A  MANUFACTOUY  of  Sail  duck  was  erected  in  Boston, 
Massacliusotts. 

It  was  incorporated  by  tho  general  court,  and  aided  by  a  bounty.  Tho  work- 
men were*()rp<nizcd  into  societies  for  their  nmtual  aid,  and  admitted  members 
only  by  vote.     Their  hours  were  from  eight  to  six. 

1788,  November.  —  Tho  legislature  of  North  Carolina  passed 
an  act  of  oblivion  to  all  who  would  submit,  excepting  yevier, 
who  was  disqualified  for  any  office  of  trust. 

Tho  next  year  he  was  elected  to  the  senate  of  North  Carolina  by  a  large 
majority,  and  the  disqualifying  clause  was  repealed,  ond  he  took  his  seat. 

1789,  February.  —  Washington  received  tho  unanimous  vote 
of  the  electors  for  President,  and  John  Adams  the  next  highest 
number,  and  was  thus  elected  Vice-President. 

Senators  and  representatives  under  tho  new  constitution  were  also  elected  by 
the  eleven  ratifying  states.  The  Continental  Congress  quietly  passed  out  of 
existence,  no  notice  being  taken  of  its  demise.  New  York,  from  a  dispute  be- 
tween the  two  houses  of  the  legislature,  did  not  vote  for  President. 

1789,  March.  —  .John  Hewson  received  a  loan  of  two  hundred 
pounds  from  the  legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  to  enable  him  "  to 
enlarge  and  carry  on  tho  business  of  calico  printing  and  bleach- 
ing within  this  state." 

His  print  works  were  near  Kichmond,  where  Dyottville  now  is,  and  were  con- 
tinued by  his  son. 

1789. —  The  first  saw-mill  in  Ohio  was  built  by  the  "New 
England  Ohio  Company." 

It  was   situated  on  Wolf  Creek,  aboat  a  mile  above  its  junction  with  the 


II 


440 


ANNAI-S  OF  NORTH  AMKUICA. 


[1789. 


Muskingum,  nnd  sixteen  miles  from  Marietta.  Colonel  Robert  Oliver,  Mnjor 
Hatfield,  iind  Captain  John  Dodge  received  an  allotment  of  land  for  tliis  purpose 
from  the  company.  The  crank  weigiied  one  liundred  and  eigiity  pounds,  and  was 
made  in  New  Haven,  carried  on  a  pack-horse  over  the  mountains  to  the  Youghio- 
rheny  River,  at  Sinirei's  Ferry,  and  thence  liy  water  to  Marietta. 

1780.  —  Nkw  ITampshiiik  p:i'i^ntod  Oliver  Evans  tlio  monopoly 
of  the  sale  ot"  his  improved  mill  machinery  for  fourteen  years. 

1789. — This  year  the  first  wajjon-load  of  goods  is  said  io 
liavo  crossed  the  southern  rjute  through  Virginia  to  Urownsvillo, 
Pennsylvania. 

With  a  team  of  four  horse?,  the  wagon  took  twenty  hundred-weight  from 
Hagerstown  and  back,  one  Inindred  and  forty  miles,  in  a  little  less  tiian  a  month, 
charging  three  dollars  a  hund-ed-weight.  Tlie  previous  UK^hod  of  transportation 
had  been  by  lines  of  ten  or  twelve  horses,  tied  to  eai.  i  other,  in  single  file, 
each  carrying  a  pack  weighii.g  about  two  hundred  pounds,  and  all  under  the  care 
of  a  single  driver. 

1780.  —  TiiK  legislature  of  Maryland  made  a  coni.iderable 
loan  to  a  glass  factory  established  at  Tuscarora  Creek,  four 
miles  above  Fredcricktown,  and  known  as  the  Etna  Glusa 
Works. 

Ihey  were  established  by  a  German,  John  Frederick  Amelung. 

1780,  March  4.  —  Congress  met  at  New  York  city.   . 

The  session  was  held  at  the  old  City  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Wall  and  xN'assau 
streets,  opposite  Broad  Street.  The  building  had  been  fitted  up  for  the  purpose 
by  a  private  subscri|)tion.  Only  eight  senators  and  thirteen  representatives  were 
present,  —  not  enough  to  form  a  quorum  of  either  house.  The  3  louse,  fully 
represented,  would  con.ist  of  fifty-nine  members,  not  counting  those  from  Unodo 
lol.'.nd  and  North  Carolina,  who  had  not  yet  accepted  the  Constitution.  Massa- 
chusetts, New  York,  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  South  Carolina  had  elected  their 
representatives  by  districts;  New  Hampshire,  remsylvania,  New  Jersey,  and 
Ge()r,,'.a,  by  a  general  ticki't;  Connecticut,  by  having  the  voters  nominate  a  list  of 
candidates,  three  times  the  number  lo  be  chosen,  and  from  a  selection  of  these, 
tho  list  having  been  published,  they  were  elected.  In  the  southern  states  a 
plurality,  and  in  the  New  ICngla'ul  states  a  majority  elected.  It  was  almost  a 
month  after  tlie  appointed  day  before  enough  members  hud  airived  to  form  a  quo- 
rum i'l  cither  house. 

1780,  March  30.  —  Tho  ITouse,  having  a  quorum,  proceeded  to 
organize  itself, 

Frederic  A.  Muidenburg,  of  Pliiladelphia,  was  chosen  chairmsvn  by  ballot. 

At  this  first  session  of  Congress,  reporters  were  admitted  to  tho  lloor  of  the 
House,  and  gave  reports  of  tlie  debates,  which  wero  printed  in  tho  ncwsp.ipers, 
and  afterw;a-ds  published  in  two  volumes,  entitled  tho  Congressional  Record.  At 
the  next  session,  the  speaker  was  allowed  to  admit  such  reporters  as  he  thought 
necessary,  tv  the  lloor  or  the  gal'.vry.  Tho  Congressional  Record  cxtuuds,  how- 
ever, only  to  tho  middle  of  the  second  session. 

1789,  ArniL  G.  —  The  Senate,  having  a  quorum,  organized. 


J 


[1789. 

vor,  Miljor 
liis  purpose 
is,  and  was 
;ie  Yougliio- 

monopoly 
years. 

is  said  io 
•ownsville, 

i-wcifflit  from 
lum  11  month, 
transportation 

in  sinsl«  <i^<-'t 
nder  the  care 

lon^iderable 
Crock,  four 
Etna    Glass 


^lU  and  Nassau 
;r  the   purpose 
sentiUivos  were 
|c   House,   fully 
>so  from  Rnoiie 
ulion.     Massa- 
a  uk'Cted  their 
w  Jersc-y,  and 
niiiKilc  a  list  of 
c>  tion  of  these, 
ithern    states  a 
t  WHS  almost  a 
to  form  a  quo- 


ded to 


)rococ 


by  ballot, 
tb.u  floor  of  the 
Ibe  newspapers, 
\al  Record.  At 
r.s  as  lie  thought 
1;  extuiuls,  how 


•o-iuill' 


/ed. 


I 


nn.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


441 


John  Langdon  was  cliosen  president  "for  the  sole  purpose  of  counting  the 
votes  for  Presiilont  of  the  United  Stiites."  A  message  was  sent  to  the  House, 
who  proceeded  to  the  Senate  chamber,  and  the  votes  were  counted.  The  whole 
sixty-nine  votes  wore  cast  for  Washington  as  president,  and  thirty-four  for  Jolin 
Adams  as  vice-president.  The  House  sat  with  open  doors,  the  Senate  with 
closed  doors. 

1789,  April  21.  —  John  Adams  arrived,  and  took  liis  position 
to  preside  over  the  Set*  to. 

He  was  escorted  from  Massachusetts  by  a  troop  of  horse,  which  was  changed 
as  he  entered  Connecticut  and  New  York. 

1789;  April  23. — Washington  arrived  at  Elizabothtown  Point, 
and  was  escorted  to  New  York  by  a  committee  of  both  houses. 

IIo  was  rowed  in  a  barge  manned  by  thirteen  pilots  dressed  in  white.  His 
progress  from  Mount  Vernon  had  been  a  triumphal  procession. 

1789,  April  30. — -The  oath  of  ollice  was  formally  taken  by 

Wasliiugton. 

Tiie  oath  of  office  was  administered  by  Chancellor  Livingston,  of  New  York. 
The  ceremony  took  place  in  the  balcony  of  the  City  Hal!.  The  president's  inau- 
guiiil  address  was  delivered  before  both  houses  of  Congress,  the  ofhcers  of  the 
old  government,  and  the  public,  in  the  Senate  chamber. 

1789.  —  King's  College,  Windsor,  Nova  Scotia,  was  founded. 

The  assembly  granted  four  hundred  and  forty-fouv  pounds  yearly  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  college,  and  gave  five  hundred  pounds  for  the  purchase  of  the  ncces- 
siiry  land. 

1789,  May  20.  —  A  department  of  foreign  affairs  was  estab- 
lished by  Congress. 

During  the  same  session  it  was  made  the  department  of  state.  John  Jay  con- 
tinued to  discharge  its  duties.  It  was  given  to  Jefferson,  who  entered  on  its 
duties  in  March  of  the  next  year. 

1789.  —  The  department  of  war  was  reorganized. 

General  Knox  remained  at  the  head  of  it. 

1789.  —  The  federal  cruris  established  in  the  United  States 
were  allowed  to  administer  in  equity  as  well  as  law,  and  courts 
of  chancery  were  practically  abolished. 

John  Jay  was  appointed  chief  justice  of  the  supreir  e  court. 

1789,  May.  —  The  constitution  cf  Georgia  was  amended. 

The  legislature  was  to  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  A 
propiTty  (jualification  was  necessary  to  serve  in  either  liouse,  and  no  clergyman 
tould  1)0  .'i  member.  The  right  of  tlio  frnncliise  was  accorded  to  all  tax-paying, 
rosidont  freemen,  the  property  qualification  being  removed.  Tlie  governor, 
j'ldges,  and  civil  (,iii''ers  w  ,e  elected  by  the  -issembly.  Kntails  were  j)roliibited, 
and  intestate  estates  were  equally  divided  among  all  the  children.  Religious 
Ircedoiu  was  allowed  to  all,  no  one  to  be  taxed  for  tlie  support  of  any  religious 
1  denomuiution  other  than  his  own.     A  convention  of  three  from  each  county  was 


442 


ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA. 


[1789. 


it 


to  meet  to  consider  tlic  need  for  changes  in  the  constitution  at  tlio  end  of  five 
years.     Louisville  was  made  the  capital  of  the  state. 

1789.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  repealed  the  act  for- 
bidding any  theatrical  performance. 

It  was  done  through  the  efforts  of  the  actors,  who  had  petitioned  for  it. 

1789,  June.  —  The  Cherokees  sent  a  delegation  to  appeal  to 
"their  older  brotlicr  General  Washington,  and  the  great  council 
of  the  United  States,"  to  protect  them  in  their  rights  under  the 
treaty  made  with  them. 

Congress  promised  them  justice;  but  as  North  Carolina  had  not  at  the  time 
accepted  the  Constitution,  and  claimed  the  territory  as  within  her  jurisdiction, 
nothing  further  could  be  done. 

1789,  July  4.  —  Congresa  passed  a  tariff  bill. 

The  preamble  declared  that  it  was  "  necessary  for  the  support  of  the  govern- 
ment, for  the  discharge  of  tlie  debts  of  tlio  United  States,  and  the  encouragement 
and  protection  of  manufactures,  that  duties  be  laid  on  goods,  wares  and  aierciian- 
disc  imported."     The  operation  of  the  bill  was  limited  to  June  1,  179C. 

1789,  August  7.  —  The  act  organizing  a  new  government  for 
the  Nortiiwest  Territory  was  passed  by  Congress. 

The  first  log  cabin,  on  the  site  of  Cincinnati,  then  called  Losantivillc,  was 
built  in  December,  1788,  and  the  first  saw-mill  in  Ohio,  was  built  this  year  at 
Wolf  Creek,  by  the  Ohio  Company,  who  had  made  the  first  settlement  at 
Marietta. 

1789.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  ena 
bling  aliens  to  purchase,  hold,  sell,  and  bequeath  real  estate,  with- 
out relinquishing  their  former  allegiance. 

1789.  —  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  was  settled. 

It  was  named  after  General  Knox,  and  became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  1794; 
and  the  same  year  Blount  College  vas  founded,  tlie  largest  in  the  state. 

1789,  September  2.  —  By  an  act  of  Congress,  the  treasury  j 
department  of  the  United  States  was  organized. 
Alexander  Hamilton  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury. 

1789,  September  24.  —  Congresa  passed  an  act  exempting  the  j 
ships  of  Rhode  Island  and  North  Carolina,  for  a  limited  period, | 
from  the  tonnage  duties  laid  upon  foreign  vessels. 

These  states  had  not  accepted  the  Constitution.  Iho  gcnornl  assomHyoj 
Khode  Island  had  sent  an  address  to  Congress  explanatory  of  tlieir  situation,  sayf 
ing,  "  They  have  viewed  in  the  new  constitution  an  approach,  tl  gh  piTliapsj 
but  a  small  one,  toward  that  form  of  government  with  which  we  nave  lately  iii>'| 
solved  our  connection,  at  so  much  hazard  and  expense  of  blood  and  treasure.' 

1789.  —  The  Gazette  of  the  United  States  appeared  in  Nej 
York. 

Its   originator  was  John.  Feuno.      Its   name  was  afterwards  changed  to  tW 


179 

enten 
of  res 

Ham 

<lel)t  ho 
O'le  tJii,. 


[1789. 

end  of  five 
ae  act  for- 

for  it. 

)  appeal  to 
eat  council 
3  under  the 

lot  at  the  time 
i^r  juriadiction, 


of  tVie  govcrn- 
.  encouragement 
es  and  merclian- 
170G. 

vcrnment  for 

Losantiviilc,  vu 
built  tins  year  at 
rst    settlement  « 


.d  an  act  em 
lal  estate,  wil'n- 


the  state  in  1'9*; 
fao  state. 

the  treasury] 


exempting  tlie 
lUmited  penoJ,! 

Icnoral  asscmtty'l 
1  their  situation,  sa)i 

ch,tl  gure.« 
Iwe  nave  lately ^^^-f 

Id  and  treasure.' 

Ipeared  in  ^'e'•j 
[rds  changed  to  tM 


1789-90.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


443 


United  States  Gw  -Mc;  nnil  when,  in  1790,  the  government  removed  to  Philadelphia, 
the  Gazeth:yfa.a  moved  to  that  city.  It  was  the  organ  of  Alexander  Hamilton  and 
the  Federalists.  Tlie  Gazette,  after  a  varied  career,  was  finally  absorhcd,  in  1847, 
by  the  North  American,  of  Philadelphia. 

1789. — The;  Exeter  Federal  Miscellany  appeared  in  Exeter, 
Now  Hampsliire. 

It  was  published  by  Henry  Ranlet,  and  waa  a  rnppo'  .ar  of  Federalism. 

1789.  —  General  WAsniNGTOx,  in  his  tour  through  the  eastern 
states,  notes,  alter  leaving  New  York,  that  all  tlio  houses  liiid 
hriciv  or  stone  chimneys.  Those  in  Connecticut  were,  as  a  rnlo, 
"two  flush  stories,  with  a  very  good  show  of  sash  and  glass 
windows." 

1789,  November  13.  —  A  new  convention  in  North  Carolina 
accepted  the  Constitution. 
They  suggested  eight  amendments. 

1789,  November.  —  The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  coded 
the  territory  constituting  the  state  of  Tennessee  to  the  United 

States. 

It  was  provided  thiit  the  territory  was  subject  to  the  land  warrants  already 
issued  by  North  Carolina,  and  "  tliat  no  regulation  made  or  to  be  mside  by  Con- 
gress sliall  tend  to  the  emancipation  of  slaves."  It  also  endowed  tlie  state  uni- 
versity at  Chapel  Hill,  and  founded  the  city  of  KaK  ,-,h  as  the  capital  of  the  state. 

1789.  —  At  the  end  of  the  year,  Washington  made  i,  tour 
through  the  New  England  states. 

He  avoided  Rhode  Island.  All  throughout  his  loute  the  people  received  him 
with  great  enthusiasm. 

1790,  January  8.  —  Congress  reassembled. 

It  accepted  a  report  of  a  committee  fixing  the  date  for  its  dissolution  March 
3,  I7t)I. 

1790.  —  The  manufacture  of  wooden  clocks  was  c  mmenced 
in  Waterbury,  Connecticut,  by  James  Harrison. 

T'.ie  first  one  is  charged  at  three  pounds  twelve  shillings  and  six  pence. 

1790,  January  21.  —  The  Rhode  Island  assembly  called  a  con- 
vention to  consider  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

Tliey  also  requested  Congress  to  further  suspend,  as  far  as  Rhode  Island  ship- 
ping was  concerned,  the  collection  of  tlie  extra  duties  on  foreign  vessels. 

1790,  February  8.  —  The  consideration  of  the  public  debt  was 
entered  upon  by  Congress,  in  committee  of  the  whole,  on  a  series 
ot  resolutions  introduced. 

Hamilton,  the  secretary  of  the  treasurj',  hav.  reported  in  writing.  The  foreign 
Jebt  he  esiimated  at  $11,710,378,  and  the  Jomestic  debt  at  .«!42,414,0.S5,  nearly 
uiie  third  of  which  was  interet  t  due.     The  state  debts,  including  interest  due,  ho 


iU 


ANNALS   or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1790. 


estimated  at  about  twcnty-flvc  millions,  and  advised  their  assumption  by  the  Fed- 
cviil  fjovornmcnt.  After  nuich  discussion,  it  was  voted  to  fund  the  debt,  both  inter- 
est and  principal,  and  assume  the  state  debts. 

lino,  February  11.  —  Petitions  from  tlio  yearly  iTieetingg  of 
Quakers  in  Pennsylvania,  Delaware,  and  New  York  were  pre- 
sented to  Congress  on  the  subject  of  slavery. 

They  asked  whether  it  was  not  in  the  power  of  Congress  "to  exercise  justice 
and  mercy,  which  if  adhered  to  must  produce  the  abolition  of  the  slave  trade." 
Under  tlio  rules,  a  motion  to  refer  it  to  a  special  connnittee  was  laid  over  until  the 
next  day,  when  a  memorial  on  the  same  subject  from  the  Pennsylvania  society 
for  the  abolition  of  slavery,  signed  by  Franklin  as  president,  was  presented. 
After  a  long  debate,  the  subject  was  referred  to  a  special  committee  of  one  from 
each  of  tlie  states  of  New  Hampshire,  Massaclmsetts,  Connecticut,  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia.  After  a  month's  consideration,  tlicy 
reported  a  scries  of  resolutions  which  were  debated  for  six  days,  and  finally 
ordered  placed  upon  the  journal  as  follows  :  "That  the  migration  or  importation 
of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  states  now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit 
cannot  be  prohibited  by  Congress  prior  to  the  year  1808. 

"  That  Congress  have  no  authority  to  interfere  in  the  emancipation  of  slaves, 
or  in  the  treatment  of  them,  in  any  of  the  states,  it  remaining  M'ith  the  f  veral 
states  alone  to  provide  any  regulations  therein  which  humanity  and  true  policy 
require. 

"  That  Congress  have  authority  to  restrain  the  citizens  of  the  United  States 
from  carrying  on  the  African  slave  trade  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  foreigners 
with  slaves,  and  of  providing  by  proper  regulations  for  the  humane  treatment, 
during  their  passage,  of  slaves  imported  by  the  said  citizens  into  the  said  states 
admitting  such  importation. 

"  Tiiat  Congress  have  also  authority  to  prohibit  foreigners  from  fitting  out 
vessels  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  for  transporting  persons  from  Africa  to 
any  foreign  port." 

1790,  March  26.  —  Congress  accepted  tlio  territory  ceded  by 
North  Carolina. 

The  territory  was  erected  into  the  Territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  and  was  in 
every  respect,  with  the  exception  of  slavery,  to  stand  on  the  same  footing  will' 
the  Territory  north-west  of  the  Ohio.  North  Carolina  had,  in  the  cession,  made  it 
n  condition  that  Congress  should  make  no  regulation  tending  to  the  emancipation 
of  slaves.  Tiie  land  was  chiefly  in  possession  of  the  Indians.  The  nortli-cast 
corner — the  late  State  of  Frankland  —  and  a  portion  around  N.ashville,  on  both 
sides  of  tlie  Cumberland,  were  the  only  portions  where  the  Indian  title  ha('  been 
c'xtlnguislied. 

1790,  March  26.  —  Congress  enacted  that  any  "alien  freej 
white  person,"  after  a  two  years'  residence  in  the  United  State?, 
of  good  character,  ou  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance,  could  bo  I 
naturalized. 

Any  court  of  record  was  authorized  to  receive  such  applications.  No  one  dii' 
franchised  by  any  state  under  laws  passed  during  the  Revolution  was  to  be  .nlj 
nutted  as  a  citizei  xcept  by  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  the  state  to  which  he  liaJI 
belonged. 


[1790. 

hy  the  Fed- 
,  both  inter- 

letings  of 
were  pre- 

2rciso  justice 
slave  trade." 
over  until  tlie 
Ivania  society 
as   presented, 
le  of  one  from 
It,  Kew  York, 
idcration,  tl>cy 
ys,  and  finally 
or  inip«i't'^^i°" 
iroper  to  admit 

latign  of  slaves, 

with  the  c  veral 

and  true  policy 

^e  United  States 
iplying  foreigners 
iroano  treatment, 
ito  the  said  stales 

from  fitting  out 
ins  from  Africa  to 


1790.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


445 


tory 


CO 


(led  by 


Ohio,  and  was  in 
same  footing  viH' 
lie  cession,  made  it 
the  emancipation 
Tlic  nortli-east 
Jashville,  on  both 
[iaii  title  lia<-  been  j 

ly  "alien  fveej 

"United  Statev 

lauco,  could  Wl 

Jtions.  NoonedH 
lution  was  to  he  a^J 
Llotowhichliel 


1790,  AriiiL. — The  Pcnn.sylvania  aascmlily  repealed  the  act 
couiinning  the  Connecticut  titles  in  the  western  counties. 

The  Susqiielianna  Company  had  been  revived,  and  a  design  formed  to  seccdo 
from  the  juris(li<;tion  of  Pennsylvania.  Violent  collisions  Iiad  taken  place,  and 
arrests  hy  liotli  parties  had  been  made.  No  more  opposition  was  made  to  the  juris- 
iliolion  of  I'eimsylvania,  tlie  question  being  carried  into  the  courts,  and  fiuaily 
utter  years  of  litigation  was  settled. 

1790.  —  The  General  Advertiser  was  published  in  Pliiladel- 
phia. 

Its  name  was  subsequently  chnnnrod  to  the  Aurora,  and  imder  the  editorship  of 
Bache  it  became  the  chief  organ  of  tlie  opposition  to  the  Federal  party. 

1790,  May  29.  —  The  convention  in  Rhode  Island  accepted  the 
Federal  Constitution. 

It  was  ratified  by  a  majority  of  two  votes.  They  suggested  twonty-ono  amend- 
ments, and  a  Bill  of  Rights  in  cigliteen  articles.  The  members  from  Rliode 
Island  took  their  scats  in  Congress ;  and  afler  tliat  body  had  adjourned,  Washing- 
ton made  a  tour  through  the  state,  being  received  everywhere  with  enthusiasm. 

1790,  May  31.  —  An  act  "  for  the  encouragement  of  learning" 
was  passed  by  Congress. 

It  secured  to  autlioi's,  "  residents  in  the  United  States,"  a  copyright  for  four- 
teen years ;  and  if  tlie  author  was  living  at  ti.e  end  of  this  period,  for  an  additional 
terra  of  fourteen  years. 

1790.  —  An  act  "  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  sea- 
men "  was  passed  by  Congress. 

It  made  a  written  contract  necessary,  specifying  tlie  voyage  and  the  rate  of 
■  wages.  Without  sucli  a  contract  the  master  was  liable  for  the  higliest  rate.  l)e- 
1  S'^rters  could  be  compelled  to  fulfil  tlie  agreement,  and  tiie  ship  was  liable  for  tho 

I  wages. 

1790.  —  An  act  to  "  regulate  trade  and  intercourse  with  the 
[Indian  tribes  "  was  passed  by  Congress. 

No  one  was  allowed  to  trade  with  the  In<lians  except  witli  a  license  from  tho 
IPresidcnt.     Sales  of  land  by  the  Indians  could  bo  made  only  at  a  public  treaty, 
I  offences  against  tho  persons  or  property  of  Indians  were  to  be  treated  as  though 
figainst  white  men. 

1790,  June.  —  A  convention  met  at  Columbia,  South  Carolina, 
^liich  had  been  made  the  capital  of  the  state,  and  Ibrmed  a  con- 
stitution. 

Tlic  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to  all  tax-paying  citizens.  A  property  quali- 
|catior  is  required  of  candidates  for  office.  Tho  governor,  lieutcnant-gov- 
|tnor,  o  judges,  and  all  other  civil  officers,  were  elected  by  the  legislature, 
liber  of  the  press  was  guaranteed  in  a  bill  of  rights.  The  "free  exercise 
m  enjoyment  of  religiou?  profession  and  worship"  was  secured.  Clergymen 
■Pre  niade  ineligible  to  tho  legislatare,  or  the  office  of  governor  or  lieutenant- 
pvernor.  Tlie  right  of  primogeniture  was  abolished,  and  intestate  estates  wore 
kually  divided. 


446 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMEItlCA. 


[1790. 


1790,  July. —  A  convention  in  Kentucky  voted  for  separation 
from  Virginia,  and  fixed  Juno  1,  1792,  as  the  date. 

They  also  nutliorized  tlie  meeting  of  another  convention  to  frame  a  constitu- 
tion for  the  state. 

1790.  —  The  New  York  Dispensary  was  established. 

There  wore  in  187C  twenty-five  institutions  for  the  gratuitous  treatment  of  tlio 
poor. 

1790.  —  Congress  imposed  tonnage  duties  of  six  cents  a  ton 
on  all  vessels  of  the  United  States  entering  from  foreign  ports; 
on  all  vessels  built  in  the  United  States,  but  partl}'^  owned 
abroad,  thirty  cents;  and  on  other  ships  or  vessels,  fifty  cents. 

1790.  —  Tfib  Ocncral  Washington,  a  fine  ship  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  tons,  was  launciied  from  tho  ship-yard  of  Willfam 
Woodcock,-  in  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

1790. —  Bricks,  coarse  tiles,  and  potter's  ware  were  among  tho 
industries  enumerated  by  Hamilton  as  most  considerable. 

1790.  —  The  first  successful  crop  of  Sea  Island  cotton  was 
raised  by  William  Elliot,  on  ITiltcm  Head,  near  Beaufort,  South 
Carolina,  from  five  bushels  and  a  half  of  seed. 

1790.  —  About  fifty  families  were  engaged  in  silk-raising  in 
New  Haven,  Connecticut,  and  about  thirty  at  Norfolk. 

The  occupation  is  said  to  liavc  been  profitable.  Tiie  silk  was  made  into 
stockings,  liandkorcliicfs,  ribbons,  buttons,  and  sewing-silk,  worth  a  dollar  an 
ounce.  Fine  sewing-silk  was  manufactured  in  Western  (now  Warren),  in  Wor- 
cester County,  Massachusetts,  and  olewshere  in  tliut  state.  Ipswich  produced 
some  forty  thousand  yards  of  lace  this  year.  The  last  silk  was  oflTered  for  sale  in 
Georgia. 

1790.  —  The  first  voyage  round  tho  world  by  an  American 
ship  was  completed. 

The  ship  Columbia,  Captain  Gray,  sailed  from  Boston  to  Nootka  Sound,  anil 
returned  by  way  of  Canton  and  tho  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

1790,  July  10.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  providing  for  tho  per- 
manent seat  of  the  Federal  government  on  the  Potomac. 

The  particular  spot  was  left  to  the  discretion  of  the  President,  who  was  to  ap- 
point commissioners  to  fix  the  location,  erect  the  buildings,  &c.  Congress  was  to 
move  there  in  IHOO,  and  meanwhile,  from  the  next  session,  to  meet  at  rhiladelphia. 

1790,  July  24.  —  Congress  passed  the  fimding  bill. 

It  had  been  amended,  assuming  certain  specified  amounts  of  the  debts  of  the 
various  states.  The  act  authorized  the  Tresident  to  borrow  twelve  millions  of 
dollars,  to  be  paid  within  fifteen  years.  Payment  for  stock  in  this  loan  could  I'C 
made  in  certificates  of  the  domestio  debt  at  par,  and  in  Continental  bills  of  credit 
at  one  hundred  for  one.  Subscriptions  to  the  interest  of  the  domestic  debt  bore 
interest,  payable  quartt'rly,  at  three  per  cent,  a  year,  to  commence  Jann.ary  1| 
179L     Subscriptions  to  the  principal  of  the  public  debt  bore  interest  at  six  per 


[1790. 

cparation 

3  a  constitu- 

tment  of  the 

cnts  n.  ton 
lign  ports; 
tly  owned 
fifty  cents. 
fo  hnndrcd 
of  William 

)  among  the 
ible. 

cotton  was 
tufovt,  South 

Ik-raising  in 
k. 

I  was  mailo  into 
th  a  dollar  an 
irron),  in  Wor- 
swich  produced 
rered  for  sale  in 

m  American 
tka  Sound,  and 

for  tlio  per- 
mac. 

who  was  to  ap- 
Congress  was  to 
I  at  rhiladdiiliia- 

1 

I  the  debts  of  the 
Velve  nnllioivi  of 
[is  loan  could  I't 
tal  bills  of  cTodit 
Leslie  debt  b»re 
Lncc  January  1. 
Lercst  at  six  pet 


1790.] 


ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


447 


cent.,  that  portion  known  as  deferred  stock  bcinf?  about  one  third  of  the  amount, 
interest  to  eoninience  in  1800.  An  lulditionnl  loan  was  also  opened  of  twenty-ono 
and  a  liiilf  millions,  payable  in  certificates  of  state  debts,  to  the  following 
amounts :  Massachusetts  and  Soi.th  Carolina,  four  millions  each ;  Virffinia,  three 
millions  and  a  half ;  North  Carolina,  two  millions  four  hundred  thousand ;  I'enn- 
sylvania,  two  millions  two  hundred  thousand ;  Coimecticut,  one  million  six  hun- 
d"cd  thousand ;  New  York,  one  million  two  hundred  thousand;  New  Jersey  and 
Iiliiryland,  eij^ht  Imndred  thousand  each ;  New  Ilampshiro  and  Georgia,  three  hun- 
dred thousand  each ;  Rhode  Island  and  Delaware,  two  hundred  thousand  ea"h. 
Only  such  certificates  as  had  been  issued  for  services  or  supplies  were  to  be 
received.  If  the  subscriptions  exceeded  the  amounte  allowed,  a  pro  rata  division 
was  to  be  made ;  if  it  fell  short,  the  states  would  receive  the  interest  until  their 
accounts  with  the  Federal  governnu'ut  were  arranged  and  settled.  For  the  pay 
iiient  of  the  foreign  debt,  the  excess  of  the  import  and  tonnage  duties,  over  si^ 
iiuiidrrd  thousand  dollars  for  expenses,  were  pledged.  At  the  same  time  additional 
duties  were  impose  i.  A  sinking  fund  was  also  established,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  a  board. 

1790,  August  1.  —  The  first  national  census  was  completed. 
The  population  of  the  United  States  was  found  to  be  3,921,326, 
iucludiing  G97,G97  slaves,  and  exclusive  of  Indians  not  taxed. 

A  patent  law  was  made,  under  which  the  first  patent  was  issued  July  31,  and 
also  a  law  of  copyright. 

1790.  —  An  act  for  "  tlie  punishment  of  crimes  against  the 
United  States  "  was  passed  by  Congress, 

The  penalty  of  death  was  enacted  for  treason,  murder,  piracy,  and  forgery  of 
tlie  securities  of  the  United  States.  For  this  last,  fine  and  imi)risonmcnt  have 
been  since  substituted.  In  cases  of  convicticn,  no  forfeiture  of  estate  or  corrup- 
tion of  the  blood  were  to  ensue.  Falsification  of  the  records  was  to  be  punished 
lij  imprisonment  and  a  public  whipping,  not  to  exceed  thirty-nine  lashes.  A 
fine  might  he  substituted. 

1790,  August  13.  —  A  treaty  Avas  negotiated  with  the  Crocks. 

They  acknowledged  themselves  to  be  under  the  sole  protection  of  the  United 
States,  and  ceded  all  the  lands  north  and  east  of  the  Oconee,  while  all  the  lands 
lioutli  and  west  of  that  river  were  guaranteed  to  them.  The  treaty  was  ratified 
by  M.  Gillivray,  the  chief  of  the  tribe,  who  with  twenty-eight  others  went  to  New 
York  to  meet  Congress,  where  the  treaty  was  ratified  with  Washington.  Tiic 
ceremony  took  place  in  the  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  concluded 
witli  a  general  hand-shaking  and  singing  the  "  song  of  peace,"  in  which  the  chiefs 
all  joined.  On  their  arrival  in  New  York,  the  Creek  chiefs  were  received  by  the 
Tammaiiy  society,  which  liad  been  recently  organized,  dressed  in  their  Indian 
costumes. 

1700,  September.  —  The  United  States  bought  of  Stephen 
Mooio  the  poir     where  West  Point  stands. 

In  1824  it  purchased  the  tract  adjoining,  and  in  1826  New  York  ceded  juris- 
diction over  it. 

1790,  September  2.  —  A  convention  in  Pennsylvania  accepted 
a  new  constitution. 
The  legislature  M'as  to  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  af  representatives.     The 


448 


ANNALS  or  NORTH  AMEIIICA. 


[1790. 


jrovcrnor  wns  to  ho  olectcd  by  the  people.  Tlio  right  of  snfTrago  wns  bestowed  on 
nil  tux-pnying  citizent,  ivntl  their  sona,  over  twenty-oiio  ycnrs  old.  Elections  to 
he  by  Itiillot.  Tiie  judges  were  appointed  during  good  lirimvior,  and  had  fixed 
Halaries.  The  Hill  of  iJights  guaranteoil  i'rei-'doni  of  worrtliip,  and  exeniptitl  fioia 
Involuntary  centrilnitions  to  support  any  ministry.  Tho  belief  in  the  existence 
of  a  Ood,  and  a  future  eondilion  of  rewards  and  jiuninhnK'nts,  was  necessary  as  a 
(puilifleation  to  Iiold  oflice ;  but  tlie  members  of  the  asseml)iy  were  no  l()nf;ir 
obliged  to  sign  their  belief  in  tlio  divine  inspiration  of  tlie  ()l«l  and  New  Testa- 
ments, Schools  at  whicii  the  j>(>(>r  were  to  "  be  tauglit  gratis  "  were  to  bo  estab- 
lished "  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be." 

1700,  October  7.  —  Tho  Icgislatnro  of  Now  York  consentod 
to  tho  admission  of  Vermont  into  tho  Union,  and  ronouncod  all 
claim  of  jurisdiction  over  tho  territory  of  that  state. 

It  had  been  arranged  that  Vermont  should  pay  thirty  thousand  dolhirs  to  the 
New  York  grantees.  The  Vermont  legislature,  tlie  same  month,  agreed  to  tlic 
arrangement.  Tiic  boundary  of  the  state  to  be  the  western  line  of  tiie  western- 
most townsliips  granted  by  New  Ilampslarc,  and  the  middle  channel  of  Lake 
Champlain. 

1790,  October.  —  An  expedition  sent  against  tho  Indians  north 
of  the  Ohio  was  unsnccesslul. 

Ilarmer  and  Ilardi  .i,  the  leaders,  were  tried  by  a  court-martial  and  acquitted. 

1700,  November.  —  Tho  K^gislature  of  Virginia  resolved  tliat 
the  assumption  of  the  state  debts  was  "  repugnant  to  the  C.'onrfti- 
tution  of  the  United  States,"  since  it  was  "  the  exercise  of  a 
power  not  expressly  granted  to  tho  general  government." 

A  memorial  to  this  effect  was  presented  to  Congress.  The  North  Carolina 
legislature  passed  very  strong  resolutions  to  the  same  effect. 

1790,  November  1.  —  A  furnace  and  forgo  were  erected  on 
Jacob's  Creek,  tiftcen  miles  above  its  entrance  into  the  Youghio- 
gheny  River. 

This  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  built  west  of  tho  Allcghanies. 

1790. —  A  STEAM-PACKET  was  ruu  as  a  freight-boat  betwceu 
Philadelphia  and  Burlington. 

Her  engine  had  been  improved  by  the  labors  of  many  ingenious  inventors  of 
tlie  time. 

1790,  November.  —  The  Virginia  legislature  passed  a  resolu- 
tion recommending  that  the  sessions  of  the  Senate  of  the  United 
States  should  be  public. 

The  legislatures  of  Pennsylvania,  New  York,  and  North  and  South  Carolina 
passed  similar  resolutions.  Tlie  Virginia  legislature  also  appropriated  one  iiun- 
dred  and  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  erection  of  the  national  buildings,  ami  ll« 
legislature  of  Maryland  voted  seventy  thousand  dollars  for  the  same  purpose. 

1790,  November.  —  The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  refused 


[1790. 

bestowed  on 
Elections  to 
ml  liutl  fixicl 
<omiJti<l  from 
till!  oxi:<tiMiec 
u'cosKivvy  i\s  a 
L>ro  no  lonKor 
111  New  Tistft- 
i-c  to  bo  cstab- 


c  conacnted 
mouncod  all 


1  dollars  to  tlie 
1,  agreed  to  tlic 
of  the  western- 
liaiinel  of  Li»ke 

Iiuliaps  north 
ivl  and  acqiiittcil. 

rcBolvGcl  tlwt 

to  the  Const!- 

exorcise  ol"  a 

ment." 

c  Nonli  Caroliiu 

li-o   cvoctcfl  on 
the  Yorii^liio- 


Iboat  between 

lions  inventors  of 

Issed  a  rcsolu- 
of  the  Unit«^ 

Id  South  Carolina 
lopriated  one  Iwn- 
1  buildings,  a>n^"'' 
^amc  purrose. 

iroliua  refused 


m-\.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTIl  AMKUICA. 


449 


11  roqiiost  made  by  Congress  to  allow  the  jails  of  the  state  to  bo 
iimdo  use  of. 

It  also  refused  to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  Federal  Constitution. 

1790,  DKCKSinKii  (5.  —  Congress  met  at  Pliiladolphia. 

The  (k'hates  of  Conjjrress,  duriiii^  its  eoiitiiiuance  at  I'hiiadclpliia,  were  chiefly 
jiriiited  ill  tiic  I'hiladvlphia  (lazctte.  A  plan  for  the  regular  employment  of  a 
reporter  to  take  them,  made  in  17!)(>,  was  not  carried.  The  prieo  asked — four 
tliDiisand  dollars  —  was  considered  too  high,  though  Mr.  Brown,  of  the  (Unsettc, 
olll'ied  to  pay  a  part.  Wasliington,  at  tiie  second  session  of  Congress,  delivered 
III!)  annual  address  in  a  full  suit  of  broadcloth  made  at  the  factory  of  Colonel 
Wailswortli,  at  New  Haven,  Connecticut. 

1790,  DiX'EMBF'.R  20.  —  Samnel  Slater  started  three  cards, 
thawing  and  roving  frames,  and  two  frames  of  seventy-two 
spindles,  at  Pawtuckct,  Rhode  Island. 

This  was  the  real  origin  of  the  cotton  manufacturing  industry  of  the  country. 

Sinter  had  Iieen  engaged  in  cotton-spinning  in  England,  and  came  to  this  country 
induced  hy  the  interest  taken  in. its  introduction  here.  From  the  jealous  care 
witli  which  England  guarded  the  secret  of  this  branch  of  industry,  he  was 
oblijied  to  leave  clandestinely,  and  to  bring  no  drawings  or  models  with  him.  The 
details  of  his  history,  and  of  his  connection  with  the  success  of  cotton-spinning, 
will  be  found  in  White's  Memoir  of  Slater,  1  liiladelphia,  183G. 

1790.  —  During  this  year,  Herman  Vandausen,  at  East  Green- 
wicii,  Rhode  Island,  commenced  the  printing  of  calicoes  from 

blocks. 

lie  cut  his  own  blocks,  samples  of  which,  with  those  of  his  prints,  are  in  the 
Historical  Society  at  I'rovidence,  'Ihode  Island.     The  business  was  soon  given  up. 

1790.  —  A  COMPANY  to  manufacture  duck  was  incorporated 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1791,  January  1.  —  The  Massachusetts  Historical  Society  was 

formed. 

It  was  incorporated  February  10,  179'1,  and  was  the  first  society  of  the  kind 

iirgiinized. 

1791.  —  Canada  was  divided  into  Upper  and  Lower  Canada. 

The  "clergy  reserves"  established  by  parliament  —  one  seventh  of  the  waste 
linds  of   the   colony  —  were   appropriated  for  tlio   support  of   the   Protestant 

ministers. 

1791,  January  1.  —  The  total  debt  of  tlie  United  States 
[lunounted  to  seventy-five  million,  four  hundred  and  sixty-throe 
[thousand,  four  hundred  and   seventy-six    dollars   and   fifty-two 

1  L'onts. 

Of  the  foreign  debt  there  were  due  to  France  seven  million,  five  hundred  and 
Isixty-one  thousand,  four  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  and  forty-two  cents ;  to 
jSpain,  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand,  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  dollars  and 

29 


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23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

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450 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1791. 


fifty  cents ;  to  Holland,  five  million  and  one  thousand  dollars.  Between  the  years 
1791  and  1795  money  enough  was  borrowed  in  Holland  to  paj  the  debt  duo 
France  ond  Spain. 

1791,  January  19.  —  A  convention  called  in  Vermont  ratified 
the  Federal  Constitution,  and  asked  admission  into  the  Union. 

Commissioners  were  appointed  to  wait  upon  Congress  ard  negotiate  the  accept- 
ance into  the  Union. 

1791,  February  4.  — 'Kentucky  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  date  of  admission  was  fixed  for  June  1,  1792,  the  date  which  a  conven- 
tion had  fixed  for  the  separation  from  Virginia,  and  the  formation  of  a  state  con- 
stitution. 

1791,  February  18.  —  Vermont  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  act  was  to  take  eflicct  after  the  termination  of  the  session  of  Congress. 

1791,  February  25.  —  Congress  passed  the  bill  creating  the 
national  bank. 

The  plan  of  the  bank  was  submitted  by  Alexander  Hamilton  December  13, 
1790.  The  title  of  the  b<ank  was  The  President,  Directors,  and  Company  of  tlic 
Bank  of  the  United  States.  Its  capi^^al  was  ten  millions,  and  the  President  of  the 
United  States  was  authorized  to  subscribe,  for  the  account  of  the  United  States, 
for  an  amount  not  exceeding  two  millions.  Its  privileges  were  to  ccudc  on  thi) 
4th  of  March,  1811.  Its  notes  were  to  be  receivea  for  all  duos  by  the  govcrn- 
nicnt,  and  were  not  to  be  under  ten  dollars.  Individual  subscriptions  Me-:-o  pay- 
able in  four  instalments ;  the  last  at  the  end  of  eighteen  months,  one  fourtli  in 
gold  or  silver,  the  rest  in  United  States  stocks,  the  six  per  cents  at  par,  and  the 
three  per  cents  at  fifty  per  cent,  rhe  United  States'  subscription  was  payable  in 
cash,  and  they  were  entitled  to  r.  loan  from  the  bank  equal  to  their  subscription, 
to  be  paid  in  ten  annu.-vl  instalments.  Twenty-five  directors,  chosen  by  the  stocii- 
holders,  were  to  choose  a  president  from  among  themselves. 

1791.  —  The  University  of  Vermont  was  established  at  Bur- 
lington. 

It  was  endowed  by  private  subscriptions,  and  the  legislature  gave  it  nearly  fifty 
thousand  acres  of  land. 

1791.  —  After  the  adjournment  of  Congress,  General  Wash- 
ington made  a  tour  through  the  southern  states. 

On  his  way  he  stopped  on  the  Potomac,  and  selected,  in  accordance  with  tlic 
authority  given  him  by  Congress,  the  site  for  the  federal  seat  of  government.  In 
his  journal  he  speaks  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  as  having  a  number  of  very 
good  hf  uses  of  brick  and  wood,  but  most  of  the  latter,  the  whole  number  beiui,' 
about  one  thousand  six  hundred. 

1791.  —  There  were  three  banks  in  the  United  States. 

Their  capital  was  two  millions  of  dollars, 

1791,  Marcf  3.  —  Congress  laid  an  import  duty  upon  imported 
spirits,  and  an  excise  duty  upon  their  home  manufacture. 

The  duty  ranged  from  twenty  to  forty  cents  a  gallon,  and  the  excise  fVom  nino 


^^r,.i^ 


'C 


[1791. 

LMi  the  years 
ic  debt  duo 


nt  ratified 
Union. 
;c  tUc  accept- 

Union. 
ich  a  convcn- 
)f  a  state  con- 

e  Union. 
r  Congress. 

jreating  the 

Pecember  13, 
I^ompany  of  tlie 
['resident  of  tlie 
G  United  States, 
to  ceiiiio  on  the 
,  by  the  govcrn- 
ptions  V  e-ro  pay- 
hs,  one  fourth  i;\ 
1  at  par,  and  the 
was  payable  in 
jir  subscription, 
sen  by  the  stock- 
shed  at  Bur. 
■avc  it  nearly  fifty 


1791-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


451 


en- 


eral  Wash- 


ordancc  witl»  tli«; 

government,    li 

number  of  very 

le  number  beiiv„' 


Itates. 


iported 


ipon  imi 

^cture. 

1  excise  from  ni'« 


to  thirty  cents.  Tl»c  proceeds  were  pledged  to  reduce  the  public  debt,  and  the  act 
was  to  cease  when  this  was  attaiued.  Resolutions  against  the  excise  were  passed 
by  the  legislatures  of  Pennsylvania,  North  Carolina,  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 
Small  distilleries  were  common  in  thhse  states,  Pennsylvania  alone  having  about 
five  thousand. 

1791,  July  27.  —  A  public  meeting,  held  at  Brownsville,  Penn- 
gylvania,  on  the  Monongahela,  to  protest  against  the  excise,  was 
the  first  step  taken  in  the  expression  of  the  public  discontent, 
which  gradually  assumed  such  proportion  as  to  be  threatening, 
and  which  is  known  as  the  "  Whiskey  Rebellion." 

Tlie  collection  of  the  excise  was  resisted,  and  it  was  finally  obtained  only  by  a 
rigorous  exercise  of  autliority  on  the  part  of  the  administration. 

1791,  August.  —  George  Hammond  presented  his  letters  of 
credence  as  minister  from  Great  Britain. 

1791,  October.  —  The  National  Gazette  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  published  by  Philip  Freneau,  who  was  at  the  time  a  clerk  in  the  state 
department  under  Jcffbrson.  It  o^iposcd  the  Federal  party  vigorously.  In  Oc- 
tober, 1793,  it  ceased  to  appear. 

1791.  —  The  Oracle  of  Dauphin  appeared  in  Harrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania. 

Its  editor  was  John  Wyeth.     It  was  the  first  paper  in  this  place. 

1791,  November.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  chartered  a 
company  with  extensive  privileges,  to  carry  on  all  kinds  of  man- 
ufactures at  the  falls  of  the  Passaic. 

This  was  tlio  origin  of  Patterson,  which  now  contains  extensive  cctton-mills, 
largo  machine-shops  (half  the  locomotives  used  in  the  country  being  made  there), 
papiT-mills,  printing  and  dyeing  establishments.  Within  the  last  few  years  four 
silk  factories  have  been  started,  with  an  aggregate  capital  of  $840,000. 

1791.  —  A  FORGE  was  built  on  Furnace  Brook,  in  Pittsford, 

Vermont. 

1791.  —  The  first  furnace  erected  in  Kentucky  was  built  by 
government  troops  on  Slate  Creek,  a  branch  of  the  Licking 
River,  in  Bath  (now  Bourbon)  County. 

It  was  worked  until  1838. 

1791,  December.  —  Thomas  Pinckney,  of  South  Carolina,  was 
appointed  minister  to  England. 

1792,  February  1.  —  The  Impartial  Intelligencer  appeared  in 
Greenfield,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Dickman.  Six  months  afterwards  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  Greenfield  Qazetie.  As  the  Gazette  and  Courier,  it  is  still  pub- 
lished. 


mn 


452 


ANNALS   OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


[1792. 


•  li'i 


I!!' 


1792.  —  The  State  Gazette  appeared  j,t  Trenton,  New  Jersey. 

1792,  March  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  Societv  for  promoting 
Agriculture  was  incorporated. 

1792,  April  2.  —  The  mint  was  established  in  1  .liladelpliia. 

Bullion  '..as  to  1> ;  assayed  and  coined  free,  or  exchanged  for  coin  at  a  reduc- 
tion of  one  half  per  cent.  Horse-power  was  used  for  coining  until  1815,  when  a 
Bteam-enginc  was  procured.  Dr.  David  Ilittenhouse  was  the  first  director.  The 
mint  was  ready  for  cperation  September  7.  Six  pounds  of  copper,  at  ten  shillings 
and  three  pence  a  pound,  w  i  the  first  purchase  of  material. 

1792.  —  Mount  Lkbanon  New  York,  the  parent  Shaker  society, 
was  established. 

In  1787  the  "  Millennial  Church,  or  United  Societv  of  Believers,  commonly 
called  Siiakcrs,"  was  organized.  They  have  now  eighteen  societies  in  tlie  United 
States,  of  which  two  arc  in  Maine,  nt  Alfred  r.nd  New  Gloucester ;  two  in  New 
Hampshire,  at  Canterbury  and  Enfield ;  one  in  Connecticut,  at  Enfield ;  four  in 
Massachusetts,  at  Harvard,  Shirley,  Tyringham,  and  Hancock;  three  in  New- 
York,  at  Mount  Lebanon,  Watervliet,  and  Groveland;  four  in  Oiiio,  at  Union  Vil- 
lage, North  Union,  Watervliet,  and  Wliitewater;  two  in  Kentucky,  at  South  Union 
and  FleasaAt  Hill. 

1792.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  by  which  all  able-bodied  citi- 
zens (except  those  mentioned  as  specially  exempt)  between  the 
ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  were  to  serve  in  the  militia 
according  to  the  rules  of  the  different  states. 

The  exempted  persons  difiered  according  to  the  states,  as  did  the  time  of  service 
required. 

1792.  —  A  COMPANY  in  Massachusetts  obtained  charters  for  the 
South  Hadiey  and  Montague  canals,  the  earliest  constructed  iu 
the  United  States. 

They  are  both  short.  The  first  is  two  miles  long,  the  second  three  miles  in 
length,  but  there  is  in  it  a  cut-out  of  solid  rock  of  forty  feet  in  depth,  and  three 
hundred  feet  in  length. 

1792,  May  2.  —  Congress  increased  tl)o  average  rate  of  duties- 

The  expenses  of  the  Indian  war  on  the  frontier  made  it  necessary.  It  was  pro- 
posed to  admit  cotton  free,  as  an  aid  to  manufactures,  since  tlic  supply  caiiio 
from  abroad,  but  the  southern  members  desired  the  duty  of  three  cents  a  pound 
to  remain,  since  they  gave  the  assurance  that  it  was  plentifully  raised  in  South 
Carolina,  and  there  was  no  market  for  it.     The  excise  duty  was  lessened. 

1792,  May  4.  —  The  post  office  was  established. 

A  single  letter  cost  six  cents  for  thirty  miles,  the  rate  increasing  with  the  dis- 
tance ;  over  four  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  the  price  was  twenty-five  cents. 

1792,  May  8.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  reserving  the  revenue 
received  from  the  sale  of  the  public  lands  for  the  payment  of  the 
debt. 


n\.'-i^.itn^A„'*i'\--;^:- 


[1792. 

lorsey. 
romoting 

Ipliia. 
at  a  rcduc- 
S15,  when  ft 
ector.     The 
ten  shillings 

er  society, 

8,  commonly 
in  the  United 
.  two  in  New 
ifieUl ;  four  in 
;hrec  in  New 
at  Union  Vil- 
it  South  Union 

■bodied  citi- 

letween  the 

the  militia 

time  of  service 

•tors  for  the 
Ustructed  iu 

three  miles  in 
[fpth,  anil  three 

Ito  of  duties- 
j-y.  It  was  pro- 
le supply  came 
cents  IV  pound 
Iraised  in  South 
Issencd. 


Jig  with  the  ais- 
le cents. 

I  the  revenue 
7ment  of  the 


1792.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


453 


1792. —  David  Bruce  arrived  in  New  York  from  Edinburgh, 
Scotland,  and  established  a  type  foundery. 

1792. —  Congress  provided  the  method  for  the  election  of  the 
President. 

In  1853  the  act  was  so  amended  as  to  make  the  electors  chosen  by  all  the  states 
upon  the  same  day  —  the  Tuesday  next  after  the  first  Monday  of  November  in 
every  fourth  year.  The  act  also  provided  for  the  succession  in  case  of  the  death, 
resignation,  or  removal  of  the  acting  president.  It  gave  the  succession  to  the 
president  of  the  Senate  pro  tempore^  or  the  speaker  of  the  House,  until  another 
election. 

1792.  —  Congress  regulated  the  authority  and  duty  of  Amer- 
ican consuls  iu  foreign  ports. 

1792.  —  A  CONVENTION  in  Kentucky  prepared  a  constitution 
for  that  state. 

The  existing  code  of  laws  of  Virginia  were  to  remain  in  force  until  altered  by 
the  legislature,  which  consisted  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives.  The 
Bcnators  were  to  be  chosen  by  electors,  who  chose  also  the  governor.  No  pecu- 
niary qualification  was  demanded  for  the  suffrage,  or  for  office.  The  legislature 
was  to  have  no  power  to  pass  laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves,  without  the 
consent  of  their  owners  and  the  payment  of  a  full  pecuniary  equivalent.  Re- 
ligious freedom  and  the  equality  of  sects  was  provided  for  in  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

1792.  —  The  constitution  of  Delaware  was  revised. 

The  president  was  made  a  governor;  the  legislative  cour -11  a  senate,  and  the 
executive  council  was  dispensed  with. 

1792.  —  The  constitution  of  New  Hampshire  was  amended. 

The  president  was  made  a  governor.  All  tax-paying  inhabitants  were  allowed 
to  vote,  and  a  property  '^  salification  was  made  for  representatives,  senators,  and 
governor;  all  of  whom  n-ust  be  Protestants. 

1792,  June.  —  A  turnpike  road  was  commenced  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Lancaster  —  a  distance  of  sixty-two  miles. 

It  was  built  by  a  private  company,  and  was  completed  in  1794,  costing  four 
hundred  and  sixty-five  thousand  dollars.  It  was  subsequently  paved  with  stone, 
and  then  macadamized. 

1792,  August.  —  A  convention  of  four  counties  was  hold  at 
Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  which  passed  a  series  of  resolutions 
against  the  excise. 

Albert  Gallatin  was  secretary  of  the  convention.  The  resolutions  declared 
their  intention  to  persist  in  every  "  logal  measure  "to  obstruct  the  collection  of 
the  tax.     It  appointed  a  committee  of  correspondence. 

1792,  September  29.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in 
reference  to  the  opposition  to  the  excise. 

It  warned  all  unlawful  combinations  to  desist,  and  charged  magistrates  and 


i 


i 


454 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


[1792-3. 


courts  to  use  their  best  efforts  to  bring  the  infractors  of  the  law  to  justice.  It 
quieted  the  disturbances  in  North  Carolina,  but  did  not  liavc  tliis  effect  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

1792.  —  Washington  was  elected  president  for  a  second  terra, 
and  John  Adams  vice-president. 

Washington  was  elected  unanimously,  and  Adams  by  seventy-seven  votes  out 
of  one  hundred  and  thirty. 

1792.  —  Petitions  tc' Congress  for  the  abolition  of  the  slave- 
trade  were  sent  fron>  the  abolition  societies  of  Pennsylvania, 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Virginia,  and  Maryland. 

They  vrere  referred  to  a  special  committee.  Others  presented  by  New  Ilnnip- 
shire  and  Massachusetts  were  suffered  to  lie  on  the  table.  A  petition  from  Warner 
Mifliin,  of  Delaware,  was  ordered  returned  to  him. 

1793,  January  1.  —  The  Massachusetts  Mercury  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Alexander  Young  and  Samuel  Ethcridge  were  the  proprietors.  It  was  a  tri- 
weekly.    It  was  finally  merged  in  tlie  Advei-tiser. 

1793.  —  The  Farmer^s  Weekly  Museum  appeared  in  Walpole, 
New  Hampshire. 

It  was  published  by  Isaiah  Thomas.  It  was  in  this  sheet  that  the  "  Lay  Ser- 
mons "  of  Joseph  Dennie,  who  signed  himself  the  Lay  Preacher,  were  printed. 
They  were  copied  very  extensively. 

1793.  —  The  Kaoxville  Gazette  appeared  at  Knoxville,  Ten- 
nessee. 

It  was  published  by  a  New  Englander  named  Koulstone. 

1793.  —  Eli  Whitney,  of  Massachusetts,  invented  the  saw  gin 
for  cleaning  cotton,  which  was  patented  the  next  year. 

Various  devices  had  been  used  previously.  The  first  was  the  bow-string, 
•which  had  been  used  in  India  for  ages.  Tlie  use  of  this  gave  rise  to  the  com- 
mercial term  "Bowed  cotton."  In  1722  a  roller  gin,  the  idea  of  which  was 
derived  from  tlie  East,  M'here  it  was  seen  and  spoken  of  by  Nearchus,  an  offlcer 
in  Alexandei  *  army.  Various  forms  of  this  gin  were  used.  A  Mr.  Bisscl,  of 
Georgia,  in  1788  used  a  "  simple  plan  of  a  bench,  upon  which  rose  a  frame  sup- 
porting two  sliort  rollers  revolving  in  opposite  directions,  and  each  turned  by  ii 
boy  or  girl,  and  giving  as  the  result  of  a  day's  work  five  pounds  of  clean  cotton. " 
Gins  at  tliis  time  were  manufactured  in  Philadelphia,  which  claimed  to  clean 
thirty  or  forty  pounds  a  day.  Tlie  saw  gin  superseded  all  these,  as  it  enabled  one 
man's  labor  to  clean  a  thousand  pounds  a  day.  South  Carolina  gave  tlie  inventor 
fifty  thousand  dollars  for  his  invention,  and  threw  it  open  to  the  planters  of  the 
state.  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee  remunerated  him  by  a  tax  they  laid  for  the 
purpose.  The  patent  was  elsewhere  immediately  infringed,  and  the  legal  expenses 
for  its  defence  absorbed  almost  all  the  pecuniary  benefit  Whitney  derived  from 
tills  invention  which  made  the  culture  of  cotton  profitable. 


»K1 


[1792-3. 

D  justice.     It 
ffcct  in  I'enn- 


;cond  term, 
;vcn  votes  out 


r  the  slave- 
jnnsylvania, 
d  Maryland. 

by  New  Ilunip- 
un  from  Warner 


appeared  in 
3.  It  was  a  tri- 
[  in  Walpole, 

at  the  "  Lay  ^er- 
er,  were  printed. 

aoxville,  Ten- 


id  the  saw  gin 
rear. 


1793.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


455 


1793.  —  A  MANUFACTORY  of  wooUcn  clotli  was-  commencod  at 
Byfield,  Massachusetts. 

1793.  —  The  circuit  court  of  the  United  States,  sitting  at 
Richmond,  Virginia,  declared  all  acts  of  Virginia  obstructing  the 
collection  of  British  debts,  null  and  void. 

Their  i?round  was  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Great  Britain.  Virginia  had  en- 
acted that  tlie  debtor  making  certain  payments  into  the  state  treasury,  was  absolved. 

1793,  February  21. — A  new  patent  law  was  passed,  that  of 
1790  being  repealed. 

1793,  March.  —  The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  the  Useful 
Arts  was  incorporated  in  New  York. 

1793.  —  The  Lehigh  Coal  Company  was  formed  in  Pennsylvania 
to  work  the  mines  at  Mauch  Cliiink. 

1793.  —  This  year  the  caterpillar  first  appeared  in  the  cotton- 
fields  of  Georgia. 

It  nearly  destroyed  the  crop.  In  1788  it  had  been  very  destructive  in  the 
Biilmmas,  and  caused  the  abandonment  of  the  cotton  culture  in  many  of  the  West 
India  Islands. 

1793.  —  Williams  College,  at  Williamstown,  Massachusetts, 
received  its  deed  of  incorporation. 

In  1755,  Colonel  Ephraim  Williams  died,  leaving  property  to  found  a  college. 
The  funds  were  left  to  accumulate  until  1785,  when  a  free  school  was  incorporated, 
Iraildlngs  erected,  and  the  school  opened  in  October,  1791,  the  Rev.  Ebenezor 
Fitcli  being  appointed  principal.  When  the  college  was  started,  he  was  chosoa 
president.  In  1795,  at  the  first  graduation,  the  college  catalogue,  said  to  be  the 
flrst  ever  issued  in  this  country,  was  published. 

1793.  —  The  cent,  with  the  head  and  inscription  of  "Liberty," 
was  coined  this  year. 

Its  issue  had  been  ordered  the  year  previous. 

1793.  —  "  Hamilton  Oneida  Academy  "  was  incorporated. 

The  Rev.  Samuel  Kirkland,  for  more  than  forty  years  minister  to  the  Oneida 
Indians,  gave  to  the  trustees  several  hundred  acres  of  land.  In  1812  the  titio 
was  changed  to  that  of  Hamilton  College,  and  Dr.  Azel  Backus,  of  Connecticut, 
was  chosen  flrst  president. 

1793.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  voted  a  loan  of  three 
tliousand  pounds  to  the  proprietors  of  the  glass-works,  near 
Albany,  for  three  yearo,  without  interest,  and  for  five  years  at 
iive  per  cent. 

The  proprietors  were  McClallen,  McGregor  &  Co.  They  this  year  offered 
a  reward  of  fifty  dollars  for  the  discovery  of  a  suitable  sand-bank  within  ten 
miles  of  their  works.    In  179G  they  extended  their  operations,  called  their  town 


iirrf 


456 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1793. 


Hamilton,  and  the  next  year  were  incorporated  by  the  state  as  the  Iliunilton  Man- 
ufacturing Company,  and  exempted  from  taxation  for  five  years.  The  proprietors 
were  Jereniias  Vim  Rensselaer,  John  Sanders,  Abraham  Ten  Eyck,  EUranitli 
Watson,  F.  A.  do  Zong,  K.  K.  Van  Rensselaer,  Thomas  and  Samuel  Matl  er, 
Pouw  Fonda,  and  Walter  Cochran.  They  had  two  glass-houses,  a  saw-mill, 
pounding-mill,  and  cross-cut  mill.  They  employed  three  furnaces  and  about 
tliirteen  glass-bh-wers,  and  made  about  twenty  thousand  feet  of  glass  a  monlli, 
besides  bottles  anr'  flint-glass.  They  used  kelp  instead  of  pearliish,  and  had  quite 
I  reputation  for  thcr  i)roduct8.  The  enterprise  is  said  to  have  slopped  in  1815  for 
the  want  of  fuel. 

1793.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  the  surrender  of 
fugitives  from  justice,  and  from  service. 

Fugiti\  es  from  justice  M'cre  to  be  delivered  up  and  carried  back  for  trial  on  tlie 
presentation  of  a  duly  anthenticated  indictment  or  affidavit  from  tlie  executive  of 
the  state  from  whence  they  had  fled.  The  person  to  wliom  service  was  due,  or 
his  agent  or  attorney,  might  seize  a  fugitive  escaped  from  his  service,  and  curry 
him  before  any  United  States  judge,  or  magistrate  of  the  city,  town,  or  county 
where  the  arrest  was  made,  who  was,  on  presentation  of  proof  that  the  service  wan 
due,  to  give  a  certificate  of  the  fact,  which  was  sufficient  warrant  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  fugitive  to  the  state  from  which  ho  had  fled.  A  fine  of  five  liun- 
dred  dollars,  to  be  recovered  by  the  claimant,  was  imposed  upon  any  one  obstruct- 
ing the  seizure  of  such  fugitive,  or  harboring  him  after  notice. 

1793,  March  1.  —  Tho  first  issue  was  made  from  the  mint. 

It  consisted  of  11,178  cents.  Nothing  but  cents  and  half  cents  were  coined 
until  1795. 

1793,  Mauch  4.  —  "Washington  took  the  oath  of  office  publicly 
in  tho  senate  chamber. 

1793,  April  9.  —  Citizen  Genet  arrived  at  Charleston,  £uuth 
CaroHna,  as  ambassador  from  France. 

He  brought  the  news  of  the  declaration  of  war  by  France  against  England.  It 
had  reached  New  York  five  days  before. 

1793,  April  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  of  neu- 
trality. 

Genet  had  been  enthusiastically  received  in  Charleston,  and  had  issued  com- 
missions to  two  privateers,  nmnncd  chiefly  by  Americans,  but  sailing  under  the 
French  flag,  and  which  had  made  several  British  prizes.  The  frigate  in  which  lie 
arrived  (the  L' Ambuscade),  on  her  way  to  Philadelphia,  captured  several  British 
vessels ;  one  within  the  Capes  of  the  Delaware. 

1793.  —  Canada  was  made  a  bishopric. 

1793.  —  A  PAPER-MILL  was  erected  at  Troy,  New  York,  by 
Messrs.  Webster,  Ensign,  and  Seymour,  which  made  from  five  to 
ten  reams  of  paper  a  day. 

1793,  May  30.  —  A  Democratic  society  was  formed  in  Phila- 
delphia. 


.      [1793. 

.milton  Man- 
c  propriotors 
I'ck,  Elkanah 
Huel  Matl  ev, 
1,  a  saw-mill, 
-s   and  about 
lass  a  iiiontU, 
and  had  (iiiilt' 
pod  in  1815  for 

iirrenclor  of 

for  trial  on  the 
e  executive  of 
■ice  was  due,  or 
•vice,  and  carry 
town,  or  county 
t  the  service  was 
rant  for  the  ro- 
Sne  of  five  hun- 
my  one  ohstruct- 

the  mint. 

lents  were  coined 

)ffice  publicly 
^■leston,  £outh 

^inst  England.    It 

lation  of  neu- 

had  issued  com- 
Isailing  under  the 
Irigate  in  which  lie 
Ted  several  Brilisb 


lew  York,  by 
le  from  five  to 

rmed  in  Thila- 


1793.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


457 


It  waa  in  imitation  of  the  clubs  in  France.  Others  were  formed  in  other 
cities,  and  from  tliis  the  term  Democrat  first  came  to  be  used  in  the  politics  of  the 
country,  tliough  at  first  it  was  objectionable  to  even  the  party  itself,  who  claimed 
fur  themselves  the  name  of  Democratic  republicans. 

1793,  June  14.  —  A  French  privateer,  fitted  out  in  Now  York, 
was  seized  by  the  militia,  ordered  out  for  this  purpose  by  Gov- 
ernor Clinton. 

Clinton  was  acting  under  the  instructions  of  the  government.  Genet  had 
assumed  the  authoritj-  uiuler  a  decree  of  the  convention,  in  authority  in  France, 
to  give  the  French  consuls  in  the  United  States  power  to  act  as  courts  of  admiralty 
for  trying  and  condemning  such  prizes  as  the  French  cruisers  might  bring  into 
American  ports.  His  reception  during  his  progress  from  Charleston  to  Fliiladcl- 
pliia,  and  at  this  place,  where  a  "republican  foast  had  been  tendered  him,"  had 
given  him  the  idea  that  the  people  would  supjiort  him,  though  the  government 
siiould  object  to  such  steps  as  he  sitould  take  to  identify  the  nation  with  the  cause 
of  France.  He  had  been  informed  that  the  issuing  of  commissions  within  the 
United  States  was  an  infringement. 

1793,  June.  —  The  Creeks  and  Chorokees  along  the  southern 
border  began  hostilities. 

They  had  been  roused  to  it  by  aggressions. 

1793,  July.  —  It  was  resolved  to  submit  all  the  questions 
concerning  the  duty  of  the  government  in  the  matter  of  the 
French  privnfeers  to  the  supreme  court,  and  Genet  was  informed 
that  the  detention  of  such  vessels  as  had  been  stopped  should 
continue  until  the  decision  was  made. 

Four  pri\  .iteers,  the  Sans  Calotte,  ihc  Citizen  Genet,  the  Cincinnains,  and  the 
'lauqueur  de  la  liastde,  had  been  fitted  out  at  Charleston;  the  Anti-George,  at 
savannah ;  the  Carmagniole,  in  the  Delaware ;  the  Roland  and  another  at  Boston. 
Numerous  prizes  had  been  captured  by  these,  which  the  French  consuls  continued 
to  condemn.  Another  vessel,  the  Little  Sarah,  which  had  been  captured  rnd  sent 
into  riiiladelphia,  was  rechristencd  the  Little  Democrat  by  Genet,  and  fitted  out  as 
ii  privateer.  News  of  her  destination  coming  to  the  knowledge  of  the  govern- 
ment, Governor  Mifflin,  of  Pennsylvania,  was  called  upon  to  stop  her,  and  ordered 
out  the  militia  to  do  so.  On  the  excuse  that  she  was  not  ready,  and  intended  to 
drop  down  the  river  for  repairs,  the  militia  was  dismissed,  and  the  ship  slij)pcd 
away.  Washington  was  .at  Mount  Vernon  while  these  occurrences  took  place, 
and  on  his  return  the  project  of  submitting  the  questions  above  to  the  supreme 
court  was  decided  upon. 

1793,  August.  —  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  expressed 
themselves  as  unwilling  to  give  any  opinion  concerning  the 
rights  and  duties  of  the  United  States,  unless  some  suit  was 
brought  before  them. 

An  indictment  having  been  brought  against  Henfield,  who  had  enlisted  on  the 
Citizen  Genet  at  Chai'leston,  he  was  acquitted  by  the  jury. 

1793,  August.  —  Copies   of  the   correspondence  with   Genet 


458 


ANNALS  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


[1793. 


were  sent  to  Gouvernour  Morris,  the  minister  to  Franco,  with 
instructions  to  lay  them  before  the  executive  council. 

lie  wns  also  to  nsk  for  Genet's  recall.  A  statement  was  also  made  to  Genet, 
Mrho  M'as  enlled  upon  to  give  up  the  captured  vessels,  since  Fiance  would  be 
hold  responsible  for  the  indemnity  of  their  owners.  The  British  minister  was  in- 
formed that  the  owners  would  be  reimbursed  for  the  vessels  captured  since  tin, 
date  on  wiiich  Genet  hud  been  informed  that  the  equipment  of  French  privn 
tvcrs  would  not  be  allowed.  The  vessels  captured  within  a  marine  lcu{fiio  of  the 
outer  coast  were  also  to  be  delivered  up  by  Genet. 

1793,  August.  —  A  council  of  the  Six  Nations  refused  to  treat 
witli  commissioners  Bont  for  the  purpose,  unless  the  Ohio  should 
be  ruade  the  boundary. 

The  commissioners  on  their  way  to  the  council  at  Maumeo  Rapids  had  boon 
met  at  the  entrance  to  the  River  Detroit  by  a  deputation  of  Indians,  and  this 
answer  was  sent  in  writing  to  a  proposition  submitted  by  the  commissioners. 

1793,  September  7.  —  A  circular  letter  was  sent  to  the  French 
consuls  in  the  country  threatening  to  revoke  their  exequaturs, 
should  they  continue  to  exercise  their  pretended  admiralty  juris- 
diction. 

In  October  this  was  done  with  the  French  vice-consul  at  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1793,  September  27.  —  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts 
instructed  its  delegates  m  Congress  to  take  measures  to  amend 
the  Constitution,  and  instructed  the  governor  to  send  the  infor- 
mation to  the  other  states. 

The  amendment  was  to  provide  against  a  state's  being  sued  by  an  individual  in 
a  United  States  court. 

Suits  having  been  brought  in  the  Federal  courts  in  various  states  by  individ- 
uals. Judge  William  Gushing,  of  the  supreme  court,  had  pronounced  such  con- 
stitutional. It  had  been  supposed  that  the  states  were  sovereign,  and  could  not 
be  sued.  The  legislature  of  Georgia  passed  an  act  subjecting  to  death,  witho'it 
the  benefit  of  clergy,  any  marshal  or  other  person  who  should  serve  any  process 
issued  against  the  state  in  the  suit  of  an  individual.  Such  a  suit  had  been  com- 
menced against  Massachusetts.  Ultimately  the  proposition  of  Massachusetts, 
wl\ich  was  favorably  received,  prevailed. 

1793,  November  9.  —  William  Maxwell  commenced  the  pub- 
lication of  the  Centinel  of  the  North  West  Territory  at  Cincinnati,  i 
Ohio. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  published  north  of  the  Ohio.     In  179G  it  was  pup  | 
chased  by  Edward  Freeman,  who  changed  its  name  to  the  Freeman's  Journd 
This  year  it  was  printed  on  paper  made  in  the  vicinity. 

1793,  December  2.  —  The  Third  Congress  met  at  Philadelphia.] 

The  Senate  passed  a  resolution  that  as  soon  as  suitable  galleries  should  be  pro-j 
vided,  after  the  preseat  session  the  proceedings,  except  in  cases  requiring  sccrecji 
should  be  public. 


'-■■"^ffll 


[1793. 

auco,  with 

I. 

ido  to  Genet, 

CO  would  be 

niatcr  vra»  in- 

ircd  since  t\u. 

Frcncli  imvn 


ised  to  treat 
Ohio  should 


npids  had  been 
idians,  and  this 
nissioncrs. 

;o  t\ie  Trench 
f  cxeqviaturs, 
Imiralty  juris- 

;  Boston,  Massa- 

Massachusetts 
sures  to  amend 
send  the  infor- 

)y  an  individual  in 

„  states  by  individ- 
wunccd  such  con- 
Ign,  and  could  not 
g  to  death,  vithoMl 
d  serve  any  process 
uit  had  been  com- 
of  Massachusetts, 


1793-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


459 


1 


.need  the  pu^; 
•y  at  Cinciunati, 

Inl796itwaspttH 
rreeman's  Jovn^\ 

atPhiladelphia-l 

Lies  should  be  pro 
L  requiring  sccrec)' 


1793,  December  9.  —  The  AUnei'va  appeared  in  Now  Yoiic. 

It  was  edited  by  Nonli  Wc))8ter,  and  published  by  George  Bunco  &  Co.  Its 
name  vas  soon  changed  to  the  Commercial  Advertiser,  and  under  tliis  nauic  it 
still  exists. 

1793.  —  During  the  summer  and  early  full  the  yellow  fever 
prevailed  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  80  violent  that  most  of  the  newspapers  suspended  their  publication,  and 
business  was  at  a  standstill. 

1793.  —  William  Foster,  of  Boston,  Massaehusetts,  imported 
the  first  merino  sheep. 

lie  gave  them  to  a  gentleman  to  keep,  who,  ignorant  of  their  value,  ate  them. 
At  the  World's  Fair  at  London,  in  1851,  a  fleece  raised  in  Tennessee  carried  off 
the  prize  in  a  competition  with  Spain,  Saxony,  Silesia,  and  other  parts  of  Gcr- 
ninny ;  and  in  1SG3,  at  the  International  Exliibition  in  Hamburg,  the  merino  sheep 
of  Vermont  carried  off  tlie  p'ze. 

1793.  —  "  Justin  Mougan,"  a  famous  stallion,  was  foaled. 

The  celebrated  "Morgan"  stock  came  from  him. 

1794,  January  1.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the  socie- 
ties for  the  abolition  of  slavery  was  held  at  Plnladelphia. 

They  prepared  a  njcmorial  to  Congress  praying  it  to  do  all  it  could  to  suppress 
the  slave  trade.  This  with  similar  documents  wer3  referred  to  a  committee,  wl.o 
introduced  a  bill,  which  was  passed,  proliibiting  fitting  out  ships  in  the  Unitid 
States  to  supply  foreign  nations  with  slaves.  The  penalty  was  tiie  forfeiture  of 
the  vessel  and  a  fine  of  two  thousand  dollars. 

1794,  January  2.  —  Congress  resolved  to  purchase  a  treaty 
with  the  Algerines,  and  to  provide  a  naval  force  to  protect  Amer- 
ican commerce  in  the  Mediterranean. 

The  Senate  had  previously  made  a  secret  arrangement  to  pay  forty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  ransom  of  thirteen  captives  held  by  the  Algerines,  and  a  yearly 
sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for  a  treaty  of  peace  with  tliem.  This  was 
communicated  to  the  House,  considered  in  secret  session,  and  referred  to  a  com- 
mittee of  ways  and  means,  wliich  was  on  this  occasion  appointed  for  the  first 
time. 

1794,  February.  —  The  Boston  Theatre  was  complete^!  and 
opened  to  the  public. 

The  general  court  in  1742,  and  again  in  1750,  had  passed  a  law  prohibiting  tho- 
I  atrical  performances.  In  1785,  after  tlie  adoption  of  the  state  constitution,  tlio 
[provincial  laws  were  revised,  and  the  statute  of  1750  was  re-enacted  to  remain  in 
[force  until  1797.  In  1791,  at  a  public  meeting,  in  Octol)cr,  at  Fancuil  Hall,  tlio 
[Boston  members  of  the  assembly  were  instructed  to  procure,  if  possible,  the  repeal 
|of  the  laws  against  the  ttieatre ;  the  matter  was  brought  before  the  assembly  in 
[January,  1792,  referred  to  a  committee  who  reported  ag.ain8t  it,  and  the  report 
m  accepted  by  a  vote  of  ninety-nine  to  forty-four.  In  17i):3  a  company  of  actors, 
*ith  Charles  Powell  as  manager,  fitted  up  a  stable  in  Board  Alley  as  a  theatre, 
«ud  advertising  their  performances  as  moral  lectures,  commenced  giving  public 


'111! 


4G0 


ANNALS  OF  NORTU  AMERICA. 


[1794. 


^■1 


porforninnnog.  The  nttcntion  of  the  grand  jury,  in  Soptcmher,  wns  hrouglit  totlio 
Hubjec.'t,  hut  it  refiiwi'il  to  interfVre,  nntl  tlio  representations  continued.  In  Novem- 
ber, Governor  Hancock,  in  his  speech  to  the  general  court,  advised  tliot  the  law  bo 
vindicated;  ami  in  December,  the  siieritf,  under  the  directions  of  .James  Sullivan, 
the  attorney-general,  to  whotn  the  governor  had  given  a  special  order,  entered 
the  building  during  the  performance  of  The  School  for  Scandal,  arrested  one  of 
the  aelorM  named  Harper,  and  held  him  to  bail.  Harper's  examination  took  place 
before  the  justic-s  in  Faneuil  Hall,  v  here  counsel  ajjpeared  for  him,  and  lie  wm 
acquitted  on  the  ground  that  his  arnst  was  contrary  to  the  bill  of  rights.  In 
March  following,  tlie  legislature  repealed  the  act  of  1750,  uad  in  1797  passed  a 
statute  regulating  theatres. 

1794,  March  11.  —  Congress  authorizod  tho  Prosident  to  pro- 
vide and  oquip  a  naval  forco  against  tho  Algorino  cruisers. 

Six  frigates,  the  Constitution,  tho  Tresident,  the  United  States,  tho  Chesa- 
jieake.  Constellation,  and  Congress,  were  constructed  at  Boston,  New  York,  I'liila- 
delpliia,  I'ortsmouth  (Virginia),  Baltimore,  rnd  Portsmouth  (New  Hampshire). 
The  first  three  carried  forty-four  guns  each,  and  the  second  three  thirty-six. 
A  bill  was  also  passed  for  fortifying  the  harbors,  purchasing  arms,  and  e8tal)lishin|,' 
arsenals.  Tlio  exportation  of  arms  was  prohibited  for  a  year,  and  for  two  yearn 
arms  could  be  imported  free  of  duty. 

1794,  March  2G.  —  An  embargo  was  laid  by  Congress  for 
thirty  days. 

It  was  then  continued  thirty  more. 

1794,  April  19.  —  The  appointment  of  John  Jay  as  a  special 
envoy  to  England  was  confirmed  by  Congress. 

1794,  May.  —  Tho  appointment  of  minister  to  France  was  given 
to  James  Munroe. 

The  French  government  had  asked  the  recall  of  Gouverncur  Morris. 

1794.  —  The  first  sewing-thread  from  cotton  was  made  at 
Pawtuckct,  Rhode  Island,  by  Samuel  Slater. 

1794.  —  Matthew  Paton,  of  Virginia,  emigrated  to  Kentucky, 
carrying  with  him  some  fine  cattle. 

He  had  obtained  tliem  from  a  Mr.  Goff,  of  Maryland,  who  with  two  other 
gentlemen  liad  imported  them  from  England  in  1793.  In  1800,  one  of  Mr.  Paton's 
sons  carried  some  of  them  to  Ohio.  From  these  animals  it  is  claimed  tho  im- 
provement in  the  stock  of  the  West  chiefly  arose. 

1794.  —  A  TURNPIKE  road  from  Philadelphia  to  Lancaster,  a 
distance  of  sixty-two  miles,  was  completed. 

It  was  commenced  in  1792  by  a  private  company.  Its  cost  was  $4G5,000.  I' 
was  afterwards  paved  with  stone,  and  finally  macadamized. 

1794,  June  5.  —  A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  defining  the 
duties  of  neutrality,  and  inflicting  penalties  for  their  infraction. 

It  imposed  a  fine  upon  any  one  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States,  who 
should  enlist,  or  enlist  others  in  the  military  service,  whether  by  sea  or  land,  of 


[1794. 

rouRl>t  to  tho 
III  Novom- 
liot  U»e  law  bo 
nu'S  Sullivan, 
irdiT,  ciitend 
rcsU'd  one  of 
ion  loolt  place 
m,  ivml  he  wm 
of  rights-  In 
1797  passed  a 

dent  to  pro- 
nisers. 
to8,  the  Chcsa- 
cw  York,  riiila- 

jw  llamps*"'^*')' 
three  thirty-six. 
and  establishing 
nd  for  two  yearn 

Congress  for 


V  as  a  special 
nee  was  given 

Morris. 

was  made  at 

to  Kentucky, 

,o  with  two  other 
Ine  of  Mr.  Paton* 
claimed  the  im- 

Lancaster,  a 

iwas  $405,000.   h 

defining  the 
iir  infraction. 
Jnited  States,  who 
Iby  seaorlMiJ.^ 


1791.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


4G1 


Rny  forelKn  prince  or  state,  toRothor  with  imprisonment  for  not  over  throe  yeara. 
Any  such  enliHted  porson  Kivin^  iiiforniation  to  tl>e  government,  lending  to  con- 
viction, escaped  tlie  penalty.  Fittinfif  out  rruisors,  or  aiding  in  any  military  expe- 
dition against  a  nation  at  peace  with  the  United  States,  was  suhjoct  to  Himilar 
penalties.     The  sale  of  prizes  within  the  United  States  was  also  prohibited. 

1794,  August  7.  —  A  proclamation  was  issued  requiring  tho 
oppoaors  of  tho  excise  ^o  desist  their  unlawful  acts,  and  si  requi- 
sition mado  upon  Pen.  sylvania,  New  Jersey,  Maryland,  and  Vir- 
ginia for  liftoen  thousand  men. 

Comnii8.sioncrB  were  sent  to  treat  with  tho  insurgents. 

1794,  August.  —  An  expedition  under  General  Wayne,  against 
tlio  allied  Indians,  defeated  tliem  thoroughly  in  a  battle  on  tho 
banks  of  the  Maumee. 

1794.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  granted  a  eharter  to 
Bowdoin  College,  at  Brunswick,  Maine. 

They  also  endowed  it  with  u  hind  grant.  The  college  was  named  after  Gover- 
nor Bowdoin. 

1794.  —  A  LINE  of  packets  was  started  between  Pittsburg  and 
Cincinnati. 

There  were  two  of  thcni,  and  made  tho  trip  every  f(mr  weeks.  Each  boat  was 
arrwd  with  six  cannons,  carrying  pound-balls,  and  plenty  of  muskets.  Tho  piib- 
I'c  were  assured  of  safety,  since  the  cabins  were  proof  against  rifle  or  musket 
balls,  and  provided  with  convenient  port-holes  for  firing  from. 

1794,  September  24.  —  The  commissioners  having  returned 
and  reported,  another  proclamation  was  issued  commanding  sub- 
mission to  the  excise  laws,  and  giving  notice  of  the  advance  of 
the  militia. 

With  the  advance  of  the  militia  all  resistance  ceased.  Arrests  were  made,  and 
two  persons  were  found  guilty  of  treason,  but  were  pardoned. 

1704,  October  15.  —  The  first  silver  coins  were  issued  from 
the  mint. 

The  silver  had  been  deposited  .Tuly  18;  tho  amount  issued  was  $1,758.  The 
silver  dollar  was  to  weigh  371.25  grains  of  pure  metal. 

1794.  —  This  year,  where  Utica,  New  York,  now  stands,  there 
j  was  only  one  log  house  and  two  dwellings. 

1794.  —  George  Scriba,  a  merchant  in  New  York,  who  had 

I  purchased  fifty  thousand  acres  of  land  in  the  present  counties  of 

Oswego  and  Oneida  for   eighty  thousand  dollars,  erected  at  a 

[place  called  Rotterdam  (now  Constantia  Centre),  on  the  shore  of 

jLake  Oneida),  a  saw-mill. 

1794.  —  There  were  this  year  three  flour-mills  at  Fayetteville, 
[North  Carolina. 


462 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1795. 


1795,  January.  —  Congresg  arcended  the  naturalization  act. 

By  this  the  preliminary  rcsidenco  was  made  five  years,  and  the  declaration  of 
intention,  to  be  made  in  some  court  of  record,  must  be  made  three  years  before- 
liiind,  and  the  applicant  must  have  resided  in  the  state  at  least  a  year.  He  was 
also  called  upon  to  renounce  all  foreign  allegiance,  and  make  an  express  renun- 
ciation of  any  title  of  nobility  he  may  have  been  entitled  to. 

1795,  January  16.  —  A  patent  was  issued  to  Jacob  Perkins 
for  a  machine  for  cutting  and  heading  nails. 

He  invented  the  machine  about  1790. 

Jacob  Perkins  was  born  in  Ncwburyport  in  July,  1766.  He  was  apprenticed 
to  a  goldsmith.  As  an  ingenious  inventor,  he  was  very  prolific,  having  taken 
out  seventeen  patents  in  the  United  States  and  a  number  in  England,  where  he 
passed  tlie  latter  part  of  his  life. 

1795,  February.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  gradual 
redemption  of  the  public  debt. 

By  this  act  the  management  of  the  debt  was  taken  from  the  treasury  dcpar.'- 
nicnt  and  vested  in  the  commissioners  of  the  sinking  fund.  The  total  debt 
amounted  to  nearly  seventy-seven  millions.  The  annual  revenue  was  estimated, 
from  the  past,  at  six  millions  and  a  half,  and  the  expenditures  at  nearly  six  mil- 
lions. The  duties  on  imports  were  made  permanent,  and  the  temporary  taxes 
continued  to  March  1,  1801.  From  these  resources  the  debt  would  be  cancelled, 
it  was  estimated,  within  twenty-throe  years.  Hamilton's  official  conduct  liaving 
been  investigated  by  Congress,  and  found  perfectly  satisfactory,  he  resigned,  and 
Oliver  Wolcott  was  appointed  to  the  place. 

1795,  February  25.  —  Union  College,  at  Schenectady,  New 
York,  was  incorporated. 

1795.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  appropriated  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  for  the  establishment  of  public  schools. 

The  money  was  to  be  divided  among  the  towns  and  counties  in  proportion  to 
their  voters,  and  each  county  was  to  raise  from  the  towns  by  taxation  a  sum 
equal  to  one  half  the  amount  allowed  it  by  the  state.  The  idea  had  been  sug- 
gested by  George  Clinton,  the  governor,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature.  The 
appropriation  ended  in  1800. 

1795. — The  society  in  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  to  aid  and 
instruct  emigrants,  recommended  brick-making  as  a  profitable 
pursuit. 

Their  price  was  then  nine  dollars  a  thousand. 

1795.  —  A  SMALL  window-glass  factory  was  set  up  in  Pitts- 
burg, Pennsylvania. 

Wood  was  employed  as  the  fuel. 

1795. — Up  to  this  year  the  amount  realized  in  Massachusetts  i 
from  the  property  confiscated  from  the  loyalists  was  about  one 
hundred  and  twenty  thousand  pounds. 

From  the  property  seized  the  debts  of  the  o^vners  were  paid. 


[1795. 
zation  act. 

le  declaration  of 
rce  years  beforc- 
a  year.  He  was 
in  express  renun- 

Jacob  Perkins 


[c  was  apprenticed 
liflc,  having  taken 
England,  wlicre  he 

or  the  gradual 

the  treasury  dcpatf- 
1.  The  total  debt 
enue  was  cstimaU-d, 
•es  at  nearly  six  inil- 
thc  temporary  taxes 
would  be  cancelled, 
acial  conduct  having 
)ry,  he  resigned,  and 

,henectady,  New 

:iated  fifty  thou- 
|)ols. 

ities  in  proportion  to 
[s  by  taxation  a  sum 
Je  idea  had  been  sug- 
[the  legislature.    The 

Irolina,  to  aid  and 
as  a  profitable 


1795.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


463 


set  up  itt 


Pitts- 


in  Massachusetts 
ks  was  about  one 


laid. 


1795,  May.  —  The  Jersey  Clironide  appeared  at  Mount  Pleas- 
ant, New  Jersey. 

It  was  conducted  by  Philip  Frencau. 

1795,  May  9.  —  The  first  copyright,  ander  the  United  States 
law,  was  granted. 

It  was  granted  to  William  Patten,  a  minister  in  Newport,  Rhode  Island,  for  a 
work  entitled  Christianity  thj  true  Theology :  an  Answer  to  the  Age  of  Reason, 
which  was  printed  at  Warren,  Rhode  Island. 

1795.  —  George  Scriba  erected  at  Constantia  Centre  a  grist- 
mill, the  first  in  Oswego  County,  New  York. 

1795,  July.  —  The  treaty  with  England  was  furnished  by  the 
President  lor  publication  in  the  newspapers. 

The  opposition  to  it  was  expressed  very  strongly  in  various  cities.  A  public 
meeting  in  Boston,  wliich  expressed  a  disapproval  of  it  in  toto,  sent  an  address  to 
tlic  President.  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Charleston,  South  Carolina  Wilming- 
ton, Delaware,  and  other  towns  made  similar  demonstrations.  Gradually,  how- 
ever, the  expression  of  the  counter  opinion  obtained  utterance,  and  numerous 
public  meetings  were  held  at  which  a  favorable  opinion  of  the  treaty  was  ex- 
pressed. 

1795,  August  3.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Northwestern 
Indians. 

General  Wayne  met  a  large  assemblage  of  deputies  from  the  vario-us  tribes  at 
Fort  Grenville.  The  Indian  boundary,  by  this  treaty,  was  to  coi.imence  on  tlie 
Ohio,  opposite  the  moutli  of  the  Kentucky;  thence  the  line  extended  to  Fort 
Recovery  on  the  south-easternmost  head-waters  of  the  Wabash ;  thence  east  to 
Lake  Erie,  by  the  Muskingum  and  Cuyahoga.  All  east  of  this  line  was  ceded  to 
the  United  States,  togetlier  with  sixteen  detached  pieces  of  territory  occupied  as 
posts.  For  this  the  Indians  were  paid  twenty  thousand  dollars  in  goods,  and  a 
yearly  allowance  of  nine  thou-ar  ;I  five  hundred  dollars. 

I'l 95,  August  14.  —  The  President  ratified  the  commercial 
treaty  with  England,  which  had  been  negotiated  by  John  Jay. 

It  liad  been  signed  by  Jay  on  the  19th  of  November,  1794;  and  May  28,  1705, 
Jay  had  returned.  On  the  2d  of  June  it  was  submitted  to  the  Senate,  who  by  a 
vote  of  twenty  to  ten  voted  its  ratification.  Tlie  treaty  provided  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  three  boards  of  commissioners ;  one  to  determine  the  eastern  border  of  the 
United  States,  another  to  ascertain  the  British  debts  due  before  the  Revolution, 
which  tne  United  States  were  to  pay,  and  a  third  to  estimate  the  losses  Americans 
had  incurred  by  seizures  made  by  British  cruisers,  and  which  the  British  govern- 
ment was  to  pay.  As  the  negroes  carried  awny  at  the  end  of  the  Revolution  were 
all  sucli  as  had  been  freed  during  tiie  course  of  the  war  by  proclamation  and 
pro^  ised  British  protection,  no  compensation  for  them  was  to  be  paid.  Tliu 
western  posts  were  to  be  surrendered  on  the  1st  of  June,  1796.  The  rivers  and 
harbors  of  America  were  to  be  opened  to  British  trade.  American  vessels  were 
not  admitted  to  the  harbors  of  the  British  North  American  colonies,  nor  to  the 
rivers  below  the  highest  port  of  entry.  Alienage  was  no  bar  to  the  inhabitants 
<if  eitlior  nation  in  the  possession  of  land,  nor  in  case  of  a  war  was  there  to  be 
"ny  confiscation.    These  points  were  perpetual ;  the  other  commercial  regulations 


464 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1795-6. 


■i^ere  limited  to  two  years  nfter  the  war  then  raging  with  France.  American  ships 
were  allowed  in  British  ports  in  Europe  and  the  East  Indies.  To  the  West  Indies 
only  vessels  not  exceeding  seventy  to  is  were  allowed.  Privateers  were  to  give 
bonds  to  reimburse  neutrals.  Carefully  prepared  provisions  concerning  contraband 
trade  completed  the  treaty,  whicli  contained  also  provisions  for  the  mutual  return 
of  fugitives  guilty  of  murder  or  forgery. 

1795,  SErxEMBER  5. — Tlie  Boston  Prices  Current  and  Marine 
Intelligencer,  Comme.cial  and  Mercantile,  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  the  first  periodical  publication  devoted  chiefly  to  commerce.  In  1789 
it  introduced  politics  into  its  columns,  and  in  1800  its  name  was  changed  to  the 
Boston  Gazette,  and  it  became  a  regular  newspaper. 

1795. —  Gold  was  first  coined  by  the  United  States  mint. 

The  gold  dollar  contained  24.75  grains  of  pure  metal.  The  rating  of  gold  to 
silver  being  lower  than  in  England,  gold  coin  was  exported. 

1795,  October  20.  — A  treaty  with  Spain  settled  the  boundary 
of  Florida,  and  secured  the  free  navigation  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  line  of  Florida  was  between  the  Mississippi  and  tlie  Appalachicola,  the 
31°  of  north  latitude.  East  of  the  Appalacliicola,  a  line  from  the  junction  of  the 
Flint  to  the  head  of  the  St.  Mary's,  and  thence  to  tlie  sea.  The  Americans  for 
three  years  had  the  right  of  deposit  at  New  Orleans,  and  then  this  arrangement 
was  to  be  continued,  or  some  otlier  made. 

1796,  January  11. —  A  convention  adopted  a  constitution  for 
the  state  of  Tennessee. 

The  convention  had  been  called  as  soon  as  the  census  taken  had  shown  the 
number  of  inhabitants  to  be  67,000  and  10,000  slaves.  Under  the  terms  of  tlie 
act  constituting  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio,  the  people  claimed  the  riglit  to 
become  a  state.  By  the  constitution  adopted,  the  right  of  suffrage  was  given  to 
every  freeman  who  had  resided  six  months  in  any  county.  A  property  quali- 
fication was  required  for  the  assembly,  of  which  no  minister  of  the  gospel  could 
be  a  member.  The  governor  must  own  not  less  than  five  hundred  acres  of  land, 
and  was  elected  for  two  years  by  the  people.  The  code  of  North  Carolina  was 
accepted  as  the  law.  No  mention  of  shivery  was  made  in  the  constitution. 
Knoxville  was  made  the  capital  until  1802.  No  person  who  denied  the  being  of  a 
God,  or  a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  could  be  elected  to  any  office. 
The  legislature  was  forbidden  to  compel  any  one  to  attend  any  place  of  worship, 
or  give  any  preference  to  any  religious  establishment.  The  bill  of  rights  forbade 
that  any  religious  test  should  ever  be  required  as  a  qualification  for  any  ofiice. 

179G,  January  15. — The  whole  foreign  debt  of  the  UnitedStates 
was  eleven  milHon  nine  hundred  and  thirty-nine  thousand  dollars. 

It  was  all  due  to  Holland,  and  bore  interest  at  four  and  four  and  a  half  per 
cent.    The  last  of  it  was  paid  in  1810. 

1796,  ItlARCH  30.  —  The  President,  in  a  message  to  the  House, 
declined  to  furnish  the  House  with  the  correspondence  and  othe'' 
documents  relating  to  the  treaty  with  England. 

The  House  had  asked  for  them  in  a  set  of  resolutions  passed  March  24. 


[1795-6. 


179G.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


465 


nerican  ships 
I  West  Indies 
were  to  give 
ig  contraband 
uutual  return 

ind  3Janne 
in  Boston, 

erce.     In  1789 
ihangcd  to  the 

is  mint, 
ting  of  gold  to 

he  boundary 
ssissippi. 
ipalachicola,  the 
i  junction  of  the 
s  Americans  for 
his  arrangement 

nstitution  for 

,n  had  shown  the 
;he  terms  of  the 
limed  the  right  to 
jage  was  given  to 
,  property  qufth- 
the  gospel  could 
jd  acres  of  land, 
Irth  Carolina  wM 
the  constitution, 
led  the  being  of  a 
!ted  to  any  office, 
^lace  of  worship, 
of  rights  forbade 
[for  any  ofi&ce. 
United  States 
lusand  dollars. 
,ur  and  a  half  pet 


to  the  House 
Ince  and  otlie' 

I  March  24. 


1796,  April  29.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  voted  the  ap- 
propriations needed  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  tlie  treaty  with 
England. 

Tlie  vote  was  a  tie,  and  the  chnirman  voted  for  the  appropriations.  Tho 
debate  upon  the  subject  had  been  long  and  violent.  On  the  28tii,  Fisher  Ames,  of 
Massachusetts,  made  his  great  spcecli  in  favor  of  the  treaty,  the  effect  of  which 
was  undoubtedly  to  carry  the  resolutions.  Under  the  treaty  the  commissioners 
■were  appointed  as  follows :  For  ascertaining  the  true  St.  Croix,  as  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  United  States,  Howell  of  lihode  Island ;  to  settle  the  British 
debts,  Fitzsimmons  and  Sitgreaves  J  to  se*Je  the  British  spoliations,  Christopher 
Gore  and  William  Pinkney. 

Fisher  Ames  was  born  at  Dcdhaui,  Massachusetts,  April  9,  1758,  and  died 
July  4,  1808. 

1796.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  intercourse  with 
the  Indians. 

The  boundary  line  was  marked  out,  and  no  white  man  could  cross  it,  cither 
for  hunting  or  pasturage,  without  a  permit  from  some  one  authorized  to  give 
it.  Trade  with  the  Indians  required  a  license.  The  establishment  of  public 
trading-houses  was  also  authorized,  a.id  the  money  appropriated  for  them.  The 
goods  were  to  be  sold  at  prices  which  kept  the  capital  intact.  Though  limited  to 
two  years,  as  an  experiment,  the  system  was  continued,  and  an  end  was  put  to 
the  border  wars,  which  had  lasted  so  long. 

1796.  —  An  act  of  Congress  authorized  the  survey  of  the  pub- 
lic lands  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  they  were  ofiorod  for  sale. 

They  were  divided  into  townships  six  miles  squ.arc,  and  sold  nt  public  sale 
at  an  upset  price  of  two  dollars  an  acre.  The  townships  were  divided  into  thirty- 
six  sections,  and  into  quarters  alternately.  A  year's  credit  for  half  the  purchasc- 
monty  was  given;  ten  per  cent,  discount  being  allowed  for  cash. 

1796.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  appointment 
of  two  more  agents,  to  investigate  impressments,  to  report  to  the 
state  department,  and  to  relieve  tho  sufferers. 

One  agent  was  'o  reside  in  Great  Britain,  and  the  others  elsewhere,  as  the 
President  should  dir  jct. 

1796,  June  1.  —  A  bill  passed  Congress  to  admit  Tennessee 
as  a  state. 

In  April,  a  legislature  had  met  in  Knoxville,  and  copies  of  the  state  constitu- 
tion, and  of  the  census,  had  been  sent  the  President,  who  laid  them  before  Con- 
gress. The  House  was  for  admitting  the  new  state  at  once,  but  the  Senate  thought 
the  census  should  be  taken  by  Congress.  By  a  conference  between  the  houses,  it 
was  agreed  to  admit  the  new  state  at  once,  and  tho  senate  bill,  so  amended,  was 
liasscd.  Senators  from  the  new  state  presented  themselves,  but  were  allowed  on 
the  floor  of  the  Senate  only  as  spectators.  After  the  admission  of  the  state,  they 
again  claimed  their  seats,  but  were  refused  by  the  Senate  on  the  ground  that  their 
credentials  were  dated  before  the  act  admitting  tho  state  to  the  Union. 

1796,  June  11.  —  The  Washington  Gazette  appeared  in  Wash- 
ington. 
The  scat  of  government  had  not  yet  been  removed.     The  commissioners  for 

30 


111 


f,\ 

4G6 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1796. 


the  erection  of  the  puljlic  buildings  in  Washington  reported  ihat  from  tlie  dona- 
tions given  by  Virginia  and  Maryland,  together  with  the  sale  of  lots  in  the  eity, 
they  had  received  seven  hundred  and  sixty-eight  thousand  dollars.  They  had  on 
ban  1  four  thousand  seven  hundred  lots,  valued  at  one  niiilion  three  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  The  money  received  had  been  expended  in  laying  the  foundation  of 
the  Capitol  and  in  building  a  house  for  the  President;  and,  to  continue  tlie  work 
they  wanted  authority  to  mortgage  the  lots  for  tliree  hundred  thousand  dolliir.--, 
the  loan  to  be  guaranteed  by  the  United  States.  Congress  poised  the  act,  but  the 
money  could  bo  borrowed,  finally,  only  from  the  state  of  Maryland,  in  United 
btates  stock,  and  tlien  only  two  thirds  of  the  amount  desired. 

1796.  —  The  Sciota  Gazette  appeared  at  Chillicotbe,  Ohio. 

It  was  established  by  Nathaniel  Willis. 

1796.  —  A  MANUFACTORY  of  bolting  cloth  from  Georgia  silk 
was  established  at  Wilmington,  Delaware. 

1796.  — Eleven  hundred  mill  sites  were  occupied  at  this  time 
in  New  Jersey,  and  five  hundred  of  them  by  flouring-mills. 

1796.  —  A  WATER-POWER  mill,  near  Philadelphia,  Rumsey's 
■nattern,  improved  by  Baker,  ground  and  bolted  flour,  ground 
chocoh\te,  snuff,  hair-powder,  and  mustard,  and  pressed  and 
cut  tobacco. 

1796,  June  29.  —  The  treaty  with  the  Creeks  was  renewed. 

They  were  given  nn  annuity  of  six  thousand  dollars,  and  provided  with  twn 
blacksmiths.  The  right  to  establish  such  trading-houses  as  the  President  might 
find  necessary,  was  also  obtalm-d. 

1796,  July  31.  —  The  first  issue  of  gold  coin  was  made  from 
the  mint. 

The  gold  was  deposited  for  coinage,  February  12,  1795. 

1796.  —  The  Eastern  Star  appeared  in  llallowell,  Maine. 

1796.  —  The  Post  appeared  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

1796,  September.  —  Charles  C.  ^^inckney  was  appointed  miuis- 
ter  to  France. 

Monroe  was  recalled ;  he  had  overstepped  his  instructions  in  his  relations  with 
France.     On  his  return  he  published  his  vindication. 

1796.  —  John  Fitch  moved  a  small  boat  on  the  Collect  Pond, 
in  New  York  city,  by  a  small  engine,  and  a  worm-scrcAV  project- 
ing from  the  stern  of  the  boat. 

This  was  the  first  employment  of  the  screw  as  a  method  of  naval  propulsion. 

1796.— "The  American  Coast  Pilot,"  by  Edmund  Blunt,  of 
Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  wa£>  published. 

This  work  is  used  by  seamen  all  over  the  world,  no  port  in  this  country  being 
undescribed.  It  still  remains  an  authority,  and  has  been  translated  into  various 
foreign  languages. 


[1796. 

■om  the  dona- 
ts  in  the  city, 
They  had  on 
lumdrcd  thou- 
foundation  of 
inue  the  work 
usand  ihilliirs', 
lie  act,  but  Uiu 
ind,  in  United 


1796.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


467 


Ohio. 


Georgia 


silk 


[  at  tlu3  time 
r-mills. 

a,  Ramsey's 
iour,  ground 
pressed  and 

s  renewed. 

rovidcd  with  two 
;  President  miglit 

'as  made  from 


I,  Maine. 
'Ivania. 
Ipoiiited  miuis- 

his  relations  will' 

Collect  rond, 
[screw  project- 

|aval  propulsion. 
lund  Blunt,  ot 

this  country  being 
[slated  into  various 


179(1.  —  This  year  the  town  of  Milton,  Massachn setts,  had,  be- 
sides other  manufactories,  three  paper-mills.  On  the  Ncponset 
there  were  six,  and  in  the  state,  twenty. 

1796,  September  18.  —  Washington  issued  hia  Farewell  Ad- 
dress. 

He  had  resolved,  at  the  end  of  his  second  term,  to  rct're  to  private  life. 

1796.  —  The  Scourge  of  Aristocracy  and  Depository  of  Impor- 
tant Political  Truth  appeared  at  Castleton,  Vermont. 

It  was  published  by  Matthew  Lyon.  He  is  said  to  have  made  hi.,  own  type,  and 
used  paper  made  by  himself  from  the  bark  of  the  bass-wood  tree.  His  paper  aided 
Ills  election  to  the  House  of  Representatives. 

1796.  —  The  legislature  of  North  Carolina  re-enacted  the  law 
prohibiting  emancipation,  except  for  meritorious  conduct. 
Even  tlien  it  required  the  allowance  of  the  county  courts. 

1796,  October.  — Cleveland,  Ohio,  was  settled. 

It  was  tlic  point  of  departure  on  Lake  Erie  of  the  line  for  the  boundary  of  the 
Indian  territory.  It  was  named  after  General  Moses  Cleveland  of  Connecticut. 
It  is  now  quite  a  railroad  and  commercial  centre. 

1796.  —  From  Philadelphia,  this  year,  there  were  four  daily 
stages  to  New  York — at  four,  five,  six,  and  eight  o'clock  a.m.; 
ii  line  of  packet  boats  to  Bordentown,  thence  by  stage  to  Amboy, 
and  thence  by  packet  to  New  York  ;  a  daily  stage  to  Baltimore, 
a  tri-weekly  mail-carriage,  and  six  days  in  the  week  by  packet 
and  stage  combined;  a  stage  twice  a  week  for  Liuicaster  and 
Burlington,  and  six  other  weekly  stages  to  various  points. 

1796.  —  Sugar  was  manufactured  from  the  cane  in  Louisiana 
by  M.  Etienne  Bord,  on  his  plantation  just  above  New  Orleans. 

He  had  been  partially  successful  the  year  before.  Unsuccessful  attempts  had 
been  made  previously. 

1796,  November  5.  —  The  French  minister,  Adet,  published  in 
the  newspapers  an  order,  in  the  name  of  the  French  Directory, 
calling  upon  all  Frenchmen  residing  in  America  to  mount  the 
tri-colored  cockade. 

Many  of  tlie  sympathizers  with  the  French  republic  began  also  to  wear  the  tri- 
colored  cockade.  TJiis  was  the  beginning  of  this  custom,  which,  as  the  excite- 
ment of  party  politics  grew  stronger,  became  very  common  as  a  mark  of  party 
allegiance. 

1796,  November  11.  —  A  patent  was  granted  to  Isaac  Garret- 
son,  of  Pennsylvania,  and,  on  December  12,  another  to  George 
Chandler,  of  Maryland,  for  machines  for  cutting  and  heading 
nails. 

Later,  others  were  granted  to  different  inventors ;  that  to  Jesse  Reed,  of  Massa- 
clmsetts,  being  the  nvost  important.    It  has  been  estimated  tliat  from  1794,  the 


468 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTII  AMERICA. 


[1797. 


timo  of  the  first  patent,  to  1810,  over  one  million  dollars  had  been  spent  In  bring, 
ing  them  to  perfection.  Tlmt  year  Albert  Gallatin,  as  secretary  of  the  treasury, 
made  the  value  of  this  American  invention  generally  known;  and  Joseph  C.  Dyer, 
of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  took  out  patents  in  England  for  the  American  machines, 
built  mama',  stories,  and  settled  in  EnyUmd.  In  1K56  it  was  computed  that  die 
United  Statca  produced  eighty-ono  thousand  four  hundred  and  sixty-two  ions  of 
nails. 

1797.  —  The  first  national  vessel  built  upon  Lake  Erie  was 
launched  this  year  at  Four-Mile  Creek,  near  Erie,  Pennsylvania. 
She  was  named  the  JVashinyion,  and  was  lost  soon  after. 

1797.  —  New  York  state  legislated  for  the  first  time  upon  tlio 
subject  of  salt-works. 

The  yield  of  the  wells  is  generally  a  bushel  of  salt  to  every  thirty  or  fifty  gal- 
Jons  of  brine  evaporated.  The  average  of  sea-water  is  a  bushel  to  about  three 
hundred  to  three  hundred  and  fitly  gallons.  As  early  as  1791,  salt  from  Onondaga 
could  be  purchased  sixty  miles  west  of  it  for  half  a  dollar,  where  it  had  previously 
cost  many  dollars. 

1797.  —  Newbern,  North  Ctiiolina,  had  about  four  hundred 
houses,  all  built  of  wood,  except  the  palace  built  for  Governor 
Tryon. 

1797. — A  GLASS-FACTORY  Went  into  operation  at  Pittsburg,  Pcnu- 
Bylvania. 

Peter  W.  Eichbaum,  of  Philadeli>hia,  erected  the  works  for  General  Janica 
O'llara  and  Mr.  Craig.  A  memorandum,  found  ai\er  his  death  among  Genernl 
O'Hara's  papers,  read,  "  To-day  wo  made  the  first  bottle,  at  the  cost  of  thirty 
thousand  dollars."  Elint-glass  and  window-glass  were  afterwards  made,  and  coal 
vas  used  as  fuel. 

1797.  —  A  CHARTER  was  obtained  for  the  Massachusetts  Mutual 
Fire  Insurance  Company. 

This  was  the  first  mutual  insurance  company  in  the  state. 

1797,  February  8.  —  The  electoral  votes  were  opened  and 
counted  in  the  presence  of  both  houses  of  Congress,  with  the 
result  of  the  choice  of  John  Adams  for  President,  and  Thomas 
Jefierson  Vice-President. 

As  Vice-President,  John  Adams  declared  the  result. 

1797,  MvRCH.  —  The  Time  Piece  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  was  published  by  riiiiip  Erencau,  and  subsequently  Matthew  L.  Davis  be- 
came its  editor. 

1797,  March  4.  —  John  Adams  was  inaugurated  as  President. 

Washington  retired  to  Mount  Vernon,  in  his  progress  thither  receiving  various 
evidences  of  the  regard  of  the  people  for  him.  The  following  extract  from  an 
article  communicated  to  the  Aurora,  tlie  opposition  paper  of  Philadelphia,  edited 
by  Scnjamin  Franklin  Bacho,  will  show  the  height  of  party  spirit  at  the  time. 


[1797. 

pent  in  bring- 
tlio  treasury, 
icpli  C.  Dyer, 
can  niacliines, 
puted  that  die 
,y-two  ions  of 

e  Erie  was 
niiisylvania. 

ter. 

ne  upon  tlio 

rty  or  fifty  gal- 

to  about  three 

from  Onondaga 

t  had  previously 

bur  hundred 
for  Governor 


;tsburg,rcnu. 

.  General  Janiea 
1  among  General 
lie  cost  of  thirty 
id  made,  and  coal 

iusett3  Mutual 


opened  and 
fress,  with  the 
1,  and  Thomas 


York. 
Ihew  L.  Davis  be- 

I  as  President. 

receiving  various 

r  extract  from  an 

■uladclphia,  edited 

Ipirit  at  the  time 


1797.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


469 


The  article  is  said  to  have  been  written  by  Michael  Leib,  a  member  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania assembly,  and  was  printed  March  6. 

"  The  man  who  is  tlie  source  of  all  the  misfortunes  of  our  country  is  this  day 
rtduced  to  a  level  with  his  fellow-citizens,  and  is  no  longer  possessed  of  power 
to  multiply  ov-ls  upon  the  United  States.  If  ever  there  was  a  period  of  rejoicing, 
this  is  ♦he  moment.  Every  heart  in  unison  with  the  freedom  and  happiness  of  the 
people  ought  to  beat  high  with  exultation  that  the  name  of  Washington  from  this 
d:iy  ceases  to  give  a  currency  to  political  'niquity  and  to  legalized  corruption.  A 
new  era  is  now  opening  upon  us,  an  era  which  promises  much  to  the  people ;  for 
public  measures  must  now  stand  upon  their  own  merits,  .and  nefarious  projects 
can  no  longer  be  supported  by  a  name." 

1797,  March  25.  —  A  special  session  of  Congress  was  called 
by  a  proclaraatioa  from  the  Pi-esident. 

Dfsp.-itches  had  been  received  from  Pinckncy,  telling  of  the  refusal  of  the 
French  Directory  to  receive  hii.i  's  minister,  or  to  permit  his  stay  in  France. 
News  was  received  at  the  same  time  of  the  capture  of  American  vessels  by  the 
French  privateers. 

1797,  March.  —  Porcuinne's  Gazette  appeared  in  Philadelphia. 

It  was  published  by  William  Cobbctt,  o  id  was  the  eighth  daily  paper  then  pub- 
lished in  riiiladolphia. 

1797,  May  10.  — News  was  received  of  a  decree  of  the  French 
Directory  of  July  2,  1796. 

By  this,  American  vessels  and  their  cargoes  were  declared  lawful  captures  for 
any  cause  recognized  as  lawful  by  the  treaty  with  England ;  and  Americans  found 
serving  on  hostile  armed  vessels  were  to  be  treated  as  i)irates,  though  they  pleaded 
compulsion  as  their  excuse.     This  applied  to  sailors  impressed  by  the  British. 

1797,  May  13.  —  The  special  Congress  assembled. 

During  its  eight  weeks'  session,  it  apportioned  eighty  thousand  militia  among 
the  states,  to  be  ready  at  a  moment's  warning;  appropriated  one  Imndred  and  fif- 
teen thousand  dollars  for  defence  of  the  harbors ;  prohibited  the  exportation  of 
munitions  of  war,  and  encouraged  their  importation ;  authorized  the  building  of 
three  frigates,  and  a  number  of  revenue  cutters ;  imposed  a  fine  of  ten  thousand 
dollars  and  ten  years'  imprisonment  for  fitting  out  any  privateer,  or  being  con- 
nected with  one  armed  against  nations  at  peace  with  the  United  States ;  authorized 
a  loan  of  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  raised  the  import  duties,  and  laid 
specific  taxes  by  stamps  and  other  methods.  The  Committee  of  Ways  and  Means 
was  this  session  organized  of  seven  members  t.iken  from  the  House  at  large. 

1797,  May.  —  A  grand  jury,  at  Eichmond,  Virginia,  presented 
letters  from  members  of  Congress  to  their  constituents  as  au 
evil. 

The  charge  specified  as  "a  real  evil  the  circular  letters  of  several  members 
of  tlie  late  Congress,  and  particularly  letters  with  the  signature  of  Samuel  J. 
Cabell,"  and  spoke  of  them  as  "endeavoring,  at  a  time  of  real  public  danger,  to 
(lisstMuinatc  unfounded  calumnies  against  the  happy  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  thereby  to  separate  the  people  therefrom,  and  to  increase  or  produce 
a  foreign  influence  ruinous  to  the  peace,  liappiness,  and  independence  of  the 
United  States."    Cabell  responded  by  saying  that  the  grand  jury  had  gone  out  of 


"I" 


470 


ANNALS   OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


[1797. 


their  province.  Nothing  further  came  of  it,  thouj^h  it  was  proposed  to  follow  it 
up  by  proceedings  of  some  kind  against  the  grand  jury,  and  Judge  Iredell  who 
had  charged  them.  The  incident  is  an  indication  of  how  high  the  political  exeito- 
incnt  was  at  tlio  time  upon  the  question  of  support  fur  France  in  her  struggle 
against  the  feudal  institutions  of  Europe. 

1797,  June  2.  —  Envoys  to  Frame  were  appointed. 

They  were  John  Marshall,  Pinckney,  and  v  erry. 

1797,  July  9.  —  Tho  Senate  expelled  William  Blount,  a  mem- 
ber irom  Tennessee. 

The  House  had  asked  that  he  be  "sequestered  from  his  seat  "until  his  im- 
peachment was  decided.  He  iiad  been  engaged  in  a  plot  to  transfer  New  Orleans 
and  Louisiana  to  the  British,  by  means  of  an  expedition.  He  had  been  governor 
of  the  territory  south  of  the  Ohio.  On  his  return  home,  Blount  was  elected  to 
the  state  senate,  and  made  its  president. 

1797,  August  —  A  warrant  was  issued  against  William  Cob- 
bett  by  Chief-Justice  McKean  of  Pennsylvania,  for  having  libelled 
various  persons,  and  he  was  bound  over  in  bonds  to  keep  the  peace. 

In  November,  another  warrant  was  issued  against  liim  for  publishing  certain 
libels  on  the  king  of  Spain  and  his  ministcT,  and  tho  Spanish  luition,  "  tending  to 
alienate  their  affections  and  regard  from  the  government  and  citizens  of  tlie 
United  States,  and  to  excite  them  to  hatred,  hostilities,  and  war."  In  his  cliarge 
to  the  grand  jury,  Judge  M'Kean  spoke  of  Cobbctt  as  ♦'  licentious  and  virulent  be- 
yond all  former  example."     The  grand  jury,  however,  took  no  notice  of  tlie  ease. 

1797.  —  Amos  Whittemore,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts, 
patented  a  machine  for  making  cotton  and  wool  cards. 

He  said  that  the  proper  method  occurred  to  him  in  a  dream.  He  went  to  Eng- 
land to  secure  a  patent  there,  but  it  was  not  granted.  He  sold  his  patent  for  this 
country,  but  it  was  afterwards  bought  back  by  one  of  his  brothers.  Whittemore 
was  born  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  April  19,  1759;  died  in  West  Cambridge, 
April,  1828. 

1797.  —  The  first  patent  for  a  cast-iron  plough  in  this  country 
was  issued  to  Charhs  Newbold,  of  Burlington,  New  Jersey. 

It  combined  the  mould-board,  share,  and  land-slide,  all  being  cast  togelhor. 

It  was  asserted  at  first  that  cast-iron  poisoned  the  land  and    polled  the  crop. 

A  form  of  the  wooden  plough  used  heretofore,  and  known  as  the  "  Ciirey 
Plow,"  is  thus  described  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Flint :  "It  was  more  extensively  used  tlian 
any  other,  though  its  particular  form  varied  very  mucli,  according  to  the  skill  of 
each  blacksmith  or  wheelwright  who  made  it.  The  land-slide  and  the  standard 
■were  made  of  wood,  and  it  had  a  wooden  mould-board,  often  roughly  plated  over 
■with  pieces  of  old  saw-plate,  tin,  or  sheet-iron.  It  had  a  clumsy  wrouglit-iron 
share,  while  the  handles  were  upright,  held  in  place  by  two  wooden  pins.  It  took 
a  strong  man  to  hold  it,  and  about  double  the  strength  of  team  now  required  to  do 
the  same  amount  of  work.  The  '  bar-share  plow,'  sometimes  called  the  '  hill- 
plow,'  was  also  used.  A  flat  bar  forming  the  land-slide,  with  an  immense  clump 
of  iron,  shaped  like  half  of  a  lance-head,  into  the  upper  part  of  which  a  kind  of 
colter  was  fastened,  which  served  as  a  point.  It  had  a  wooden  mould-board  fitted 
to  the  iron  work  in  a  most  bungling  manner.    A  sharp-pointed  shovel,  held  with 


[1797. 

i  to  follow  it 
.  Iredell  who 
liticul  cxcito- 
hur  struggle 


1797.] 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMEllICA. 


471 


nt,  a  mcm- 

'  until  his  im- 
r  New  Orleans 
been  governor 
frsia  elected  to 

niliam  Cob- 
ving  libelled 
3p  tlie  peace. 

blishing  certain 
on,  "tending to 

citizens  of  the 
In  Ids  charge 

ivnd  virulent  hc- 
)tiee  of  the  ease. 

assaclmsetts, 

is. 

lie  went  to  Eng- 

3  patent  for  this 

rg.     Whittcmore 

Vest  Cambridge, 


the  rovcrpc-side  up,  nnd  drawn  forward  with  the  point  in  the  ground,  would  give 
nil  idea  of  its  work.  Thin  tlicre  was  the  'shovel-plow,'  in  very  general  use  in  tlio 
middle  and  southern  colonies.  A  roughly-hewn  stick  was  used  for  the  beam,  and 
into  this  another  stick  was  framed,  upon  the  edge  of  which  there  wa«  a  piece  of 
iron,  siiiiped  a  little  like  a  sharp-pointed  sliovel.  The  two  rough  handles  were 
niiik'd,  or  pinned,  to  the  sides  of  tiie  beam.  A  plow  known  as  the  '  hog  plow ' 
was  also  used  in  some  parts  of  the  country,  in  ihe  last  nnd  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century,  so  called,  probably,  on  account  of  its  rooting  propensity.  Speci- 
mens of  thiis  plow  were  taken  to  Canada  in  1808,  for  use  tiiere,  wliich  wrald  seem 
to  indiciitc  that  it  was  thought  to  be  one  of  the  best  plows  then  made.  These  old 
forms  of  the  wooden  plow  continued  to  be  used,  with  little  or  no  improvement, 
till  some  time  after  the  beginning  of  the  present  century.  The  wooden  plow  was 
liable  to  rapid  decay.  As  for  the  other  implements  of  husbandry,  they  were  very 
fi'W  and  very  rude.  The  threshing  was  done  with  tlio  flail ;  the  winnowing  was 
done  by  tlie  wind.  Slow  and  laborious  hand-labor  for  nearly  all  the  processes  of 
tlie  farm  was  the  rule,  and  machine-labor  the  exception,  till  a  comparatively  re- 
lent date.  Indeed,  it  has  been  said  that  a  strong  man  could  have  carried  on  his 
shoulders  all  tlie  implements  used  on  his  farm,  except,  perhaps,  the  old  wooden 
curt  and  the  harrow,  previous  to  the  beginning  of  the  present  century ;  and  we 
know  that  the  number,  as  well  as  the  variety,  of  these  tools  was  extremely  small." 
A  Hi  museript  upon  the  correct  form  of  the  mould-board,  with  mathematical  cal- 
I'uliitions,  written  l)y  Thomas  Jefferson  in  1790,  is  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  Flint. 

1797.  The  quarterly  Medical  Repository,  the  first  sciontific 
journul  hi  America,  was  started  by  Drs.  Edward  MiiUer,  Edward 
Mitchell,  and  Elihu  Smith,  in  New  York. 

Dr.  Mitchill  was  the  first  editor,  and  held  the  ofHce  for  sixteen  years.  lie  was 
horn  at  North  Hempstead,  Long  Island,  August  20,  17G4;  died  September  7,  1831, 
in  New  York. 

1789-97.  — First  administration,  1789  to  1797. 

President,  George  Washington,  of  Virginia,  two  terms. 

Vice-President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusett  ,  two  terms. 

(Thomas  .Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  2G,  1789. 
Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  Jan.  2,  1794. 
Timothy  Pickering,  of  Massachusetts,  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  (  Alexander  Hamilton,  of  New  York,  Sept.  11,  1789. 
^   \  Oliver  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  Feb.  3,  179.^). 

(Henry  Knox,  of  Massachusetts,  Sept.  12,  1789. 
Timothy  Pickering,  of    **  Jan.  2,  1795. 

James  Mcllenry,  of  Maryland,  Jan.  27,  1796. 
Samuel  Osgood,  of  Massachusetts,  Sept.  2C,  1789, 
Timothy  Pickering,  of  '»  Nov.  7,  1794. 

Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia,  Feb.  25,  1795. 
Edmund  Randolph,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  20,  1789. 
William  Bradford,  of  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  27,  1794. 
Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  Dec.  10,  1795. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,-  of  Pcnnslyvania,  First  Congress,  1789. 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  of  Connecticut,  Second  Congress,  1791. 
Frederick  A.  Muhlenberg,  of  Pennsylvania,  Third  Congress,  1793. 
Jonathan  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  Fourth  Congress,  1795. 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Postmasters-General, 


Attorneys-General, 


'!)!f 


472 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMLIJCA. 


[1798. 


1798,  Feuruary.  —  Tlio  first  personal  encounter  on  tlio  floor 
of  tho  House  of  llopreBontutivoa  took  place,  and  was  not  j)un- 
islicd. 

Lyon,  tlio  monibpr  from  Vermont,  spat  in  tlio  face  of  Grlswolil,  tlio  niciiibcr 
from  Connecticut,  on  January  •!();  and  on  February  12  a  motion  to  expel  liiiii  was 
lost,  ns  it  required  a  two-thirds  vote.  On  tlie  l")tli  of  Fel)ruary,  (irixwold  caiu'd 
Lyon  on  tlio  floor  of  the  House,  after  the  reudiiif^  of  prayers,  but  before  tlie  llouso 
was  called  to  order.  February  23,  a  vote  to  expel  both  of  them  was  lost,  as  was 
also  a  vote  of  censure. 

1798,  March.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  creating  the  Missis- 
8ip[)i  Territory. 

It  embraced  that  portion  of  the  lato  British  province  of  West  Florida 
lyinp  between  the  31°  of  north  latitude  and  a  lino  duo  east  from  tho  moutli  of 
the  Yazoo  to  the  Chattahoochee.  It  was  to  be  constituted  and  regulated  in  nil 
respects  like  the  territory  northwest  of  the  Ohio,  except  that  slavery  was  not  pro- 
hibited in  it.  During  the  debate,  tho  motion  was  made  to  forbid  slavery,  but  on 
the  vote  was  lost,  only  twelve  votes  being  given  in  its  favor,  tlie  majority  of  tlicni 
"uy  slaveholders.  A  few  days  afterwards,  an  amendment  was  carried,  forljidding 
the  introduction  of  slaves  in  tho  new  territory  from  without  the  luuits  of  the 
United  States. 

1798,  March. — Tho  President  notified  Congress  that  despatches 
had  been  received  Iroui  the  envoys  to  France,  and  that  the  uiis- 
siou  was  a  I'ailuro. 

The  envoys  were  never  officially  received,  but,  luing  kept  in  suspense  for  a 
long  time,  were  finally  dismissed. 

1798,  April  3.  —  Tho  papers  relating  to  the  mission  to  France 
WcM'o  furnished  Congress. 

They  wore  soon  printed.  The  evidence  they  afforded  that  I'le  leaders  in  power 
in  France  were  more  interested  in  getting  money  from  America  than  in  forming 
an  alliance,  justified  fully  tlie  action  of  tho  administration.  From  this  time  arose 
the  populiir  saying,  "  Jlillions  for  defence,  but  not  one  cent  for  tribute." 

1798,  May  4.  —  Harper's  Ferry,  in  Virginia,  was  selected  as 
the  site  for  a  government  armory  and  manufactory. 

1798,  May. —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  raising  a  provisional 
army. 

It  empowered  the  President,  at  any  time  within  three  years,  in  case  of  a  war 
declared  against  the  United  States,  or  an  actual  invasion  by  a  foreign  power,  or  a 
danger  of  such  invasion,  to  enlist  ten  thousand  men  for  three  years.  Another 
act,  passed  soon  after,  gave  the  President  power  to  authorize  commanders  of  ships 
of  war  to  seize  and  liring  to  port  for  trial  any  armed  vessel  which  had  conmiitted 
depredations  on  American  shipping,  or  might  be  intending  to  do  so. 

1798,  May.  —  "  Hail  Columbia  "  first  appeared,  and  had  a  great  | 
success. 

It  was  written  by  Joseph  Ilopkinson,  of  Philadelphia.     It  was  adapted  to 
air  called  the  President's  March.     "  Adams  and  Liberty,"  by  Robert  T.  Painei  I 


[1798. 

1  tlio  floor 
8  nut  pvin- 

,  tho  nvmbcr 
expel  him  w^s 
riswoUl  ciimd 
fore  the  Houho 
ua  lost,  iia  was 

tho  Missis- 
West  Florida 
1  the  mouth  of 
regulnteil  hi  all 
cry  was  not  pro- 
shivery,  but  on 
uajority  of  them 
irvieil,  forbidding 
,he   Uinils  of  the 

lat  dospivtclies 
that  tho  uiis" 

in  Buspci\sc  for  a 
,sion  to  France 

|c  loaders  in  powei 
IV  than  in  fovniing 

„n  this  time  arose 

tribute." 

selected  as 


1798.] 


ANNALS  OP  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


473 


7aa 


asioml 


y  a  prov 


L  in  case  of  a«t 
V()reit?n  power,  or » 
L  years.  A""'*'"' 
Jommandersofsliipi 
Inch  had  couiniitlcJ 
Jlo  so. 

laud  bad  a  great  I 

vras  adapted  to  ai  I 
L  Robert  T.  rain«i 


of  Boston,  had  also  a  great  popularity  during  tho  excitement  concerning  a  war 
with  Franco. 

1798.  —  The  Shakers  at  Watorvliot,  Now  York,  began   the 
raanufacturo  of  brooms. 
Tliey  were  sold  at  lll'ty  cents. 

1798.  —  The  navy -yard  at  Charlostown,  Masaacliusetta,  was 
started. 

It  is  tho  best  in  the  country,  and  many  of  tho  largest  and  finest  vessels  in  tho 
service  were  built  here. 

1798.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  machino  for  making  horn  combs  was 
granted  to  Isaac  Tryon  of  Connecticut. 

1798.  —  The  legislature  of  Now  York  granted  to  Chnncellor 
Livingston  an  exchisive  right  to  navigate  tho  iidand  waters  of 
tho  stato  by  vessels  propelled  by  fire  or  steam. 

In  ISOJi  tho  Icfjishituro  extended  tlie  diiraticm  of  the  monopoly  for  twenty  years, 
and  extended  the  time  for  nuiking  the  exjieriuient  to  1807. 

1798.  —  Nathan  Read,  of  Warren,  Massachusetts,  patented  a 
machine  for  cutting  and  heading  nails  at  one  operation. 

Read  was  born  at  Warren,  July  2,  17.'>0;  died  at  IJclfast,  Maine,  January  20, 
1841.  In  17'JG  he  started,  with  others,  the  Kalem  Iron  Foundiry.  In  17.S8  ho 
Jfviscd  for  Fulton  a  cylinder  to  be  used  on  his  steamboats,  and  in  17!)1  patented 
tlic  nuiltitubular  boiler.  He  built  a  small  boav  for  his  own  use,  fitted  with  pad- 
dle-win'cls  and  cranks ;  also  planned  a  steani-c.uTiage,  witli  a  tubular  boiler ; 
difleront  puniping-engines  and  tliresliing-machines.  By  profession  he  was  a 
lawyer,  and  was  for  many  years  chief  justice  in  Hancock  County,  Maine. 

1798.  —  The  first  straw  bonnet  braided  in  tho  United  States 
wa!^  made  by  Miss  Metcalf,  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  after- 
wards Mrs.  Baker. 

It  was  in  imitation  of  an  imported  bonnet,  and  a  fae-simile  is  preserved  by  the 
Riiode  Island  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of  Domestic  Industry,  to  whom 
Mrs.  Baker  sent  it.  This  was  the  first  step  in  this  industry,  wliich  Is  now  an 
important  one. 

1798.  —  This  year  the  first  American-built  vessel  on  Lake 
Ontario  was  launched  at  Ilanlbrd's  Landing,  three  miles  below 
Rochester. 

She  was  called  the  Jemima,  and  was  thirty  tons  burden. 

1798.  —  It  was  stated,  this  year,  that  there  were  in  New  Jer- 
sey eleven  hundred  improved  mill  sites,  of  which  about  six 
hundred  were  occupied  with  saw-mills,  fulling-mills,  forges, 
iiunaces,  slitting  and  rolling  mills,  pa{)er,  powder,  and  oil  mills, 
u  large  portion  of  them  being  saw-mills. 

1798.  —  liusselVs  Echo,  or  the  North  Star,  appeared  in  Frye- 
burg,  Maine. 

It  was  published  by  Elijah  Russell. 


iU 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1798. 


7.798.  —  The  Bee  appeared  in  Now  London,  Connecticut. 

It  wivH  publiHliod  by  ClmrlcH  Holt.  It  oppoHcd  the  administration,  and,  undor 
tlio  Sedition  Act,  Holt  wuh  (Im-d  niid  iinprisonud  in  IMOO. 

1798.  —  A  MANUFACTORY  of  firo-arms  was  erected  at  Whitney- 
villo,  Connecticut,  by  Eli  Whitney. 

IIu  had  obtained  a  contract  from  the  government  for  ten  thouHitnd  fltand  of 
arni§.  Most  of  iiis  machinery  for  their  nianufaeturo  l\o  invented  for  hiui.self. 
His  buildings  were  tlie  models  upon  which  tlie  national  armories  were  afterwards 
arranged. 

1798.  —  Berks  County,  Pennsylvania,  had  six  furnaces  and  aa 
nmny  forges. 

1798,  June.  —  Congress  passed  three  acts  relative  to  aliens. 

The  first  of  these  iixtcnded  the  period  of  residence  necessary  to  naturalization 
to  fourteen  years,  with  five  years  subsequent  to  the  declaration  of  intention.  A 
register  to  be  kept  of  aliens,  who  were  to  report  themselves,  and  the  entry  in  tiii.i 
to  bo  the  only  proof  of  residence,  m  case  of  application  for  citizcnsiiip.  The  sec- 
ond act  gave  tiic  President  authority,  for  two  years,  to  send  such  alienn  as  he  saw 
fit  out  of  the  country.  The  tliird  provided  that,  in  case  of  war  or  invasion,  nil 
aliens,  upon  a  proclamation  to  this  effect,  to  be  issued  at  the  President's  discretion, 
should  be  apprehended  and  sent  away  or  secured. 

1798,  June.  —  An  act  wap  passed  by  Congress  suspending  all 
commercial  relations  with  I'lunco  or  her  dependencies. 

1798,  June  21.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress  the 
fact  of  the  return  of  Marshall,  one  of  the  envoys  to  Franco,  to- 
gether with  the  correspondence  concerning  the  whole  matter. 

Gerry  had  written  that  he  would  remain,  and  a  letter  was  sent  him  rceullin^' 
him.  For  the  first  time,  this  communication  from  the  President  was  printed,  and 
distributed  among  the  people. 

1798,  June  25.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  authority  to 
merchant  ships  to  defend  themselves  against  search  or  seizure  by 
any  vessel  under  French  colors. 

The  act  was  to  remain  in  force  until  the  President  should  announce  that  the 
French  had  conformed  to  the  law  of  nations.  Merchant  vessels  were  also  author- 
ized to  capture  anv  such  vessel  as  attempted  to  search  or  seize  them,  and  to  retake 
any  vessel  captured  by  the  French,  and  given  a  claim  of  salvage  in  such. 

1798,  June  30.  —  The  President  was  authorized  to  accept  ves- 
sels furnished  by  private  subscription,  and  pay  for  such  in  stock. 

Seven  hundred  and  eleven  thousand  seven  hundred  dollars  were  paid  for  vessels 
'thus  furnished.  The  movement  for  constructing  them  was  very  general,  all  the 
large  towns  taking  part  in  it.  In  Cincinnati  a  subscription  was  opened  for  buildiiiij 
a  galley  for  the  defence  of  the  Mississippi. 

1798,  June.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  abolishing  imprisonment 
for  debt. 


[1798. 


1798.] 


ANNAL8  OF  NOPTH  AMERICA. 


475 


lent. 

1,  and,  unJot 

t  Whitney- 


iiind  Btnnd  of 
1  for  himself", 
ere  afterwards 


lacea 


and  as 


to  aliona. 

I  naturalization 
f  intention.  A 
lie  entry  in  this 
ship.  The  8CC- 
alit-nn  as  he  saw 
or  invasion,  all 
lent's  discretion, 

lapeucling  all 
ies. 

Congrcsa  the 
,o  Franco,  to- 
lie  matter, 
nt  him  recalling 
was  printed,  and 

authority  to 
or  seizure  by 

inno'incc  that  the 
[were  also  author- 
Lm,  and  to  retake 
|e  in  such. 

|to  accept  ves- 
such  in  stock. 

Ire  paid  for  vosseli 
|ry  general,  all  the 
Tpened  for  building 

imprisonment 


All  debtors  of  the  United  States,  on  proving  to  the  secretary  of  state  their  !n- 
Bl)ilily  to  pay,  and  that  they  made  no  fraudulent  concealiuont  of  tlu-ir  projjerty, 
were  to  bo  released  from  jtrison.  The  jud^'inent  to  stand  against  their  property, 
and  the  act  not  to  apply  in  cases  of  fine,  forfeiture,  penalty,  or  breach  of  trust. 

1798,  June.  —  Congrosa  passod  an  act  for  the  benefit  of  sea- 
mo  n. 

Twenty  cents  a  montli  were  to  he  retained  from  their  wages,  by  the  collectors 
of  the  ports,  to  be  used  for  a  fund  for  the  erection  of  hospitals.  'I'liere  are  now 
live  hospitals,  built  from  this  fund,  one  each  at  Chelsea  (Massachunetts),  IJrooklyu 
(New  York),  Philadelphia,  Portsmouth  (Virginia),  and  Pensacola  (I'loiida). 

1798,  —  The  constitution  of  Georgia  was  amended. 

The  legislature  was  forbidden  to  pass  any  act  of  emancipation  witlxnit  the  con- 
sent of  the  owners.  All  further  importation  of  slaves  from  foreign  countries  wa.i 
prohibited.  Inuiiigrants,  however,  were  not  to  bo  forbidden  from  bringing  witii 
tliuiii  "such  persons  as  uuiy  bo  deemed  slaves  by  the  laws  of  any  mio  of  tho 
United  States." 

The  freedom  of  tho  press  was  recognized. 

1798,  July  6. —  Congress  passed  an  act  declaring  tlu  Frcncli 
treaties  void. 

It  said  the  treaties  had  been  "repeatedly  violated  on  the  part  of  tho  French 
({ovirnnient,  and  the  just  fdaims  of  the  United  States  for  reparation  of  tho  injuries 
so  t'oniniitted  bavin.,'  been  refused,  and  their  attempts  to  negotiate  an  amicable 
adjustment  of  all  complaints  between  the  two  nations  repelled  with  indignity." 

1798,  July  8.  —  Congress  gave  the  President  authority  to  in- 
struct the  commanders  of  the  national  armed  vessels  to  capture 
any  French  armed  vessels,  and  grant  commissions  to  private  armed 
vessels  to  do  the  same. 

Unarmed  merchant  ships  were  not  to  be  captured. 

1798,  July.  —  Tlie  navy  and  army  were  increased,  and  appro- 
priations made  by  Congress  for  the  purchase  of  arms. 

To  meet  the  expenses,  a  direct  tax  was  laid,  chiefly  on  slaves,  houses,  and 
lands. 

1798,  July.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  defining  treason,  and  to 
punish  sedition. 

It  was  carried  by  forty-four  votes  to  forty-one.  Tho  first  section  ni;idc  it  a 
niisdomcanor,  punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment,  "  for  any  persons  unlawfully 
to  combine  and  conspire  together,  with  intent  to  oppose  any  measures  of  tlie  Gov- 
irnment  of  the  United  States,"  &o.  The  second  section  gave  tlie  same  kind  of 
(wnaity  to  the  printing  or  publishing  "  any  false,  scandalous,  and  malicious  writ- 
ings against  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  eitiier  liouse  of  the  Coflgrcss, 
or  tlie  president,  with  intent  to  defame  them,  or  bring  them  into  contempt  or  dis- 
repute, or  to  excite  against  them  the  hatred  of  the  good  people  of  tho  United 
States,"  &c.  Tho  truth  might  bo  stated  in  defence  in  any  trial  under  this  act, 
wiiicli  was  to  continue  in  force  until  March  4,  1801. 

1798,  July.  —  The  President  appointed  Washington  lieuten- 


'if  ^'H- 


47b 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1798-9. 


ant-genoral  of  all  the  armies  raised, or  to  hi  raised, for  the  service 
of  the  United  States. 

Wasliington  accepted  the  position  on  condition  that  he  should  not  serve  actively 
until  tlie  ill  my  needed  him,  and  was  confirmed  by  the  Senate. 

1798,  October  25.  —  The  commissioners  to  settle  the  eastern 
boundary  decided  that  the  true  St.  Croix  was  the  Passamaquoddy. 

The  jurisdiction  of  the  islands  in  the  Bay  of  Passamaquoddv  was  left  iin- 
settled. 

1798.  —  Under  the  Sedition  Act,  four  convictions  wore  c'o- 
tained 

The  first  was  that  of  Matthew  Lyon,  the  representative  from  Vermont,  who, 
for  having  Avriticn  a  letter  to  a  paper  in  Vermont,  was  sentenced  to  a  fine  and 
four  months'  imprisonment.  While  in  prison,  he  was  re-elected  to  Congress. 
The  second  was  H  iswcll,  the  printer  of  the  Vermont  Gazette,  for  printing  a  call 
in  favor  of  Lyon.  The  third  was  Holt,  the  printer  of  the  New  London  Bee ;  and 
the  fourth  was  Abijah  Adams,  of  Boston,  the  bookkeeper  of  the  Independent 
Chronicle,  the  editor,  Thomas  Adams,  being  sick. 

1798,  November.  —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  passed  a  series 
of  resolutions  against  the  alien  and  sedition  acts  of  Congress, 
asking  their  repeal. 

They  cpllcd  upon  tl\c  other  states  to  do  the  came,  and  the  next  month  the 
legislature  of  Virginia  passed  resolutions  to  the  same  effect. 

1798,  December  24.  —  The  Senate  resolved  itself  into  a  court 
of  impeachment,  to  consider  the  case  of  Blount,  undisposed  of  at 
the  last  session. 

Blount,  .t  this  time,  was  president  of  the  senate  of  Tennessee,  and  disregarded 
the  summons  to  appear  personally.  He  was  represented  by  counsel,  who  ques- 
tioned the  jurisdiction  of  the  court,  since  senators  were  not  "officers;"  and 
further,  that  his  expulsion  from  the  Senate  made  the  accused  no  longer  a  senator. 
The  plea  was  sustained  by  the  Senate,  and  this  ended  the  matter. 

1799,  Februar\  9.  —  The  American  vessel,  the  Constellation, 
captured  tlie  French  vessel,  the  L'insurgente,  off  the  Island  of 
St.  Kitts,  after  an  engagement  of  an  hour  and  a  quarter. 

Tlie  prize  was  sent  to  the  United  States. 

1799.  —  Permission  was  granted  to  change  the  name  of  St. 
John's  to  that  of  Prince  Edward's  Island. 

1799,  February.  —  A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  authorizing 
retaliation  upon  French  prisoners  upon  proof  that  Americans  were 
treated  by  the  French  as  pirates. 

The  French  had  extended  the  provisions  of  their  act  to  all  neutrals,  and  then 
repealed  it,  but  left  the  first  regarding  Americans  in  force. 

1790,  February.  —  Congress  authorized  tlie  increase  of  the 
navy  and  army,  and  voted  two  millions  of  dollars  to  be  used  if 
necessarv. 


r 


[1798-9. 
lie  service 
lervc  actively 

be  eastern 
maquoddy. 

vras  left  un- 

}  were  c'o- 

'crmont,  who, 
I  to  a  fine  and 
[  to  Congress, 
printing  a  call 
ndon  Bcc ;  and 
le  Independent 

ssed  a  series 
jf  Congress. 

next  month  the 

'  into  a  court 
sposed  of  at 

and  disregarded 
mscl,  wlio  quos- 
'  officers;"  and 
onger  a  senator. 

Constclliition, 
he  Island  of 
irter. 

name  of  St. 

„  authorizing 
lericans  wero 

liutrals,  and  tlicn 

l;rease  of  the 
[o  be  used  u 


1790.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


477 


1799,  February  18.  —  The  President  sent  to  the  Senate  the 
nomination  of  William  Van  Murray,  resident  minister  to  the 
Hague,  as  minister  plenipotentiary  to  France. 

The  Senate  refused  to  confirm  it,  but  did  so  when  Patrick  Ilonrv  and  Chief 
Justice  Ellsworth  were  joined  with  Murray ;  the  two  former  not  to  leave  for 
France  until  assurances  were  given  they  would  be  received.  Henry  declined 
from  age,  and  General  Dane,  governor  of  North  Carolina,  was  appointed  in  his 
place. 

1799.  —  The  estimates  for  this  year  amounted  to  over  thirteen 
millions  of  dollars. 

To  raise  this  amount,  direct  taxation  and  a  loan  were  relied  upon.  The  interest 
upon  the  loan  was  eight  per  cent.  An  act  was  passed  that  the  states  in  debt  to  the 
general  government  for  the  revolutionary  accounts  should  be  credited  with  such 
amounts  as  within  five  years  they  should  spend  in  fortifications.  New  York  par- 
tially accepted  this,  but  from  the  other  debtor  states  nothing  was  obtained. 

1799,  March  2.  —  A  patent  was  issued  to  Charles  Whiting,  of 
Massachusetts,  for  a  metl,  jd  of  extracting  oil  from  cotton-seed. 

Oil  had  been  made  previously  from  the  seed  by  the  Moravians  at  Beth.lehem, 
Pennsylvania,  a  8ami)lo  of  it  being  shown  to  the  American  Philosophical  Society 
in  1770.  Another  patent  was  granted  in  1820  to  George  P.  Digges,  of  Virginia, 
for  a  method  of  extracting  oil  from  cotton-seed. 

1799.  —  Oliver  Evans  made  the  first  high-pressure  steam- 
engine. 

Vivian  and  Trevcthick,  who  had  access  to  his  drawings,  sent  to  England  in 
179i-5,  have  claimed  the  credit  of  the  invention. 

1799.  —  VACCiNATfON  was  advocated  by  Dr.  Waterhouse,  of 
Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

In  1802,  nineteen  boys,  from  eight  to  fifteen  years  old,  the  sons  of  selectmen 
of  Boston,  and  others,  were  taken  to  Noddle's  Island,  vaccinated,  and,  when  it  had 
taken,  were  subjected  to  infection  and  contagion.  The  experiment  was  carried 
on  under  the  direction  of  the  principal  physicians  of  the  city.  None  of  them 
caught  the  disease. 

1799.  —  The  Western  Spy  and  Hamilton  Gazette  appeared  at 
Hamilton,  Ohio. 

In  1823  its  name  was  changed  to  the  National  Republican  and  Ohio  Political 
Register. 

1799.  —  The  Register  appeared  in  Raleigh,  North  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  .Joseph  Gales.  Gales  was  an  Englishman,  the  publisher 
of  a  liberal  paper  (the  Sheffield  Register)  in  England.,  and  had  been  obliged  to  flee 
that  country  to  escape  persecution  by  the  government.  He  landed  in  Philndr'.- 
phia,  and  was  employed  on  one  of  the  newspapers  there  as  a  printer.  0? .  tJie 
voyage  over  he  had  practised  stenography,  and  commenced  to  report  the  debates 
m  Congress  for  the  newspapers.  This  was  the  first  attempt  at  verbatim  report- 
ing, and  made  an  excitement  at  the  time.  The  Register  was  a  moderate  repub- 
lican sheet. 


iPFf'' 


478 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTH  AMERICA. 


[1781 


1799,  March.  —  Armed  resistance  was  made  in  Pennsylvania 
to  the  collection  of  the  land-tax  laid  by  Congress. 

The  militia,  furnished  on  call  of  the  President,  put  down  the  opposition.  Some 
of  the  leaders  were  tried  and  found  guilty  of  niisdcmoanor. 

1799,  April.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  for 
the  gradual  abolition  of  slavery. 

John  Jay  was  the  governor,  and  had  been  chiefly  instrumental  in  securing  the 
passage  of  the  act.  All  who  were  slaves  at  its  passage  were  to  remain  so  durin;? 
life,  but  their  children,  born  after  July  4  following,  were  to  be  free,  to  remain  as 
apprentices  to  thoir  mothers'  owner  —  males  until  they  were  twenty-eiglit,  and 
females  until  they  were  twenty-five.  The  exportation  of  slaves  was  forbidden  by 
a  fine,  and  the  slave  to  become  free  at  once.  Slaves  who  had  been  owned  a  year 
might  be  brought  by  their  owners  into  the  state,  but  could  not  be  sold. 

1799,  April.  —  The  New  York  legislature  chartered  the  Man- 
hattan Comipany. 

Its  charter  was  perpetual,  and  its  capital  two  millions.  Its  ostensible  purpose 
wjis  to  supply  the  city  of  New  York  with  water,  within  ten  years,  to  such  citi- 
zens as  should  wish  it,  at  such  prices  as  the  company  should  make.  Its  real  pur- 
pose was  to  do  a  banking  business,  which  was  provided  for  by  a  clause  in  the 
charter  providing  that  the  surplus  capital  of  the  company  mj^ht  be  used  in  the 
purchase  of  stocks,  "  or  any  other  moneyed  transactions  or  operations."  The 
company  sunk  a  well  at  the  corner  of  Duaue  and  Cross  streets,  and  the  water  was 
pumped  up  by  a  steam-engine.  The  supply  was  inadequate,  and  its  quality  not 
good. 

1799.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  indemnified  the  pur- 
chasers of  the  Wyoming  lands,  under  Pennsylvania  grants,  by 
payment  of  a  certain  price. 

The  lands  were  rated  according  to  quality.  The  holders  of  them  under  grants 
from  Connecticut  contributed  a  part  of  the  payment.    This  endeci  the  controversy. 

1799,  August.  —  A  convention  in  Kentucky  revised  the  con- 
Btitution  of  the  state. 

The  election  of  the  governor  and  senators  was  given  to  the  people.  The  con- 
stitution recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press.  An  attempt  was  made  to  abolish 
slavery,  in  which  Henry  Clay  took  part.  An  attempt  for  the  gradual  abolition  of 
slavery  in  Maryland,  and  for  its  inmiediate  abolition  in  Pennsylvania,  were  equally 
unsuccessful. 

1799,  August.  —  Assurances  having  been  received  from  the 
authorities  in  France  that  the  envoys  would  be  received,  orders 
were  given  them  to  prepare  for  going. 

They  were  instructed  to  demand  their  passports,  if  the  assurances  were  not  ful- 
filled within  twenty  days  after  their  arrival  in  France.  They  were  to  demand 
indemnity,  and  a  release  from  all  the  obligations  of  the  old  treaty  of  alliance  and 
commerce,  and  the  repeal  of  the  French  decree  for  confiscation  of  neutral  vessels 
with  English  merchandise  on  board. 

1799.  —  The  commissions  under  the  trer.ty  with  England  for 


1799-1800.]  ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


479 


sition.    Some 


ised  the  con- 


settling  the  claims  of  English  and  American  citizens  disbanded 
without  arriving  at  any  definite  result. 

That  for  awarding  American  claims  under  the  sixth  article  of  the  treaty  was 
sitting  in  London,  and  another  for  British  claims,  under  the  seventh  article,  in  Phil- 
ndi'lphia.  This  last  disagreed,  and  the  American  commissioners,  with  the  per- 
mission of  the  government,  retired.  Hearing  this,  the  British  government  with- 
drew their  commissioners  in  London,  and  thus  both  dissolved. 

1799,  November  21.  —  David  Frothingham,  of  the  Argus,  was 
tried  in  New  York  for  libel,  on  complaint  of  Alexander  Hamilton, 
and  sentenced  to  four  months'  imprisonment  and  a  fine  of  a  thou- 
sand dollars. 

The  case  was  tried  before  Judge  RadclifT,  Richard  Harrison,  the  recorder,  and 
the  mayor  of  the  city.  Frothingham  was  foreman  of  the  office.  The  attorney  for 
the  prosecution,  Mr.  Hoffman,  claimed  that  every  one  connected  with  the  printing- 
office  was  liable  to  prosecution  for  the  libel.  The  libel  consisted  in  printing  from 
another  paper  a  story  concerning  an  offer  on  Hamilton's  part  to  buy  the  Aurofa 
for  the  purpose  of  suppressing  it. 

1799.  —  The  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  an  act  repealing  all 
the  laws  passed  in  the  state  since  the  Revolution,  which  recog- 
nized a  corporate  character  in  the  Episcopal  Church. 

1799,  December  14.  —  Washington  died. 

An  oration  was  pronounced  in  his  honor,  before  Congress,  by  Henry  Lee,  and 
throughout  the  country,  in  the  various  cities  and  towns,  by  various  orators.  On 
December  30,  Congress  recommcm  tlie  people  to  observe  his  birthday  (the  22d 
of  February)  in  testimony  of  their  ^  luf,  which  was  quite  generally  done.  When 
the  news  was  received  in  Europe,  the  British  flef:t  guarding  the  Channel  lowered 
tlicir  flags  at  half-mast,  and  Bonaparte  in  the  order  of  the  day  paid  a  tribute  to 
his  memory. 

1800,  January  2.  —  A  petition  was  presented  to  the  House  of 
Representatives  from  the  free  colored  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia, 
alleging  that  the  slave-trade  with  Africa  was  secretly  carried  on, 
and  that  free  colored  men  were  seized  and  sold  as  slaves  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  the  country;  that  the  Fugitive  law  of  1793  was 
severe  in  many  of  its  provisions,  and  asking  Congress  to  do  all 
they  could  to  prepare  the  way  lor  their  relief. 

The  petition,  amended,  was  referred  to  a  committee,  who  in  May  brought  in  a 
bill,  which  was  passed,  making  stricter  provisions  for  preventing  the  slave-trade 
by  United  States  ships.  The  debate  upon  referring  the  petition  was  very  acri- 
monious, the  members  from  Boston  and  Rhode  Island  being  even  more  violent 
against  it  than  the  southern  members. 

1800,  January.  —  Under  the  sedition  law,  Thomas  Cooper,  of 
Pennsylvania,  was  indicted  and  found  guilty  of  a  libel  against  the 
President. 

He  had  published  an  article  attacking  the  administration,  and  charged  the  Pres- 
ident with  a  '*  stretch  of  power  which  the  monarch  of  Great  Britain  would  have 
shrunk  from."    The  act  was  the  delivery  to  England  of  one  Thomas  Nash,  or 


480 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1800. 


Jonathan  Rol)bins,  who  had  been  engngod  in  a  mutiny  in  an  English  xrai'-vissel, 
and  taking  refuge  in  this  country,  claimed  its  protection. 

1800,  February.  —  Congress  suspeiulecl  further  enlistments, 
and  empowered  the  President,  in  case  of  war,  to  order  their 
renewal. 

The  Pn-sident  was  also  authorized  to  borrow  three  millions  and  a  half  of 
dollars. 

1800,  March  2.  —  The  commissioners  to  France  arrived,  and 
were  formally  received  by  Bonaparte,  the  fiist  consul,  and  pleni- 
potentiaries appointed  to  treat  with  them. 

The  negotiations  resulted,  October  1,  in  the  co.iclusion  of  a  convention.  The 
old  treaties  were  to  he  inoperative ;  public  ships,  and  all  captured  property  not 
yet  condemned,  were  to  be  returned  by  both  parties ;  the  debts  due  either  by  both 
governments,  or  by  individuals,  were  to  be  paid,  and  both  nations  were  to  enjoy 
from  each  other  the  privileges  of  the  most  favored  nation.  American  commerce 
was  to  be  freed  from  the  vexations  of  French  cruisers  countenanced  by  Frencli 
tribunals.     Free  ships  wore  to  make  free  goods. 

1800,  April.  —  Congress  passed  a  general  bankrupt  law. 

It  applied  to  only  merchants  and  traders.  Another  act  gave  persons  impris- 
oned on  executions  issued  from  the  Federal  courts  the  right  of  discharge  on 
taking  an  oath  of  poverty ;  their  future  property  to  be  liable  for  the  debt.  This 
oath  could  also  be  taken  witli  the  same  effect  though  no  execution  had  issued. 
The  law  remained  in  force  until  December  19,  1803. 

1800,  April.  —  Connecticut  relinquished  her  claim  of  jurisdic- 
tion to  the  lands  west  of  her  present  border. 

By  agreement,  the  United  States  ceded  the  lands  claimed  by  settlers  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut  in  trust  for  them.  Tliis  action  settled  the  disputes  of  juris- 
diction to  the  western  lands  between  Connecticut,  New  York,  and  Pennsylvania. 

1800,  May  7.  —  The  territory  of  Indiana  was  created  by  act 
of  Congress. 

It  was  formed  from  a  portion  of  the  Connecticut  Reserve,  and  consisted  of  the 
land  west  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  mouth  of  the  Kentucky  River  to  Fort  Recov- 
ery, and  thence  due  north  to  Canada.  The  name  was  taken  from  one  of  tlie  land 
companies  which  had  claims  in  the  region.  It  was  but  sparsely  settled  on  such 
isolated  spots  as  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished  in.  A  territorial  assembly 
was  allowed  as  soon  as  the  majority  of  the  freeholders  should  desire  it,  and  Yin- 
cennes  was  selected  as  the  capital. 

1800,  May  10.  —  A  territorial  assembly  was  granted  to  tho 
territory  of  Mississippi  by  Congress. 

Commissioners  were  empowered  to  settle  with  Georgia  concerning  her  claims 
to  the  territory,  no  money,  however,  to  be  paid  her  other  than  such  as  was  derived 
fironi  the  sale  of  the  lands. 

1800,  May.  —  The  duties  were  raised  on  imports. 

1800,  May.  —  Congress  established  four  land-offices  in  the  ter- 
ritory north-west  of  the  Ohio. 


[1800. 

h  xrav-vjssel, 


nlistraonta, 
jrder  tlicir 

and  a  half  of 

irrived,  and 
I,  and  pleui- 

ivention.  The 
;d  property  not 
J  either  by  both 
1  were  to  enjoy 
rican  commerce 
need  by  French 

pt  law. 

;  persons  impris- 

of  discharge  on 

the  debt.    This 

ition  had  issued. 

^  of  jurisdic- 

ittlers  to  the  gov- 
disputes  of  juris- 
Tennsylvania. 

reated  by  act 

i  consisted  of  the 
ur  to  Fort  llccov- 
n  one  of  the  land 
.y  settled  on  such 
rritorial  assembly 
lesire  it,  and  Yin- 

;ranted  to  tlio 

crning  her  claims 
ich  as  was  derived 


1800.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


481 


3. 

ices  in 


the  ter- 


Tlicy  were  at  Cinchmati,  Maricltn,  Chillicothc,  and  Steubcnville.  The  landa 
were  divided  into  sections  of  tliroe  hnndrcd  and  twenty  acres  each,  offered  at 
auction,  and  if  unsold  could  be  entered  at  two  dollars  an  acre,  besides  the  expense 
of  survey.  One  fourth  payable  in  forty  days,  and  the  remainder  in  three  instal- 
ments witiiin  four  years. 

1800,  May.  —  The  President  removed  two  of  his  cabinet. 

For  James  McHenry,  secretary  of  war,  Samuel  Dexter  was  substituted.  For 
Timothy  Pickering,  secretary  of  state,  John  Marshall  was  substituted.  McHenry 
resigned  on  being  asked  to  do  so ;  Pickering  refused,  and  was  dismissed. 

1800,  June.  —  Under  the  sedition  law,  J.  C.  Callendor,  of 
Virginia,  was  indicted  for  passages  in  a  pamphlet  called  The 
Prospect  before  Us,  and  found  guilty. 

He  was  fined  and  imprisoned. 

1800,  September.  —  The  frigate  George  Washington,  under  the 
command  of  Bainbridge,  who  had  brought  the  yearly  tribute  to 
the  Bey  of  Algiers,  was  pressed  to  carry  presents  to  Constan- 
tinople. 

The  Bey  said:  "You  pay  me  tribute,  by  which  you  become  my  slaves,  and 
therefore  I  liave  a  right  to  order  yo  i  ns  I  think  proper."  Bainbridge  wrote  to  the 
navy  department :  "I  hope  I  shall  never  again  be  sent  to  Algiers  with  trilmte, 
unless  I  am  authorized  to  deliver  it  from  the  mouth  of  our  cannon."  His  ship 
was  the  first  to  show  the  American  flag  in  Constantinople. 

1800,  October  1.  —  Spain  ceded  Louisiana  to  France. 

The  territorj'  was  to  be  of  the  s.ame  extent  it  possessed  when  formerly  tr.nns- 
ferred  by  France  to  Spain.  The  treaty  was  a  secret  one,  to  take  effect  within  six 
months  after  the  complete  execution  of  another  by  which  Tuscany  wiis  to  be  as- 
eiirod  to  tlio  Duke  of  Parma,  the  king  of  Spain's  son-in-law.  Tuscany  was  at  the 
time  a  republic. 

1800.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  prohibited  emanci- 
pation except  by  consent  of  a  justice  of  the  peace  and  live 
indifferent  freeholders. 

Tlie  same  year  it  was  made  unlawful  for  a  number  of  slaves,  free  negroes, 
raulattoes,  or  mestizos,  to  assemble  together,  even  in  the  presence  of  white  per- 
sons, "  for  mental  instruction  or  religious  worship." 

1800,  October  31.  —  The  National  Intelligencer  and  Washing- 
ton Advertiser  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Harrison  Smith,  and  was  at  first  a  tri-weekly.  It 
was  a  continuation  of  the  Independent  Gazetteer,  of  Philadelphia,  which  had  been 
sold  by  Joseph  Gales  in  1799.  In  1810,  Joseph  Gales,  Jr.,  became  a  partner, 
and  the  name  Washington  Advertiser  was  dropped.  In  1812,  William  Winston 
Seaton  became  a  partner,  and  Smith  having  retired,  the  firm  was  styled  Gales  & 
Seaton.  The  Intelligencer  was  the  organ  of  the  government.  Gales,  who  was 
also  a  stenographer,  having  learned  the  art  from  his  father,  reported  the  debates 
in  Congress.  For  many  years  after  Seaton  became  interested  in  the  paper,  these 
two  proprietors  were  the  only  reporters.     Seaton  reported  the  Senate,  and  Gales 

31 


482 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1800. 


the  House.  It  was  from  these  notes  that  Congress  afterwards  authorized  the 
preparation  of  The  Debates  in  Congress.  The  Intelligencer  continued  after  it  hatl 
ceased  to  receive  the  government  patronage.  Joseph  Gales  died  in  1800,  and  Wil- 
liam Winston  Seaton  in  18GG.  Before  the  death  of  tne  latter,  it  Imd  been  sold  to 
Snow,  Coylc  &  Co.,  and  finally  ceased  to  appear  about  1870. 


The  Washington  Federalist  appeared  in  "Wasliington, 


1800. 
D.  C. 

1800,  November  22.  —  Congress  met  for  the  first  time  in  Wash- 
ington. 

Onlj'  the  north  wing  of  the  Capitol  WiiS  finished,  and  had  been  fitted  up  for  the 
ncconunodation  of  Congress.  The  Wliite  House  was  finished  externally.  The 
printed  Letters  of  Mrs.  Adams  describe  the  inconveniences  of  the  unfinished  con- 
dition of  the  interior.  Speculation  had  carried  the  price  of  lands  to  a  high  price. 
Woleott,  writing  at  this  time,  says,  after  describing  the  desolate  condition  of  the 
grounds  about  the  public  buildings  :  "  All  the  lands  I  have  described  are  valued  at 
fourteen  to  twenty  five  cents  the  superficial  foot.  There  appears  to  be  a  confi- 
dent expectation  that  this  place  will  soon  exceed  any  city  in  the  world.  Mr. 
Thornton,  one  of  the  commissioners,  spoke  of  a  population  of  100,000  as  a  mat- 
ter of  course  in  a  few  years.  No  stranger  c.in  be  here  a  day,  and  converse  with 
the  proprietors,  without  conceiving  himself  in  the  company  of  crazy  people. 
Their  ignorance  of  the  rest  of  the  world,  and  their  delusion  with  respect  to  their 
own  prospects,  are  without  parallel.  Immense  sums  have  been  squandered  in 
buildings  which  are  but  partly  finished,  In  situations  which  are  not,  and  never  will 
be,  the  scenes  of  business,  while  the  parts  near  the  public  buildings  arc  almost 
wholly  unimproved.  .  .  .  Tliough  five  times  as  much  money  has  been  expended 
as  was  necessary,  and  though  the  private  buildings  are  in  number  sufficient  for  all 
who  will  have  occasion  to  reside  here,  yet  there  is  nothing  convenient  and  nothing 
plenty  but  provisions ;  there  is  no  industry,  society,  or  business."  An  application 
of  two  reporters  for  seats  on  the  floor  of  the  House  was  refused  by  the  speaker ; 
the  reporters  appealed  to  the  Housp,  which  sustained  the  speaker.  One  of  the 
reporters  was  the  editor  of  the  Naiiotdl  Intelligencer,  who  in  consequence  accom- 
modated himself  outside  of  the  bar  ar»d  in  the  gallery.  For  a  report  he  made, 
the  speaker  instructed  the  8ergeant-at-.4rms  to  expel  him.  When  this  course  was 
brought  before  the  House  as  a  usurpation  of  authority,  the  motion  for  a  vote  of 
censure  was  ruled  out  of  order,  and  a  motion  to  amend  the  rules,  so  as  to  give 
reporters  a  right  to  be  present,  was  set  aside  by  the  previous  question. 


1800. 
1800. 


The  cotton- worm  first  appeared  in  South  Carolina. 


The  oxy-hydrogen  blow-pipe  was  invented  by  Robert 
Hare,  of  Philadelphia. 

1800. — Vaccination  for  the  small-pox  was  brought  to  this 
country  by  Dr.  Waterhouse. 

It  had  been  discovered  by  Dr.  Jenner  in  1776,  and  made  public  in  England  In 
1798. 

1800.  —  The  first  machine  for  brick-making  was  patented. 

1800.  —  A  JOINT-STOCK  company  introduced  water  into  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  from  Jamaica  Pond,  about  eight  miles  distant. 


[1800. 

rized  the 
ftcr  it  hatl 
,  and  Wil- 
en  sold  to 


liington, 
in  Wash- 

1  up  for  the 
lally.  The 
iiished  con- 
high  price, 
ition  of  the 
re  valued  at 
)  be  a  confl- 
fforld.     Mr. 

00  as  a  mat- 
jnversc  with 
:azy  people, 
pect  to  their 
luandered  in 
id  never  will 
»s  arc  almost 
pen  expended 
flcicnt  for  all 

1  and  nothing 
n  application 
the  speaker; 

One  of  the 
lencc  accom- 
)ort  he  made, 
is  course  was 
for  a  vote  of 
io  as  to  give 
n. 

irolina. 
by  Robert 

lit  to  this 
n  England  in 

ented. 

"ito  Boston, 
lUtant. 


1800.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


483 


Tlio  proposition  for  an  aqueduct  was  first  made  in  1794,  and  the  legislature 
nskcd  for  a  charter.  Tlie  people  of  the  locality  in  which  the  pond  was  situated 
made  such  objection  that  the  application  was  withdrawn  for  a  time,  but  was  finally 
eairifd  tlirough  despite  their  opposition.  James  Sullivan,  the  president  of  tlie 
toiiipany,  was  chiefly  instrumental  in  carrying  the  work  through.  Tlie  engineer 
(if  the  works  was  Bond.  Subsequently  the  company  sold  out  their  charter  to  the 
city  of  Boston. 

1800.  —  The  Charleston  Courier  appeared  in  Charleston,  South 
Carolina. 

It  was  established  by  Loring  Andrews,  who  had  previously  published  the  Iler- 
ald  of  Freedom  in  Boston,  the  Western  Star  in  Stockbridgc,  Massachusetts,  and 
the  Centintl  in  Albany,  New  York.  In  1807  he  died.  Tlie  Courier  was  continued, 
and,  in  the  hands  of  A.  Willington  &  Co.,  was  a  leading  paper.  James  Gordon 
Bennett  was  employed  upon  it  at  one  time.  At  times,  by  way  of  Havana,  the 
Courier  received  advices  from  Europe,  through  the  packets  between  Cadiz  and 
Havana,  sooner  than  the  New  York  papers. 

1797-1801.  —  Second  administration. 

President,  John  Adams,  of  Massachusetts. 

Vice-President,  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia. 

r  Timothy  Pickering  continued  in  ofllce. 

>.  John  Marshall,  of  Virginia,  May  13,  1800. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury,  I  ^'^^«'"  Wolcott,  of  Connecticut,  continued  in  office. 
*.  Samuel  Dexter,  of  Massachusetts,  Dec.  31,  1800. 

(James  McIIenry,  of  Maryland,  continued  in  office. 
Samuel  Dexter,  of  Massachusetts,  May  13,  1800. 
Roger  Griswold,  of  Connecticut,  February  3,  1801. 
Benjamin  Stoddert,  of  Maryland,  May  21,  1798. 
Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 
Charles  Lee,  of  Virginia,  continued  in  office. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Jonathan  Dayton,  of  New  Jersey,  Fifth  Congress,  1797. 
Tlieodore  Sedgwick,  of  Massachusetts,  Sixth  Congress,  1799, 

1800.  —  During  the  winter,  the  war  and  treasury  departments 
I  Were  burned. 

Vahiablc  papers  were  destroyed  in  them  both. 

1800.  —  The  receipts  of  the  United  States,  from  all  sources, 
litans  included,  for  this  year,  amounted  to  nearly  thirteen  millions 

|ot'  dollars. 

The  expenditures  were  about  twelve  millions.  Wolcott  resigned  at  the  end  of 
llic  year,  and  Samuel  Dexter  was  appointed  secretary  of  the  treasury,  leaving  the 
'iir  department  without  a  head. 

1800,  December.  —  Congress   amended   the  convention  with 

franco. 

Bonaparte  accepted  the  amended  convention,  with  the  proviso  that  both  parties 
handoncd  their  claims  to  indemnity. 


Secretaries  of  State, 


Secretaries  of  War, 

Secretary  of  Navy, 

Postmaster-General, 

Attorney-General, 


irB^' 


h  i^ 


484 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1801. 


1801.  —  The  judiciary  was  reorganized. 

The  judges  of  *>A\q  supreme  court  were  reduced  to  five,  and  released  from 
circuit  duty.  Twenty-three  districts  were  organized  into  six  Circuits,  eaoli  to  have 
a  bcncli  of  its  own,  composed  of  a  chief  judge  and  two  puisne  judges,  holding 
court  annually. 

1801,  January  31.  —  John  Marshall  of  Virginia  was  appointed 
chief  justice  of  the  supreme  court. 

He  held  the  office  until  his  death. 

Marsiiall  was  born  in  Virginia,  September  24,  1755,  and  died  at  Philadelphia 
July  C,  1835.     His  Life  of  Washington  is  still  tlie  standard  autliority. 

1801,  February  17.  —  Thomas  Jefferson  was  elected  President, 
and  Aaron  Burr  Vice-President,  by  the  House  of  Representatives. 

The  college  vote  was  a  tie,  and  tlie  House  voted  thirty-seven  tiin,es.  Tlicre 
were  four  methods  of  conducting  tiie  presidential  election  at  tliis  time.  The 
electors  were  chosen  by  the  leidslature,  either  by  a  joint  ballot  or  a  concurrent 
vote ;  or  by  the  i)eople,  tlio  whole  number  of  electors  being  on  one  ticket  voted 
for  throughout  the  state ;  or  chosen  by  districts.  Massachusetts  and  Virginia  luul 
abandoned  the  district  system.  In  Virginia,  the  choice  iiad  been  given  tlie  peoplo 
on  a  general  ticket ;  in  Massachusetts  their  election  was  by  the  legislature.  In 
Maryland  tlie  election  was  by  districts.  In  Nortii  Carolina  it  was  tlie  same.  In 
Pennsylvania,  it  was  settled  at  the  last  moment  that  each  house  of  the  assembly 
should  nominate  eight  candidates,  from  whom,  by  joint  ballot,  the  fifteen  electors 
were  to  be  chosen.    In  Soutii  Carolina  the  election  was  by  tlie  legislature. 

1801,  March  3.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to  sell 
all  the  vessels  of  the  navy  except  thirteen  of  the  best. 

For  the  construction  of  the  six  seventy-four-gun  ships,  which  were  not  com- 
pleted, half  a  million  of  dollars  was  appropriated. 

1801,  March  4.  —  Jefferson  was  inaugurated  President. 

Ex-President  Adams  left  in  the  morning,  before  the  ceremony,  for  his  homo  in 
Massachusetts. 

1801,  March  5.  —  James  Madison,  Henry  Dearborn,  and  Lovi 
Lincoln  were  appointed  secretaries  of  state,  of  the  treasury,  aud 
attorney-general,  respectively. 

1801,  May  15. — Albert  Gallatin  was  appointed  secretary  of 
the  treasury. 

1801,  May.  —  Jefferson  announced  that  there  would  be  no 
more  presidential  levees,  and  that  at  the  openings  of  Congress  a 
message  would  be  sent  in  manuscript,  to  which  no  answer  would 
be  expected. 

This  last  custom  has  been  followed  ever  since.  The  levees  were  revived  by 
Mrs.  Madison,  on  her  husband's  accession  to  the  presidency. 

1801.  —  The  Palladium  appeared  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1801.  —  A  RELIGI0U3  revival,  which  lasted  several  years,  com- 
menced in  Kentucky. 


■y'*'» 


1801.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


485 


[•leased  from 
each  to  havo 
Iges,  holding 

appointed 


;  Philadelphia 

y- 

[  President, 
osentativea. 

tiines.    'i^l»«-'''« 
lis  time.     The 
:  a  concurrent 
ne  ticket  votfd 
id  Virginia  bud 
iven  the  people 
legislature.    In 
I  the  same.    In 
)f  the  assembly 
fifteen  electors 
rislature. 

ident  to  sell 

!St. 

I  wero  not  com- 


lident. 
for  his  homo  in 

n-n,  and  Lovi 
ftreasury,  and 

secretary  of 

would  be  no 

^f  Congress  a 

msvver  would 

were  revived  by 


Camp-meetings  were  held  in  the  different  counties,  which  thousands  of  people 
attended.  *' The  falling  exercise  "  and  "the  jerks"  were  common.  In  the  first, 
as  described  by  a  witness,  Richard  McNemar,  "at  first  they  were  taken  with  an 
inward  throbbing  of  the  heart ;  then  with  weeping  and  trembling ;  from  that  to 
crying  out  in  apparent  agony  of  soul ;  falling  down  and  swooning  away,  until  every 
appearance  of  animal  life  was  suspended."  Those  so  affected  wero  gathered  to- 
gether, and  laid  out  like  corpses,  in  order  to  prevent  their  being  trampled  on  by 
the  others.  Those  with  the  "jerks  "  arc  said  to  have  in  some  cases  jerked  their 
heads  so  violently  that  their  hair  snapped  like  a  whip.  Lorenzo  Dow  describes 
one  of  these  camp -meetings  where  poles  were  set  firmly  in  the  ground  for  the 
jerKrs  and  stampers  to  hold  on  to. 

1801.  — The  House  of  Representatives,  by  an  addition  to  the 
rules,  made  reporters  entitled  to  seats  within  the  bar,  to  be  as- 
signed them  by  the  speaker. 

The  Senate  also  admitted  reporters  to  the  floor ;  but  the  reports  of  the  speeches 
were  not  printed. 

1801,  July  22.  —  Robert  Smith  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 

navy. 

1801.  —  An  envoy  was  sent  to  France  with  the  amended  con- 
vention. 

lie  was  sent  in  the  sloop-of-war  Maryland.  He  was  given  a  letter  also  from 
Jefferson,  inviting  Thomas  Paine  to  return,  and  offering  him  a  passage  in  the 
Maryland.  Soon  after  the  departure  .^f  the  envoy,  a  French  chargi  d'affaires 
arrived. 

1801,  November  10.  —  The  chief  justice  of  the  circuit  court 
was  made  sole  justice  of  the  district  court  of  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Justices  of  the  peace  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  President,  and  the  laws  of 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  as  they  then  stood,  were  made  the  law  of  the  District,  on 
the  north  and  south  sides  of  the  Potomac  respectively. 

1801.  —  The  Albany  Register  appeared  in  Albany,  New  York. 

It  was  edited  by  John  Barber,  assisted  by  Solomon  Southwick.  Southwick 
became  the  chief  editor  in  1808.  The  Register  was  the  organ  of  the  Clintonians, 
a  portion  of  the  Democratic  party.  In  1820  its  name  was  changed  to  New  York 
Statesman,  and  Nathaniel  H.  Carter  became  its  editor. 

1801,  November  16.  —  The  Evening  Post  appeared  in  New 
York. 

It  was  edited  by  William  Coleman.  It  was  in  support  of  the  Federalists,  and 
was  said  to  be  the  organ  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 

1801,  —  The  American  Citizen  appeared  in  New  York. 
It  was  established  by  Dcnnison,  and  edited  by  James  Cheetham,  and  was  the 
organ  of  the  Republicans. 

1801.  —  Oliver  Evans  completed  at  Philadelphia  a  small  high- 
pressure  steam-engine. 

It  had  a  six-iuch  cylinder,  with  cighteen-inch  stroke.     It  cost  him  three  thou- 


m 


486 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1801-2. 


■and  Rcvcn  liundred  dollars.     IIo  uBcd  it  to  grind  pluatcr,  then  coming  into  use  03 
a  furtilizcr. 

1801,  NovEJtBER22.  —  Tho  pillory  was  used  for  tho  last  time 
in  lioston,  Massachusotts. 

1801.  —  Buffalo,  Now  York,  was  founded  by  tho  Ilollanfl 
Land  Company. 

It  was  incorporated  in  1832.  An  tho  tcrminufi  of  tho  Erie  Canal,  it  haa  a  InrRo 
trade.  In  18.')7,  an  Englisii  consulato  waa  estubliMltcd  thuro  for  protection  of  iu 
Canadian  tradu. 

1801.  — The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  purchased  tho  right 
for  tho  uso  of  the  cotton  gin  iu  tho  state,  of  tho  patentees,  and 
gave  its  use  to  the  people. 

The  price  paid  was  fifty  tliousand  dollars.  Messrs.  Miller  and  Whitney,  tlie 
owners,  had  asked  a  hundred  tliousand. 

1801.  —  The  Connecticut  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  was 
incorporated. 

It  was  formed  at  New  Haven  in  1799. 

1801.  —  The  South  Carolina  College  was  founded  at  Columbia 
by  act  of  the  assembly. 

Tlic  college  is  liberally  endowed  by  tho  state. 

1801.  —  The  Port  Folio  was  published  at  Philadelphia. 

It  wus  the  first  periodical  which  lasted  ten  years.     It  ceased  to  exist  in  1825. 

1802,  January.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  tho  Virginia  legislature 
forfeiting  the  glebes  of  the  Episcopal  Church  as  last  as  they  be- 
came vacant. 

They  were  to  be  sold  for  such  purpose,  "  not  religious,"  as  the  majority  of  tlic 
parishioners  should  select. 

1802,  March  3.  —  The  judiciary  act  of  the  last  session  was 
repealed. 

The  first  reported  debate  of  the  Senate  was  upon  this  motion  for  repeal. 

1802,  March  16.  —  Congress  reduced  the  army  to  the  peace 
establishment  of  1796,  and  a  military  academy  was  instituted  at 
West  Point. 

In  tho  reduction  of  the  army,  a  corps  of  engineers  was  retained,  to  consist  of 
seven  officers  and  ten  cadets,  with  their  headquarters  at  West  Point.  Tiie  scninr 
officer  to  be  the  superintendent,  with  forty  students,  two  from  each  of  tlio  twenty 
companies  of  artillery. 

1802,  March.  —  The  excise  tax  was  repealed. 

1802,  April  26.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress 
the  compact  made  by  the  commissioners  of  the  United  States  and 
those  of  Georgia  concerning  tho  territory  between  the  Missis- 
sippi and  the  Chattahoochee. 


[1801-2. 
Ing  Into  use  as 

10  last  timo 

;lio   IloUancl 

,1,  it  has  a  InrRO 
(rotcction  of  iu 

sed  tho  right 
atentoes,  und 

,nd  Whitney,  tho 
Sciences  was 

d  at  Columbia 


elpliia. 

to  exist  in  1825. 

inia  legislatuio 
st  as  they  be- 

he  majority  of  the 

;  session  was 

for  repeal. 

to  the  peace 
instituted  at 

ncd,  to  consist  of 
'oint.  Tlie  senior 
ach  of  tlio  twenty 


d  to  Congress 
ited  States  and 
en  the  Missw- 


1802.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOUTII   AMERICA. 


487 


Tl»c  comp.ict  was  to  remain  !n  force,  unless  one  of  tho  parties  to  it  rejected  It 
witliin  six  months.  Hy  ItH  provisions,  Georgia  ceded  all  lier  claims,  on  condition 
of  receiving,  out  of  tlic  first  proceeds  from  tiic  sale  of  the  lands,  one  million  two 
liundrcd  und  lifty  thousand  dollars,  and  tlio  United  States  to  ugreo  to  extinguish, 
•'as  early  t\»  the  same  could  ho  peaceably  thtained  on  reusonalile  terms,"  the  In- 
dian title  to  tiie  lands  reserved  by  (Jeorgia.  It  was  also  ])r()vided  tliot  wlien  tho 
population  of  tiio  territory  ceded  should  amount  to  sixty  thousand,  or  earlier  if 
Congress  chose,  it  should  bo  erected  into  a  state,  ou  the  terms  and  conditions  of 
tho  ordinance  of  1787  for  tho  northwest  territory,  "that  article  only  excepted 
which  prohibits  shivery." 

1802,  April  29. — A  now  judiciary  act  was  passed  by  Congress. 

The  Kupreine  court  was  held  once  a  year,  a  majority  of  tl"e  judges  lieing  au- 
thorized to  liold  it.  Six  circuits  wero  organized,  witli  a  sin(;lo  judge  of  tho  su- 
preme court,  witli  a  district  judge  for  an  associate,  to  hold  semiannual  courts  in 
euch  circuit.  In  case  tho  judges  dilTered  on  a  point  of  law,  tho  case,  by  certi- 
fluatc,  was  carried  to  tlie  supremo  court. 

1802,  April.  —  Tho  naturalization  act  was  repealed,  and  the 
provisions  of  tlio  act  of  1795  re-enacted. 

1802,  April  29.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  appropri- 
ating tiic  annual  sum  of  seven  million  three  hundred  thousand 
dollars  to  pay  tho  interest  and  principal  of  the  public  dobt. 

Tlie  current  expenses  were  to  be  paid  from  tlie  surplus  revenue  remaining  after 
this  payment. 

1802,  April  29.  —  Congress  passed  a  copyright  law. 

Tlie  copyright  was  granted  for  fourteen  years,  with  a  right  of  renewal  for  tlio 
same  period,  if  the  author  was  living.  The  copyright  notice  on  the  title-page  was 
flrat  required  by  this  act.  Designs,  etchings,  and  engravings  were  nuido  subject 
to  copyright. 

1802.  —  The  manufacture  of  large  saws  was  commenced  by 
William  Rowland  of  Philadelphia. 

1802.  —  A  company  was  incorporated  in  Pennsylvania,  with  a 
capital  of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  to  engage  iu  wine  culture. 

They  purchiised  land  at  Spring  llill,  on  the  Schuylkill,  thirteen  miles  from 
Pliiladelphia,  planted  a  vineyard,  and  in  1811  had  thirty  thousand  vines  growing. 

1802.  —  Tub  Morning  Chronicle  appeared  iu  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Willitim  A.  Davis.  Its  first  editor  was  Dr.  Peter  Irving. 
Washington  Irving  first  appeared  as  a  M-riter  in  its  columns,  with  the  signature 
"  Jonatlian  Olilstyle."  Tho  Chronicle  was  established  by  the  friends  of  Aaron  Burr, 
in  order  to  support  him  against  the  attacks  his  desertion  of  the  Democratic  party 
subjected  him  to.  It  continued  until  1805,  when  it  was  merged  with  the  Pough- 
keepsie  Journal. 

1802.  —  Benjamin  IIenfbey  obtained  a  patent  for  an  "  improve- 
ment, being  a  cheap  mode  of  obtaining  light  from  fuel." 

He  had  made  gas  from  wood,  and  proposed  to  light  the  light-houses  with  gas 
made  from  coal. 


!! 


488 


ANNALS  OF  NOUTII  AMEllICA. 


[1802. 


1802,  AritiL  30.  —  Tlio  pooi)lo  residing  in  tho  northwo-st  terri- 
tory north  of"  tho  Oliio  wcro  authorizod  to  organize  thomsolvoB 
into  u  Htato. 

Tliey  liiul  pi'titioneil  for  tlil»  pcriuiHHion.  Confjrcss  provitlcd  tliiit  a  convention 
■liould  nu'ft  at  Chilliootlio  in  November,  and  form  a  conntitution  for  the  Htiitc. 
The  remainder  of  the  territory  was  to  be  nimexi-d  to  Indiana.  Tlie  convention  in 
November  formed  the  constitntion  of  tho  statu  of  Ohio.  liy  an  irre|)eahiblu  ordi- 
nance, all  landH  newly  jjurchased  from  the  United  States  were  exempted  from 
taxation  for  four  years,  and  (.'onjfress  in  return  granted  one  townsliip  in  each  boo 
tion  for  school  pnrpotteH,  together  witit  Ave  per  cent,  of  tho  proceeds  of  tlic  lanila 
fiold  for  tlie  construction  of  roads,  which  was  subHequeiitiy  divided  so  tliat  tlirue 
per  cent,  was  spent  for  roads  constructed  witliin  tlie  state,  and  two  per  cent,  upon 
roads  leading  eastward. 

1802.  —  By  act  of  Congress  tho  board  of  commissioners  hav- 
ing charge  of  the  affairs  of  tho  city  of  Wasiiiugton  was  dissolved, 
and  a  snperintendent  appointed. 

A  nmnicipal  government  was  also  provided  for  tho  city. 

1802.  —  A  BILL  was  passed  by  Congress  appropriating  tlio 
means  lor  the  payment  of  two  million  six  hundred  and  sixty- 
four  thousand  dollars,  in  three  annual  payments,  to  Great  Britain. 

The  commission  under  the  treaty  had  made  an  agreement  to  pay  this  sum. 

1802,  June.  —  A  trade-sale  for  books  was  hold  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  held  under  tne  auspices  of  the  American  Company  of  Booksellers. 

1802.  — The  Natchez  Gazette  appeared  in  Natchez,  Mississippi. 

It  was  established  by  Colonel  Andrew  Marschalk.  The  circulation  of  the  ter- 
ritory at  tills  time  consisted  of  "cotton  receipts;  "  that  is,  receipts  for  cotton  de- 
posited for  ginning  in  public  gins. 

1802,  June  16.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  the  territory  between  the 
Oconee  and  the  Ocmulgee. 

A  treaty  was  held  with  them,  and  considerable  presents  made  them.  This  was 
the  territory  Georgia  reserved  in  the  compact  of  cession  with  the  United  Stated ; 
and  this  cession  by  the  Creeks  chiefly  induced  Georgia  to  allow  the  compact  to  go 
into  force. 

1802.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  regulating  intercourse 
with  the  Indians. 

The  public  trading-houses  for  supplying  them  with  goods  were  maintained. 

1802.  —  A  SQUADRON  was  ordered  to  be  got  ready  for  service 
against  Tripoli. 

Tripoli  had  declared,  and  Congress  had  recognized  the  existence  of  war. 
1802.  —  The  Repeiiory  appeared  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1802,  July  31.  —  The  Western  Spij  waiS  published  at  Cincin- 
nati. 


[1802. 

iwost  torri- 
thointiolvoB 


t  a  convention 
for  tlio  Htulc. 
«  convi'iition  in 
opcahiljlu  Diili- 
sxcnii)ti.'tl  from 
,ip  in  t'ucli  Boc- 
•ds  of  tho  lands 
1  80  Unit  tliri-e 
,  per  cent,  upon 

sionora  liav- 
aa  dissolved, 


Dpriating  the 
id  and  Hixty- 
Jreat  Britain. 
,ay  tins  sum. 

in  New  York 

Booksellera. 
z,  Mississippi. 

ilation  of  the  ter- 
i)ts  for  cotton  de- 

between  the 

ihcm.  Tills  was 
lio  United  States; 
the  compact  to  go 

Ing  intercourse 
to  maintained. 

idy  for  service 

Ince  of  war. 
Isachusetts. 
led  at  Cincin- 


1802-3.] 


ANNALS   OF   NOllTII   AMERICA. 


489 


1802,  July  31.  —  Tho  Sciota  Gazette  was  published  at  Chilli- 
cotlio,  Ohio. 

The  paper  fur  those  two  Ohio  journals  was  brought  fi*om  Georgetown,  Ken- 
tucky, on  hurmliack. 

1802,  OcTOBKit  16.  —  Tho  Rpanish  intondiint  of  Louisiana  iaauod 
a  proclatnation  forbidding  the  depositing  Aiuericuii  inerohundise 
ut  New  Orleans. 

The  treaty  of  17H5  had  secured  this  prlvilef?o  for  three  yearn,  and  guaranteed 
tliot,  if  stopped,  some  otlier  convenient  place  should  be  provided. 

1802.  —  TiiK  legisliiture  of  North  Carolina  purchased  the  right 
to  use  tho  cotton  gin  for  the  state,  fur  u  tax  upon  each  machine, 
lor  live  years. 

1802.  —  A  mechanics'  association  was  formed  at  Portsmoutli, 
New  Hampshire. 

1803,  Fkbruary  1G.  —  The  commissioners  who  had  negotiated 
the  cession  from  Georgia  reported  concerning  tho  claims  to  the 
territory. 

Tli(  y  had  boon  authorized  to  inquire  into  them.  They  reported  in  favor  of 
liht  1  riants  to  all  actual  Hcttlers  prior  to  tiie  Spanish  evacuation  of  tlie  territory, 
liowever  defective  their  titles  miglit  be.  The  claims  resting  on  the  grants  of  1789 
they  tliought  invalid.  For  those  based  on  the  grants  of  171)5  tliey  i)roposed  a 
coniproniise.  The  claimants  wanted  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.  Tlie  commission- 
ers proposed  to  pay  two  millions  and  a  half  in  interest-bearing  certificates,  or 
twite  tiiat  amount  in  non-interest-bcaring  certificates,  payable  out  of  tho  first  re- 
ceipts for  tlie  Missi88ii)pi  territory,  after  Georgia  had  been  paid. 

1803,  March  1.  —  Oiiio  began  its  state  government. 

Its  constitution  liad  been  framed  by  the  convention  of  the  year  before.  It  gave 
tlie  ri}j;lit  of  sulFrage  to  all  wliitc  male  inhabitants  over  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
resident  in  the  state  for  a  year,  and  on  whom  taxes  had  been  assessed.  Tlic  gov- 
ernor was  elected  by  the  people.     The  freedom  of  the  press  was  secured. 

1803,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  intrusting  to  the 
President  the  matter  of  the  closing  of  the  Mississippi  by  the 
Spanish  intendant  of  Louisiana. 

lie  was  authorized,  if  he  saw  fit,  to  call  upon  the  governors  of  tho  states  for 
eiglity  tliousand  volunteers ;  and  two  millions  of  dollars  were  appropriated  for 
pureliasing  a  place  of  deposit.  Tlio  West  was  much  excited  concerning  the  closing 
of  tlie  Mississippi. 

1803.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the  slave  trade. 

It  imposed  a  fine  of  a  thousand  dollars  upon  tho  captain  of  tho  ship,  with  the 
forfeiture  of  the  vessel,  for  each  person  imported  contrary  to  tho  laws  of  any 
8tatc.  Tlie  law  was  passed  from  tlio  remonstrance  of  Soutli  Carolina  concerning 
tlie  iinportsition  of  slaves  from  Africa,  and  elaves  and  free  blacks  from  the  West 
Indies. 


490 


ANNALS  OF  NOIITH  AMEllICA. 


[1803. 


1803,  March  3.  —  Congress  created  two  boards  of  commis- 
Bioners  to  adjudicate  the  claims  on  tlio  Mississippi  territory. 

Settlors  prior  to  the  Spanish  evacuation,  whose  titles  proved  defective,  were  to 
be  granted  lots  not  exceeding  six  hundred  and  foi-ty  acres  each ;  those  who  had 
settled  in  the  territory  prior  to  this  act,  without  any  title,  were  to  have  a  pre-eni])- 
titm  right  of  purchiise  for  their  lands,  payable  in  the  ui^ual  instalments,  witliout 
interest.  The  territory  remaining  after  settling  these  claims  was  to  be  used  for 
sctiling  such  other  claims  as  should  be  recorded  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
ftate  before  the  end  of  the  year;  the  same  commissioners  being  appointed  to  re- 
ceive such  claims  and  submit  them  to  the  next  Congress,  The  act  also  provided 
for  the  survey  and  sale  of  the  lands,  by  a  system  similar  to  that  provided  for 
Ohio.  Only  thivt  portion  of  the  territory  which  now  constitutes  the  states  of  Mis- 
sissijUpi  and  Alabama  had  the  Indian  title  extinguished,  and  were  to  be  surveyed, 

1803,  March  Id.  —  The  New  York  legislature  granted  a  charter 
to  the  State  Bank,  at  Albany. 

There  were  only  three  banks  in  the  state,  out  of  New  York  city :  the  Bank  of 
Columbia,  at  Hudson ;  the  Bank  of  Albany ;  and  the  Farmers'  Bank,  near  Troy. 

1803,  April  30.  —  A  treaty  was  concluded,  transferring  Louis- 
iana to  the  United  States  for  fifteen  million  dollars. 

The  treaty  consisted  of  three  parts,  all  dated  the  same  day.  The  first  provldel 
for  the  cession,  and  the  other  two  regulated  the  payment  of  the  consideration.  It 
was  pro«'ii!ed  that  the  inhabitants  sliould  be  secure  in  their  liberty,  property,  and 
religion,  and  as  soon  as  possible  admitted  to  the  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States.  The  payment  was  to  be  made  —  eleven  million,  two  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  dollars  ia  six  per  cent,  stock  of  the  United  States,  the  interest  payable 
in  Europe,  and  the  principal  to  be  redeemed,  after  fifteen  years,  in  annual  instal- 
ments of  not  less  than  three  millions  of  dollars.  The  claims  of  citizens  of  the 
United  States  against  France  were  to  be  paid,  to  the  amount  of  three  million, 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  at  the  American  treasury,  on  orders 
from  the  American  minister  in  France.  The  claims  to  be  decided  by  a  joint  coin- 
mission,  consisting  ot  the  French  bureau,  to  which  the  claims  had  been  referred, 
and  three  American  commissioners,  to  bo  appointed.  In  case  of  any  dispute,  tk' 
final  decision  to  be  with  the  French  minister  of  finance.  The  territory  ceded 
embraced  not  only  the  state  of  Louisiana,  but  also  that  occupied  by  the  states  of 
Arkansas,  Missouri,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  and  the  Indian  territo- 
ries. The  American  flag  was  first  raised  in  Louisiana  December  20,  1803.  The 
treaty  required  a  nmtual  ratification  within  six  months. 

1803,  April.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  extended  for 
twenty  years  the  privilege  granted  in  1798  t'>  Livingston  anil 
Fulton. 

It  also  extended  for  two  years,  and  later  to  1807,  their  time  for  practically 
demonstrating  they  could  propel  a  boat  of  twenty  tons  four  miles  an  hour  against 
the  current  of  the  Hudson  River. 

1803.  —  The  Middlesex  Canal,  in  Massachusetts,  connecting  tli« 
Merrimac  and  the  Charles  Rivers,  was  completed. 

It  was  chartered  by  the  st.ite,  June  22,  1793.  It  was  a  great  aid  to  local  trade, 
until  the  railroad  superseded  it. 


1803.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


491 


[1803. 

of    commis- 
rritory. 

fective,  were  to 

those  who  had 
uive  a  i)rc-emi>- 
.Imcnts,  without 

to  bo  used  for 
the  secretary  of 
appointed  to  re- 
ct  also  providca 
liat  provided  i'ur 
ho  states  of  Mis- 
to  be  surveyed. 

nted  a  charter 

:ity:  the  Banlcof 
Jank,  near  Troy. 

iforring  Louis- 

The  first  provided 
consideration,    ll 
;rty,  property,  ami 
zcns  of  the  United 
hundred  and  fifty 
no  interest  payal.le 
1,  in  annual  instal- 
of  citizens  of  tlic 
It  of  three  million, 
[reasury,  on  orders 
ided  by  a  joint  corn- 
had  been  referred, 
of  any  dispute,  llw 
•he  territory  ceded 
|ed  by  the  states  uf 
the  Indian  territo- 
Lbcr  20,  1803.    The 

extended  for 
[Livingston  an'l 

lime  for  practically 
liles  an  hour  again>t 


connecting  tlie 
it  aid  to  local  trade, 


1803.  —  The  Moniteur  appeared  in  Now  Orleans. 

It  was  publislied  by  Fontaine.     Louisiana  was  still  in  the  possession  of  Franco, 

1803.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  repealed  the  con- 
tract made  with  the  proprietors  of  the  cotton  gin,  retained  tlio 
payment  of  the  balance  due,  and  began  a  suit  to  recover  what 
had  already  been  paid. 

In  Georgia,  claims  for  a  prior  invention  were  made,  and  the  povernor,  in  a 
message,  advised  withholding  compensation  for  it,  and  invited  the  other  states  to 
co-operate  with  Georgia  in  getting  Congress  to  buy  the  patent.  The  next  year, 
the  legislature  of  South  Carolina  rescinded  the  repeal. 

1803.  —  The  flax  rusf.  appeared  on  Long  Island. 

1803.  —  A  PLASTER-MILL  was  erected  at  Newburg,  New  York. 

The  use  of  plaster  as  a  fertilizer  was  becoming  general. 

1803.  —  The  "  Miami  Exporting  Company,"  of  Cincinnati,  was 
incorpor"!ted. 

Its  capital  was  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  was  used  for  bank- 
ing purposes.     It  was  the  first  such  institution  in  that  city. 

1803,  May  17. —  An  improved  machine  "  for  cutting  grain  and 
grass  "  was  patented  by  Richard  French  and  John  T.  Hawkins 
of  New  Jersey. 

It  is  said  to  have  been  the  first  mowing  or  reaping  machine  on  record. 

1803,  August  13.  —  At  a  treaty  held  with  Governor  Harrison, 
the  Kaskaskias  ceded  to  the  United  States  a  large  tract  north  of 
the  Ohio. 

Tiie  consideration  was  five  hundred  and  eighty  dollars  in  cash,  an  increase  of 
their  annuity  to  one  thousand  dollars,  three  hundred  dollars  towards  building  a 
church,  and  one  hundred  dollars  a  year,  for  seven  years,  to  a  Catholic  priest.  The 
territorj'  ceded  embraced,  witii  the  exception  of  a  small  reservation,  all  the  land 
bounded  by  a  line  from  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois,  down  the  Mississippi  to  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Ohio,  up  the  Ohio  to  the  Wabash,  and  then  west  to  the  Mississippi. 
Tile  Kaskaskias,  now  consisting  of  a  few  hundreds,  claimed  to  represent  tho 
Illinois. 

1803,  October  17.  —  Congress,  called  by  proclamation,  met. 

The  cession  of  Louisiana  was  ratified  by  Congress  on  the  25th. 

1803.  —  The  commissioners  under  the   treaty  with  England 
awarded  American  claims  to  about  six  millions  of  dollirs. 
The  award  was  paid  by  the  British  government. 

1803,  October  31.  —  The  frig.-ite  Philadelphia,  Captain  Bain- 
hridge,  while  blockading  the  port  of  Tripoli,  ran  aground,  and 
was  captured  by  the  Tripolitans. 

The  officeis  wore  well  treated,  but  tho  men  were  reduced  to  slavery. 


I 


492 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1803-4. 


1803,  December. —  A  commission  received  the  island  and  city 
of  Orlpsans  from  Citizen  Lansat,  the  French  commissioner. 

Laiisat  had  a  few  clays  before  received  them  from  the  Spanish  authorities.  Tlie 
American  commissioners  were  General  Wilkinson,  the  commander  of  tJie  army, 
and  C.  C.  Claiborne,  who  had  been  made  governor  of  the  Mississippi  Territory. 
Claiborne  chartered  the  Bank  of  Louisiana,  with  a  capital  of  six  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

1803.  —  A  HOUSE  for  the  relief  of  shipwrecked  sailors  was 
fuunded  at  Sable  Island,  and  four  hundred  pounds  granted  yearly 
for  its  support. 

1803.  —  As  late  as  this,  persons  were  publicly  whipped  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

In  the  court  of  sessions,  the  judge's  charge  was  :  "  Gentlemen  of  the  grand 
jury,  you  are  required  by  your  oath  to  see  to  it  that  that  the  several  towns  in  the 
county  be  provided  according  to  law  with  pounds,  schoolmasters,  whipping  posts, 
and  ministers. " 

1803.  —  William  E.  Channing,  the  founder  of  Unitarianism  in 
America,  was  settled  minister  of  the  Federal  Street  church  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

Channing  was  born  April  7,  1780,  at  Newport,  Rhode  Island ;  died  October  2, 
1842,  at  Bennington,  Vermont. 

1803.  —  The  legislature  of  Massacnusetts  granted  a  bounty  on 
the  manufacture  of  window-glass. 

A  German,  named  Lint,  took  charge  of  the  works  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1803.  —  The  state  of  Tennessee  purchased  the  right  to  use 
the  cotton  gin,  by  a  tax  on  each  machine  used  for  four  years. 
It  suspended  the  payment  later  in  the  year. 

1 803-4.  —  Oliver  Evans  furnished  a  steam-engine  for  a  boat 
to  ply  between  New  Orleans  and  Natchez. 

The  boat  was  built  in  Kentucky  by  Captain  James  McKeever,  of  the  navy,  and 
Louis  Valcour,  and  floated  to  New  Orleans  to  be  supplied  with  her  engine.  She 
was  eighty  feet  kee),  and  eighteen  feet  beam.  Tiie  river  subsiding,  left  iicr 
grounded,  and  the  engine  was  put  up  in  a  saw-mlU,  where  it  cut  three  thousand 
feet  of  boards  in  twelve  hours. 

1S04.  —  Congress  divided  the  territory  obtained  from  Franco 
into  two  provinces. 

They  were  divided  by  a  lino  drawn  along  the  thirty-third  pat.allcl  of  nortli  lati- 
tude. Tliat  on  the  south  of  this  line  was  called  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  that  west 
of  the  Mississippi  and  north  of  Orleans  was  called  the  District  of  Louisiana. 
Orleans  contained  at  this  time  about  fifty  thousand  persons,  more  than  iialf  of 
whom  were  slaves.  The  President  was  authorized  to  appoin',  the  governor  and 
secretary  of  the  territory,  and  to  nominate  annually  the  thirteen  members  to  com- 
pose the  legislative  council.  To  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  Spain,  the  laws  of 
France  had  been  in  force.  On  taking  possession,  the  Spanish  governor  substi- 
tuted the  Si)anish  code,  and  this  remained  in  force,  except  where  repugnant  to 


[1803-4. 


1804.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


493 


ad  and  city 
oner. 

thoritics.  The 
r  of  the  army, 
lippi  Territory, 
ndred  thousand 

sailors  was 
•anted  yearly 

pped  in  Bos- 
en  of  the  grand 
ral  towns  in  the 
,  whipping  posts, 

litarianism  in 
}et  church  in 

died  October  2, 
jd  a  bounty  on 

Massachusetts. 

right  to  use 
four  years. 

ine  for  a  boat 

of  the  navy,  and 

her  engine.    She 

subsiding,  left  her 

iut  tlircc  tliousand 

)d  from  Franco 

r.allel  of  north  lati- 
■  Orleans,  that  west 
itrict  of  Louisiana. 
more  than  half  of 
the  governor  wi 
n  members  to  coin- 
Spain,  the  laws  of 
governor  suhsti- 
rliero  repugnant  to 


the  constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States.  A  Federal  district  court  and  a 
superior  territorial  court  were  organized  by  the  act.  The  trial  by  jury  was  insti- 
tuted, and  the  writ  of  habeas  carpus  guaranteed  the  inhabitants.  Claiborne  was 
continued  as  governor.  New  Orleans  contained  about  eiglit  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. In  the  District  of  Louisiana,  the  chief  settlement  was  St.  Louis.  The 
President  was  authorized  to  propose  to  the  Indians  on  the  cast  of  the  Mississippi 
to  exchange  their  lands  for  those  west  of  that  stream ;  in  the  meanwhile  the  whole 
territory  was  annexed  to  the  territory  of  Indiana.  The  territory  east  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi, in  which  the  Indian  title  had  been  extinguished,  were,  by  another  act, 
ordered  to  be  surveyed,  and  land  offices  were  opened  at  Detroit,  Vincennes,  and 
Kaskaskia.  The  lands  were  offered  for  sale  in  quarter-sections  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  acres,  without  interest  on  the  instalments  if  prompt  payment  was  made. 
The  salt-springs  were  reserved,  and  every  sixteenth  section  in  each  township 
reserved  for  schools,  and  an  entire  township  in  each  district  for  a  seminary. 

1804,  February.  —  A  memorial  was  presented  to  Congress 
from  a  convention  of  delegates  from  the  societies  in  the  different 
states  for  promoting  the  aboHtion  of  slavery  and  improving  the 
condition  of  the  African  race,  asking  that  the  importation  of 
slaves  into  tlie  Territory  of  Louisiana,  recently  obtained,  be  pro- 
hibited. 

It  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  the  government  of  Louisiana,  and  in  the 
act  creating  the  Territory  of  Orleans  it  was  forbidden  to  introduce  slaves  except 
from  some  part  of  the  United  States,  and  by  actual  settlers  in  the  new  territory ; 
slaves  introduced  into  the  United  States  since  1798  being  exempted  from  this 
permission. 

1804.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  repealed  the  act 
prohibiting  the  vslave  trade. 

The  representative  from  the  state  defended  it  in  the  national  House,  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  done  because  slaves  were  constantly  imported,  and  to  avoid 
tlie  daily  open  infraction  of  the  law.     The  law  was  repealed. 

1804,  February  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  passed 
an  act  abolishing  slavery. 

It  made  all  persons  born  in  the  state  after  the  fourth  of  the  next  July,  free. 
The  children  of  slaves  to  become  free,  males  at  twenty-five  and  females  at  twenty- 
one. 

1804.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  to  the  electors  the 
right  of  designating  their  candidates  for  President  and  Vice- 
President. 

It  was  passed  by  the  speaker's  vote. 

1804.  —  An  additional  duty  of  two  and  a  half  per  cent,  was 
laid  on  goods  subject  to  an  ad  valorem  duty. 

It  was  to  remain  in  force  during  the  continuance  of  hostilities  in  the  Mediter- 
ranean. The  news  had  arrived  of  the  capture  of  the  Philadelphia.  A  million  of 
dollars  was  also  appropriated,  and  additional  frigates  ordered. 

1804,  February  16.  —  The  captured  frigate  Philadelphia  was 


m 


494 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1804. 


boarded  and  burned  in  the  harbor  of  Tr'poli  by  an  expedition 
under  Lieutenant  Decatur. 

She  hiid  been  refitted  by  her  captors. 

1804.  —  Congress  repealed  the  Bankruptcy  Act. 

1804,  March  10.  —  Upper  Louisiana  was  formally  surrendered 
to  the  United  States. 

It  was  taken  possession  of  by  Captain  Amos  Stoddard,  as  the  agent  of  the 
United  States.  The  chief  business  of  the  territory  was  furs,  which  centred  at  St. 
Louis,  and  tlie  circulation  consisted  of  peltry  bonds,  or  notes  payable  in  furs. 

1804.  —  There  were  eighty-four  patents  granted  this  year 

1804.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  prohibiting 
all  unincorporated  companies  from  issuing  their  notes  to  serve  as 
money. 

A  similar  act  was  passed  in  Massachusetts. 

1804,  May  9.  —  The  Richmond  Inquirer  appeared  at  Rich- 
mond, Virginia. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Ritchie  and  William  W.  Worsley,  and  was  founded 
upon  the  Examiner,  a  Republican  paper  edited  by  Merriweather  Jones.  Jeffer- 
son was  interested  in  its  establishment,  and  in  its  first  number  it  printed  the  laws 
of  the  United  States,  Thomas  Ritchie  retired  from  it  in  1843,  and  his  sons  Wil- 
liam F.  and  Thomas,  Jr.  carried  it  on.  It  is  still  in  existence.  In  its  palmy  days 
it  was  known  as  the  organ  of  the  Richmond  Junta. 

1804.  —  Eleven  thousand  dollars  of  the  gold  coined  this  year 
was  obtained  from  North  Carolina. 

All  the  gold  from  this  date  to  1827,  amounting  to  one  hundred  and  ten  thousand 
dollars,  was  obtained  from  tills  state. 

1804.  —  Oliver  Evans  constructed,  this  year,  a  steam  dredg- 
ing-machine  which  he  called  the  Eruldor  Amphibolis. 

It  was  built  on  the  order  of  the  Philadelphia  Board  of  Health.  It  propelled 
itself  upon  land,  and  in  the  water  with  paddle-wheels  at  the  stern.  Later  in  the 
year  he  made  an  estimate  for  the  Lancaster  Turnpike  Company  of  the  expense  of 
a  locomotive  engine,  and  offered  to  build  one  s-nh. 

1804,  July  11.  —  Alexander  Hamilton  was  fatally  wounded  in 
a  duel  with  Aaron  Burr. 

Ilis  death  created  much  excitement,  and  was  of  much  influence  in  creating  an 
abhorrence  of  duelling.  The  coroner's  inquest  found  Burr  guilty  of  wilful  nmrdcr. 
In  New  Jersey,  where  the  duel  was  fought,  lie  was  indicted  for  murder,  and  in 
New  York,  he  and  liis  seconds  were  indicted  for  being  concerned  in  sending  and 
receiving  a  challenge,  a  recent  law  of  the  state  having  made  this  an  offence  pun- 
ishable with  disfranchisement  and  incapacity  for  holding  office  for  twenty  years. 

1804.  —  Congress  appropriated  sixty  thousand  dollars  for 
building  twenty-five  gunboats. 

They  were  in  addition  to  the  ten  ordered   before.     Jefferson,  in  his  annual 


?    '   :y".''--^,;^;5i^-,CV-^-. 


[1804. 
ixpedition 


1804.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


495 


dered 


rren 


agent  of  the 
juntred  at  St. 
2  in  furs. 

is  year 
prohibiting 
to  serve  as 


i  at  Rich- 
id  was  founded 
rones.  Jeffer- 
rinted  the  laws 
i  his  sons  Wil- 
its  palmy  days 

ed  this  year 
ten  thousand 

team  dredg- 

It  propelled 
Later  in  the 
the  expense  of 

wounded  in 

in  creating  nn 
'wilful  murder, 
murder,  and  in 
in  sending  and 
an  offence  pun- 
twenty  years. 

dollars    for 


m 


his  annual 


message,  had  advised  twenty-flve  a  year  for  ten  years,  to  bo  used  for  Iiarbor 
defence. 

1804.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Germans,  under  the  leadership  of  George 
Rapp,  landed,  and,  organizing  the  "  Harmony  Society,"  settled 
about  twenty-five  miles  north  of  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

In  1814  they  moved  to  Posey  County,  Indiana,  and  in  1824  moved  to  their 
present  settlement  of  Economy,  on  the  Ohio.  Tliey  are  a  religious  comnmnity, 
and  are  very  wealthy. 

1804.  —  The  Historical  Society  in  Fow  York  city,  and  the 
Athenaeum  Library  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  were  both  organ- 
ized this  year. 

1804.  —  David  Peacock,  of  New  Jersey,  patented  a  plough. 

The  mould-board  and  land-side  were  made  separate  and  of  cast-iron,  wliile  the 
share  was  of  wrought-iron  edged  with  steel. 

1804. —John  Stevens,  of  New  York,  constructed  a  stearo- 

propeller. 

It  was  finished  soon  after  Fulton's  steamer,  the  Clermont.  As  Livingston  and 
Fulton  lield  the  monopoly  of  steam  navigation  in  the  state,  Stevens  carried  his 
boat  by  sea  round  to  the  Delaware. 

John  Stevens  was  born  in  New  York  in  1749,  and  died  at  Hoboken,  New  Jcr- 
1  sey,  in  1838.  In  1812  he  published  a  pamphlet  proposing  to  build  a  railroad  from 
Albany  to  Lake  Erie. 

1804,  August.  —  During  this  month  two  treaties  w^ere  made  at 
iVincennes,  by  which  the  Indian  title  to  large  tracts  was  extin- 
jguished. 

The  treaties  were  held  with  the  Delawares  and  Piankeshaws.  In  November 
lanother  treaty  was  made  at  St.  Louis  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  by  which  also 
Ilarge  tracts  were  ceded.  Tlic  consideration  in  this  last  treaty  was  a  yearly  pny- 
Iment  in  goods  of  a  thousand  dollars,  and  the  tract  ceded  embraced  nearly  eighty 
[thousand  square  miles,  lying  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississippi. 

1804.  —  Congress  annexed  all  the  region  south  of  the  state  of 
|Tennessee  to  the  Territory  of  Mississippi. 

The  act  made  an  appropriation  for  exploring  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  and 
finder  it  the  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clarke  was  made. 

1804.  —  A  MEMORIAL  from  a  convention  of  the  people  of  In- 
diana, held  at  Vincennes,  asking  for  the  territory  a  suspension 

the  article  in  the  ordinance  of  1787  prohibiting  slavery  north 
'1  the  Ohio,  was  referred,  togetlier  with  a  report  made  upon  it 
fj  a  committee,  to  a  new  coiiimittee. 

The  memorial  had  been  presented  at  the  last  session,  and  the  committee  had 
sported  just  before  its  close,  that  they  thought  it  "  higlily  dangerous  and  inexpc- 
liont  to  impair  a  provision  wisely  calculated  to  promote  the  happiness  and  pros- 
Icrity  of  the  north-western  country,  and  to  give  strength  and  security  to  tliat 
Ixtcnsive  frontier."  Tlie  new  committee  reported  in  favor  of  the  suspension,  so 
i  to  admit  for  ten  years  slaves  born  in  the  United  States,  tiieir  male  heirs  to  be 


496 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


[1805. 


free  at  the  nge  of  twenty-five,  and  their  female  heirs  at  the  age  of  twenty-one.   No 
Airther  action  was  taken  on  the  subject. 

1805,  January  2.  —  Judge  Chase,  of  the  Supreme  Court,  ap- 
peared before  the  Senate  to  answer  charges  of  impeachmeut,  and 
requesting  delay,  was  given  a  mouth. 

There  were  eight  charges  against  him  :  six  for  lils  conduct  in  trials,  and  two 
for  his  hite  charge  to  the  Maryland  grand  jury.  At  the  trial,  in  consideration  of 
his  age  and  infirmities,  ho  was  allowed  to  be  seated  in  the  centre  of  the  Senate 
chamber.     He  was  acquitted  on  all  of  the  charges. 

1805. — The  Territory  of  Orleans  was  given  such  a  govern- 
ment as  that  of  the  Territory  of  Mississippi,  or  of  a  territory  of 
the  first  class. 

The  people  had  petitioned  for  the  rig  ut  to  form  a  state,  and  had  complained  of 
the  arbitrary  government  placed  over  them.  Tiiis  gave  them  a  legislature  cho8i>n 
by  the  people,  and  the  privilege  of  organizing  themselves  into  a  state,  forming  a 
constitution,  and  claiming  the  right  of  admission  to  the  Union,  as  soon  as  thoy 
numbered  sixty  thousand.  Claiborne  was  continued  as  governor,  and  llobert 
Wii.iams  made  governor  of  Mississijjpi. 

1805.  —  The  District  of  Louisiana  was  erected  into  a  territory 
of  the  second  class. 

The  governor  and  judges  had  the  legislative  power.  By  a  section  of  the  net, 
all  existing  laws  and  regulations  were  continued  in  force  until  repealed  or  altered 
by  the  legislature.  This  tacitly  permitted  slavery,  which  existed  in  some  of  the 
settlements  on  the  Arkansas  and  Missouri. 

1805.  —  A  PORTION  of  Indiana  was  divided  off  and  erected  into 
a  territory  of  the  second  class  called  Michigan. 

The  population  of  the  territory  was  about  four  thousand.  Th8  Indian  title  had 
been  extinguished  in  only  a  small  tract  about  Detroit,  and  another  on  the  main 
land  opposite  Mackinaw.    William  Hull  was  appointed  governor. 

1805,  February  13.  —  Thomas  Jefferson  was  elected  President, 
and  George  Clinton  Vice-President. 

1805,  April. — The  New  York  legislature  granted  a  charter 
to  the  Merchants'  Bunk  of  New  York  city. 

1805.  —  The  legislature  of  ^lew  York  appropriated  the  pro- 
ceeds of  the  remaining  state  lands  for  the  school  fund. 
Tlic  land  consisted  of  more  than  a  million  acres. 

1805,  June.  — A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  with  Tripoli. 

It  provided  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  man  for  man.  As  the  American 
prisoners  were  fewer  by  about  two  hundred,  sixty  thousand  dollars  were  paid  by 
tlie  United  States. 

1805.  —  The  King's  County  Society  of  Mechanics  and  Trades- 
men  was  incorporated  in  New  York. 

1805.  — The  first  cargo  of  ice  exported  from  this  country  was 


■  ( 


1805.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


497 


rcnty-onc.  No 


h  a  govern- 


I  erected  into 


one  of  one  hundred  and  thirty  tons,  sent  by  Frederick  Tudor, 
of  Boston,  in  his  own  brig,  to  Martinique. 

Mr.  Tudor  persevered,  miikiug  very  little,  if  any  profit  from  the  business  until 
after  the  war  of  1812.  In  1815  lie  obtained  the  monopoly  of  the  Havana  trade; 
in  1817,  that  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina ;  in  1820,  that  of  New  Orleans.  In  1833 
he  sent  the  first  cargo  to  Calcutta,  and  in  1834,  tlie  first  to  Brazil.  He  monopo- 
lized the  business  until  183G,  when  other  parties  became  interested. 

1805.  —  The  Free  School  Society  was  incorporated  in  Now 
York  city. 

The  present  Board  of  Education  was  its  outgrowth. 

1805,  July  4.  —  At  a  treaty  held  at  Fort  Industry,  the  Indians 
ceded  to  the  United  States  the  tract  iu  Ohio  known  as  the  Con- 
necticut Reserve. 

The  treaty  was  made  by  Governor  Harrison,  with  the  Wyandots,  Ottawas, 
Chippeways,  Mamsees,  Delawares,  Shawancos,  and  Tottawatomies.  The  consid- 
eration was  a  perpetual  annuity  of  one  thousand  dollars.  Tlie  Connecticut  Land 
Company,  which  had  purcliascd  the  land  from  Connecticut,  had  already  paid  the 
Indlaus  sixteen  thousand  dollars. 

1805,  August  21. —  By  a  t-eaty  with  the  Indians,  their  title 
to  almost  the  whole  of  the  present  state  of  Indiana  was  extin- 
guished. 

The  treaty  was  made  with  the  Delawares,  the  Pottawatomics,  Miamis,  Eel  River 
Indians,  and  Ucas.  The  land  ceded  extended  to  within  fifty  miles  of  the  Ohio, 
except  a  narrow  strip  along  the  west  bank  of  the  Wabash.  The  consideration 
was  four  thousand  dollars  in  cash,  an  annuity  for  ten  years  of  five  hundred  dol- 
lars, and  a  permanent  one  of  eleven  hundred  dollars. 

1805.  —  The  Cherokees  ceded  to  the  United  States  the  tract 
between  the  settlements  of  East  and  West  Tennessee,  and  allowed 
the  opening  of  roads,  and  the  passage  of  the  mail  through  their 
territory. 

The  consideration  was  fourteen  thousand  dollars  in  cash  and  a  perpetual  an- 
nuity of  tlirec  thousand  dollars.  Having  become  interested  in  agriculture  and 
stock-raising,  they  no  longer  needed  as  wide  an  expanse  of  hunting-grounds. 

1805,  OcTOiiER.  —  A  decision  in  a  Massachusetts  court  was  con- 
sidered a  further  advance  of  religious  liberty. 

A  tax-collector  in  the  town  of  Dalton  had  collected  a  tax  from  a  member  of  ti 
Baptist  church  for  the  support  of  an  older  parish  in  the  town.  Suit  was  brought 
against  the  town  for  the  recovery  of  the  money,  and  the  court  decided  it  should 
be  returned. 

1805.  —  The  Reporter  appeared  in  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

It  was  established  by  William  W.  Worslcy,  who  left  the  Richmond  Inquirer, 
aad  Thomas  S.  Smith.     It  was  the  organ  of  Henry  Clay. 

1805.  —  A  BILL  was  passed  by  the  New  York  legislature 
authorizing  the  truth  to  be  given  in  evidence,  when  the  matter, 

32 


498 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1805-6. 


written  or  printed,  was  published  "  with  good  motives  and  for 
justifiable  ends." 

This  clinnRC  in  the  law  of  libel  was  incorporated  in  the  constitutions  adopted 
for  tl»e  Rtatc  in  1821,  1845,  and  18G5.  It  M'as  brought  about  from  a  trial  in  1804 
of  Harry  Croswell,  the  editor  of  the  Hudson  Balance,  who  had  assnilcd  Thomas 
Jefferson  with  such  violence  that  he  was  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  of  Columbia 
County  for  libel.  The  case  was  tried  before  Chief  Justice  Lewis  in  tlie  superior 
court,  and  Alexander  Hamilton,  as  counsel  for  Croswell,  showed  that  the  maxim 
"The  greater  the  truth,  the  greater  the  libel,"  was  contrary  to  the  genius  of  our 
republican  institutions,  an  outrage  on  human  rights,  common  justice,  and  common 
sense,  and  of  modern  date  in  England. 

1805.  —  The  legislature  of  Virginia  enacted  that  thenceforth 
all  emancipated  slaves  remaining  in  the  state  six  months  after 
obtaining  their  freedom  should  be  arrested  and  sold  for  the  bene- 
fit of  the  poor  of  the  county. 

The  proceeds  of  such  sale  were  afterwards  awarded  to  the  literary  fund.  Negro 
or  mulatto  orphans,  bound  out  by  the  overseers  of  the  poor,  were  forbidden  to  be 
taught  reading,  writing,  or  arithmetic.  It  was  the  business  of  the  overseers  to 
forbid  tlieir  masters  to  do  this.     Free  blacks  coming  to  tlic  state  were  sent  back. 

1805,  November  14.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  to  Georgia  the  tract 
between  the  Oconee  and  Ocmulgeo  rivers. 

Tlie  consideration  was  an  annuity  of  twelve  thousand  dollars  for  eight  years, 
and  then  one  for  eleven  thousand  dollars  for  ten  j'cars. 

1806,  January.  —  Congress  appropriated  two  million3  of  dol- 
lars lor  "  extraordinary  expenses  of  foreign  intercourse." 

The  bill  had  been  debated  in  the  House  for  two  weeks  with  closed  doors.  Tlie 
money  was  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  President,  who  was  authorized  to  borrow 
it,  the  extra  duty  being  continued  to  reimburse  the  loan.  In  sending  the  bill  to 
the  Senate,  it  was  accompanied  by  a  message  that  it  was  passed  for  "  the  en- 
abling the  president  to  commence  with  more  effect  a  negotiation  for  the  purchase 
of  the  Spanish  territories  east  of  the  Mississippi."  Tlie  negotiations  resulted  in 
nothing.  The  American  claim  extended  to  the  Rio  Grande.  On  the  other  side, 
the  Spaniards  limited  Louisiana  to  a  very  narrow  strip  on  the  west  bank  of  tiic 
Mississippi.  The  Sabine  had  been  considered  a  provisional  boundary,  but  tlie 
Spanish  commander  in  Texas  crossed  the  river  with  an  armed  force,  and  occupied 
a  settlement  at  Bayou  Pierre,  on  the  Red  River.  Orders  were  sent  to  General 
Wilkinson,  at  St.  Louis,  to  reinforce  the  troops  in  the  Territory  of  Orleans,  and 
take  command  there. 

1806,  March  26.  —  Congress  prohibited  the  importation  from 
Great  Britain  or  her  dependencies,  or  from  any  other  country, 
certain  articles  of  British  manufacture. 

These  were  manufiicturcs  of  leather,  silk,  hemp,  flax,  tin  or  brass ;  woollen 
cloths  invoiced  over  a  dollar  and  a  quarter  a  square  yard ;  woollen  hosiery,  glass, 
silver  or  plated  ware,  paper,  nails,  spikes,  hats,  ready-made  clothing,  millinery, 
beer,  ale,  porter,  playing-cards,  or  prints.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  ia  the  mid- 
dle of  November. 


■■'  :a. 


[1805-6. 
58  and  for 

ions  adopted 
,  trial  in  1B04 
lilcd  Tliomas 
of  Columbia 
tlic  superior 
lat  the  inaxiin 
genius  of  our 
,  and  common 

thenceforth 
lonths  after 
)r  the  benc- 

5^  fund.  Negro 
"orbidden  to  be 
ic  overseers  to 
ere  scut  back. 

-•ia  the  tract 
for  eight  years, 

ilioni?  of  dol- 
rse." 

icd  doors.    The 
irized  to  borrow 
iding  tlie  bill  tii 
d  for  "  the  eii- 
for  the  purchase 
tions  resulted  in 
n  the  other  side, 
rest  bank  of  the 
undary,  but  the 
^e,  and  occupied 
sent  to  General 
of  Orleans,  and 

ortation  from 
ther  country, 

brass;  woollen 
m  hosiery,  glass, 
)thing,  millinery, 
eircct  in  the  mid- 


1806.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


499 


1806. —  Congress  appropriated  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars  for  the  building  of  fifty  more  gunboats. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  were  also  appropriated  for  the  fortifica- 
tion of  forts  and  harbors. 

1806.  —  Appropriations  were  made  by  Congress  for  building 
roads. 

For  the  road  from  Cumberland,  Maryland,  to  the  Ohio,  $30,000;  for  a  road 
from  Athens,  Georgia,  to  New  Orleans,  $G(>00;  from  Cincinnati  to  the  Missis- 
sippi, opposite  St.  Louis,  $0000 ;  for  a  road  from  Nashville  to  Natchez,  $0000. 

1806,  April.  —  The  Leander,  Captain  Whitby,  an  English  war- 
vessel,  fired  upon  the  sloop  Richard,  and  killed  John  Pierce,  the 
owner,  and  brother  of  the  captain. 

The  Leander  had  been  ordered  by  the  admiral  to  cruise  off  New  York  harbor, 
and  obtain  tiic  latest  news  from  the  vessels  coming  in  and  going  out.  Impatient 
at  the  tardiness  with  which  the  Richard  responded  to  his  signal,  Whitby  fired  a 
ball.  The  common  council  of  New  York  asked  the  administration  for  two  or 
throe  ships  to  keep  the  foreign  cruisers  in  order.  The  President  issued  a  proclam.a- 
tion  ordering  the  Leander  out  of  the  waters  of  the  United  States. 

1806,  June.  —  The  American  Botanical  Society  was  formed  in 
Philadelphia. 

1806,  November  3.  —  It  was  agreed  that  the  Sabine  should  be 
for  the  present  the  boundary  between  the  Unite  '  States  and  the 
Spanish  territory. 

General  Wilkinson  had  advanced  with  his  troops,  and  the  Spaniards  retreated 
across  the  Sabine. 

1806,  November  21.  —  Napoleon  Bonaparte  issued  his  Berlin 
decrees. 

Tliese  declared  all  England's  ports  blockaded ;  excluded  English  letters  from 
French  mails,  and  ordered  every  Englishman  on  French  territory  arrested  as  a 
prisoner  of  war ;  all  property  belonging  to  the  English,  coming  from  their  factories 
or  colonies,  and  all  neutral  vessels  touching  at  English  ports,  were  lawful  prizes 
for  French  cruisers. 

1806.  —  The  Louisiana  Courier  appeared  in  New  Orleans. 

1806,  November  27.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation,  de- 
claring that  he  had  information  of  an  unlawful  scheme  for  tlie 
invasion  of  the  Spanish  dominions,  and  warning  all  good  citizens 
against  taking  part  in  it,  and  calling  upon  the  authorities  to  arrest 
all  concerned  in  it. 

The  scheme  was  one  of  Aaron  Burr's,  for  the  purpose  of  capturing  New 
Orleans  and  Mexico. 

1806,  December  2.  —  The  legislature  of  Ohio  passed  an  act,  with 
closed  doors,  ordering  the  seizure  of  the  boats  building  on  the 
Muskingum,  which  was  done. 

The  boats  were  designed  for  use  in  Aaron  Burr's  expedition. 


fir 


600 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1806-7. 


I 


180G,  December  19.  —  Congress  Busponded  tlio  act  proliibiting 
the  importation  of  British  goods  until  the  following  July. 

The  Prcsitlcnt  wns  nutliurizcd  to  still  further  continuo  tlie  Huaiiension,  nt  liig 
discretion,  until  the  next  Congress.     All  penalties  incurred  were  renjitted. 

1806,  December  24.  —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  passed  an 
act  similar  to  that  passed  by  Ohio. 

Under  it  further  seizures  were  made. 

1806. — The  first  bargo  load  of  anthracite  coal  was  shipped 
from  Mauch  Chunk  to  Philadelphia. 

It  was  sold,  but  it  was  found  impossible  to  u?e  it. 

1807.  —  Congress  appropriated  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  a 
coast  survey. 

It  was  "  for  the  purpose  of  making  complete  charts  of  our  coast,  with  the  adja- 
cent shoals  and  soundings."  1<\  II.  Ilassler,  a  Swiss,  was  appointed  superintend- 
cnt.  But  little  was  done,  except  laying  out  a  1  use  line,  in  the  rear  of  the 
Palisades  on  the  Hudson,  until  1832.  Hassler  died  in  184JJ,  and  Professor  A.  I). 
Bachc  was  appointed  his  successor,  under  whose  direction  the  survey  was  made 
efficient,  and  is  still  continued. 

1807,  January  7.  —  England  declared  all  neutral  ships  trading 
at  French  ports  or  those  of  her  allies,  or  from  which  English 
ships  were  excluded,  subject  to  capture  and  condemnation  in  her 
prize  courts. 

1807,  January.  —  Aaron  Burr  surrendered  unconditionally  to 
a  body  of  militia  of  the  Territory  of  Mississippi. 

Burr  had  descended  the  Mississippi  with  a  small  armed  band,  and  had  halted 
fibout  thirty  miles  above  Natchez,  outside  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Mississippi.  After 
the  surrender  he  went  to  the  capital  of  the  territory,  where  the  grand  jury, 
instead  of  indicting  him,  brought  a  presentment  against  the  governor  for  call- 
ing out  the  militia,  and  against  the  way  he  was  compelled  to  surrender. 

1807,  February  19.  —  Aaron  Burr  was  arrested  in  eastern 
Mississippi,  and  sent  under  a  guard  to  Washington,  the  capital  of 
Mississippi. 

He  was  riding  with  a  single  companion.  The  arrest  was  made  by  the  registrar 
of  the  land  office,  and  Lieutenant  Gaines  with  a  few  men. 

1807,  February.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the 
slave  trade. 

A  fine  of  twenty  thousand  dollars  was  imposed  on  all  persons  concerned  in 
fitting  out  a  vessel  for  the  slave  trade,  with  the  forfeiture  of  the  vessel ;  a  fine  of 
five  thousand  dollars,  with  the  forfeiture  of  the  vessel,  was  imposed  for  taking  any 
negro  or  colored  person  on  board  in  a  foreign  country  for  the  purpose  of  selling 
him  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  For  transporting  any  negro  or 
person  of  color  from  a  foreign  country  and  selling  him  as  a  slave,  imprisonment 
for  not  less  than  five  years,  nor  more  than  ten,  with  a  fine  not  less  than  a  thousand 
or  more  than  ten  thousand  dollars,  was  imposed,  the  purchaser,  knowing  the  factsi 


[1806-7. 

)Volubiting 
ily. 

iMiHion,  nt  1)18 
iiittcd. 

r  passed  an 
ma  shipped 
ollara  for  a 

t,  with  the  ntljfl- 
cJ  supcrintend- 
the  rear  of  tlie 
Professor  A.  D. 
iurvey  was  niado 

ships  trading 
rhich  English 
ination  in  her 

nditionally  to 

and  had  halted 
lississippi.    After 
the  grand  jury, 
jovcrnor  for  call- 
render. 

;d  in  eastern 
tlie  capital  of 

lie  by  the  registrar 
irohibiting  the 

sons  concerned  in 

c  vessel;  a  fine  of 

osed  for  taking  any 

purpose  of  selling 

rting  any  negro  or 

lave,  imprisonment 

ess  than  a  thousand 

knowing  the  factsi 


1807.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


501 


being  liable  to  a  flno  of  olffht  hundred  dollars  for  each  person  purchased.  Tho 
persons  imported  were  to  be  subjoct  to  such  regulation. ,  not  contrary  to  this  act, 
M  the  respective  states  and  territories  niiglit  make.  Coasting  vessels  transporting 
glavcs  from  one  state  to  another  were  obliged  by  a  fine  of  one  hundred  dollars 
for  eacli  slave  to  insert  a  description  of  them  in  their  manifesto.  No  vessel  of 
less  than  forty  tons  could  transport  slaves  except  on  the  inland  bays  and  rivers. 
A  vessel  witli  slaves  found  on  the  coast  was  conflscate,  tlie  master  subject  to  a 
fine  of  ten  tliousand  dollars,  and  imprisonment.  The  negroes  on  such  vessel  to 
be  delivered  to  such  agents  as  the  states  might  appoint ;  where  no  such  appoint- 
ment was  made,  to  tho  overseer  of  the  poor,  and  if  they  should  bo  "  sold  or  dis- 
posed of,  the  penalties  of  the  act  to  attach  to  tho  seller  and  purchaser."  The  act 
was  passed  after  a  long  and  very  violent  debate.  The  act  was  to  take  effect  on 
the  1st  of  January,  1808. 

1807,  March.  —  Tho  President,  by  proclamation,  suspended 
the  operation  of  the  act  prohibiting  tho  importation  of"  British 
goods  until  December. 

The  commissioners  to  England  had  concluded  a  treaty  which  the  President 
rejected. 

1807,  March  11. — The  Philadelphia  Society  for  tho  Encour- 
agement of  Manufactures  was  incorporated. 

Its  capital  was  ten  thousand  dollars,  with  the  right  to  increase  it  to  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars.  The  directors  were  empowered  to  advance,  either  cash  or  raw 
materials,  to  half  the  amount  of  the  finished  product,  to  be  deposited  in  their  ware- 
house, the  residue  to  be  paid  when  the  articles  were  sold,  deducting  interest  and 
a  commission  of  five  per  cent. 

1807.  —  A  VESSEL  was  navigated  by  a  screw  propeller,  from 
Eddy's  Point  to  Pautucket,  Rhode  Island. 

She  was  called  '*  The  Experiment,"  was  about  one  hundred  feet  long,  and 
twenty  feet  wide.  Tho  screws  wero  driven  by  eight  horses,  and  she  made  an 
average  of  four  miles  an  hour.  The  machinery  was  built  by  Jonathan  Nichols 
and  David  Given,  of  Providence,  and  tho  vessel  was  built  by  John  S.  Eddy. 
It  was  the  first  attempted  realization  of  the  propeller. 

1807,  May.  — The  news  was  received  that  Captain  Whitby,  of 
the  Leander,  had  been  honorably  acquitted  by  a  court-martial  at 
Plymouth,  England. 

1807,  June  22.  —  The  Chesapeake,  a  national  vessel,  was 
overhauled,  on  sailing  from  Hampton  Roads  for  tho  Mediterra- 
nean, by  the  Leopard,  a  British  ship,  and  fired  into,  and  four 
sailors  claimed  as  deserters  carried  off. 

Three  of  the  Chesapeake's  crew  were  killed,  and  eighteen  wounded ;  she  was  un- 
able, for  want  of  preparation,  to  reply.  The  deserters  were  carried  to  Halifax, 
where  one,  an  Englishman,  was  hanged ;  tho  three  others,  negroes,  who  had  de- 
serted from  an  American  ship,  and  were  natives,  were  pardoned  on  condition  of 
re-entering  the  British  service. 

1807,  July  2.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  ordering 


502 


ANiJALS  OF  KOBTU  AMERICA. 


[1807. 


all  the  British  ships-of-war  to  loavo  tho  wators  of  the  Uuited 
States,  and  forbidding  any  intorcourso  with  them. 

Tlio  proclamation  spoke  of  tho  habitual  insolence  of  tlic  British  cruisers,  and 
OxprcBHcd  the  belief  that  tlio  outrage  on  tiie  Cliesapeake  was  unauthorized.  Cun- 
grcsB  was  called  togetlicr,  and  a  court  of  inquiry  was  ordered,  and  instructiotiii 
were  sent  to  tlic  American  ministers  in  England  to  demand  reparation,  and  suh< 
pund  all  other  negotiations  until  it  was  granted. 

1807,  Septemdeb  1.  —  The  jury  in  the  trial  of  Aaron  Burr  for 
high  treason,  which  took  place  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  brought  in 
a  verdict  o''*  '  '-^t  guilty. 

Burr  had  sent  under  a  guard  from  Mississippi.     Chief  Justice  Maritlinll 

presided  at  tli^  trial.  Indictments  for  treason,  wliicli  had  been  foui.d  aKninitt 
Blennorhassct,  Dayton,  Smith,  Tyler,  and  Floyd,  as  accessories,  were  abandoned. 
On  September  9th  a  verdict  of  Not  guilty  was  returned,  also  on  a  charge  of  setting 
on  foot  witliin  the  United  States  a  hostile  expedition  against  the  Spanish  pruv- 
inces. 

Aaron  Burr  died  in  188G,  aged  80. 

1807,  October.  —  The  English  government  sent  en  agent  to 
tho  United  States  to  settle  the  anair  of  the  Chesapeake. 

As  soon  as  the  news  of  the  outrage  was  received  in  England,  the  ministry  dis- 
owned the  act,  offered  reparation,  and  sent  orders  for  tho  recall  of  Adniirnl 
Birkelcy,  in  command  of  the  North  American  station,  by  whoso  orders  the  captain 
of  the  Leopard  had  acted.  The  instructions  sent  to  the  American  ministers  having 
inado  it  impossible  for  them  to  conclude  the  matter,  this  agent  was  sent  to  do  so. 

1807,  C  1ER.  —  The  General  Society  of  Mechanics  was  in- 
corporate Vew  Haven,  Connecticut. 

It  was  to  promote  tho  mechanic  arts,  and  assist  young  mechanics  by  loans. 

1807.  —  The  "  Clermont "  was  launched  in  the  spring. 

Being  supplied  with  a  steam-engine  made  by  Watt  and  Boulton  in  England, 
she  made  her  first  trip  to  Albany  in  thirty-two  hours,  the  distance  being  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  miles.     She  was  built  by  the  firm  of  Livingston  and  Fulton. 

1807.  — The  duty  on  salt  was  repealed. 
The  act  to  take  effect  after  December  31. 

1807,  December  22.  —  Congress  laid  an  embargo  on  all  shipping 
in  the  ports  of  the  United  States. 

The  departure  of  any  vessel  from  any  port  of  the  United  States,  bound  tc  nny 
foreign  port,  was  forbidden,  except  by  the  express  permission  of  the  President. 
Foreign  armed  vessels,  with  public  connnissions,  and  foreign  merchant  ships  in 
ballast,  or  with  only  such  cargo  as  they  had  when  notified  of  the  act,  were  also 
excepted.  Coasting  vessels  were  to  give  bonds,  in  double  tho  value  of  their 
cargoes,  to  reland  the  same  in  the  United  States. 

1807.  — The  American  Botanical  Society  took  the  name  of  the 
Philadelphia  Linnaean  Society. 


1808.] 


ANITALS  OF  NOKTU  AMERICA. 


503 


mica  was  in- 


1808.  —  Two  Trulian  treaties  wore  made  this  year,  by  which 
territory  wu8  ceded  to  the  United  Stutea. 

TIio  Choctaws  cedc«l  tlio  torfitory  lying  between  the  lettlerocntH  about  Natchez, 
and  those  on  tlic  Toiiibigbcc,  how  forming  tlio  gouthorn  part  of  Minnissii)!)!.  Tlio 
consideration  was  §50,000  to  pay  their  debts  to  traders,  a  present  of  ^SOOto  eacli 
of  tlic  three  principal  chiefs,  witli  an  annuity  during  their  chicflainship  of  $50,  and 
u  yearly  payment  to  the  tribe  of  93000  in  goods.  The  Ottawas,  Chippeways,  Wy- 
andots,  and  Tottawatomies  ceded  tlio  territory  north  of  tho  Maumee,  from  tho 
junction  of  tlio  Au  Glazo,  extending  to  tho  Detroit  River  and  Lako  Huron, 
including  a  large  part  of  Michigan.  Tho  consideration  was  910,000  in  goods, 
and  an  annuity  of  $2400. 

1808,  January  8.  —  Congreaa  pasaod  an  act  supplementary  to 
the  embargo. 

All  coasting  and  flshing-vcssels  were  required  to  give  bonds  to  rcland  tlioir 
cargoes  in  tho  United  States,  all  vessels  violating  it  to  bo  confiscated  with  t  jcir 
cargoes,  the  masters  being  fined,  and  tho  owners  liable  for  double  the  value  of  the 
vessel  and  cargo.  Tiic  coasting-vessels  were  found  to  toko  advantage  of  the  act 
08  passed  before,  to  engage-  in  tho  West  India  trade. 

1808,  March  2.  —  A  betterment  law  was  passed  by  the  legis- 
lature of  Massachusetts. 

This  was  intended  to  quiet  the  disaffection  of  the  actual  settlers  upon  the  unim- 
proved territory  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  The  Plymouth  Company  liad  exer- 
cised their  claims  with  great  harshness,  and  the  people  were  consequently  very 
much  discontented.  Writs  of  right  were  limited  to  forty  years,  and  writs  of  entry 
to  thirty.  It  provided  that  tho  settler  should  pay  the  valuo  of  the  laud  within  a 
year. 

1808.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  tho  Massachusetts  legislature 
limiting  the  issue  of  bank-bills. 

Banks  should  not  issue  bills  less  than  fi'.c  dollars  to  a  greater  amount  than 
fifteen  per  cent,  of  their  capital. 

1808,  March  12.  —  Another  act  supplementary  to  the  embargo 
was  passed  by  Congress. 

Boats  and  vessels  of  all  kinds  were  made  subject  to  the  embargo.  Foreign 
vcBscls  were  forbidden  to  carry  cargoes  from  one  part  of  the  United  States  to 
another  without  first  giving  bonds  not  to  proceed  to  a  foreign  country.  The 
masters  of  fish' .ig- vessels  were  forced  to  declare,  on  oath,  that  they  had  landed 
no  fish  at  any  Icreign  port.  Land-carriages  were  submitted  to  the  same  restric- 
tions, under  penalty  of  forfeiture  with  their  loads  and  horses. 

1808,  March  18.  —  Tho  envoy  from  England  returned  home. 

He  had  demanded  tho  recall  of  the  proclamation  forbidding  British  ships  from 
entering  American  waters,  as  a  preliminary  to  an  offer  on  his  part  of  reparation. 
To  the  promise  tliat  the  proclamation  would  be  withdrawn  should  his  offer  prove 
satisfactory  ho  would  not  accede,  and  returned  to  consult  his  government. 

1808.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  making  an  addition  to  the  reg- 
ular army  of  six  thousand  men. 

They  were  to  be  enlisted  for  five  years,  unless  sooner  discharged.     The  Pres- 


604 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1808. 


ident  was  also  authorized  to  call  out  100,000  militia,  and  $300,000  were  appropri- 
ated for  the  purchase  of  munitions. 

1808,  April  8.  —  Gallatin,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury,  mudo 
a  report  on  the  subject  of  internal  improvements. 

It  stated  that  a  great  number  of  roads  had  been  built  in  the  eastern  and  middle 
states,  while  few  had  been  constructed  south  of  the  Potomac.  The  roads  wore 
chiefly  turnpikes,  varying  in  cost  from  less  than  a  thousand  dollars  a  mile  to  four- 
teen thousand.  The  toll  collected  paid  an  interest  on  the  investment  varying  from 
less  than  three  to  eleven  per  cent.  Connecticut  since  1803  had  incorporated  fifty 
turnpike  companies.  In  New  York,  in  less  than  seven  years,  sixty-seven  compa- 
nies, with  a  nominal  capital  of  about  five  millions,  liiid  been  incorporated  to  build 
roads ;  and  twenty-one,  with  a  capital  of  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  had  been 
incorporated  to  b;  ild  toll-bridges.  It  was  recommended  that  two  millions  of  the 
revenue  be  spent  yearly  for  ten  years  in  improving  the  communication  between 
diflferent  parts  of  the  Union,  and  several  special  measures  for  this  were  mentioned. 

1808.  —  The  Theological  Seminary  at  Andover  was  founded. 

1808.  —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  enacted  that  free  negroes 
coming  into  the  state  should  give  security  to  leave  within  twenty 
days,  or  should  be  sold  for  a  year. 

If  twenty  days  after  the  "Expiration  of  the  year  they  were  remaining  in  the 
state,  the  process  was  repeated. 

1808,  April  25.  —  Congress  passed  a  third  act  supplementary 
to  the  embargo. 

AH  lake,  river,  and  bay  craft  were  required  to  clear  in  due  form,  and  furnish 
proof  V  ithin  two  months  that  their  cargoes  had  been  rolanded  in  the  United 
States.  Sea-going  vessels  were  forbidden  to  take  in  any  cargo  except  under  the 
inspection  of  a  custom-house  officer.  Collectors  were  authorized  to  seize  all  sus- 
pected vessels.  Except  with  the  permission  of  the  President,  no  clearances  were 
to  be  granted  to  vessels  for  ports  adjacent  to  foreign  territories.  Unusual  collee- 
tions  of  goods  in  any  such  ports  were  to  be  seized  and  detained  until  their  owners 
should  give  bonds  not  to  carry  them  out  of  the  United  States.  All  coasting-trade 
was  entirely  forbidden  to  foreign  vessels. 

1808,  April.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  empowering  the  Presi- 
dent to  appoint  agents  to  grant  licenses  for  the  transportation  of 
flour  from  one  American  seaport  to  another. 

The  permits  to  do  this  were  to  be  given  only  to  those  who  could  be  relied  upon 
not  to  make  use  of  them  for  the  exportation  of  merchandise. 

1808.  —  Soup-kitchens  were  opened  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
in  Portland,  Maine,  and  in  other  places. 

The  embargo  had  caused  a  great  deal  of  comnittrcial  distress. 

1808.  —  Joseph  Charless,  in  July,  commenced  in  St.  Louis, 
Missouri,  the  Missouri  Gazette. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  first  west  of  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  now  continued  as  the  Missouri  Republican. 


[1808. 


1808-9.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


505 


;rc  appropn- 


ixxry,  mauo 

rn  and  middle 
LC  roads  wero 
I  mile  to  four- 
t  varying  from 
irporatod  fifty 
-seven  compa- 
orated  to  build 
liars,  had  been 
millions  of  the 
cation  between 
ere  mentioned. 

9  founded. 

free  negroes 
itbin  twenty 

imaining  in  the 


ipplementary 

rm,  and  furnish 

d  in  the  United 

xccpt  under  the 

to  seize  all  sub- 

clearances  were 

Unusual  coUei;- 

ntil  their  owners 

.11  coasting-trailc 


ug  tlie  Presi- 
isportation  of 

Id  be  relied  upon 
lassachusetts, 

in  St.  Louis, 

)f  the  Mississippi- 


1808.  —  The  lawc  of  Louisiana  (Territory),  printed  this  year 
in  St.  Louis,  was  tbo  first  book  printed  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

1808.  —  The  first  newspaper  in  Indiana  appeared  in  Vincennes. 

1808,  June  23.  —  Importation  of  merchandise  of  American 
growth  or  manufacture  to  Great  Britain  was  permitted  by  an  act 
of  parliament. 

They  were  permitted  in  cither  British  or  American  vessels,  and  were  subject  to 
such  duties  only  as  the  same  commodities  from  other  countries  paid. 

1808,  September  15.  —  The  viceroy  of  Mexico,  Don  Jos6  Itur- 
rigaray,  was  deposed  by  an  insurrection,  and  sent  as  a  captive  to 
Spain. 

It  was  the  Spaniards  who  made  the  insurrection;  they  favored  the  French  pol- 
icy of  Napoleon ;  the  Creoles  supported  the  Bourbons,  having  publicly  burned  a 
proclamation  of  King  Joseph,  whom  Napoleon  had  made  king  of  Spain.  Iturri- 
garay  was  succeeded  as  viceroy  by  Vanegas. 

1808.  —  The  South  Carolina  Homespun  Society  was  incorpo- 
rated with  a  capital  of  thirty  thousand  dollars,  to  promote  domes- 
tic manufactures. 

1808,  October.  —  The  American  Patriot  appeared  in  Ports- 
mouth, New  Hampshire. 

It  was  established  by  William  Iloit.  In  1809  it  was  purchased  by  Isaac  Hill, 
and  its  name  changed  to  the  New  Hampshire  Putriot.  It  was  a  Democratic  sheet. 

1801-1809.  —  Third  administration. 


President, 
Vice-Presidents, 
Secretary  of  State, 


Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia. 
/  Aaron  Burr,  of  New  York,  1801. 
l-  George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  March  4,  1805. 

James  Madison,  of  Virginia,  March  5,  1801. 


Secretaries  of  Treasury,  (  S^"^"'''  ^^^*'''''  "^^  ^''''•'  ^o"*'""^*! '"  "ffi'^^- 


Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania,  Jjinuary  26,  1802. 
Henry  Dearborn,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1801. 

(Benjamin  Stoddert,  of  Maryland,  continued  in  office. 
Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  January  26,  1802. 
Jacob  Crowninshiold,  of  Mass.,  March  2,  1805. 
/  Joseph  Habersham,  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 
>.  Gideon  Granger,  of  Connecticut,  January  26,  1802. 
Levi  Lincoln,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1801. 
Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  March  3,  1805. 
John  Brcckenridge,  of  Kentucky,  January  17,  1806. 
Caesar  Rodney,  of  Delaware,  January  20,  1807. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives, — 

Nathaniel  Macon,  of  North  Carolina,  Seventh  Congress,  1801. 
Joseph  B.  Varnur.1,  of  Massachusetts,  liighth  Conpress,  1803. 
Nathaniel  Macon,  of  North  Carolina,  Ninth  Congress,  1805. 
Joseph  B.  Varnum,  of  Massachusetts,  Tenth  Congress,  1807. 


Secretary  of  War, 
Secretaries  of  Navy, 

Postmp  sters-General, 
Attorneys-General, 


ill 


506 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1809. 


1809,  January  9.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  "more  eflfoctually 
to  enforce  the  embargo." 

It  was  called  "  tlie  enforcing  act."  Every  attempt  to  avoid  the  embargo  worked 
tlie  forfeiture  of  the  ship,  boat,  or  vehicle,  and  was  subject  to  a  fine  of  four  times 
the  value  of  the  merchandise,  one  half  the  fine  to  go  to  the  informer.  Collectors 
were  given  ample  power  to  seize  suspected  goods.  The  President  was  given  power 
to  employ  the  army  and  navy  to  enforce  the  provisions  of  the  embargo,  and  ad- 
dressed a  circular  to  the  governors  of  the  states,  calling  upon  them  to  use  the 
militia.  The  summer  before,  troops  had  been  used  to  prevent  the  inland  trade 
through  Lake  Champlain  to  Canada,  and  blood  had  been  shed.  The  commercial 
towns  of  New  England  suffered  the  most  severely  from  the  embargo,  and  were 
most  violent  in  their  protests  against  it. 

1809,  February  3.  —  The  embargo  was  repealed  by  Congress. 
The  act  to  take  effect  on  the  15th  of  March. 

1809.  —  Congress  erected  tiie  territory  of  Illinois. 

It  embraced  the  present  states  of  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  Kaskaskia  was  made 
the  seat  of  government,  and  Ninian  Edwards  was  appointed  governor. 

1809,  February  27.  —  Congress  passed  a  non-intercourse  act. 

It  forbade  all  commercial  intercourse  between  the  United  States  and  Great  Brit- 
ain, France,  or  tlieir  dependencies,  after  the  20th  of  May.  In  case  either  of  these 
nations  should  repeal  its  offensive  orders  or  decrees,  the  President  was  authorized 
to  reopen  trade  with  that  country  by  proclamation. 

1809.  —  The  Athenian  Society  was  formed  at  Baltimore,  Mary. 
land. 

It  was  incorporated  the  next  year  with  a  share  capital  of  $20,000.  Its  object 
was  to  encourage  domestic  manufactures  by  advances  made  on  tlicir  products,  and 
selling  them  on  commission.     Its  sales  were  over  $17,000  the  first  year. 

1809.  —  Robert  Fulton  took  out  his  first  patent  in  the  United 
States  for  improvements  in  steamboats,  they  being  tae  adaptation 
of  paddle-wheels  to  the  axle  of  the  crank  of  Watts'  engine. 

He  was  granted  a  second  patent  in  1811,  and  the  same  year  appointed  a  com- 
missioner by  New  York  to  explore  the  route  of  an  inland  navigation  from  tlic 
Hudson  River  to  the  Iiakcs. 

1809,  March  4.  —  Jamos  Madison  was  inaugurated  President. 

He  took  the  oatli  of  office  in  the  Hall  of  Representatives,  the  Senate,  the  Cab- 
inet, and  foreign  ministers,  with  citizens,  being  present. 

1809.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an  act  making 
education  free. 

Children  between  the  ages  of  five  and  twelve,  whose  parents  should  report 
themselves  as  too  poor  to  pay  for  their  schooling,  could  attend  tlie  most  convenient 
school  at  the  jmblic  expense. 

1809,  March  10.  —  The  committee  of  the  Rhode  Island  legis- 
lature, appointed  to  inquire  into  the  situation  of  the  Farmers' 
Exchange  Bank  of  Gloucester,  reported. 


[1809. 
)  effectually 

mbargo  worked 
10  of  four  times 
ler.  Collectors 
yaa  given  power 
mbargo,  and  ad- 
them  to  use  the 
the  inland  trade 
The  commercial 
ibargo,  and  were 

by  Congress. 

3. 

skaskia  was  made 

ernor. 

tercourse  act. 

C8  and  Great  Brit- 
aso  either  of  these 
cntwaa  authorized 

altimore,  Mary- 

,000.     Its  object 
their  products,  and 
st  year. 

in  the  United 
le  adaptation 
'  engine, 
appointed  a  com- 
avigation  from  tlie 

od  President, 
le  Senate,  the  Cub- 
an act  making 

rents  should  report 
he  most  convenient 

do  Island  legis- 
)f  tUo  Farmers 


1809.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


The  bank  went  into  operation  in  1804.  On  February  9,  1809,  it  had  issued 
$G48,043  of  its  bills,  of  wliich  $580,000  were  then  out,  and  the  bank  had  in  specie 

$86.16. 

1809*.  —  An  Englishman  built  a  mill  on  the  present  site  of  Roch- 
ester, which  was  still  a  wilderness. 

1809,  April  19.  —  The  President,  in  a  proclamation,  announced 
the  cessation  of  the  no^-intercourse  act  with  Great  Britain  and 
her  dependencies  after  June  10. 

Great  Britain,  in  reparation  for  the  Chesapeake,  agrsed  to  return  the  men,  and 
make  a  "  suitable  provision  for  the  unfortunate  sufferers  on  that  occasion ;  "  also  to 
send  an  envoy  extraordinary  with  full  powers  to  conclude  a  treaty  on  all  points  of 
dispute,  and  witlidraw  tlie  orders  in  council,  if  the  President  would  issue  a  proc- 
lamation for  the  renewal  of  intercourse  with  her. 

1809,  August  9.  —  A  proclamation  by  the  President  recalled 
that  of  April  19. 

The  British  government  had  refused  to  ratify  the  arrangement  made  by  their 
minister.  This  recall  left  in  force  the  non-importation  act  which  forbade  all  impor- 
tation from  France  or  England  or  their  dependencies.  Erskine,  the  muiister  who 
liad  made  the  arrangement,  was  replaced  by  Francis  James  Jackson. 

1809,  November  13.  —  The  British  minister,  Jackson,  withdrew 
from  Washington,  and  asked  for  special  passports  to  return  to 
England. 

In  his  official  correspondence  with  the  American  government,  he  had  made 
statements  which  were  used  as  a  reason  to  refuse  to  receive  further  comumnica- 
tions  from  him,  and  a  ground  for  asking  his  recall. 

1809,  November.  —  The  Columbian  Agricultural  Society  for 
the  Promotion  of  Rural  and  Domestic  Economy  was  formed  at 
Georgetown,  D.  C 

It  held  an  exliibition  with  premiums  the  next  yea^,  which  is  said  to  have  been 
the  first  held  in  the  country. 

1809.  —  The  sixth  volume  of  the  Transactions  of  the  American 
Philosophical  Society  contained  a  Geological  Survey  o/' the  United 
States  by  William  Maclure. 

It  was  dated  January  10,  and  was  the  first  of  the  kind.  Mr.  Maclure  had  m.adc 
tlie  survey  at  his  own  expense,  and  had  travelled  extensively  about  the  country 
for  the  purpose  of  his  survey.     He  had  also  made  a  geological  nuip  of  tiie  United 

States. 

1809. —  The  consul  at  Lisbon,  William  Jarvis,  of  Vermont, 
sent  over  to  the  country  some  thousands  of  merino  sheep. 

lie  purchased  fourteen  hundred  of  the  crown  flocks  of  the  Escurial,  which 
were  sold  by  order  of  Napoleon,  and  also  shipped  about  two  thousand  more. 
Others  made  further  shipments.  Though  a  few  specimens  of  merino  sheep  had 
been  before  imported,  tliis  was  the  immediate  cause  of  their  general  introduc* 
tiun. 


508 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1810. 


1810,  March  1.  —  A  cortes,  or  council  of  the  whole  nation, 
met  at  Cadiz,  Spain. 

Representatives  were  present  from  Mexico.  ^ 

1810,  March.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a  law 
forbidding  incorporated  companies  from  issuing  notes  or  perform- 
ing the  functions  of  banks. 

1810.  —  The  first  house  was  built  on  the  site  of  the  city  of 
Rochester,  New  York. 

In  1812  it  was  laid  out  as  a  village  by  Nathaniel  Rochester  and  two  associates. 
In  1817  it  was  incorporated,  and  in  1834  received  a  city  charter. 

1810.  —  The  Adirondack  Iron  and  Steel  Company  was  incor- 
porated with  a  capital  of  one  million  dollars. 

The  first  furnace  was  built  in  a  secluded  spot  among  the  Adirondack  Hills. 
Subsequently  the  first  cast  steel  was  made  by  them. 

1810.  —  Elkanah  Watson  exhibited  three  merino  sheep  at 
Pittsfield,  Massachusetts. 

1810.  —  The  census  of  this  year  gave  returns  from  eleven 
states  and  territories. 

It  gave  two  thousand,  five  hundred  and  twenty-six  saw-mills  for  common  pur- 
poses, and  twenty-one  mahogany-mills :  of  these,  all  the  mahogany-niills  and 
nineteen  hundred  and  ninety-five  of  the  others  belonged  to  Pennsylvania.  The 
quantity  of  lumber  sawed  \...o  ninety-four  million  feet,  of  which  seventy-four  were 
sawed  in  Pennsylvania.  From  New  York  and  several  other  of  the  lumber  states 
there  was  no  return.  Maryland  had  three  hundred  and  ninety-nine  wheat-mills. 
The  county  of  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  had  twenty-two  grist  and  twcnty-eiglit 
saw-mills. 

1810,  March  13.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  organized  a 
commission  to  examine  and  report  upon  the  route  for  inland  nav- 
igation from  the  Hudson  to  the  Lakes. 

1810.  —  Congress  introduced  the  rule,  at  its  session  this  year, 
of  setting  apart  one  day  in  the  week  for  the  consideration  of 
private  bills. 

1810,  March  23.  — France  issued  a  decree,  known  as  the  Rani' 
bouillet  Decree,  ordering  the  sale  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-two 
American  vessels,  with  their  cargoes,  which  had  been  seized  for 
violating  the  French  decrees. 

The  vessels  with  their  cargoes  were  estimated  as  worth  eight  millions  of  dol- 
lars. The  proceeds  of  the  sale  were  to  be  deposited  in  the  Caisse  d'Amortisst- 
ment.  All  American  vessels,  entering  subsequently  any  Frencli  port,  or  port 
occupied  by  French  arms,  were  to  be  treated  similarly.  The  decree  was  not  pro- 
mulgated until  May. 

1810,  April.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  excluding  French  and 
English  war-ships  from  American  waters. 


1810.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


509 


The  non-importation  p.ct  was  to  expire  with  the  session,  and  the  President  was 
nutliorized  to  announce  it  l)y  proclamation  in  case  either  France  or  England  should 
rcciill  their  offensive  acts ;  or  if  one  of  them  sliould  do  so,  and  the  other  should 
not,  the  non-importation  act  should  in  three  months  be  revived  against  it  by  proc- 
lamation. 

1810.  —  Congress  appropriated  sixty  thousand  dollars  more  for 
the  construction  of  the  Cumberland  turnpike. 

The  discussion  of  schemes  for  internal  improvements  began,  and  it  was  pro- 
posed in  Congress  that  the  government  should  take  half  the  stock  in  the  compa- 
nies formed  for  making  a  can"!  from  Boston  to  Narragansett  Bay ;  from  New  York 
to  the  Delaware ;  from  the  Delaware  to  the  Chesapeake ;  from  the  Chesapeake 
to  Albemarle  Sound ;  from  New  York  to  Lakes  Champlain,  Ontario,  and  Erie ; 
round  the  Falls  of  Niagara ;  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio ;  round  the  Falls  of  the 
Ohio ;  from  the  Appomattox  to  the  Roanoke ;  from  the  Tennessee  to  the  Tombig- 
bcc.  Turnpike  roads,  to  form  a  great  mail  route  from  Maine  to  Georgia,  wero 
also  proposed. 

1810,  May  22.  —  Instructions  were  sent  to  Pinckney,  the  min- 
ister to  England,  that  if  no  successor  was  appointed  to  Jackson, 
who  had  been  recalled,  he  should  leave  his  post  and  return  home. 

1810,  August  5.  —  France  announced  that  the  Berlin  and  Milan 
decrees  were  revoked,  the  revocation  to  take  efifect  after  the  Ist 
of  November. 

"It  being  understood,"  so  the  minister  notified  ours  in  Paris,  "that  in  conse- 
quence of  this  declaration,  the  English  shiill  revoke  tiieir  orders  in  council,  and 
renounce  the  new  principles  of  blockade  which  they  have  wished  to  establish,  or 
that  the  United  States,  conformably  to  the  act  of  May,  shall  cause  their  rights  to 
be  respected  by  the  English." 

1810,  August  31.  —  The  English  government  responded  to  a 
demand  from  the  American  minister  lor  a  repeal  of  the  orders  in 
council,  that  they  would  be  withdrawn  as  soon  as  the  P^-ench 
decrees  should  be  actually  repealed,  and  commerce  restored  to 
its  condition  prior  to  their  promulgation. 

1810,  September  10.  —  Miguel  Hidalgo  y  Costilla  began  his 
insurrection  against  the  rule  of  the  Spaniards  in  Mexico. 
He  was  a  curate  of  Dolores. 

1810.  —  The  population  of  Mexico  was  estimated  at  six  mil- 
lions, of  whom  more  than  half  were  pure  Indians. 

1810,  October  27.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  tak- 
ing possession  of  the  east  bank  of  the  Mississippi  under  the  treaty 
ceding  Louisiana. 

Tlie  province  of  VTest  Florida  had  revolted  from  the  jurisdiction  of  Spain,  and, 
declaring  themselves  independent,  asked  aid  and  protection  from  the  United  States. 
Mobile  was  still  held  by  a  Spanish  governor  from  whom  they  feared  an  attack. 
Claiborne,  the  governor  of  Orleans  Territory,  was  sent  to  take  possession  of  the 
east  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  with  orders  to  use  the  military,  if  necessary,  but 


510 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1810-11. 


make  no  resistance  against  imy  place  held  by  the  Spaniards.  A  body  of  the  in- 
surgents from  Baton  Rouge  having  threatened  Mobile,  the  Spanish  governor  wrote 
t)ie  government  offering  to  treat  for  the  transfer  of  the  entire  province. 

1810,  November  1.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  an- 
nouncing the  repeal  of  the  French  decrees,  and  the  consequent 
cessation  of  the  exclusion  of  French  armed  ships  from  the  ports 
of  the  United  States. 

The  proclamation  was  based  upon  the  promise  of  the  French  government  to 
repeal  the  decrees  at  this  date. 

1811,  January  3. —  Congress,  in  secret  session,  passed  a  reso- 
lution of  unwillingness  to  allow  a  territory  like  Florida,  in  which 
the  United  States  had  such  an  interest,  to  pass  into  the  posses- 
sion of  any  foreign  power  from  tlie  hands  of  Spain. 

The  English  chargi  d'affaires  had  protested  against  the  occupation  of  Florida, 
and  his  letter,  with  that  of  the  Spanish  governor  of  Mobile,  had  been  laid  before 
Congress.  On  the  5th,  also  in  secret  session,  an  act  was  passed  authorizing  the 
President  to  take  possession  of  East  as  well  as  of  West  Florida,  under  any 
arrangement  with  the  local  authorities ;  and  if  any  foreign  power  attempted  to 
take  possession,  to  repel  force  by  force.  The  act  was  not  made  public  for  some 
months. 

1811,  January  14.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  authorizing  a  con- 
vention in  the  territory  of  Orleans  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

The  constitution  was  to  adopt  the  trial  by  jury  in  criminal  cases,  and  make 
English  the  oflScial  language.  During  the  debate  upon  this  bill,  it  was  objected  to 
by  Quincy,  the  member  of  the  House  from  Massachusetts,  on  the  ground  that  it 
was  unconstitutional,  there  being  no  authority  in  the  Constitution  for  the  erection 
of  states  out  of  territory  acquired  after  the  acceptance  of  that  instrument.  In  tlic 
course  of  his  remarks  he  spoke  of  it  as  a  virtual  dissolution  of  the  Union,  making 
it  the  duty  of  the  objecting  states  to  separate  from  it,  peacefully  if  they  could,  but 
forcibly  if  tliey  must.  For  this  he  was  called  to  order,  appealed  from  the  decision 
of  the  chair,  and  was  sustained  by  the  House. 

1811,  February.  —  Augustus  J.  Foster  was  appointed  minister 
plenipotentiary  from  England  to  the  United  States,  to  take  the 
place  of  Jackson. 

1811,  February.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a  gen- 
eral law  for  the  incorporation  of  manufacturing  companies. 
It  remained  in  force  until  1848. 

1811.  — The  non-importation  act  caused  exchange  on  England 
to  fall  below  par. 

It  went  as  low  as  twenty  per  cent,  below.  Specie  payments  being  suspended  in 
EnPjland,  gold  flowed  to  this  country. 

1811,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  revising  the  non- 
importation acts  of  1809  and  1810,  as  against  Great  Britain,  and 
authorizing  the  President  to  employ  the  army,  navy,  and  miUtia 
to  enforce  it. 


"1  Ml 


1811.] 


ANN^iLS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


511 


goTcmmcnt  to 


The  time  allowed  in  the  President's  proclamation  for  the  repeal  of  the  orders 
in  council  was  about  expiring. 

1811,  March.  —  Fulton  and  Livingston,  at  Pittsburg,  built  tlio 
Orleans,  the  first  steamer  ever  run  on  tlie  western  rivers. 

She  was  built  under  the  superintendence  of  N.  J.  Roosevelt,  was  a  storn- 
whcclcr,  and  made  her  first  trip  from  Pittsburg  to  New  Orleans  in  tlie  winter  of 
1812.  She  was  detained  by  low  water  at  Louisville,  and  was  wrecked  at  Baton 
Rouge  in  1814. 

1811.  —  There  was  disturbance  in  Massachusetts  upon  the 
Waldo  Patent. 

This  was  about  the  last  trouble  concerning  the  settlement  of  the  land  qucst'.on 
in  Massachusetts. 

1811,  Mat  16.  —  An  engagement  took  place  off  the  coast  be- 
tween the  frigate  "  President,"  Captain  Eodgers,  and  the  English 
sloop-of-war  "  Little  Belt,"  Captain  Bingham. 

A  court  of  inquiry  decided  that  the  "Little  Belt"  fired  first.  The  affair  cre- 
ated a  great  excitement. 

1811,  June.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  passed  an  act 
giving  tax-payers  the  right  of  paying  their  parish  taxes  to  the 
minister  of  such  denomination  as  they  chose. 

They  had  been,  under  the  construction  of  the  Supreme  Court,  obliged  to  pay 
thtm  to  the  Congregational  ministers. 

1811,  July  27.  —  Miguel  Hidalgo  y  Costilla  was  executed. 

He  had  been  captured  in  March,  after  having  been  success ul  enough  to  threaten 
the  city  of  Mexico. 

1811,  July.  —  There  were  this  month  five  steamboats  running 
from  New  York  to  Albany,  and  one  to  New  Brunswick.  On  the 
Delaware  there  was  one ;  on  Lake  Champlain  one ;  on  the  Ohio 
one ;  on  the  St.  Lawrence  one. 

Steam  ferry-boats  were  also  used  between  New  York  and  Jersey  city,  or  Paulus 
Hook.  Like  those  still  in  use,  they  had  rudders  at  each  end,  and  were  designed 
by  Fulton. 

1811,  September  7.  —  Niles' a  Register  appeared  in  Baltimore, 
Maryland. 

It  was  published  by  Hczckiah  Niles,  the  editor  of  the  Baltimore  Evening  Post. 
In  !S27  his  son,  William  Ogden  Niles,  became  associated  with  it,  and  in  1830  con- 
tinued it  alone,  his  father  retiring.  It  ceased  to  appear  in  1848.  It  is  invaluable 
for  reference  concerning  the  history  of  the  country  during  the  period  of  its  pub- 
lication. 

1811.  —  The  Federal  Republican  appeared  in  Baltimore,  Mary- 
land. 

It  was  edited  by  Alexander  Hanson,  and  violently  opposed  the  war  of  1812.     It 
was  twice  mobbed  during  the  war  —  once  on  June  22,  1812,  when  the  office  was 
Hroyed,  and  again  July  2G,  when  an  armed  resistance  was  made,  and  several  of 


512 


ANNALS   or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1811-12. 


^ 


the  crowd  shot,  one  being  killed.  The  military  was  called  out,  and  the  dcfundora 
of  the  paper  were  conducted  to  prison,  charged  with  murder.  That  night  tiio  mob 
sacked  the  prison,  some  of  the  defenders  escaped,  and  otliers  were  beaten  by  the 
crowd.     General  Henry  Leo  was  maimed  for  life,  and  General  Lingan  killed. 

1811.  —  There  were  this  year  eighty-eight  banks  in  the  United 
States. 

Their  capital  was  forty-two  million  and  six  hundred  thousand  dollars,  their 
circulation  twenty-two  million  and  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  tiieir 
epecio  nine  million  and  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1811,  October  5.  —  The  "  Merino  Society  "  of  the  middle  states 
held  its  first  meeting  at  the  farm  of  its  president,  Mr.  Caldwell, 
at  Haddonfield,  New  Jersey. 

1811,  November.  —  The  offer  of  reparation  for  the  Chesapeake 
outrage  was  accepted. 

It  was  made  by  Foster,  and  consisted  of  a  renewed  disavowal  of  Berkeley's 
orders,  the  restoration  of  the  seamen  who  had  been  impressed,  and  a  pecuniary 
compensation  to  the  families  of  those  who  were  killed. 

1811,  November  8.  —  An  encounter  with  the  Indians  took  place 
near  Torre  Haute. 

A  force  under  Harrison  had  advanced  towards  Tippecanoe  —  an  Indian  village 
settled  by  Tecumseh  and  his  brother,  the  prophet,  who  were  engaged  in  organiz- 
ing a  confederacy  of  the  tribes.  The  Indians  attacked  the  camp,  but  were  driven 
back,  and  Harrison  with  his  force  returned  to  Vincenncs. 

1811,  November,  —  The  President's  speech  at  the  opening  of 
Congress  was  received  in  Philadelphia  in  nine  hours  and  a  half, 
and  in  Boston  in  sixty-four  hours. 

It  was  sort  by  special  express,  and  was  considered  an  instance  of  extraordinary 
dispatch. 

1812,  January  1.  —  The  total  debt  of  the  United  States  was 
forty-five  million,  thirty-five  thousand,  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
three  dollars  and  seventy  cents. 

This  included  the  fifteen  millions  loaned  to  pay  for  Louisiana. 

1812,  January. —  Congress  passed  bills  for  mcreasing  the 
army,  and  appropriating  $1,900,000  for  the  purchase  of  munitions 
of  war. 

Twenty-five  thousand  regulars  were  to  be  enlisted  for  five  years,  or  until  dis- 
charged. Bounties  were  paid  of  sixteen  dollars,  three  months'  extra  pay  when 
discharged,  and  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land.  The  President  was  also 
authorized  to  accept  within  two  years  fifty  thousand  volunteers  for  twelve  months, 
to  clothe  themselves,  but  be  armed  by  the  United  States. 

1812,  February.  —  At  this  time  Oliver  Evans,  the  first  steam- 
engine  builder,  had  ten  of  his  engines  in  operation,  and  orders 
for  ten  more. 

They  were  from  ten  to  twenty-five  horse-power,  and  were  used,  one  in  Florida, 


[1811-12. 


1812.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


513 


d  the  defen(lor3 
,t  niglit  tho  mob 
i  beaten  by  the 
igan  killed. 

in  tho  United 

nd  dollars,  their 
jllars,  and  their 

middle  states 
Mr.  Caldwell, 

e  Chesapeake 

ml  of  Berkeley's 
and  a  pecuniary 

ians  took  place 

-  an  Indian  village 
ngaged  in  organiz- 
p,  but  were  driven 

the  opening  of 
urs  and  a  half, 

:e  of  extraordinary 

ed  states  was 
d  and  twenty- 

la. 

increasing  the 
ISO  of  munitions 

years,  or  until  dls- 

hs'  extra  pay  when 

President  w^as  also 

for  tvrclve  montbs, 

the  first  steam- 
,tion,  and  orders 


iscd,  one  in 


rioridai 


two  in  Louisiana,  one  in  Kentucky,  one  in  Mississippi,  one  in  Ohio,  two  in  Penn- 
sylvania, one  in  Connecticut,  and  one  in  his  works  in  Philadelphia. 

1812,  March  9.  —  The  President  communicated  to  Congress 
puch  documentary  evidence  as  lie  possessed  of"  a  plot  in  tho  Now 
England  States  to  divide  the  Union. 

A  certain  .John  Henry,  an  Irishman  by  birth,  but  a  natur.alizcd  American,  had 
l)cen  engaged  by  the  governor  of  Canada,  Sir  James  Craig,  in  IKOO,  to  go  to 
Boston  and  report  whether  the  discontent  with  the  embargo  was  such  as  to  mako 
it  probable  that  the  state  would  be  desirous  of  severing  its  connection  with  tho 
Union,  and  forming  some  relation  with  England.  If  there  was  any  such  prospect, 
he  was  authorized  to  show  his  instructions.  Henry  was  about  three  months  in 
Boston.  As  the  English  government  did  not  reward  )iim,  he  went  to  Washington, 
and  for  his  documents  was  paid  by  the  President  fifty  thousand  dollars  out  of  tho 
secret-service  fund,  and  sailed  for  France  the  day  tlie  documents  were  presented 
to  Congress  as  a  bearer  of  dispatches.  The  disclosure  made  a  great  sensation  for 
a  sliort  time,  but  as  there  was  absolutely  nothing  in  it,  and  the  English  govern- 
ment stated  that  Craig  liad  acted  only  on  his  own  responsibility,  it  soon  died  awny 

1812,  March  29.  —  The  Cortes,  at  Cadiz,  accepted  a  consti- 
tution. 

The  government  was  to  bo  an  hereditary  monarchy,  and  tho  legislative  branch 
io  consist  of  deputies. 

1812,  April  4.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  laying  an  embargo 
for  ninety  days. 

It  forbade  the  sailing  of  any  vessel  for  a  foreign  port,  except  foreign  ones, 
with  such  cargoes  as  they  had  on  board  at  the  passage  of  the  act. 

1812,  April.  —  Congress  passed  acts  supplementary  to  the 
embargo. 

Exportations  by  land  ^ro  forbidden.  The  President  was  authorized  to  call 
upon  the  states  for  their  spective  quotas.  Whipping  in  the  army  was  abolished ; 
a  corps  of  engineers  wa-  formed,  and  tho  ordnance  drpartment  organized.  Pro- 
fessorships wore  established  at  West  Point  for  the  education  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  cadets. 

1812,  April  8.  —  Louisiana  was  admitted  to  tho  Union. 

A  constitution  had  been  adopted  giving  tho  suffrage  to  all  white  tax-paying 
male  citizens  residents  for  a  year  of  the  state.  It  recognized  the  freedom  of  tho 
press.  The  legislature  was  to  select  as  governor  one  of  two  candidates  liiving 
the  most  votes  in  a  popular  election.     Claiborne  was  elected  tho  first  governor. 

1812,  April  14. —  Congress  passed  an  act  annexing  to  Louis- 
iana that  part  of  Florida  lying  west  of  the  Pearl  River. 

1812,  May.  —  The  French  government  produced  a  decree, 
dated  April  28,  1811,  by  which  the  Berlin  and  Milan  decrees 
were  ordered  to  be  considered  as  not  having  existed,  so  far  as 
American  vessels  were  concernedj  since  November  1,  1810. 

The  decree  had  never  been  published. 

33 


m 


\'  r 


w 


514 


A^'NALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1812. 


1812,  May  14.  —  The  remaining  part  of  Florida  was  annexed 
to  the  Missip.sippi  territory. 

1812,  June  4.  —  The  territory  north  of  Louisiana  was  fjivou 
the  name  of  Missouri. 

1812.  —  Canada  at  this  time  was  divided  into  Upper  and 
Lower  Canada.  Lower  (><vna(hi,  comprising  the  old  scttlonienta 
on  the  St.  Lawrence,  contained  about  throe  hinuhod  thousand 
inhabitants.  Upper  Canada,  comprising  the  scitthMuonts  above 
Montreal,  contained  about  one  hundred  thousand  inluibitants. 

Each  liad  its  own  governor  and  legislature,  tlio  governor  of  J^owor  Canada 
being  governor-general,  wltli  a  superintending  power  over  liotli  divisions.  The 
regular  force  in  tlic  territory  did  not  exceed  two  tliousand  men. 

1812,  June  18.  —  Congress  made  a  declaration  of  war  against 
Great  Britain. 

The  President  had  sent  a  confidential  message  to  Congress  on  the  1st,  recapit- 
ulating the  charges  against  Great  Britain;  tlie  impressment  of  seamen;  her  in- 
fringement upon  the  maritime  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States ;  her  disturbance 
of  tlie  peace  of  our  waters ;  her  paper  blockades ;  her  violation  of  the  neutrnl 
rights  of  the  United  States;  lier  determination  to  maintain  her  orders  in  council; 
and  her  supposed  instigation  of  Indian  liostilities.  The  debate  upon  this  message 
vras  carried  on  with  closed  doors.  An  issue  was  authorized  of  five  millions  in 
treasury  notes,  bearing  six  per  cent,  interest,  and  receivable  for  all  dues  to  the 
treasury.  The  import  duties  were  doubled,  and  ten  per  cent,  additional  imposed 
on  foreign  vessels. 

1812,  June  23.  —  The  English  government  revoked  the  orders 
in  council  of  January,  1807,  and  April,  1809. 

They  had  been  notified  by  the  American  minister  of  the  French  decree.  The 
revocation  contained  a  proviso  for  the  renewal  of  the  orders  should  the  American 
government,  after  duo  notice,  still  persist  in  their  non-importation  and  other  hos- 
tile acts. 

1812,  June  26.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  consolidating 
the  new  levies  with  the  regular  army. 

The  army  M'as  to  consist  of  twenty-five  regiments  of  infantry,  four  of  artillery, 
two  of  dragoons,  and  one  of  riflemen,  making  a  total  of  36,700  men.  At  the 
declaration  it  really  consisted  of  about  10,000  men,  one  half  of  whom  were  new 
recruits.  An  act  was  also  passed  regulating  privateers,  and  appropriations  made 
for  coast  defence,  the  navy,  and  the  expense  of  keeping  and  exchanging  prisoners. 

1812,  July  1.  —  The  duties  on  imports  were  doubled. 

The  prices  of  all  articles  doubled  on  the  average  during  the  war,  and  in  many 
instances  rose  even  higher.     Wages  ailvanced  fifty  per  cent,  on  the  average. 

1812,  July  17. —  Fort  Michilimackinack  was  captured  by  an 
allied  force  of  British  and  Indians. 

The  fort  was  commanded  by  Lieutenant  TTauks.  The  force  consisted  of  fifty- 
Beven  effective  men.     The  British,  commanded  by  Ciptain  Roberts,  numbcrd 


[1812. 
as  anuexod 

was  f^iven 

Upper  and 
Bcttlenieiits 
0(1  thousand 
ncnta  abovo 
iibitants. 
'  Lower  Cunmla 
divisions-    The 

■  war  against 

1  the  1st,  rccapit- 
seivmen;  her  in- 
•  her  disturbance 
)n  of  tlic  neutral 
orders  in  council; 
upon  tliis  message 
)f  five  millions  in 
:,r  nil  lines  to  the 
idditional  imposed 

kcd  the  orders 

.  nch  decree.  The 
ould  the  American 
tion  and  other  hos- 

58  consolidating 

y,  four  of  artillery, 
1,700  men.  At  the 
of  whom  were  new 
ippropriations  made 
chan{,'ing  prisoners. 

oubled. 

,0  war,  and  in  many 

)n  the  average. 

captured  by  an 

CO  consisted  of  fl^r 
lloberls,  numbereJ 


1812.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


515 


ton  Inindred  nnd  twenty-one.     The  garrison  were  sent  ns  prisoners  on  parole  to 
tlic  United  States,  not  to  serve  in  tl»e  war  until  regularly  exchanged. 

1812,  July.  —  A  cartel  ship  was  sent  to  Boston,  Massachu- 
sottfl,  from  Halifax,  to  deliver  on  board  the  United  States  frigate 
Cliosapeuke  the  three  seamen  taicon  from  her  by  the  British 
fri{^ate  Leopard. 

1812,  July  20.  —  The  United  States  schooner  Nautilus,  Lieu- 
tonunt  Crane  couunanding,  was  captured  after  an  eight  hours' 
chase  by  the  British  fleet,  Commodore  Brooke  commander. 

1812,  July  27.  —  The  American  representative  in  England 
was  authorized  to  modify  tlie  proposition  for  an  armistice,  wliich 
had  been  sent  by  the  British  minister,  who  returned  shortly 
after  the  declaration  of  war. 

The  proposition  as  modified  was  that  ho  might  agree  to  an  armistice  in  order 
tlint  full  time  might  be  allowed  for  tlie  settlement  of  oil  difficulties,  on  ''ondltion 
tliiit  a  commission  was  appointed  by  each  party  with  power  to  form  a  treaty  to 
Bt'curo  the  seamen  of  each  nation  from  being  impressed  by  the  ships  of  tho  other, 
and  to  regulate  commerce  and  otlier  questions  of  interest. 

1812,  August  4.  —  At  Brownstown,  Michigan,  tho  Americans, 
some  two  hundred  in  number,  Avere  routed  by  a  i'orco  of  British 
and  Indians. 

1812,  August  9.  -^  Tho  English  commander.  Sir  G'^orgo  Pre- 
vost,  proposed  a  suspension  of  hostilities  by  land,  which  was 
accepted  provisionally  by  Major-General  Henry  Dearborn,  in 
command  of  tho  northern  department,  but  was  refused  accept- 
auce  by  the  government. 

The  refusal  was  based  upon  the  ground  chiefly  that  the  suspension,  previous 
to  any  settlement  of  the  question  of  impressment  by  the  English  government, 
would  seem  like  a  waiving  of  the  question  by  the  United  States. 

1812,  August  15.  —  F'^>rt  Dearborn,  near  the  site  of  Chicago, 
iniiiois,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Captain  Hcald  commanded  the  garrison.    The  Americans  lost  flfty-two  killed. 

1812,  August  16.  —  General  William  Hull  surrendered  the  fort 
at  Detroit  to  General  Brock,  the  governor  of  Lower  Canada,  with 
a  combined  force  of  regulars  and  Indians. 

By  the  terms  of  this  surrender,  the  whole  of  Michigan  passed  into  the  pos- 
possioii  of  the  Knglish.  Hull  was  governor  of  Michigan,  had  been  made  a  brig- 
adier-general, and  was  leading  an  expedition  for  the  conquest  of  Canada.  By  a 
subsequent  court-martial  he  was  found  guilty  of  cowardice.  At  the  time  of  the 
burrender  he  was  not  aware  of  the  smallncss  of  the  B'i^ish  force. 

1812,  August  19.  —  The  American  frigate  Constitution,  Isaac 
Hull  commander,  captured  the  British  frigate  Guerriere,  James 
A.  Dacres  commander. 

This  was  the  first  naval  action  of  the  war.     The  Guerriere  was  burned,  and 


516 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1812. 


Captain  Hull  carried  liin  prisoners  into  Boston.  The  American  loss  was  fourteen 
killed  and  wounded;  tlio  liritixli,  Muventy-ninu  liilled  and  wounded.  Hull  wax 
born  ill  Derby,  Connecticut,  Marcli  9, 1776 ;  died  in  riiiiadelpliia,  February  3. 1843. 

1812.  —  The  fiiHt  rolling-mill  was  erected  in  Pittsburg,  ronn- 
sylvania. 

It  was  erected  by  Cliristoplicr  Cowen. 

1812,  Septemher.  —  Ailiiiinil  Warron,  who  liad  been  given  tlio 
command  of  the  British  naval  forces  on  the  American  coast, 
arrived  at  Halifax. 

He  was  empowered  to  propose  an  armistice,  and  did  so.  The  President 
replied  by  refurriii{{  to  tlie  proposition  already  made  tliroUKb  tiie  American  aj^eiit 
in  England.  As  Warren  had  no  atitbority  lo  treat  concerning  impressment,  the 
negotiation  resulted  in  notliiiig,  and  hostilities  wre  resumed.  At  this  time  the 
statv!  department  had  records  of  over  six  thousand  eases  of  sailors,  claiming  t(i 
bo  Americans,  who  were  impressed  in  the  IJritisii  navy,  and  it  was  estimated  tliut 
this  numl)er  was  not  more  than  one  half  of  the  cases,  ^n  the  House  of  Parlia- 
ment, Castlereagli  admitted  that  early  the  year  before  thir'y-live  hundred  sailors 
claiming  to  bo  Americans  had  on  an  examination  been  founo  in  the  English  navy. 
At  the  commencement  of  the  war,  twenty-live  hundred  of  these  impi'cssed  men 
selected  imprisonment  rather  than  to  be  forced  to  serve  agair;st  their  country. 

1812,  September  4.  —  Fort  Harrison,  on  the  Wabash,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Zaohary  Taylor,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Taylor  had  only  fifteen  efTective  men;  the  assailants  nund)ered  three  hundred. 
Yet  he  drove  off  the  Imliins,  losing  only  two  men  killed  and  two  wounded. 

1812,  September  5. —  Fort  Madison,  on  the  Mississippi  River 
above  St.  Louis,  was  attacked  by  Indians. 

Lieutenant  Hamilton  commanded,  and  though  the  attack  was  renewed  on  the 
6th,  7th,  and  8th,  he  sufcessfuUy  defended  the  fort,  losing  but  one  killed  and  one 
wounded. 

1812,  October  9.  —  Two  English  brigs,  the  Detroit  and  Cal- 
edonia, Avere  boarded  by  a  company  under  the  command  of 
Captain  Jesse  D.  Elliot,  and  captured,  on  Lake  Erie,  near  Black 
Rock. 

Elliot,  for  this  exploit,  was  voted  a  sword  by  Congress. 

1812,  October  12.  —  The  English  government  issued  letters 
of  marque  and  reprisal  against  American  commerce. 

Licenses  were  however  granted  American  ships  to  transport  flour  to  Spain,  for 
the  use  of  the  British  army  there. 

1812,  October  13. —  An  American  force  commanded  by  Colonel 
Solomon  Van  Rensselaer  crossed  the  Niagara  River  to  Lewistou 
and  attacked  the  British  troops  on  Queenstown  Heights. 

The  American  leader  was  soon  wounded.  Captain  Wool  then  took  commami, 
and  gained  the  heights.  In  the  afternoon,  fresh  British  troops  from  Fort  George 
arrived,  and  the  Americans  were  defeated.  They  lost,  killed  and  wounded,  two 
hundred  and  fifty,  and  seven  hundred  and  sixty-four  were  made  prisoners. 


[1812. 

wan  fotirti'i-n 
(I.  Hull  y/M 
iriuiryiJ.  1H43. 

,urg,  rcnn- 


1  given  tlio 
licau  coast, 

The  rrosidcnt 
ViiKTicttn  at?i'i>t 
ipiL'Ssnu'nt,  tlio 
t  this  timn  the 
ora,  diiiiiiinf?  to 
»  cstiinatiil  that 
louse  of  rarliiv- 

hundriil  sailora 
le  English  navy. 

inipvossc'd  men 
icir  country. 

^abaah,  com- 
y  Indians, 
id  three  hundred, 
wounded. 

issippi  River 

|9  renewed  on  the 
c  killed  and  one 

tvoit  and  Cal- 
.  command  ot 
le,  near  Black 


issued  letters 

10. 

Iflour  to  Spain,  for 

led  by  Colonel 
jr  to  Lewiston 
Bights. 

In  took  command, 

[from  Fort  George 

and  wounded,  two 


1812.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


617 


I  prisoners. 


1812,  October  15.  —  A  naval  encngoment  took  place  between 
tlio  frigate  United  States,  Captain  Decatur  commanding,  and  the 
British  frigate  Macedonian,  Captain  Cardon  commanding,  olf  the 
Western  Islands. 

The  BritiBh  were  defeated,  losing  thirty-six  killed  and  sixty-eiRht  wounded  j 
the  Anioricans,  four  killed  and  seven  wounded.  Decatur  carried  the  Macedonian 
into  New  York. 

1812.  —  The  American  Antiquarian  Society  in  Worcester, 
Massachusetts,  was  founded. 

1812.  —  The  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania,  was  founded. 

1812.  —  Colonel  John  Stevens,  of  TToboken,  New  Jersey, 
published  a  book  entitled,  "  Documents  to  prove  the  Superior 
Advantages  of  Kailways  and  Steam  Carriages  over  Canal  Nav- 
igation." 

Mr.  Stevens  had  before  urged  upon  the  national  and  state  governments  the  ad- 
vantages of  railways. 

1812.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  to  Thomas  Blanchard,  of  Massa- 
chusetts, for  a  tack-making  machine. 

It  made  five  hundred  tacks  in  a  niinuto  better  than  had  ever  been  made  by 
hand.  Blanchard  was  born  at  Sutton,  Masnachusetts,  June  24,  1788.  He  had 
M'orked  six  years  at  the  machine 

1812,  October  18.  —  The  naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp, 
Oap^ain  Jacob  Jones,  and  the  Frolic,  an  p]nglish  war  brig,  Cap- 
tain Whinyates,  took  pUne  off  the  coast.  The  Frolic  was  cap- 
tured. 

Bi  t'l  vessels  were  greatly  injured,  and  were  both  taken  possession  of  by  the 
Britisii  frigate  I'oictiers,  which  came  up  at  that  juncture,  and  carried  them  both 
to  Bernnida.  Captain  Jones  was  born  in  Delaware  in  1770,  and  died  in  Philadel- 
phia in  1850. 

1812. —  The  legislature  of  New  York  made  another  appropri- 
ation for  the  establishment  of  public  schools. 

1812.  —  This  year,  or  the  next,  William  Johnston,  by  boring  to 
the  depth  of  two  hundred  leet,  near  the  Kiskiminetas,  or  Con- 
emaugh,  a  branch  of  the  Alleghany,  succeeded  in  reaching  a 
body  of  strong  salt  water. 

Siilt-boiling  immediately  began,  so  that  now  Pittsburg  is  the  centre  of  a  salt 
trade.  In  1790,  when  the  supply  of  salt  for  Pittsburg  Mas  first  brought  from 
Onondaga  by  the  way  of  the  Lakes,  it  was  sold  at  four  dollars  a  bushel,  which  was 
just  half  the  price  for  the  supply  brought  over  the  mountains. 

1812.  —  The  United  States  salines,  thirty  miles  below  the 
Wabash,  were  in  operation  this  year. 

Saline  springs  were  about  this  time  discovered  to  supply  the  lower  Ohio  and 
Mississippi  and  the  Northwest.     On  the  Illinois  and  the  Wabash  salt  had  beea 


518 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEIIICA. 


[1812-13. 


sold  at  a  reasonable  rate  be  fore  the  beginning  of  tliia  century.  The  Wal)ash  sa- 
lines liad  been  used  by  tlie  French  and  Indians  more  tlian  fifty  years  before  tlioso 
of  New  York  were  made  use  of  by  us.  Tlie  supply  of  salt  for  tlie  West  was  such 
during  the  war  of  1812,  that  it  ranged  at  eighty-seven  and  a  h  ,lf  cents  a  bushel, 
wliile  on  the  seaboard  it  was  five  or  six  dollars. 

1812.  —  The  Albany  Republican  appeared  at  Albany,  New- 
York. 

It  was  published  by  Brown.  The  name  "black  republican"  was  first  given  to 
the  supporters  of  this  sheet. 

1812,  November  28.  —  The  Americans  captured  and  destroyed 
the  British  boats  and  batteries  at  Black  Rock,  on  Lake  Erie,  a 
short  distance  below  Buffalo. 

The  sailors  of  the  party,  on  their  return,  by  mistake  brought  away  the  boats 
of  some  of  tiie  soldiers,  whom  they  supposed  had  returned,  and  the  men  thus  left 
■were  captured  by  the  enemy. 

1812,  December  26.  —  The  Constitution,  Bainbridge  com- 
manding, engaged  the  English  frigate  Java,  Captain  Lambert, 
commanding. 

The  English  lost  one  hundred  and  seventy-four  killed  and  wounded,  and  the 
vessel  was  a  total  wreck.  Tlie  Americans  lost  nine  killed  and  twenty-four 
■wounded. 

William  Bainbridge  was  born  at  Princeton,  New  Jersey,  May  7,  1774;  died  at 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  July  28,  1833. 

1812,  December.  —  The  Atlantic  coast,  from  the  Chesapeake 
to  Rhode  Island,  was  declared  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and  tlio 
British  vessels  on  the  seaboard  bejj,an  to  harass  tlie  settlements. 

An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  on  Lewiston,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaware  Bay ; 
but  in  the  Chesapoake,  under  Admiral  Cockburn,  the  enemy  destroyed  French- 
town,  Havre  de  Grace,  Fredericktown,  and  Georgetown.  At  Norfolk  tliey  were 
repulsed,  but  Hampton,  eighteen  miles  distant,  they  laid  waste,  and  also  thu 
shores  of  North  Carolina. 

1813,  January  2.  —  Congress  authorized  the  buildii^g  of  six 
sloops-of-war,  and  as  many  ships  upon  the  lakes  as  the  President 
should  think  necessary. 

Half  the  value  of  British  armed  ships  wliich  were  destroyed  by  torpedoes  or 
any  otlier  contrivance,  was  promised  to  the  inventors  of  such. 

1813,  January  13.  —  The  Alhany  Argus  appeared  in  Albany, 
New  York. 

The  paper  was  established  to  support  the  war  Its  editor  was  .Tesse  Bncl.  It 
was  afterwards  given  the  state  printing,  and  made  the  official  organ  of  the  state 
and  of  the  Democratic  party.  It  was  issued  as  a  daily  October  8,  1824,  having 
previously  been  a  tri-weekly.  Edwin  Croswell  was  then  its  editor.  It  was  the 
organ  of  what  was  called  the  Albany  Regency. 

1813,  January  22.  —  An  American   detachment  at  French- 


1813.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


519 


7,  1774;  died  at 


by  torpedoes  or 
id  in  Albany, 


town,  on  the  River  Raisin,  surrendered  to  a  force  of  English  and 
Indians. 

The  detachment  had  just  captured  Frcnchtown,  and  were  attacked  by  another 
force.  By  the  terms  of  the  surrender,  the  prisoners  were  promised  safe  trans- 
portation, and  protection  from  the  Indians.  The  wounded,  left  behind,  were 
massacred  by  the  Indians.  This  massacre  excited  great  indignation,  especially 
in  Kentucky,  whence  )nany  of  the  soldiers  had  con)0. 

1813,  January  29.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to 
enlist  twenty  regiments  of  regulars  for  twelve  months. 

Tlu"  volunteer  system  was  repealed.  A  bounty  of  sixteen  dollars  was  offered 
the  new  recruits. 

1813,  February  24.  —  The  American  ship  Hornet,  off  the 
mouth  of  tlie  Demerara,  South  Amer'ca,  engaged  and  captured 
the  British  ship  Peacock. 

The  Peacock  sank  before  the  prisoners  could  be  removed,  and  carried  down 
with  her  nine  of  her  own  men  and  three  of  the  Hornet's. 

1813,  February  25.  —  Congress  authorized  the  President  to 
sell  sixteen  millions  of  six  per  cent,  stock  for  what  price  he 
could  get. 

Five  millions  more  of  treasury  notes  were  also  authorized  to  bo  issued. 

1813,  February  27.  —  The  forfeitures  incurred  by  violations 
of  the  non-importation  act  were  remitted. 

On  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in  council,  all  the  American  ships  in  British  ports 
had  taken  in  cargoes  of  British  merchandise,  and  such  shipment  was  allowed  by 
tliu  autliorities  six  weeks  after  the  news  of  the  declaration  of  war  had  been  re- 
ceived. The  invoice  value  of  these  goods  thus  iuiported  was  more  than  cigliteei. 
millions  of  dollars. 

1813,  February.  —  An  expedition  for  the  protection  of  New 
Orleans  convened  at  Natchez. 


A  call  had  licen  made  upon  the  militia  of  Tennessee, 
under  the  conmiand  of  Andrew  Jackson. 


The  infantry  were 


1813,  March  3. —  Congress  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the 
employment,  after  the  close  of  the  war,  in  public  or  private  ves- 
sels, of  any  person  not  an  American  citizen,  or  persons  of  color, 
natives  of  the  United  .States. 

Tliis  prohiliition  was,  however,  to  apply  only  to  the  subjects  or  citizens  of  8U';h 
states  as  sliould  make  reciprocal  regulations.  Restrictions  were  also  n»ade  upon 
the  naturalization  of  foreign  seamen. 

1813.  —  Congress  passed  an  ant  authorizing  the  President  to 
retaliate  upon  British  prisoners  of  war  the  treatment  which 
American  prisoners  should  receive  from  England. 

Some  of  the  seamen  captured,  and  other  prisoners,  had  been  sent  to  England 
to  be  tried  for  treason,  on  the  ground  that  they  were  English  subjects.    Retalia- 


^^ 


620 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1813. 


tion  was  also  authorized  in  the  case  of  outrages  by  the  Indian  allies  of  Great 
Britain. 

1813,  March.  —  Russia  oifered  to  mediate  for  peace  between 
England  and  the  United  States. 

Gallatin  and  Bayard  were  appointed  commissioners  to  serve  with  Adams,  the 
minister  to  Russia,  in  its  negotiation.  They  were  instructed  to  ijisist  upon 
settling  the  question  of  imjiressment. 

1813,  March  3.  —  The  Boston  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  William  W.  Clapp,  and  edited  by  Horatio  Bigelow,  and  was 
the  first  successful  daily  paper  issued  in  Boston.  With  tlie  .second  number,  The 
Repertory  was  united  with  it.  Bigelow  left  the  p.apcr  on  April  (!,  1814,  and 
Nathan  Hale  succeeded  as  editor.  The  paper  was  then  called  tlie  Boston  Daily 
Advertiser.  Under  Mr.  Hale's  administration,  editorial  articles,  as  regular  com- 
ments upon  ])assing  events,  were  introduced  as  a  new  feature  in  journalism. 
Heretofore  such  articles  had  been  generally  signed  "coninmnicaticns."  The  Ad- 
vertiser is  still  in  existence. 

1813.  —  D.  &  G.  Bruce,  in  New  York,  commenced  the  first 
stereotype  fouudery  in  America. 

1813.  —  Don  Felix  Maria  Colleja  was  commissioned  viceroy 
of  Mexico. 

1813,  March  1G.  —  Orders  Avere  given  by  the  treasury  depart- 
ment to  extinguish  all  the  lights  on  Chesapeake  Bay. 

The  English  liad  stationed  vessels  on  the  coast  to  enforce  the  blockade. 

1813,  April  10.  —  Lcwiston,  at  the  entrance  of  the  Delaware, 
was  bombarded  by  the  British  ships. 

Its  inhabitants  had  refused  to  furnish  fresh  provisions  to  the  ships. 

1813,  April.  —  Frenchtovvn  and  Havre  de  Grace  were  plun- 
dered and  burned  by  parties  from  the  blockading  British  fleet. 

Georgetown  and  Fredericton  soon  met  the  same  fate. 

1813,  April  15.  —  The  fort  at  Mobile  was  taken  possession 
of  by  the  Americans. 

This  completed  the  possession  of  the  territory  claimed  under  the- Louisiana 
treaty.     In  May,  East  Florida  was  also  evacuated  by  the  Spaniards. 

1813,  April  27.  —  York  (now  Toronto),  the  capital  of  Upper 
Canada,  was  captured  by  ar.  expedition. 

It  was  also  the  headquarters  of  General  Sheafe,  and  a  naval  station. 

1813,  May  1.  —  Fort  Meigs,  at  the  Maumee  Rapids,  commanded 
by  Geiieral  Harrison,  was  besieged  by  the  British  and  Indians 
under  General  Proctor. 

The  giirrisoii  numbered  about  two  thousand  men;  the  besiegers  were  two 
thoui;and  eight  hundred  men.     On  tlic  5tli,  General  Clay  with  eight  hundred  men 


I 


1813.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


521 


lace  between 


need  tliG  first 


sioned  viceroy 


the  Delaware, 


attacked  the  British  and  drove  them  off.  The  Americans  pursued,  when  the 
British  turned  and  compelled  them  to  retreat  to  the  fort.  In  this  attack  and  pur- 
suit, the  Americans  lost  eighty  killed  and  four  hundred  and  ninety  prisoners. 

1813,  May  10.  — The  steamer  Nassau  was  used  as  a  ferry- 
boat between  New  York  and  Brooklyn. 

I'ntil  1826  this  was  the  only  steamboat  used ;  the  other  ferry-boats  were  pro- 
pelled by  horses  or  by  hand. 

1813.  —  The  National  Advocate  appeared  in  Now  York  city. 

It  was  edited  by  Henry  AVheaton,  and  supported  Madison's  administration.  In 
181")  he  retired  to  become  a  justice  of  the  Marine  Court,  and  Mordecai  Manasseh 
Noah  became  tlie  editor. 

1813.  —  The  Boston  Manufacturing  Company  erected  their 
works  at  Waltham,  Massachusetts. 

This  was  the  first  time  that  all  the  operations  for  making  cloth  from  cotton  were 
united  under  one  roof.  Up  to  this  time  the  spinning  and  weaving  had  been  distinct 
businesses.  Tlic  chief  promoters  of  this  enterprise  were  Francis  C.  Lowell,  Patrick 
Tracy  Jackson,  and  Nathan  Appleton. 

1813,  May  27.  —  The  British  evacuated  Fort  George  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Niagara  River. 

The  evacuation  of  Fort  George  led  to  the  evacuation  of  all  the  British  posts  on 
tlic  Niagara  River. 

1813,  May  29. —The  British  appeared  off  Sackett's  TT;<rbor 
and  effected  a  landing,  but  were  driven  back. 

Tlu'v  partly  accomplished  their  purpose  by  destroying  the  magazine  contain- 
ing the  stores  captured  at  York.  • 

1813,  June  11.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  voted  to 
expel  all  reporters  from  the  floor. 

Tlicy  were  offered  accommodations  in  the  gallery,  where  it  was  almost  impos- 
sible to  hear. 

1813,  June  23.  —  An  American  detachment  was  surrounded 
and  forced  to  surrender  at  Beaver  Dam. 

1813,  June.  —  The  Chesapeake  was  captured  by  the  Shannon., 

The  engagement  took  place  in  the  ofBng  of  Boston  harljor.  Captiiin  Law- 
rence, in  command  of  the  Chesapeake,  was  mortally  wounded,  and  was  buried  at 
Halifax,  where  the  Shannon  carried  her  prize.  The  body  was  afterwards  brought 
back  and  buried  at  Salem. 

1813,  June  23.  —  An  attack  was  made  by  the  British  upon 
Craney  Island,  which  commancied  the  entrance  to  Norfolk,  Vir- 
ginia. 

It  was  repulsed  by  Major  Faulkner,  who  commanded  tlie  resistinjr  'orce. 
Tliiru  were  nearly  twenty  Lrilish  sliip:;  in  the  Chesapeake,  with  about  foui  lliou- 
eand  troops  on  board. 


«n — 


522 


ANNALS   OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


[1813. 


1813,  June  25.  —  The  British  lauded  at  Hampton,  on  the  James 
River,  and  plundered  it. 

Their  brutal  treatment  of  the  women  roused  groat  indignation. 

1813,  July  15.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  issued  a  re- 
monstrance against  the  continuance  of"  the  war. 

They  spoke  of  it  as  impolitic  and  unjust,  after  the  repeal  of  the  orders  in 
couneil.  It  ended  with  an  appeal  to  the  "  Searcher  of  all  hearts,"  for  "  the  purity 
of  our  motives  and  the  sincerity  of  our  declarations." 

1813.  —  Till-:  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  cruising  in  the  Pacific, 
captured  a  number  of  British  whalers  during  ihe  early  fall. 

He  foui.d  them  provided  with  letters  of  marque,  and  by  their  capture  p'-evented 
their  depredations  upon  American  vessels. 

1813,  July  31.  —  The  British  landed  at  Plattsburg  and  burned 
a  quantity  of  stores.  The  same  day  a  detachment  of  Americans 
lauded  at  York  and  captured  a  quantity  of  stores. 

1813,'  August.  —  The  Argus,  a  sloop-of-war  commanded  by 
Captain  Allen,  entered  the  British  Channel  and  captured  in  a 
short  time  vessels  and  cargoes  to  the  vain  ^  of  two  million  dollars. 

She  was  finally  captured  by  tlic  Pelican.  Several  otiier  American  vessels 
made  captures  in  the  British  Cliannel. 

1813,  August  2.  —  The  British  made  an  attack  upon  Fort 
Stevenson,  at  Lower  Sandusky,  and  were  repulsed. 

Lieutenant  Croghan,  who  held  it,  had  been  ordered  to  v.acate  the  post  and  bum 
it;  but  as  it  was  surrounded  by  the  Indians  when  he  received  the  order,  he  de- 
fended it. 

1813,  August  20.  —  Fort  Mimms,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Alabama,  was  captured  by  the  Indians. 

Tiiey  set  it  on  fire,  and  only  about  twenty  persons  escaped. 

1813,  September  4.  —  The  American  brig-of-war  Enterprise 
captured  the  British  brig-of-war  Boxer. 
The  conmiandcrs  of  both  vessels  were  killed. 

1813,  September  10.  —  The  battle  of  Lake  Erie  took  place. 

The  fleet  had  been  finally  completed  througli  Perry's  exertions.  Tlie  combat 
lasted  about  three  hours.  Tliis  victory  caused  tlie  British  to  evacuate  Micliigan, 
and  gave  the  control  of  the  lakes  to  the  Americans.  Congress  voted  medals  tu 
Oliver  II.  Perry  and  Captain  Elliot  for  this  victory. 

1813,  October  5.  —  The  battle  of  the  Thames,  in  Upper  Canada, 
took  place. 

General  Harrison  commanded  the  Americans,  and  General  Proctor  the  British. 
The  British  and  loilians  were  routed.     Tecumseh  was  killed. 

1813,  November  3.  —  The  battle  of  Tallasehatche,  Alabama, 


[1813. 
n  tlio  Jamea 

,  issued  a  re- 

jf  t]>c  orders  in 
for  "the  purity 

I  the  Pacific, 
early  tall. 

apture  p'-cventcd 

rg  and  Inirned 
of  Americaus 

omraandcd  by 

captured  in  a 

million  dollars. 

American  vessels 

ick  upon  Fort 

the  post  and  hum 
the  order,  ho  de- 

t   side   of  the 


;ar  Enterprise 
took  place. 

lions.  The  combat 
evacuate  Michigan, 
ess  voted  medals  to 

,  Upper  Canada, 
Proctor  the  British, 
itclio,  Alabama, 


1813-14.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


523 


between  the  Creek  Indians  and  the  Americans  under  General 
Coftee,  took  place. 

The  Indians  lost  two  hundred  killed  and  eighty-four  prisoners ;  tlio  Ameri- 
cans, five  killed  and  forty-one  wounded. 

1813,  November  9.  —  General  Jackson's  command  defeated  the 
Creeks  at  Talladega,  in  the  present  state  of  Alabama. 

1813,  November  U.  —  The  battle  of  Chrysler's  Field,  on  the 
Canada  side  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  took  place  between  the  Amer- 
icans and  British. 

The  Americans,  numbering  sixteen  hundred,  wore  commanded  by  General 
Boyd ;  the  British,  fifteen  hundred,  commanded  by  Colonel  Morrison.  The  for- 
mer lost  one  hundred  and  two  killed  and  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  wounded. 
Tiie  purpose  of  the  engagement,  to  cover  the  passage  by  the  Auiericans  of  the 
rapids,  was  accomplished. 

1813,  November  13.  —  The  congress  assembled  at  Chilpauzingo 
declared  the  independence  of  Mexico. 

Don  Jose  Maria  Morelos  was  in  command  of  the  native  forces.  lie  was 
captured  and  executed  in  1815. 

1813,  December  12.  —  Congress  prohibited  the  exportation,  by 
land  or  water,  of  any  goods,  produce,  specie,  or  live-stock. 

Tlie  coasting  trade  was  entirely  prohibited,  and  no  transportation  on  the  inland 
waters  allowed,  except  by  the  special  permission  of  the  President. 

1813,  December  19.  —  Fort  Niagara  was  surprised  and  cap- 
tured by  the  English  and  Indians. 

The  attack  took  place  before  daylight.     Tlie  garrison  was  massacred. 

1814,  January  6.  —  An  English  vessel,  under  a  flag  of  truce, 
arrived  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  bringing  an  ofler  for  peace. 

London  w.as  proposed  as  the  place  in  which  the  negotiations  should  bo  carried 
on;  or  if  this  was  objectionable,  Gottenburg. 

1814,  January  14.  —  The  President  nominated  commissioners 
to  represent  the  United  States  in  the  negotiations  i'or  peace. 

They  were  .Tohn  Quincy  Adams,  Bayard,  Henry  Clay,  and  Jonathan  Russell. 
In  February,  Gallatin  was  added  to  the  commission.  Chiy  and  Russell  sniled  in 
I'ebru.irj'.  Their  instructions  were  similar  to  those  given  before.  Concerning 
impressment  they  said,  "  This  degrading  practice  must  cease.  Our  tlai;  nmst 
protect  the  crew,  or  the  United  States  cannot  consider  themselves  au  independent 
nation." 

1814,  January.  —  Congress  passed  acta  making  the  term  for 
enlistment  five  years ;  an  army  of  sixty-six  thousand  regulars  to 
be  raised. 

The  bounty  was  raised  to  one  hundred  and  twenty-four  dollars,  and  the  Presi- 
dent was  given  authority  to  call  out  the  militia  for  six  months.  In  the  debato 
upon  the  enlistment  bill,  Daniel  Webster  made  his  first  speech  in  Congress,  being 
a  member  of  tlie  House. 


524 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[18U. 


1814,  Februauy  7.  —  The  Massachusetts  legishiture  forbade 
the  employment  of  the  jails  in  the  state  for  the  confinement  of 
prisoners  committed  by  any  other  than  the  judicial  authority. 

The  jailors  were  directed  at  the  end  of  thirty  days  to  discliargo  all  British  offl- 
cers,  prisoners  of  war,  committed  to  them  for  close  confinement.  Congress  tlicre- 
fore  authorized  the  marshals  of  the  United  States  to  find  other  places  for  the 
custody  of  their  prisoners,  when  the  use  of  the  state  jails  was  refused  tiiem ;  on 
application  by  the  President,  the  legislature  of  Tcnnsylvania  granted  the  use  of 
the  penitentiaries  of  that  state  for  the  confinement  of  the  British  officers. 

1814,  March  4.  —  The  naval  force  of  the  United  States,  on 
the  Atlantic  coast,  consisted  of  thirty-three  vessels,  twenty-seven 
of  which  were  in  commission. 

Besides  these  there  were  the  gunboats  which  had  boon  built.  The  whole  coast 
had  been  declared  in  a  state  of  blockade  by  a  proclamation  from  Admiral  Warren, 
at  Halifax,  on  the  16th  of  the  November  i)receding. 

1814,  March  9.  —  Congress  appropriated  three  hundred  and 
twenty  thousand  dollars  for  building  one  or  more  floating 
batteries  designed  by  Robert  Fulton. 

This  battery  was  to  discharge  hot  water  and  red-hot  shot.  Her  keel  was  laid 
on  the  20tli  of  June,  and  she  was  launched  on  the  29th  of  October,  being  tlie  first 
steam-vcssol  of  war  built.  Ilcr  name  was  the  Demologas,  and  she  was  one  hun- 
dred and  flfty-six  feet  in  length  of  keel.  Her  engine  was  put  in  her  the  following 
JMay,  after  Fulton's  death,  and  she  was  christened  Fulton.  Her  trial  trip  was 
made  in  July,  but  peace  being  ratified,  she  was  made  a  receiving  ship,  and  on 
June  4,  1829,  she  blew  up. 

1814,  March  21.  —  The  legislature  of  Pennsylvania  passed  a 
bill  incorporating  forty-one  specie-paying  banks. 

The  bill  was  passed  over  the  governor's  veto.  Thirty-seven  of  the  banks  went 
into  operation,  and  on  September  1st  they  had  all  suspended  specie  payments. 
Their  nominal  capital  was  $11,500,000. 

1814,  March  27.  —  General  Jackson  defeated  the  Indians  at 
Great  Horse  Shoe,  on  tiie  Tallapoosa  River. 

He  had  had  several  successful  engagements  with  them  before  this  year,  but 
thi.s  last  was  decisive  and  ended  the  Creek  war,  and  the  survivors  came  into  Fort 
Jackson,  at  the  junction  of  the  Coosa  and  Tallapoosa,  suing  for  peace,  which  Jack- 
son was  in  May  autliorized  to  make. 

1814,  March.  —  A  council  was  held  at  Dayton  with  the  North- 
ern Indians. 

They  were  required  to  take  up  arms  against  the  British,  the  government  pay- 
ing each  warrior  twenty-five  cents  a  day.  In  June  and  July,  other  councils  were 
held,  and  other  tribes  brought  into  the  alliance.  The  Fovtawatomies  insisted  on 
their  neutrality.  After  one  or  two  excursions  into  Canada,  the  Indians  were  dis- 
missed. 

1814,  March  28.  —  The  Essex,  Captain  Porter,  was  captured 
off  the  coast  of  South  America  by  the  Phoebe. 


[1814. 

iture  forbade 
anfincment  of 
authority. 

ge  all  British  offl- 
Congress  thcre- 
icr  places  for  tl\c 
refused  them ;  on 
granted  the  use  of 
U  ofBcers. 

ted  States,  on 
3,  twenty-seven 

The  whole  coast 
n  Adniiral  Warren, 

;e  hundred  and 
more    floating 

.  Her  keel  was  laid 
tober,  being  the  first 
nd  she  was  one  hun- 
;  in  her  the  followini,' 
Her  trial  trip  was 
ceiving  ship,  and  on 

dvania  passed  a 

len  of  the  banks  went 
[ed  specie  payments. 

k  the  Indians  at 

I  before  this  year,  but 
i-ivors  came  into  Fort 
)T  peace,  which  Jack- 


1814.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


525 


w 


ith  the  Nortb- 


[the  government  pay- 
I,  other  councils  were 
Iwatoniies  insisted  on 
Ithe  Indians  were  dis- 


jr,  was  cap 


tured  I 


1814,  March  30.  —  An  unsuccessful  attack  was  made  on  an 
outpost  of  the  British  force,  at  a  stone  mill  on  La  Cole  River. 

General  Wilkinson  was  in  command  of  tho  American  forces.  Ho  asked  a 
court-martial,  and  by  it  was  relieved  of  the  command,  General  Izard  1  oing  ap- 
pointed to  succeed  him. 

1814,  March.  —  A  loan  was  authorized  of  twenty-five  millions 
and  an  issue  of  treasury  notes  for  ton  millions. 

1814,  March  31.  —  Congress  provided  by  an  act  for  tho  issue 
to  the  claimants  under  titles  from  the  United  States,  of  the  lands 
in  Georgia  known  as  the  "  \''azoo  claims,"  of  scrip  to  the  amount 
of  eight  millions  of  dollars,  bearing  no  interest,  and  receivable 
for  Mississippi  lands,  and  to  be  redeemed  from  the  sale  of  them, 
after  Georgia's  lien  was  satisfied. 

Tlie  Supreme  Court  had  decided  that  tho  act  of  Georgia  repealing  the  act  for 
tlie  sale  of  these  lands  was  unconstitutional  and  void. 

1814,  April.  —  All  officers  held  as  prisoners  were  ordered  dis- 
charged on  their  paroles. 

Some  of  tlie  American  prisoners  in  England  having  been  discharged  and  re- 
turned, informed  the  government  that  those  charged  with  treason  by  the  English 
government  were  treated  like  tho  rest,  and  had  not  been  brought  to  trir  I  on  a 
charge  of  treason. 

1814,  April.  —  The  New  Orleans  banks  suspended. 

1814,  April  8.  —  Six  boats  with  about  two  hundred  men  from 
tho  British  fleet  entered  the  Connecticut  River,  and  burned  somo 
twenty  vessels. 

1814,  April  21.  —  The  Frolic  was  captured  by  the  Britisli 
frigate  Orpheus. 

1814,  April  23.  —  Admiral  Cochrane,  wlio  had  succeeded  to 
the  command  of  the  British  fleet,  issued  a  proclamation  extending 
the  blockade  to  the  entire  coast  of  the  United  States. 

1814,  April  27.  —  Tho  Peacock  captured  the  British  war  brig 
Epervicr,  oft"  the  coast  of  Florida, 
Tlie  British  ship  had  $118,000  in  coin  on  boai-d. 

1814,  May.  —  An   expedition   ascended   tho   Mississippi   and 
estabhshed  tho  post  of  Prairie  du  CJiien. 
The  post  was  attacked  and  captured  on  July  17,  by  a  party  of  Canadians  and 

Induins. 

1814,  May  6.  —  A  British  force  attacked  Oswego,  destroyed  the 
fort,  and  carried  away  a  quantity  of  stores. 
Among  them  were  cannon  for  the  fleet  then  building. 

1814,  May  30.  —  A  party  of  British  attacked  the  fort  at  Sandy 
Creek,  on  Lake  Ontario,  and  were  all  captured. 
The  Americans  lost  one  rifleman  and  one  Indian. 


8 


52G 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1814. 


1814,  June  14.  —  Expeditions  from  the  blockadinfc  British  fleet 
landed  at  Wareham  and  Scituate,  on  the  coast  of  Massachusetts, 
and  destroyed  property. 

1814,  June  24.  —  Instrnctions  were  sent  to  the  peace  com- 
missioners to  refer  the  impressment  question,  if  it  should  ho 
lound  an  impediment  to  the  treaty,  to  a  separate  commission,  to 
be  formed  after  the  peace  liad  been  established. 

Notliinj?  had  been  hoard  from  the  commissioners.  The  news  of  Napo- 
h'on's  alxlieation  and  of  peace  in  Europe  had  arrived.  Before  tlie  letter  was 
sent,  despatcliea  arrived  from  the  commissioners,  and  a  postscript  was  added  tliat 
if  best  tliey  should  treat  in  London,  and  if  necessary  omit  the  subject  of  impress- 
ment alto^etlicr,  thoujrli  having  it  understood  that  tliis  omission  was  not  to  l)0 
counted  as  an  admission  of  the  claims  of  Great  Britain. 

1814,  June  28.  —  The  Wasp,  in  the  British  Channel,  captured 
and  destroyed  the  Reindeer,  a  British  sloop  of  war. 

1814,  June.  —  The  Rattlesnake  was  captured  by  a  British  ship 
of  war,  and  the  Syren  by  another. 

1814,  July  2.  —  Fort  Erie  surrendered  to  a  forc6  of  Ameri- 
cans under  the  command  of  General  Jacob  Brown. 

1814,  July  4.  —  The  President  issued  a  circular  letter  to  the 
states  to  hold  ready  for  immediate  service  their  quotas  of  militia. 

The  entire  force  was  to  consist  of  ninety-three  thousand  five  hundred  men. 
Maryland,  the  District  of  Columbia,  and  Virginia  north  of  tho  Bappahnnnock 
were  made  into  a  tenth  militai-y  district,  and  its  command  was  given  to  General 
Winder. 

1814,  July  5.  —  The  battle  of  Chippeway  was  gained  by  the 
Americans. 

In  this  engagement  Winfleld  Scott  distinguished  himself. 

1814,  July  14. — The  British  took  possession  of  Eastport, 
Maine. 

Tlic  islands  in  Passamaquoddy  Bay  were  still  in  dispute  under  the  treaty  of 
1783,  and  Eastport  was  upon  one  of  these. 

1814,  July  25.  —  Tlie  battle  of  Bridgewater  or  Lundy's  Lano 
took  place,  resulting  in  a  victory  for  the  Americans. 
The  American  army  withdrew  after  the  battle  to  Fort  Erie. 

1814,  AuousT  4.  —  An  expedition  from  Detroit  against  Fort 
Michilimackinac  was  repulsed.  j 

1814,  August  4,  —  A  body  of  Americans,  under  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Groghan,  made  an  unsuccessful  attempt  to  recapture 
Fort  Mackinaw. 

The  Americans  numbered  500  regulars  and  400  militia  ;  they  lost  l.T  killed 
and  Gl  wounded. 


[18U. 

r  British  fleet 
lassachusctts, 


3  peace  com- 

it  should  1)0 

3ommi8sion.  to 

i  ncw9  of  Nnpo- 
ro  the  k'ttor  was 
ij)t  wiva  mldf  tl  that 
ubjcct  of  impress- 
ion was  not  to  bo 

[vnnel,  captured 

ir. 

y  a  British  ship 

Force  of  Ameri- 
n. 

lar  letter  to  the 
piotas  of  raihtia, 
five  hundred  men. 
■  tho  rtappnlinnnock 
18  given  to  General 

,3  gained  by  the 


Ion  of  Eastport, 

under  tlie  treaty  of 

Lundy's  Lane 
ms. 

)it  against  Fort 

ider  Lieutenant- 
ipt  to  recapture 

;  they  lost  13  killed 


1814.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


62T 


1814,  August  4.  —  A  British  fleet  landed  troops  at  Pensacola. 

1814,  August  8. —  Commissioners  from  Enghmd,  to  treat  of 
peace,  met  those  from  the  United  States  at  Ghent. 

Tl»e  coininissloners  from  the  United  States  hnii  been  waiting  for  them  some 
time.  Those  from  England  were  Lord  Ganibier,  Henry  Gouldburn,  and  William 
Adams.  They  claimed  as  indispensable  preliminaries  for  peace,  that,  as  a  barrier 
to  Canada,  a  fixed  territory  should  be  assigned  the  Indian  allies  of  Great  Britain, 
suKf?i'sting  the  line  of  the  treaty  of  1795  as  the  boundary  of  such  a  territory.  The 
United  States  thould  also  renounce  the  right  to  keep  armed  vessels  or  military 
posts  upon  the  lakes,  while  tiiat  portion  of  Maine  lying  between  New  Brunswick 
and  Canada  was  claim^nl  for  Great  Britain. 

1814,  August  9.  —  The  Creeks  by  a  treaty  surrendered  a  great 
part  of  tiieii  territory. 

They  retained  only  that  part  of  it  east  of  the  Coosa,  and  north  of  a  lino  from 
the  mouth  of  the  Tallapoosa  to  Fort  Gaines  on  the  Chattahoochee. 

1814,  August  10.  —  The  British  blockading  squadron  bom- 
barded Stonington,  Connecticut. 

1814,  August  14.  —  A  British  fleet  appeared  in  the  Chesa- 
peake. 

It  had  on  board  General  Ross  with  four  thousand  soldiers,  a  portion  of  Well- 
ington's army.  On  the  l!)th  and  20th  the  troops  were  landed  at  Benedict,  on  the 
Patuxent,  some  fifty  miles  from  Washington.  Admiral  Cochrane,  in  command  of 
the  fleet,  sent  a  despatch  to  the  President  declaring  it  his  intention  to  destroy  such 
towns  upon  the  sea-coast  as  he  should  find  it  possible  to  reach.  The  despatch  was 
dated  the  day  of  his  arrival  on  the  coast,  but  was  not  received  until  after  the  cap- 
ture of  Washington,  wlien  its  publicity  added  to  the  excitement. 

1814,  August  15.  —  The  British  made  a  midnight  assault  upon 
Fort  Erie  which  was  repulsed. 

1814,  August  24.  —  The  battle  of  Bladensburg  was  fought. 

Tlic  Americans  made  but  small  resistance,  and  their  rout  placed  the  city  of 
Washington  at  the  disposal  of  the  British.  The  public  buildings  were  all  burned, 
except  the  post-offlce  and  the  patent-office.  The  most  valuable  papers  of  the 
state  department  had  been  removed.  The  library  of  Congress,  in  the  capitol, 
was  burned  with  that  building.  The  post-office  and  patent-office  only  escaped  de- 
struction by  a  violent  tornado  which  passed  over  the  city.  That  night  the  British 
withdrew  to  Benedict,  and  rc-embarked  upon  their  ships. 

1814,  August  27.  —  The  banks  in  the  District  of  Columbia 
suspended. 

1814,  August  29.  —  The  British  fleet  anchored  before  Alexan- 
dria, which  surrendered  at  discretion. 

They  captured  here  many  merchant  vessels  and  largo  stores  of  merchandise, 
which  they  carried  away  with  them. 

1814,  August  29.  —  Specie  payments  were  suspended  in  Phil- 

adelpliia. 


528 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1814. 


Specie  WAS  at  a  premium  of  from  fourteen  to  twenty  per  cent.  The  lianks  of 
Maryland  and  New  Yorlt  suapended  September  1. 

Some  of  tlie  banks  in  Maine  suspended  early  in  the  year.  Those  of  tlio  middle 
and  southern  states  suspended  in  September.  The  New  England  banks  generally 
did  not  suspend.  Those  of  Ohio  and  Kentucky  continued  paying  specie  until 
January  1,  1815,  and  the  only  one  in  Tennessee  until  the  summer. 

1814,  August  31.  —  The  island  of  Nantucket  agreed  with  the 
British  to  bo  neutral  during  the  war. 

The  settlements  on  Capo  Cod  paid  heavily  to  save  their  salt-works  from  de< 
Btruction. 

1814,  August.  —  The  legislatures  of  Rhode  Island,  Now  York, 
Virginia,  and  Georgia  were  convened. 

The  sea-coast  towns  all  prepared  for  defence.  Rliode  Island  voted  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars  and  to  raise  five  hundred  men,  and  proposed  an  exchange  of  militia 
with  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut.  New  York  and  Philadelphia  agreed  to 
advance,  the  first  a  million  and  the  second  three  hundred  thousand  dollars  for 
defence.  Works  were  built  in  Boston  and  Portland,  the  population  without  dis- 
tinction of  class  working  at  the  trenches.  As  at  the  time  the  national  treasury 
was  straitened,  Daniel  I).  Tompkins,  the  governor  of  New  York,  with  others, 
advanced  money  to  support  West  Point,  and  pay  the  workmen  in  the  Springfield 
armory,  besides  aiding  in  raising  and  supporting  the  troops  enlisted  in  the  state. 

1814,  September  1.  —  Castinfi  and  Belfast,  on  Penobscot  Baj, 
were  captured  by  the  British  from  Eastport. 

1814,  September  1.  —  The  Wasp  captured  the  British  sloop 
of  war  Avon. 

On  the  23d  the  Wasp  captured  the  British  brig  Atalanta,  which  Captain  Blake- 
ley  sent  to  the  United  States.  This  was  the  last  heard  of  the  Wasp.  She  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  lost. 

1814,  September  3.  —  John  Armstrong  resigned  his  position  as 
secretary  of  war. 

The  blame  of  the  capture  of  Washington  was  laid  to  him. 

1814,  September  11.  —  A  land  and  naval  battle  took  place  at 
Plattsburg,  on  Lake  Champlain,  between  the  British  and  Amer- 
icans. 

The  American  land  force  was  commanded  by  General  McComb;  the  naval 
force  by  Commodore  McDonough.  The  British  land  force  was  commanded  by 
General  Prcvost ;  the  naval  force  by  Commodore  Downie.  The  naval  action  was 
soon  won  by  the  Americans,  and  the  British  land  forces  retreated. 

1814,  September  12.  —  The  British  fleet  appeared  at  North 
Point,  on  the  Patapsco,  and  Imded  the  troops. 

The  next  day  tlie  fleet  bombarded  Fort  McIIenry,  which  protected  the  approach 
to  B.altimore.  Ross  was  killed  while  heading  a  reconnoitring  party  at  North 
Point.  The  bombardment  was  kept  up  all  night,  the  British  army  re-enibnrking 
during  the  darkness. 


[1814. 

The  bankH  of 

50  of  the  mkldlo 
banks  KeneruHy 
ing  uyt'cio  until 

eed  with  the 

t-works  from  dc- 

d,  Now  York, 

otcd  one  hundred 
xchango  of  militia 
lelphia  agreed  to 
)usand  dollars  lor 
lation  without  dia- 

national  treasury 
i'^ork,  with  others, 

in  the  Springfield 
stcd  in  the  state. 

Penobscot  Bay, 
)  British  sloop 

lich  Captain  Blake- 
W^asp.     She  la  sup- 

his  position  as 


le  took  place  at 
Itisli  and  Amer- 

icComb;  the  nav«l 
ms  commanded  by 
kic  naval  action  was 
U'd. 

jared  at  Nortb 

Itectcd  the  approach 
Ing  party  at  North 
1  army  re-embarking 


1814.] 


ANNALS  OF   NORTH   AMERICA. 


629 


1814,  Skptkmher  14.  —  An  expedition  of  the  British  from 
IVnsacola  iittHcked  Fort  Bowyer,  at  Mobile  I'oiut,  on  tliu  eastern 
entrance  to  Mobile  Bay,  and  was  repulsed. 

'rill-  attack  was  nindc  by  hind  and  water.  The  garriscm  consisted  of  one  hun- 
dred and  tiiirty  men,  under  the  command  of  Major  Lawrence. 

1814,  Skptember  17. —  A  sortie  was  made  by  the  garrison  of 
Fort  Erie,  which  succeeded  in  destroying  the  works  of  the  be- 
sieging British  army. 

Tiie  IJritisli  raised  tiie  siege  and  retired. 

1814,  October  14.  —  The  logislaturo  of  Connecticut  acceded  to 
the  circular  letter  from  Massachusetts,  aud  a|)[)()inted  suvon 
delegates  to  meet  those  of  the  other  New  England  states,  at 
Hartford,  Connecticut,  on  the  15th  of  December. 

They  were  to  deliberate  "  for  the  purpose  of  devising  ami  recommending  such 
measures  for  tiie  safety  and  welfare  of  tliesc  states  as  may  consist  with  our  obliga- 
tions as  members  of  the  national  Union." 

1814,  OcTOBEn  IG.  —  The  settlement  at  liarataria  Bay,  west  of 
the  Mississippi,  was  captured  by  an  expedition  from  New  Orleans 
mider  the  command  of  Commodore  l*atterson. 

The  settlement  was  tlie  headquarters  of  the  pirates,  who,  calling  themselves 
privateers,  were  not  particular  wliosc  commerce  they  preyed  on.  Tiie  IJriti.sii 
having  ollered  to  receive  tliem  into  tlieir  service  if  they  would  take  part  in  an 
iittaeli  on  New  Orleans,  Lafitte,  their  leader,  gave  notice  of  it  to  tlie  governor  of 
liouisiana.  Ten  vessels  were  captured  and  the  pirates  dispersed  without  rc- 
.sislance. 

1814.  OcTOBRR.  —  The  Star-Spanyled  Banner  was  first  sung 
at  HoUiday-^treet  Theatre,  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1814,  October  18.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  adopted  a 
report  of  a  ccmmiittee,  which  proposed  a  convention  for  amend- 
ing the  Constitution,  and  appointed  twelve  delegates  to  the 
same. 

The  report  of  the  committee  recommended  "  a  conference  between  those 
states  tlie  alTinity  of  wlioso  interests  ic  closest,  and  wliose  haliits  of  intercourse, 
from  loeal  and  other  causes,  are  most  frequent,  to  tlie  end  tliat,  by  a  comparison 
of  their  sentiments  and  views,  some  mode  of  defence  suited  to  the  circumstances 
and  exiujencies  of  those  states,  and  measures  for  accelerating  tlio  return  of  public 
prosperity,  maybe  devised;  and  also  to  enable  the  delegates  from  tlioso  states, 
sliouid  they  deem  it  expedient,  to  lay  tlio  foundation  of  a  radical  ruforni  in  the 
tiiitioiial  compact  by  inviting  to  a  future  convention  a  deputation  from  all  the 
states  in  tlie  Union."  A  circular  letter  wa;.  'so  sent  tlio  otlier  New  England 
states. 

1814,  October  22.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  resolved 
that  the  terms  of  peace  proposed  by  the  British  commissioners 
wore  "  extravagant  and  disgraceful." 

The  news  of  the  terms  proposed  at  Ghent  had  arrived.     Tlie  legislature  of 

34 


530 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH   AilEHICA. 


[1814. 


Vlrjjfinia  passed,  a  few  days  iiftor,  a  resolution  falling  tlio  terms  "  nrroRunt  ami 
insulting."  Hoth  Htutcs  votcl  >  raise  a  body  of  permanent  n-ilitiu  for  defoneo,  to 
be  ])aid  and  supported  by  the  general  government. 

1814,  NovEMHER  5,  — TIio  lof^islitnro  of  Rhode?  ThIhiuI  nri^optod 
tho  circular  from  MaHsacIiusutts,  and  appointed  lour  dchigatos  to 
tho  j)roposud  convention. 

1814,  November. — Tlio  Auioricans,  under  (lenoral  Izard,  aban- 
doned Fort  Erie,  and  blew  it  up. 

1814,  NovEMiiEii  7.  —  General  Jackson,  at  tho  head  of  tho 
TennesBee  militia,  took  possession  of  l'ei:sacoliv. 

It  was  surrendered  without  opposition,  and  was  handed  over  by  .laekson  to  tiie 
Spanish  uutiiorities.  Orders  had  been  sent  to  .laek.son  eounternianding  liin 
authority  to  take  I'ensacola,  but  he  ;u;ted  before  they  were  reeeivetl. 

1814,  December  14.  —  An  American  flotilla  of  five  gunboats, 
coinnjanded  by  fiieutenant  Thoujas  (.'atesby  .Fonos,  was  capturoil 
by  a  IJritish  expedition  of  forty-two  barges  and  boats  on  Lake 
JBorgne,  Louisiana. 

This,  with  tlie  eapture  of  tho  lialize  at  the  entrance  of  the  Mississippi,  oponcd 
to  the  British  the  passage  to  New  Orleans. 

1814,  December  15. — ^Tho  convention  at  Hartford  met. 

Twenty-six  delegates  were  present  from  Massaehusctts,  Connecticut,  and 
Rhode  Island;  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire  were  represented  only  by  counly 
delegates.  The  convention  sat  witli  closed  doors  for  twenty  days,  and  on  tlieir 
ftdjourninent  addressed  a  report  to  their  legislatures.  This  report  was  acccplcil 
by  the  legislatures  of  Ma^  achusetts  and  Connecticut,  and  conmiissioners  up- 
pointed  by  them  to  present  to  Congress  the  suggestions  of  the  convention.  In 
1833,  a  history  of  the  Hartford  Convention,  by  its  secretary,  Tiieodore  Dwighi, 
was  published. 

1814,  December.  —  Tho  President,  under  the  command  of 
Decatur,  was  captured  on  tlio  coast  of  Long  Island  by  the  Endy- 
mion,  a  British  frigate,  assisted  by  several  other  vessels. 

The  President  had  disabled  the  Endymion,  but  was  herself  so  injured  that  on 
the  arrival  of  the  other  vessels  she  was  forced  to  surrender. 

1814,  December  24.  —  A  treaty  of  peace  was  signed  by  tlw 
commissioners  at  Ghent. 

It  was  ratified  by  the  President  in  tho  following  February. 

1814,  December  28. — Tho  Britisli  made  an  attack  upon  tlie 
position  held  by  General  Jackson  for  the  dofenco  of  New  Orleaii.^. 
and  retired  after  a  contest  of  about  seven  iiours. 

Jackson  had  taken  the  connnand  in  Now  Orleans,  the  governor  havingput  liim- 
self  and  the  militia  under  him.     Jackson  had  declared  martial  law,  and  directed  i 
the  governor  to  arrest  the  legislature,  should  it  make,  na  was  feared,  any  move-  j 
lucnt  towards  capitulating. 


[1814. 

rm«  "  arrofrant  ami 
ilititi  for  defonce,  to 


ThIivuiI  nnocj)to(l 
i)ur  (lologiito.H  to 

loral  Izard,  abuu- 

10   head   of  the 

or  liy  .Tnckson  to  tlii' 
uountcmiamlinu  hh 
received. 

){'  five  gunboati*, 
?,s,  was  captured 
1  boats  on  Lake 

3  Mississippi,  opencil 

:ford  met. 

»,  Connecticut,  and 
nted  only  by  count)' 
ty  days,  iind  on  tliiir 
report  was  accepted 
1  conintissioncrs  np- 
the  convention.  In 
y,  Theodore  Dwiglii, 

ho    command  of 

nd  by  tbo  Endy- 
vossoIh. 
elf  so  injured  that  on 

,s  signed  by  the 


attack  upon  tlie 
3  of  New  Orleaiis, 

i. 

ornor  having  put  liim- 
rtiul  law,  and  directed 
vas  feared,  any  move- 


•*'•  i***^,,, 


\ 


1814-15.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


531 


a^t^ 


^</- 


'W 


^^m 


1814.  —  The  Recorder  appeared  in  Chillicothe,  Ohio. 

It  was  published  by  .John  Andrews,  and  was  the  first  religious  newspaper, 
l)('ing  "devoted  to  Theology,  Literature,  and  all  matters  of  local  and  nationu) 
interest." 

1814-15.  —  The  Illinois  IntelU(jcncer  appeared  at  Kaskaskia, 
Illinois. 

This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  the  state. 

1814.  —  The  first  flour  w;is  exported  from  Roclicstcr,  New 
York,  and  the  third  mill  was  built  there. 

1815,  January  1.  —  The  British  were  repulsed  in  a  second 
attack  upon  General  Jackson's  line  of  defence  at  New  Orleans. 

1815,  January  8.  —  The  British  made  a  third  attack  upon 
General  Jackson's  j)osition,  and  were  repulsed. 

Jackson  had  been  icinforced  with  levies  from  Kentucky.  Packenham  in  per- 
son led  the  attack,  and  was  kiilod.  1l\w  watcliword  of  the  Uritish  was  "  Booty 
and  >)t  auty."  The  troops  were  ciiicfly  drawn  from  Wellintrton's  peninsular  army. 
In  this  cnpifj^enK^t  the  IJritisli  lost  two  tlu)U>ia".i  1  men,  wliile  .Jackson's  loss  in  the 
entire  cauii)aign  was  only  tliree  hundred  and  thirty-tiiree  The  Hritish  withdrew 
to  their  original  landin«;-place  and  re-embarked. 

1815,  FKBRUi^UY  11.  —  The  British  sloop-of-Avar  Favorite  ar- 
rived at  New  York,  w^th  an  English  and  an  American  messenger, 
bearing  a  treaty  of  peace,  which  the  English  government  had 
already  ratillcd. 

Tlie  news,  despatched  by  express,  reaibed  Boston  in  thirty-two  hours.  As 
tlie  news  spread,  a  general  feeling  of  satisfaction  exjjressed  Itself  in  rejoicing, 
without  caring  to  incpiire  what  were  the  terms  of  the  treaty. 

181."),  February  12.  —  Fort  Bowyer  was  again  attacked  by  the 
whole  13ritish  force,  and  Captain  Lawrence  was  forced  to  sur- 
render. 

The  British  retiring  from  New  Orleans  captured  it.  Fort  Morgan  now  occu- 
pies ti»c  .-site  of  the  old  fort. 

1815,  February  17.  —  The  treaty  was  ratified  and  promul- 
gated. 

I5y  it?  provisions  all  conquered  territory  was  to  be  nnitually  restored,  and  three 
coniniissions  were  to  be  appointed :  the  first  to  settle  the  title  to  tlie  islands  of 
Passamaquoddy  Bay ;  the  second  to  settle  the  northeastern  boi  ndary  as  far  ;-s  the 
St,  Lawrence;  and  the  th'rd  to  run  the  line  through  the  St.  Lawrence  and  tlio 
lakes  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods.  Ii  case  of  disagreement,  tlie  point  in  dispute 
was  to  be  referred  to  some  friendly  \w\  r.  Hostilities  on  land  were  to  terminate 
with  the  ratification  of  the  treaty,  ainl  on  sea  in  certain  si)ecified  times,  according 
to  tlie  distance,  the  longest  time  being  fo\ir  montlis.  The  treaty  provided  against 
the  carrying  away  by  the  BriMsh  of  "  any  negroes  or  other  property."  Both  par- 
ties agreed  to  use  their  best  endeavors  for  the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade. 

,    1815,  February  17. — Congress  propo.«ed  a  loan  of  eighteen 


632 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1815. 


million  and  four  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  an  issue  of  treas- 
ury notes  to  the  amount  of  twenty-five  million  dollars. 

A  portion  of  these,  issued  in  sums  under  a  hundred  dollars,  j)!iyable  to  bearer, 
and  to  serve  as  a  currency.  Those  over  one  hundred  dolhirs  were  to  bear  inter- 
est at  five  and  two  fifths  per  cent.,  making  a  cent  and  a  half  a  day  on  each  one 
hundred  dollars.  Both  were  rcceivuble  for  all  public  dues,  and  were  transferable 
a*^  option,  those  bearing  interest  in  six  per  cent,  bonds  and  those  without  in  seven 
per  cent,  bonds, 

1815,  Februauy  20.  —  The  Constitution,  off  Lisbon,  captured 
two  British  sloops-of-war,  the  Cyane  and  the  Levant. 

The  engagement  took  jjlaco  by  moonlight.  The  loss  to  the  Constitution  was 
only  three  killed  and  twelve  wounded.  Meeting  subsequently  with  a  ileet  of 
British  vessels,  she  escaped  in  a  fog,  but  lost  the  Levant,  which  was  recaptured. 

1815,  February  21. — The  British,  after  issuing  a  proclama- 
tion of  martial  law,  withdrew  from  the  coast  of  Georgia. 

1815,  February  24.  —  Congress  authorized  the  funding  of  tho 
non-interest-paying  treasury  notes  in  circulation. 

The  interest  upon  the  loan  was  seven  per  cent.  Three  millions  two  hundred 
and  sixty-eight  thousand  nine  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars  were  invested  in 
bonds  at  par. 

1815,  March  3.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  twelve  mil- 
lions of  dollars. 

The  rate  of  interest  was  six  per  cent.  Tho  amount  issued  was  nine  million 
seven  hundred  and  forty-fivo  thousand  seven  hundred  and  forty-five  dollars.  Tlie 
loan  was  made  for  the  purpose  of  funding  the  li.terest-paying  treasury  notes,  and 
tlie  subscription  price  was  from  ninety  to  par  in  treasury  notes. 

1815, —  The  colony  of  Harmonists  moved  from  Pennsylvania 
and  settled  in  Posey  County,  Indiana. 

^815.  —  About  this  time  tho  use  of  the  small  plough,  for  tl)o 
cultivation  of  corn,  was  introduced  among  the  French  settlers  in 
Illinois. 

Mr.  Charles  L.  Flint  says  their  ploughs,  "from  the  time  of  their  occupation, 
in  1C82.  down  to  the  war  of  'S12,  were  madi  of  wood,  with  a  small  point  of  iron 
fastened  upon  tho  wood  by  strips  of  riiw-hi'ic.  The  beams  rested  upon  an  axle 
and  lunall  wooden  wheels.  They  were  drawn  by  oxen  yoked  by  the  horns,  the 
yokes  being  straiglit  and  fastened  to  the  horns  by  raw-leather  straps,  a  jiole 
extending  back  from  the  yoke  to  the  nxlc.  These  ploughs  were  large  iiiiil 
clumsy.  .  ,  ,  They  used  carts  that  had  not  a  particle  of  iron  about  them." 

1815,  March  23.  — The  Hornet,  off  the  Cape  of  Good. Hope, 
captured  the  Penguin,  and  destroyed  her. 

1815,  March  31,  —  General  Jackson  was  sentenced  by  tlio 
^•^iirt  to  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars  for  contempt  of  court. 

lie  had  arrested  a  member  of  the  legislature  named  Louallier^  for  an  article 
he  had  written  while  the  city  was  under  mnrtial  law.  Judge  IlaU  having  granted  a 
writ  of  habeas  corpus  in  the  prisoner's  favor,  Jackson  arrested  the  judge  and  sent 


[1815. 
10  of  trcas- 

ablc  to  bearer, 
e  to  bciu-  intei- 
ay  on  each  one 
ere  tninst'erable 
dthout  in  seven 

on,  captured 

t. 

Constitution  was 
with    a  lieet  ot 
was  recaptured. 

r  a  proclaraa- 
>rgia. 
lundiug  of  tlio 

lions  two  hundred 
•were  invested  in 

of  twelve  mil- 

lA  was  nine  niillion 
-five  dollars.  The 
[treasury  notes,  and 

n  Tennsylvania 

ploitgli,  for  tlie 
leucU  Bottlers  lu 

If  their  occupation, 
[suiall  point  of  Iron 
lested  upon  an  axle 
by  the  liorns,  tlw 
[her  straps,  a  pok' 
is  were  lart;e  n"'' 
Ibout  them." 

lof  Good  HoF. 

tcnced  by  ^Ik' 
Ipt  of  court, 
lallier,  for  an  articK' 
111  having  grAni*^'^  * 
ll  the  judge  and  Bcnt 


1815.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


533 


him  out  of  the  city.  When  martial  law  was  repealed,  the  judge,  returning,  sum- 
moned him  for  contempt  of  court,  and  fined  him.  Jackson  gave  liis  check  fof 
the  fine,  and  the  amount  was  reimbursed  liim  by  subscription. 

1815,  March.  —  TIio  non-intercourse  and  non-importation  acta 
were  repealed,  as  well  as  all  acts  creating  discriminating  duties 
on  foreign  vessels. 

The  acts  to  take  effect  with  only  reciprocating  nations. 

1815,  JuNR  30.  —  The  Peacock,  in  the  Straits  of  Funda,  cap- 
tured an  armed  British  vessel. 

The  next  day  the  vessel  was  given  up.  The  number  of  British  vessels  cap- 
tured on  the  sea  and  the  lakes  by  privateers  and  national  vessels  was  said  to  be 
1750.  The  ofR(;ial  account  of  American  vessels  captured  or  destroyed  by  the 
royal  navy  was  42  national  vessels,  233  privateers,  and  1437  merchant  ships, 
making  a  total  of  1G83.     The  Britisli  privateers  did  not  make  many  captures. 

1815,  June.  —  Decatur,  with  a  fleet,  appeared  off  Algiers,  and 
the  Dey  signed  a  treaty  on  his  quarter-deck. 

The  Dey  had  declared  war  against  the  United  States,  captured  an  American 
vossul,  and  made  slaves  of  the  crew.  Decatur  was  sent  with  the  fleet.  Near 
Gibraltar  he  captured  the  largest  frigate  of  the  Algerine  navy.  By  the  treaty,  the 
Dey  surrendered  all  prisoners,  paid  an  indemnity,  and  agreed  to  renounce  all 
claim  to  American  tribute,  and  not  make  slaves  of  liis  war  prisoners.  Proceeding 
to  Tunis  and  Tripoli,  Decatur  obtained  indemnity  for  American  vessels  captured 
during  the  war,  under  tlie  guns  of  their  forts,  by  British  cruisers.  In  part-pay- 
ment, lie  took  from  Tripoli  eight  Danes  and  two  Italians  held  as  slaves. 

1815,  July.  —  The  commissioners  at  Ghent  made  a  commer- 
cial convention  with  Great  Britain,  to  last  four  years,  and  stipu- 
lating lor  absolute  reciprocity  by  abolishing,  in  direct  trade,  all 
discriminations. 

1815,  September  1.  —  A  council  was  held  at  Detroit,  and  the 
hatchet  buried  by  the  tribes  represented. 

These  were  the  Scnccas,  Delawares,  Shawanees,  Wyandots,  Pottawatomies  of 
Lake  Michigan,  Oltawas,  and  Ciiippeways,  with  the  Winnebagoes  and  Sauks. 
Other  treaties  were  made  with  the  Pottawatomies  of  the  Illinois,  the  Piaukesliaws, 
Osagcs,  lowas,  Kansas,  Foxes,  Kickapoos,  and  bands  of  the  Sioux.  The  posts 
of  Prairie  du  Chien  and  Mieiiilimackinae  were  reoccupied. 

1815. —  A  BRIDEWELL,  or  house  of  correction,  was  started  at 
Halifax. 

Persons  liable  to  be  committed  for  a  term  no*  exceeding  seven  years  were  by  the 
aia  desf  ,ed  "as  disorderly  and  idle  people,  who  notoriously  misspend  their 
linie,  to  the  neglect  of  their  own  and  family's  support,  and  those  who  are  convicted 
01"  liny  clergyable  or  lesser  criminal  offence." 

1815.  —  Jose  Maria  Morelos  was  executed. 

He  was  a  priest,  and  had  for  several  years  successfully  maintained  an  insur- 
rection against  the  Spanish  domination  of  Mexico. 


\& 


534 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEIUCA. 


[1815-16. 


1815. — The  North  American  Jleview  was  started  iu  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  under  the  editorship  of  William  Tudor. 

In  1817  it  passed  into  the  control  of  a  club  of  Boston  Rcntlenion,  who  made 
Jared  Sparks  chief  editor;  then  Edward  Channing;  and  in  1811),  Edward  Everett 
assumed  the  post. 

1815.  —  The  water-works  at  Fuirmount,  for  supplying  Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania,  with  water,  were  completed. 

Tliey  were  begun  in  1812.  As  fur  back  as  17G4,  after  the  yellow  fever  in 
Fhiladelpliia,  Benjamin  Franklin  liad  advocated  tlie  necessity  of  supplying  tlio 
city  with  water,  and  in  his  will,  .Tune  23,  1789,  recommended  the  city  should  niaki; 
an  appropriation  for  that  purpose.  In  1797  water  was  brought  from  Spring  Mill 
Creek,  and  from  the  Schuylkill  by  steam-power,  and  stored  in  tanks  ready  lor 
use ;  but  in  1812  more  efficient  works  were  undertaken. 

1815,  September  30.— -The  total  debt  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to  one  hundred  and  nineteen  million  six  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  war  was  at  this  date  eighty  million  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

1816,  January  3.  —  The  Recorder  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

This  was  the  second  religious  newspaper  published.  From  the  diflTeront 
claims  which  have  been  made  for  its  establishment,  it  appears  tliai  Nathaniel 
Willis  first  conceived  the  idea  of  such  a  paper,  and  printed  the  Recorder,  of 
which  Sidney  Edwards  Morse  was  the  first  editor. 

1816,  February.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  bill. 

It  had  been  introduced  by  Mr.  Lowndes,  o*"  South  Carolina,  with  the  view  of 
encouraging  manufactures. 

1816,  March  1.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  limiting  importation 
by  foreign  vessels  to  the  produce  of  their  respective  countries. 

Its  provisions  were  to  apply  to  only  such  nations  as  had  placed  a  similar 
obstruction  upon  commerce.  The  coasting  trade  was  also  limited  to  American- 
built  vessrh  owned  by  Americans.  All  coasting  and  fishing  vessels  were  rei^uireil, 
under  penalties,  to  have  three  fourths  of  their  crews  Americans. 

1816,  March  1.  —  Congress  repealed  all  such  parts  of  existin.i!; 
laws  imposing  duties  as  were  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of 
a  treaty  prepared  by  a  convention  held  in  London,  England,  on 
the  third  of  the  previous  July. 

At  this  convention  it  was  agreed  to  equalize  the  duties  on  tonnage  and  imports. 
The  treaty  was  reciprocal  witli  regard  to  the  British  territories  in  Europe  ami 
the  East  Indies,  but  did  not  secure  for  tlie  United  States  equal  privileges  in  Brit- 
ish possessions  in  America.  This  treaty  was  renewed  in  1818,  October  20,  for 
ten  years,  and  in  1827,  on  August  6,  indefinitely. 

1816.  —  The  first  steam  paper-mill  was  erected  at  Pittsburg, 
Pennsylvania. 


1816.] 


ANNALS   OF   KOIJTII  AMERICA. 


535 


ion  five  hunilrcd 


,  with  the  view  of 


(1  ut  Pittsburg, 


1816.  —  Thk  first  steamboat  built  at  Cincinnati  wa.=i  launchod. 

She  was  nanied  the  Vesta. 

181 G,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  forbidding  tlie  fit- 
tiijg  out  within  tlie  jurisdiction  of  tlie  United  States  of  any  vessel 
to  cruise  against  any  power  with  which  the  United  States  were 
at  peace. 

A  fine  often  thoiisand  (h)Uars  and  imprisonment  not  to  exceed  ten  years  were 
the  peniilties  for  being  enf^ragcd  in  fitting  out  any  sueh  vessel.  Spain  had  pro- 
tested against  the  fittinr?  out  of  vessels  to  sail  under  the  ii;igs  of  her  revolted  South 
Aineriear  provinces,  and  to  assist  Texas  and  Mexico,  which  had  also  rebelled. 

181G,  At'RIL  10.  —  Congress  chartered  a  national  bank. 

Its  capital  was  tliirty-fivo  millions ;  government  to  subscribe  for  seven  niii'lions 
in  five  per  cent,  bonds,  and  the  rest  to  be  subscribed  by  the  public ;  seven  millions 
in  specie,  and  the  rest  in  government  stock.  The  bank  to  issue  no  notes  under 
live  dollars,  and  forbidden  to  suspend  under  twelve  per  cent,  penalty.  Its  direc- 
tors were  elected  by  the  stockholders.  The  bank  was  organized  on  October  28, 
fifteen  of  the  directors  being  Democrats,  and  ten  Federalists.  Its  charter  was  lo 
run  twenty-one  years,  and  it  was  to  pay  for  it  one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars in  three  instalments,  at  two,  three,  and  four  years.  It  was  to  be  the  deposi- 
tary of  the  i)ul)Iic  money,  which  it  should  transfer  without  charge.  It  was  to  estab- 
lish a  place  of  deposit  and  discount  in  AVashington,  and  a  similar  one  in  any  state 
where  two  thousand  shares  were  held  on  application  of  the  legislature.  The 
sliares  were  one  hundred  dollars. 

1816,  April  25.  —  Congress  appropriated  one  million  dollars 
annually  to  the  increase  of  the  navy. 

181(5,  April  30.  —  Congress  voted  that  specie  payments  ouglit 
to  he  resumed  February  20,  1817,  and  that  the  government 
should  then  accept  only  specie,  or  its  equivalent,  "  treasury- 
notes,  notes  of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  or  in  notes  of 
bunks  j)ayablo  and  paid  on  demand  in  specie." 

The  l)anks  refused  to  resume  specie  payments  before  July,  1817. 

181G,  ApdiL.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  the  legislature  of  New 
llainpsliiro  changing  the  name  of  Dartmouth  College  to  Dart- 
mouth University,  and  changing  the  board  of  trustees. 

The  old  board  refused  to  submit ;  the  governor  brought  the  subject  before  the 
legislature,  who  passed  an  ,ic'.  fining  any  one  who  should  oppose  the  new  board, 
who  thus  obtained  possession  of  the  buildings  and  records.  The  matter  was  car- 
ried to  the  supreme  court,  which  finally  decided  that  the  original  charter  of  the 
eoHege  was  a  ntract,  and  its  modification  without  the  consent  of  the  trustees 
WHS  unconstitutional.     The  college  was  therefore  reinstati  1  in  possession. 

1816,  April.  —  Congress  enacted  that  the  pay  of  it'^  T'lembera 
should  be  fil'teen  hundred  dollars  a  year. 

There  was  great  olyection  made  to  it.  The  legislatures  of  Massacli'setts, 
Ilhode  Island,  Georgia,  and  Kentucky  passed  resolutions  expressive  of  their 
objection  to  it  ;>s  extravagant.  The  next  session  it  was  repealed,  being  allowed 
to  stand  for  the  session,  and  the  future  being  left  to  the  next  Congress. 


536 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1816. 


1816,  May.  —  The  steamboat  Enterprise  ascended  the  Missis- 
sippi I'rom  New  Orleans  to  Louisville. 

Slie  was  conimanded  by  Captain  Henry  M.  Slircvo,  who  was  cliidly  instru- 
mental in  breakinj?  down  the  monopoly  claimed  by  Fulton  and  Livingston  of  the 
(iteam  navigation  of  tlic  rivers.  He  carried  the  case  up  until  he  got  a  decision 
from  tlie  Supreme  Court. 

1816,  September.  —  Indiana  formed  a  constitution,  and  under 
it  Jonathan  Jennings  was  chosen  the  first  governor. 

Authority  to  frame  a  constitution  had  been  given  by  Congress.  The  constitu- 
tion gave  the  right  of  suffrage  to  all  male  citizens  resident  in  the  state  one  year. 
It  recognized  the  freedom  of  the  press. 

1816,  SEPTCMBErt  24.  —  The  Cherokeea,  by  a  treaty,  limited 
themselves  on  the  south  side  of  tlio  Tennessee  to  the  parallel  of 
Huntsville. 

In  thu  fall,  at  two  treaties,  the  Chiekasaws  and  Choctaws  relinquished  all 
claim  to  territory  east  of  the  Tombigbee,  except  the  valley  of  Bear  Creek.  The 
consideration  for  these  cessions  was,  with  the  Cherokees,  $5000  cash,  and  nn 
annuity  for  ten  years  of  .fdOOO.  They  also  received  $5000  casii  for  relin(iuisliiii;j; 
all  claim  to  any  part  of  South  Carolina.  The  Chiekasaws  received  $1500,  an 
annuity  for  ten  years  of  $12,000,  and  gifts  to  some  of  the  chiels.  The  Chocliiws 
^10,000  cash,  and  an  annuity  for  twenty  years  of  $0000. 

1816,  September  28. —  An  expedition  from  New  Orleans,  with 
a  force  from  Camp  Crawford,  under  Colonel  Clinch,  destroyed 
the  fort  on  the  Appalachicola. 

The  fort  hi>d  been  built  by  the  British,  and,  with  its  armament,  given  by  them, 
at  the  close  of  the  war,  to  their  Indian  and  negro  allies.  It  was  claimed  that  it 
was  an  asylum  for  runaway  negroes.  The  magazine  was  exploded  by  red-hot 
shot,  and  some  three  hundred  and  fifty  persons  killed. 

1816,  November.  — The  United  States  Bank  was  organized  in 
Philadelpiiia,  with  branches  at  Boston,  New  York,  and  Balti- 
more. 

Other  branches  were  soon  opened  at  Portsmouth,  Providence,  Middlctown 
Connecticut,  Washington,  Richmond,  Norfolk,  Charleston,  Savannah,  New 
Orleans,  Lexington,  and  Cincinnati,  and  soon  after  at  Louisville,  Chillicothe, 
Pittsburg,  Fayetteville,  and  Augusta. 

1816,  November  25.  —  A  bank  of  savings  was  formed  in  New 
York. 

It  was  formed  at  a  public  meeting  held  by  the  Society  for  the  Prevention  of 
Pauperism,  and  was  incorporated  in  March,  1819. 

1816,  December  2.  —  The  Saving  Fund  Society  was  organized 
in  Philadelphia,  and  opened  the  business    fa  savings  bank. 

1816,  December  13.  —  The  Provident  Institution  for  Savings 
was  incorporated  at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 


[1816. 
tlio  Missis- 

cliiffly  instru- 
kfingston  of  thu 
;  got  a  docision 

,  and  under 

TliP  constitu- 
.  state  one  year. 

3aty,  limitocl 
le  parallel  of 

relinquished  all 
ear  Creek.  Tlie 
100  cash,  and  an 

for  relin(iuisl»in;i 

celved  $4500,  an 

The  Clioclaws 

Orleans,  with 
ich,  destroyed 

it,  given  by  them, 

'iis  claimed  that  it 

iloded  by  red-liot 


|s  organized  in 
•k,  and  Biilti- 

l>nce,    Middletown 

Savannah,    Ni'W 

sville,  Chillicothe, 


[■(H-med  in  New 
I  the  Prevention  of 

1  was  organized 

»gs  bank. 

L  for  Savings 


1816-11.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


637 


1816.  —  The  Columbian  Institute  for  the  promotion  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  was  instituted  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

At  the  expiration  of  its  charter,  in  1830,  it  was  merged  in  the  National  Institute. 

1816,  December.  —  The  American  Colonization  Society,  for 
coloni/,ing  free  colored  people  on  the  African  coast,  was  e^tub- 
lisljcd  at  Washington. 

Rev.  Robert  Finley  was  active  in  the  work.  The  plan  had  been  urged  by 
Jefferson  .is  early  as  1777,  and  tlie  legislature  of  Virginia  bad  advocated  it  in  1801. 
IJushroil  W'asliington  was  the  fii'st  president  of  the  society.  His  inunodiate  suc- 
cessors were  Ciiarles  Carroll,  James  Madison,  and  Henry  Clay. 

1816.  —  FoTTERY-woRKS  Were  started  at  Jersey  City,  and 
some  porcelain  ware  was  made. 

The  woiks  riow  manufacture  chiefly  the  cream-colored  ware,  for  which  tlio 
clay  is  obtained  near  Amboy. 

1816,  December.  —  Congress  appropriated  ten  millions  to  the 
sinking  fund. 

1809-17.  —  Fourth  adruinistration. 

President, 


Vice-Presidents, 


Secretaries  of  State, 


James  Madison,  of  Virginia. 
(-George  Clinton,  of  New  York,  1809;  died  1812. 
•!  Elbridge  Gerry,  of  Massachusetts,  March  4,   1813; 
I     died  November  23,  1813. 
r  Robert  Smith,  of  Maryland,  March  6,  1809. 
I  Jumes  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  April  2,  1811. 
("Albert  Gallatin,  of  Pennsylvania,  continued  in  office. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  \  George  W.  Campbell,  of  Tennessee,  Feb.  9,  1814. 

I  Alexander  J.  Dallas,  of  Tennessee,  Oct.  G,  1814. 
■William  Eustis,  of  Massachusetts,  March  7,  1S09. 

John  Armstrong,  of  New  York,  January  13,  1''13. 

James  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  September  27,  1814. 
,W.  II.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  March  3,  1815. 

Paul  Hamilton,  of  South  Carolina,  March  7,  1809. 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 
rostniasters-Goneral , 
Attorneys-General, 


f  raui t 

\  William  Jones,  of  Pennsylvania,  Jan.  12,  1813. 

iBenj.  W.  Crowninshield,  Mass.,  Dec.  17,  1814. 

r  Gideon  Granger,  of  Connecticut,  ci-.itinued  in  office. 

I  Return  J.  Meigs,  of  Ohio,  March  17,  1814. 

C  Cassar  Rodneyj  of  Delaware,  continued  in  office. 

I  William  Pinkney,  of  Maryland,  Dec.  11,  1811. 

{  Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  February  10,  1814. 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Repr       iitatives,  — 

Joseph  B.  Varnum,  of  Mass;     lusctts.  Eleventh  Congress,  1809. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Tv    Ifth  Congress,  1811. 

"  "  Thirteenth  Congress,  Ifc  13. 

Langdon  Chevcs,  of  South  Carolina,   Thirteenth  Congress,  1814. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Fourteenth  Congress,  1815. 

1817,  January.  —  The  government  resumed  specie  payments. 

It  i)aid  its  obligations  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  .n  coin. 


:^-.! 


538 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


[1817. 


114 


1817.  —  TiiK  Prosident  was  authorized  to  procure  for  tlio 
capitol  four  hirgo  pictures  of  Revolutionary  scenes  by  John 
TrunibuH. 

An  iipproijriivtion  Imd  been  made  for  rcbuildinR  the  capitol,  enclosing  the 
jjround.s  iil)()ut  it  iind  nialdn}^  them  ornamental.  Trinnbull  had  served  in  the  army 
of  tlie  lli'volution,  and  niudo  a  sorios  of  portraits  of  tlie  ehitf  actors  in  it.  Tlic 
four  pictures  he  painted  for  this  order  ure  now  in  the  rotunda  of  tiie  capitol. 

1817,  FEiJitUAiii  15.  —  The  Delaware  Society  for  Promoting 
American  Manufactures  was  established  at  Wihnington. 

1817,  March  1.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  to  the  people 
uf  tlie  westei'n  jjortion  of  the  territory  of  Mississippi  the  right  to 
organize  a  state  government. 

By  another  act  tlu;  territory  was  divided,  the  eastern  portion  being  erected  into 
the  territory  of  Alabama,  of  which  William  W.  Bibb  was  appointed  governor. 
Tlie  constitution  foriiuMl  for  the  state  of  Mississippi  gave  the  riglit  of  suff'ragu  to 
all  white  male  adults,  residents  of  the  state.  A  property  qualification  was  requi- 
site to  hold  the  office  of  governor,  or  to  be  a  member  of  the  legislature.  The 
legislature  was  denied  any  power  to  pass  laws  for  the  emancipation  of  slaves 
without  the  consent  of  their  owners,  or  paying  an  equ'valent  for  them ;  nor  liiw.^ 
to  prevent  immigrants  bringing  with  them  persons  deemed  slaves  by  any  of  the 
states,  as  long  as  similar  persons  were  held  in  slavery  by  the  laws  of  tlie  state. 
Grand  juries  were  dispensed  with  in  the  trial  of  slaves,  and  i)eiit  juries  in  all  but 
capital  cases. 

1817.  —  The  Massachusetts  Peace  Society  memorialized  Con- 
gress, suggesting  the  formation  of  a  congress  of  nations  for  the 
purpose  of  settling  national  disputes  by  arbitration. 

1817,  March  3,  —  Congress  appointed  John  Quincy  Adams 
commissioner  to  examine  and  report  on  the  subject  of  weights 
and  measures  in  the  United  States,  and  also  as  to  the  desiral)lo- 
ness  of  adopting  the  French  system,  or  some  similar  one. 

During  the  years  1819  ;iiid  1820,  Adams  had  the  standards  employed  in  the  vari- 
ous custom-houses  examined,  and,  in  a  table  aeeompanying  his  report,  presented 
in  1821,  showed  the  discrepancies  that  exijtcd  in  the  dillerent  states.  He  reported 
unfavorably  to  the  yrench  system,  but  recommended  a  more  exact  conformity  with 
the  English  system. 

1817,  April.  —  The  legislature  of  Now  York  passed  an  act  lor 
the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  state. 

It  was  to  take  efl'eet  July  4,  1827.  It  also  pas.oed  an  act  aboliuhing  imprison- 
ment for  debts  less  than  twenty-live  dollars. 

1817.  —  Montgomery,  on  the  Alabama  River,  was  laid  out. 

It  became  the  capital  of  the  state  in  18iC,  when  the  government  was  removed 
there  from  Tuscalootsa. 

1817.  —  EvANSViLLE,  Indiana,  was  laid  out  by  General  Robert 
Evans,  James  W.  Jones,  and  Hugh  McGeary,  and  named  in  honor 
of  the  first. 


[1817. 


1817.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


539 


0  lor   tlio 
by   John 

■nclosing  the 
A  in  the  army 
rt  in  it.     'i'he 
ciipitol. 

Promoting 
ton. 

1  the  peoplo 
tlie  right  to 

ng  erected  into 
ntod  governor. 
;  of  suttriiRu  to 
tion  wivH  requi- 
gislature.  The 
jivlion  of  shivcs 
thoin;  nor  hvws 
■s  hy  any  of  the 
.vws  of  tlie  state, 
juries  in  all  but 

jviivlizecl  Con- 
itioiLS  for  the 

iiincy  Adams 
■ct  of  weights 
the  desirable- 
ir  one. 

|.^,iayc(linthcvari- 
report,  i«reseiiteil 
lies.  U^-'  reported 
let  eontbnnity  with 

;d  an  act  for 
Lliuhing  imprison- 

1x3  laid  out. 

Inent  was  removed 

[cncral  Robert 
ravned  in  houor 


It  is  a  largo  nmnufncturing  city  on  tlie  Ohio  River,  and  has  a  rapidly  incrcusinjf 
commerce.     C'oal  and  iron  abound  in  the  neigiiborhood. 

1817,  April  15.  —  The  Now  York  logislaturo  created  a  fiuul 
for  tiio  construction  of  the  Erie,  Chaniplain,  and  Hudson  Canal, 

Ground  was  first  broken  at  liunic  on  tlie  4th  of  July,  and  it  was  completed  on 
the  2Gth  of  October,  1825. 

1817,  Apiul  15.  —  The  first  American  asylum  for  the  deaf  and 
(liinil)  was  opened  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  with  Thomas  II.  Gal- 
jiiudct  as  principal. 

Mr.  Gallaudct  had  spent  two  years  in  Europe,  the  expense  being  borne  by 
weiilthy  men  of  Hartford,  studying  under  the  Abl)6  Sieard  at  Paris  his  r.ysteni  of 
teaching  mutes,  and  brought  baek  with  liim,  as  assistant,  M.  Laurent  Le  Clerc,  a 
mute,  one  of  the  abbe's  best  teachers.  The  institution  had  a  grant  of  .f  5000  from 
tlu!  state,  and  in  1819  Congress  gave  it  the  grant  of  a  township  of  land  in  Ala- 
linnia,  which  produced  a  fund  of  .$1500,000,  the  income  from  which  is  used  in 
defraying  the  current  expenses  of  the  asylum. 

The  New  York  institution  was  started  in  1818 ;  tiiat  of  Pennsylvania  in  1820. 

1817.  —  Tins  year  a  revival  in  the  cause  of  education  began, 
and  the  grade  of  instruction  in  the  public  schools  has  since  slead- 
ily  been  raised. 

Horace  Mann,  of  Massachusetts ;  Henry  Barnard,  of  Connecticut;  the  puhli- 
o.ition  of  the  "  American  .Journal  of  Education,"  begun  in  182G ;  tho  improved 
text-books  ;  the  founding  of  normal  schools,  —  all  have  worked  for  the  same  end  : 
tlie  increased  efficiency  of  tlie  common  schools. 

1817.  —  The  Hartford  Times  appeared  in  Hartford,  Connec- 
ticut. 

It  was  established  hy  Alfred  E.  Burr,  and  is  now  under  the  direction  of  his 
.sons  Alfred  E.  and  Franklin  L.  Burr.     It  is  Democratic. 

1817,  May  13.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Public  Economy  was  formed  at  Philadclpliia. 

1817.  —  The  American  Society  for  the  Encouragement  of 
American  Manufactures  was  Ibrraed  in  Ncav  York. 

1817.  —  The  Maryland  Economical  Association  was  organized 
at  Baltimore,  Maryland. 

1817.  —  The  legit^la^ure  of  New  York  appropriated  twenty 
tliousand  dollars,  to  bo  divided  among  the  county  agricultural 
societies,  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  and  family  domestic 
manufactures. 

1817,  July.  —  The  Gazette  appearc  .  in  Mol<ilo,  Alabama. 

1817.  —  A  COMPANY  of  Germans,  known  as  Separatists,  landed 
and  settled  at  Zoar,  in  Tuscarora  county,  Ohio. 

They  had  bouglit  the  land,  which  was  uncleared,  and  in  1819  formed  them- 
selves into  a  community.  In  18.32  they  adopted  a  constitution,  and  were  incor- 
porated by  the  legislature.     They  have  about  three  hundred  members. 


540 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


'WH! 


[1817-18. 


1817,  Au(3iisT.  —  An  agent  was  sent  in  tlio  frigate  Congress  to 
establish  coinmerciul  relations  with  the  northern  part  of  St.  Do- 
mingo. 

(/Iiristoplie  was  in  commanil  as  king  of  tlic  independent  government  whicii  tlie 
revolted  colored  population  had  eHtablislied.  He  expressed  a  deniru  to  establisli 
friendly  ri-iations.  The  agent  had  only  a  simple  certificate  of  his  appointment. 
The  United  States  had  not  recognized  the  inJependcnce  of  Hayti,  and  hesitated 
to  do  so. 

1817.  —  Three  commissioners  wore  sont  to  South  America  to 
ascertain  and  report  the  real  condition  of  affairs  there. 

The  repiihlics  had  revolted  from  Spanish  rule,  and  claimed  to  have  established 
their  independence. 

1817,  November  30.  —  The  Indians  attacked  a  boat  on  the  Ap- 
palachicohi  carrying  supplies  to  Fort  Scott  on  the  Flint  River,  and 
killed  all  who  were  on  it  except  six  men  and  one  woman. 

Tiie  boat  contained  about  forty  men,  with  a  number  of  women  and  children. 
The  attack  was  made  in  retaliation  for  one  thai  had  been  made  by  General  Gaines 
from  Fort  Scott  iipon  the  Indi m  village  of  Fowltown^  a  few  miles  below  the  fort, 
in  order  to  enforce  a  demand  he  had  made  upon  the  Indians  for  the  surrender  of 
Kome  nuirdcrers  who  had  taken  refuge  in  their  si  tlement.  Jackson  was  sent,  on 
reception  of  the  newi  ,  to  take  command  in  person,  and  given  authority  to  call  on 
the  militia  from  Tennvissee. 

1817,  December  23.  —  The  internal  taxes  were  repealed. 

1817.  —  The  legislature  of  Kentucky  chartered  thirty-nine  now 
banks. 

There  were  already  in  the  state  a  state  bank  with  fourteen  branches. 

1818,  January  22.  —  The  Creeks  ceded  to  the  United  States 
two  tracts  —  one  on  the  Upper  Ocmulgee,  and  the  other  south 
of  the  Altamaha. 

The  consideration  was  $20,000  in  cash,  and  an  annuity  for  ten  years  of 
$10,000. 

1818.  —  Congress  fixed  the  compensation  of  its  memberg  at 
eight  dollars  a  day,  and  the  same  amount  for  each  twenty  miles 
of  travel. 

1818,  March  14.  —  Congress  refused  to  receive  a  petition  from 
Vincente  Pazos,  an  agent  from  the  Spanish-American  republics. 

He  was  residing  in  Washington,  but  had  not  been  officially  recognized.  The 
petition  was  presemfid  by  the  speaker,  Henry  Clay,  and  was  a  protest  against  tlie 
suppression,  made  without  violence,  of  settlements  at  Amelia  Island  and  Galves- 
ton, Texas,  under  the  authority,  as  claimed,  of  the  insurgent  authorities  of  New 
Grenada,  Venezuela,  and  Mexico.  The  President  had  suppressed  these  establish- 
ments, which  were  chiefl_>  occupied  by  buccaneers,  under  authority  of  a  secret 
act  made  in  1811,  and  which  was  now  first  made  public.  The  Spanish  minister, 
Don  Onis,  also  protested  against  them.  The  same  day  the  President  laid  before 
Congress  the  correspondence  which  had  passed  between  the  Spanish  minister  and 


[1817-18. 

Congreaa  to 
•t  of  St.  Do- 

.mcnt  which  the 
iire  to  I'stivblish 
lit)  ai)pointinfnt. 
ti,  and  ht'situted 

hi  America  to 
;ro. 
have  cstablisht'il 

at  on  tho  Ap- 
lint  River,  and 
oman. 

men  ami  chihlrcn. 
)y  General  Gaines 
lc3  below  the  fort, 
r  the  surrender  of 
kson  was  sent,  on 
uthority  to  call  on 

repealed. 
,hirty-niue  new 

ranches. 

United  States 
le  other  south 


1818.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


541 


for  ten  years 


of 


_,s  members  at 
fh  twenty  miles 

a  petition  from 
can  republics. 

-■  recognized.  The 
■protest  against  the 
ll«land  and  Gidvcs- 
lauthorities  of  New 
^ed  these  establish- 
fthority  of  a  secret 
L  Spanish  minister, 
Icsidcnt  laid  before 
Tanish  minister  and 


the  secretary  of  state,  in  which  was  a  full  discnssion  as  to  tho  houn<lari(-s  of  Flor- 
ida and  Louisiana,  and  tlio  claims  for  Spanish  spoliations  of  American  commerce. 
From  this  correspondence  it  api)eared  that  tiie  administration  had  declined  an 
offer  nuido  by  Spain  to  submit  the  points  in  dispute  i  tho  arijitrutiou  of  Great 
Itritain. 

1818.  —  The  first  savings  bank  was  formed  in  Baltimore. 

1818.  —  Mu.  Calhoun,  while  secretary  of  war,  prolubitod  tho 
use  of  liquors  in  tlie  army. 

1818.  —  The  State  Library  at  Albany,  New  York,  was  founded. 

1818. —  Noah  Wehstkh,  in  an  agricultural  address,  spoko  of 
"the  art  of  draining  wot  lands,  which  is  now  in  its  infancy  in  this 
country." 

1818.  —  A  "Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Pauperism  and 
Crime  "  was  formed  in  New  York  city. 

Lsaac  Collins,  .Joseph  Curtis,  John  Griscom,  and  James  W.  Gerard  wore 
ciiiefly  instrumental  in  its  fornuition. 

1818.  —  All  the  territory  lying  north  of  Illinois  and  Indiana 
was  annexed  to  Michigan,  and  the  lands,  liaving  been  surveyed, 
were  offered  lor  public  sale. 

1818,  March  14.  —  The  House  resolved  that  Congress  was 
empowered  "  to  appropriate  money  for  the  construction  of  post- 
roads,  military  and  other  roads,  and  of  canals,  and  lor  tho 
improvement  of  water-courses." 

Tiie  resolution  was  passed  after  long  and  earnest  debate. 

1818,  March  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  relief  of  tho 
soldiers  of  the  Revolution. 

It  ffave  a  life  pension  of  twenty  dollars  a  month  to  officers,  and  ei^ht  dollars  a 
month  to  privates,,  who  had  served  nine  m()nti\s  in  tiie  Continental  army  or  navy. 
The  recipients  wci'c  to  resign  all  claim  to  invalid  pensions,  and  prove  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  war  department  that  they  stood  in  need  of  assistance. 

1818,  April  1.  —  General  Jackson  captured  a  Seminole  village 
near  the  present  site  of  Tallahassea. 

The  village  was  burned. 

1818,  April  2.  —  The  American  Farmer  appeared  at  Baltimore. 

It  w.as  established  by  John  S.  Skiimcr,  and  was  the  pioneer  of  the  agricultural 
press.    He  also  began  this  year  The  Turf  Magazine. 

1818.  — A  COMMITTEE  of  the  legislature  of  New  York  reported 
concerning  the  banking  system  of  that  state  that  it  was  out- 
rageous. 

The  report  says,  "  Of  all  aristocracies,  none  more  completely  enslave  a  people 
than  that  of  money,  and  in  the  opinion  of  your  committee  no  system  was  ever 
better  devised  so  perfectly  to  enslave  a  community  as  that  of  the  present  mode 
of  conducting  bank  cstablislunents." 


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ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1818. 


1818.  —  Shoe-pegs  are  said  to  have  been  invented  about  this 
time,  by  Joseph  Walker,  of  Hopkinton,  Massachusetts. 

1S18,  April  4.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  prescribing  the  fash- 
ion of  the  national  flag. 

It  was  to  be  made  with  thirteen  stripes,  and  as  many  stars  as  states  —  a  new 
star  to  be  added  for  eaeh  state  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1818,  April  4.  —  The  House  directed  the  secretaries  of  war 
and  of  the  treasury  to  report  at  the  next  session  a  list  of  the 
iuternul  improvements  in  progress,  and  a  plan  for  appropriations 
to  aid  tliem. 

It  was  stated  in  the  debate,  that  tlie  transportation  of  each  barrel  of  flour  to 
Detroit,  during  tlie  hite  war,  had  cost  not  less  than  sixty  dollars,  and  that  of  every 
pound  of  ammunition  and  war  material  not  less  tiian  fifty  cents. 

1818,  April  7. —  General  Jackson  captured  the  fort  at  St. 
Marks. 

He  captured  it  by  force,  though  there  w.as  no  blood  shed.  It  was  the  only  Span- 
ish fort  in  that  part  of  Florida.  He  claimed  that  it  afforded  aid  and  protection  to 
tiie  Indians.     Jackson  then  captured  and  destroyed  other  Indian  villages. 

1818,  April  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  ter- 
ritory of  Illinois  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

1818,  April  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  closing  the  ports  of 
the  United  States  to  Briti.;h  vessels  from  any  British  colonial 
port  into  which  American  vessels  were  not  admitted. 

On  the  27th  of  May,  the  ports  of  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  and  St.  John,  New 
Brunswick,  were  opened  to  American  vessels  by  an  order  in  council. 

1818.  —  The  duties  on  some  articles  were  increased. 
Tlie  practice  of  a  custom-house  appraisement  for  the  collection  of  ad  valorem 
duties  was  bej-un. 

1818,  April  20.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  intended  to  give 
greater  elhciency  to  the  law  against  fitting  out  vessels,  or  organ- 
izing military  expeditions  against  nations  with  whom  they  were 
at  peace. 

1818,  April.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  for  the  abolition  of  the 
slave-trade. 

The  bunlen  of  proof,  in  cases  where  negroes  were  found  on  board  of  a  vessel, 
was  thrown  on  those  in  possession.  The  penalties  for  fitting  out  vessels  for  the 
slave-trade,  or  transporting  slaves  to  any  country,  were  increased. 

1818,  April  20.  —  Congress  repealed  the  discriminating  du- 
ties 80  far  as  they  related  to  the  Netherlands. 

On  the  24th  of  July  the  I'resident,  by  proclamation,  extended  the  equality  of 
trade  to  Bremen,  which  had  repealed  its  discriminating  duties. 

1818. —  The  steamboat  trade  of  the  West  increased,  about 
thirty  vessels  being  built  this  year,  and  the  first  steamer  on  Lake 


[1818. 

3d  about  this 

tts. 

bing  the  fash- 

\s  states  — a  new 

etaries  of  war 
1  a  list  of  the 
appropriatioiifi 

1  barrel  of  flour  to 
,  and  that  of  every 
i. 

the  fort  at  St. 

was  the  only  Span- 
d  and  protection  to 
an  villages. 

lorizing  the  ter- 

ing  the  ports  of 
British  colonial 

;ted. 
and  St.  John,  New 

council. 

eased. 

ction  of  ad  valorem 

ntendcd  to  give 

essels,  or  organ- 

whom  tliey  were 

abolition  of  the 


1818.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


543 


on  board  of  a  vessel, 


out  vessels  for  the 
cased. 

iscriminating  du- 

ended  the  equality  of 
es. 

increased,  about 
;  steamer  on  Lake 


Erie,  called  "  "Walk  in  the  Water,"  was  Uil    ched  at  Black  Rock, 
near  Buffalo,  May  28. 

1818,  April  ?-9. —  General  Jackson  ordered  the  execution  of 
two  traders  who  had  been  captured  in  his  campaign. 

One  of  tlicm,  a  Scotsman  named  Arbuthnot,  was  taken  in  the  fort  at  St.  Marks ; 
the  other,  a  native  of  New  Providence,  was  ny  d  A » .ilirlstor,  and  was  taken  at 
Sawancc.  Tliey  were  tried  by  a  court-mai  iial  r  iiidii.i|  tlie  Indians,  and  Arbuth- 
not liad  been  sentenced  tt  death,  Ambrister  to  receive  fifty  stripes,  and  be  con- 
fined at  hard  labor  for  a  year.  .Jackson  sentenced  tliem  both  to  death  on  the 
ground  that  it  was  "  an  established  principle  of  the  law  of  nations,  that  an  indi- 
vidual making  war  against  the  citizens  of  .any  other  nation,  the  two  nations  being 
at  peace,  forfeits  his  allegiance  and  becomes  an  outlaw  and  a  pirate." 

1818,  May  24.  —  General  Jackson  captured  Pensacola. 

There  was  no  resistanc:;.  Tlie  Spanish  governor  had  protested  against  the 
invasion  of  Florida,  and  took  refuge  in  the  fort  at  Barancas,  which  capitulated  a 
day  or  two  after. 

1818,  July.  —  The  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  was 
established. 

1818,  July  4.  —  The   association   of  mechanics   of  the   Com- 
monwealth of  Massachusetts  held  their  first  public  exhibition. 
In  giving  premiums,  apprentices  and  journeymen  were  first  considered. 

1818.  —  The  New  England  Glass  Company  was  established  at 
East  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

1818. — The  New  Hampshire  legislature  made  an  appropria- 
tion for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  and  domestic  manufactures. 

1818,  July  23.  —  It  was  offered  to  restore  Pensacola  at  once  to 
Spain,  and  St.  Marks  whenever  Spain  stationed  a  sufficient  force 
there  to  control  the  Indians. 

The  Spanish  minister  had  protested  against  the  invasion  of  Florida.  General 
Jackson  had  written  that  the  Seminole  war  was  ended. 

1818,  August  26.  —  Illinois  adopted  a  state  constitution. 

It  was  the  same,  in  all  essential  points,  with  that  of  Indiana. 

1818,  September  27.  —  The  Indians  of  Ohio  ceded  all  their 
remaining  lands  in  that  state  (about  four  million  acres,  embracing 
the  valley  of  tlie  Maumce). 

They  were  the  Wyandots,  Dclawares,  Sonccas,  Shawanese,  and  some  Pottawat- 
omics,  Ottawas,  and  Chippewns.  The  consideration  was  .$14,000  paid  the  various 
tribes  as  compensation  for  tlie  damage  they  luul  suffered  from  tli"  British  during 
the  war;  $500  to  the  Dclawares ;  a  perpetual  annuity  of  $10,000  to  the  Wyan- 
dots, Senecas,  Shawanese,  and  Ottawas,  and  .f  3300  a  year  for  fifteen  years  to  tlie 
Pottawatomies  and  united  Chippowas  and  Ottawas.  Various  tracts  were  also 
reserved  for  various  families,  bands,  and  individuals,  with  the  idea  that  they 
might  adopt  the  habits  of  civilized  life. 


Ik  •'** 


mmm 


544 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1818-19. 


1818.  —  The  Chickasaws  coded  all  the  tract  of  land  lying  be- 
tween the  Mississippi  and  the  northern  course  of  the  Tennessee. 

This  tract  liiidbeen  used  .as  their  hunting-ground.  CTtain  reservations  wore 
made  to  certain  of  the  chiefs,  and  the  consideration,  be.-  s  presents  to  tlie  chiefs, 
was  $/0,000  yearly  for  fifteen  years.  Tiie  tract  ceded  v  in  the  jurisdiction  of 
Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  but  had  been  taken  up  by  the  giants  from  Virginia  and 
Nortli  Carolina. 

1818,  October  12.  —  A  constitution  for  Connecticut  was  ratified 
by  the  people. 

It  had  been  framed  by  a  convention  which  met  nt  Hartford  in  August.  It  was 
modelled  upon  the  original  charter.  The  board  of  assistants  was  made  a  senate. 
The  represenlati''os  were  elected  yearly.  The  governor  could  state  his  objections 
to  any  bills,  but  they  availed  nothing  if  a  majority  still  were  in  favor  of  them. 
The  legislat'ire  appointed  all  officers.  All  tax-payers  were  given  the  ri'/nt  of 
ciuffrage,  and  tlie  old  religious  establishment  was  abolished.  By  the  Bill  of  Rights 
no  person  should  bo  compelled  to  join,  or  be  clabscd  with,  or  be  taxed  by  any 
church  or  religious  association  against  iiis  consc'it.  "All  societies  of  Christians" 
in  the  state  were  entitled  to  the  privilege  of  taxing  their  members ;  and  these 
could,  at  pleasure,  withdraw  by  giving  a  written  no  ice  of  their  intention.  Tlie 
judges  of  the  highest  court  held  office  du  .ing  good  behavior. 

1818,  October  19.  —  Further  cessions  of  land  in  Illinois  and 
Indiana  wer  j  made  by  the  Indians. 

TIh3  Pottawatomies,  the  Ucas  the  Miar.iis,  and  the  Delawares  were  tlio  tribes 
making  them.  The  consideration,  perpetual  annuities  amounting  to  $9850.  The 
Delawares,  having  c«  ded  all  their  land,  agreed  vo  remove  to  the  wi  ,t  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

1818,  December  92.  —  A.  treaty  made  with  Spain,  August  11, 
1802,  was  published  by  the  President. 

It  provided  for  the  organisation  of  commissions  for  t'lo  settlement  of  all  claims 
by  individuals  of  both  nations  for  losses  prior  to  1802.  The  chaims  by  Americans 
for  losses  by  French  privateers  who  carried  their  prizes  to  Spanish  jjorts,  were 
reserved  for  future  settlement. 

1819,  January  16.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  House, 
with  authority  to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  in  ord:r  to  a 
thorough  examination  of  tlie  affairs  of  the  bank,  reported. 

Congress  passed  an  act  restricting  stockholders,  in  however  many  names  their 
stock  might  be  held,  to  tlie  thirty  votes  alio'  'ed  by  the  charter.  In  the  previous 
March,  the  Boston  branch  of  the  bank  had  refused  to  receive  the  notes  of  the 
other  brandies;  and  in  August  .dl  tlie  branches  wore  aut'  orized  to  refuse,  except 
in  payments  on  government  account,  all  notes  but  their  own.  Some  of  the 
branches  had  been  managed  more  in  the  interest  of  the  directors  than  the  public. 
The  bank  had  imported  specie  at  high  cost  only  to  have  it  flow  immediately  back 
again  to  Europe.  The  president  resigned,  and  Langdon  Cheeves  was  appointed  in 
his  place.  Under  his  administration,  a  violent  contraction  of  the  currency  was 
made,  and  the  wide-spread  conmiercial  disaster  ri  cessarily  incident  to  such  a 
financial  course  was  produced. 

Prices  fell  seriously.    The  specie  in  the  country  was  drawn  abroad  by  the 


[1818-19. 

id  lying  be- 
I  Tennessee. 

iservationa  were 
Its  to  the  chiefs, 
I  jurisdiction  of 
jin  Virginia  and 

it  was  ratified 

August.  It  was 
s  made  a  senate, 
bate  his  objections 
in  favor  of  them, 
ivcn  the  ri:/ut  of 

the  Bill  of  Rights 
.  be  taxed  by  any 
ties  of  Christians" 
•iiibers;  and  these 
lir  intention.    The 

in  Illinois  and 

res  -were  the  tribes 
Angto$9850.  The 
lie  w.  t  of  the  Mis- 

ain,  August  11, 

lemcnt  of  all  claims 
laims  by  Americans 
Spanish  ports,  were 

by  the  House, 
1,  in  ord:r  to  a 
reported, 
ir  many  names  their 
tor.     In  the  previous 
eive  the  notes  of  the 
izcd  to  refuse,  except 
own.     Some  of  the 
ctors  than  the  .)ublic. 
ow  immediately  back 
•ves  was  appointed  m 
of  the  currency  was 
y  incident  to  such  a 

drawn  abrowi  by  the 


1819.] 


ANNALS   OIT  NOIITU  AMERICA. 


545 


premium  for  its  exportation,  while  the  paper  currency,  which  in  1815  and  1816 
had  amounted  to  an  estimated  aggregate  of  one  liundred  and  ten  millions,  was 
reduced  to  about  forty-five  millions  by  the  contraction  of  bank  discounts.  Flour, 
which  was  ten  to  fifteen  dollars  a  barrel  in  1817,  was  now  five  to  six.  The  prices 
of  otlier  staples  were  equally  reduced;  all  manufacturing  enterprises  sufTered 
severely;  factories  and  workshops  were  closed;  tlie  industrious  producers  of 
wealth  were  e\  erywhcro  thrpwn  out  of  employment.  1?  arms  sold  at  one-half  or 
one-third  of  their  value.  The  court  actions  for  debt  in  Pennsylvania  alone  were 
this  year  14,537,  and  the  number  of  confessed  judgments,  10,326,  besides  on  equal 
number  before  the  justices. 

1819,  January  30.  —  The  President  gave  public  notice  by 
procliimation  that  a  treaty  witli  England  had  been  made  and 
ratified. 

It  had  been  made  October  20,  1818,  at  London,  by  Richard  Rush  and  Albert 
Gallatin  for  the  United  States,  and  Frederick  John  Robinson  and  Henry  Gould- 
hurn  for  Great  Britain,  forming  one  of  the  commissions  under  the  treaty  of 
(jlicnt.  The  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  British  America,  from 
the  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  tlie  Rocky  Mountains,  was  settled.  The  territory  west 
of  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  to  remain  for  ten  years  in  the  joint  occupancy  of 
hoth  parties.  The  commercial  convention  of  1815  was  to  continue  in  force  also 
ten  years.  The  rights  for  American  fishermen  were  restored  to  the  north  and 
east  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  the  Mag- 
(itilen  Islands ;  but  they  wore  not  to  fish  within  three  miles  of  the  coasts  of  New 
Brunswick  and  Nova  Scotia,  or  the  southern  and  western  coasts  of  the  Gulf  of 
St.  Lawrence.  Russia  was  selected  to  arbitrate  concerning  the  true  intt.'rjjrota- 
tion  cf  the  article  in  the  late  treaty  concerning  the  slaves  carried  away. 

1819.  —  Congress  appropriated  half  a  million  of  dollars  for 
the  completion  of  the  turnpike  from  Cumb-  tland  to  Wiieeh'ug. 

It  was  now  called  the  national  road.  The  list  of  public  iinprovements  called 
for  at  tlio  last  session  was  laid  on  the  table  of  the  House,  but  no  fnrther  action 
was  taken  on  i ..     The  low  state  of  the  treasury  was  the  cause. 

1819.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  suppression  of  the 
slave  trade. 

New  York  and  New  Jersey  had  both  forbidden  the  export  of  slaves  from  their 
territory,  and  applied  to  Congress  to  aid  in  their  enforcement.  Tiie  act  gave  fifty 
dollars  to  the  informer  for  every  illegally  imported  African  seized  in  tlie  United 
States,  and  twenty-five  dollars  for  those  seized  at  sea.  The  President  was  also 
aulhorized  to  transport  them  to  Africa  and  appoint  agents  for  their  reception 
tiicre. 

1819,  February  8.  —  Congress  voted  a  disapproval  of  tlie  ex- 
ecution of  Arbuthnot  and  Ambrister,  and  also  of  the  seizure  of 
Pensacola. 

1819,  Frhruary  Z2.  —  By  a  treaty  made  tvith  the  Spanisli 
minister  in  Washington,  under  instructions,  Florida  was  ceded 
to  the  United  States  in  payment  of  American  claims,  the  United 
States  agreeing  to  pay  tlie  claimants  five  millions  of  dollars. 

The  boundaries  of  the  territory  were  fixed  as  the  Sabine  to  the  thirty-second 

35 


646 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1819. 


ilfgree  of  north  latitude;  thence  a  north  meridian  line  to  the  Red  River;  along 
the  course  of  that  river  to  the  one  hundredth  degree  of  longitude  east  from 
Greenwich;  then  north  by  that  meridian  to  the  Arkansas;  up  that  river  to  its 
head,  and  to  the  forty-second  degree  of  north  latitude,  and  along  that  degree  to 
the  Pacific.  The  inliabitanta  of  the  ceded  territory  were  to  be  free  in  the  exercise 
of  their  religion,  and  to  be  admitted,  as  soon  ns  t  isistent  with  the  constitution, 
to  the  rights,  privileges,  and  immunities  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  State8. 
The  five  millions  were  to  be  paid  from  the  proceeds  of  tiie  sale  of  the  lands,  tlie 
claims  to  be  allowed  by  a  commission  appointed  by  the  President  and  Senate. 
The  Senate  ratified  the  treaty,  and  an  act  passed  authorizing  the  President  to  take 
possession  of  the  ceded  territory. 

1819,  February  27.  —  The  Chcrokeea  ceded  their  territory 
north  of  the  Tcnnessoo,  and  of  the  lower  course  of  the  Hiwassee, 
and  also  that  east  of  the  Cliestatee. 

They  retained  a  tract  between  the  Chestatee  and  Chattahoochee  on  the  ea«t, 
the  Hiwassee  on  the  north,  the  Tennessee  on  tlie  northwest,  and  the  territory  of 
the  Creeks  on  the  southwest.  A  portion  of  them  had  moved  west  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  the  cession  was  made  for  the  lands  given  them,  they  being  also  to 
rt-ceive  one-third  of  the  annuities  from  the  United  States. 

1819,  Apijl  26.  —  Thomas  Wildey,  of  Baltimore,  Maryhind, 
together  with  four  other  members,  instituted  the  Washington 
Lodge  No.  1  of  Odd  Fellows. 

Wildey  was  an  Knglishman  by  birth,  and  a  blacksmith  by  trade.  He  soon 
after  procured  from  the  "  Manchester  Unity,"  England,  whicii  still  is  considered 
the  main  body  of  Odd  Fellows,  a  ciiarter  for  tlie  Washington  Lodge,  as  the  Grand 
Lodge  of  Maryland  and  the  United  States. 

1819.  —  ITosEA  Ballou  started  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  the 
Universalist  Magazine. 
It  is  still  in  existence. 

1819.  —  The  General  Pike  was  launched  this  winter  at  Cin- 
cinnati. 

She  was  one  hundred  feet  long  in  the  keel,  and  twenty-six  feet  broad.  Her 
cabin  had  fourteen  state-rooms  and  twenty-one  side-berths,  and  she  could  accom- 
modate eighty-six  passengers. 

1819.  —  The  Watchman  and  Beflcdor  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  is  a  Baptist  organ.  I 

1819.  — A  GOVEiiNMENT  expedition  under  Colonel  Leavenwortli  I 
explored  the  West,  and  built  a  fort,  called  the  Cantonment  Leav-  I 
en  worth,  on  the  low  land  west  of  the  Mississippi  and  south  of  I 
the  Minnesota  River.  I 

Being  overflowed,  its  position  was  clianged  to  the  site  of  Fort  Snelling,  on  tlie  I 
opposite  side  of  the  Minnesota,  and  a  fort  commenced.  It  was  finished  in  1824  I 
by  Colonel  Snelling,  who  had  succeeded  to  the  command  in  1820,  and  was  subse-  I 
quently  named  after  him  by  General  Scott  while  on  a  visit  to  it,  I 

1819,  May  24.  —  The  side-wheel  steamship  Savannah  loft  Sa- 1 
vannah,  Georgia,  for  Liverpool.  I 


[1819. 

,c(l  River;  along 
^iludc  cast  from 
that  river  to  its 
,g  tliat  degree  to 
ec  in  tl\c  exercise 
I  tlie  constitution, 
le  United  States. 
;  of  tlie  lands,  the 
ident  and  Senate. 
J  President  to  take 

their  territory 
■  the  Hiwassee, 

oochce  on  the  east, 
nd  the  territory  of 
west  of  the  Missis- 
they  being  also  to 

nore,  Maryland, 
the  Washington 

by  trade.  He  soon 
:h  still  is  considered 
Lodge,  as  the  Grand 


1819.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


547 


as 


ssachusetts,  the 


s  winter  at  Cin- 


■six  feet  broad.    Her 
and  she  could  accom- 


ed  iu  Boston. 

onel  Leavenworth 
:;antonment  Leav- 
ppi  and  south  ot 

FortSnolling,  ontlic 
t  was  finished  in  182^ 
n  1820,  and  was  subsc- 
to  it. 

Savannah  loft  ?*^- 


She  arrived  there  on  the  20th  of  June.  After  ten  or  twelve  days'  steaniinfj;, 
linving  exhausted  her  coal,  she  finished  the  voyage  under  canvas.  Slic  was  in 
coiiimand  of  Captain  Moses  Rogers,  who  had  commanded  the  Clermont. 

1819.  —  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  was  settled  by  John  Pogue,  and 
numbered  at  tlie  end  of  a  year  liiteen  families. 

In  January,  1821,  it  was  chosen  as  tiie  seat  of  the  state  government,  its  pres- 
ent name  given,  and  the  legislature  appuinted  commissioners  to  lay  out  the  town. 
In  183G  it  was  incorporated,  and  in  1847  received  a  city  charter. 

1819,  August  27.  —  A  convention  of  the  Friends  of  National 
Industry  assembled  in  New  York. 

It  was  composed  of  delegates  from  nine  states,  and  was  called  to  consider  the 
depressed  condition  of  manufactures.  It  resolved  to  petition  Congress  to  abolish 
the  credit  given  for  the  payment  of  duties,  impose  a  restrictive  duty  on  auction 
gales,  and  increase  the  duties  on  imports. 

1819.  —  The  Philadelphia  Apprentices'   Library  was   estab- 

lislied. 

1819,  October  26.  —  A  meeting  at  Trenton,  New  Jersey,  pro- 
posed the  extension  to  the  territory  west  of  the  Mississippi  of 
the  ordinance  of  1787  against  slavery. 

A  long  debate  in  Congress  concerning  the  admittance  of  Missouri  had  created 
a  great  excitement.  Meetings  in  November  and  December  were  held  in  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  Boston,  Salem,  and  other  cities,  for  the  purpose  of  advo- 
fiiting  the  same  pliin. 

1819,  December  14.  —  The  territory  of  Alabama,  having 
iVamod  a  state  constitution,  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

Permission  to  form  a  constitution  was  given  earlier  in  the  year.  The  constita- 
tioii  was  almost  an  exact  copy  of  tliat  of  Mississippi. 

1819.  —  The  territory  of  Arkansas  was  organized  by  act  of 
Congress,  and  Colonel  Miller  appointed  governor. 

The  territory  embraced  the  tract  north  of  the  state  of  Louisiana,  and  s^uth  of 
thirty-six  degrees  and  thirty  minutes  north  latitude. 

1819.  —  The  Kickapoos  ceded  their  lands  in  Illinois,  and 
agreed  to  remove  to  a  tract  on   the   River  Osage. 

The  consideration  was  six  thousand  dollars  cash,  and  an  annuity  of  two  thou- 
sand dollars  for  ten  years,  in  place  of  the  perpetual  one  for  one  thousand  dollars. 

1819,  December.  —  Mobile,  Alabama,  was  incorporated  as  a  city. 
It  is  the  only  seaport  of  the  state. 

1819.  —  A  patent  was  granted  Daniel  Gillett,  of  Springfield, 
MiLssachusetts,  for  a  method  of  preparing  food  from  cotton  seed. 

1819.  —  The  New  Hampshire  legislature  passed  an  act  abol- 
ishing all  compulsory  contribution  to  the  support  of  the  min- 
isters. 


548 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[182a. 


1820,  January. — Tho  Pennsylvania  legislaturo  voted  that  it 
was  the  duty  as  well  as  tlio  right  of  Congress  to  prohibit  fa'avery 
west  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  discussion  in  Congress  was  continuing  concerning  the  admission  of  Mis- 
souri. The  legislatures  of  New  Jersey  and  Delaware,  Now  York,  Oliio,  nntl 
Indiana,  made  similar  protests.  Those  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky  expressed  as 
strongly  a  contrary  opinion.  The  legislature  of  Maryland  agreed  with  Virginia, 
"but  in  Baltimore  a  protest  was  made  at  a  public  meeting  against  the  further  ex- 
tension of  slavery.  From  various  cities  and  towns  similar  memorials  were  sent 
to  Congress. 

1820,  January  3.  —  The  Manufacturers  and  Farmers  Jour- 
nal and  Providence  and  Pawtuchet  Advertiser  appeared  in  Provi- 
dence,  Rhode  Island. 

It  was  edited  by  William  E.  Richmond.  It  was  founded  by  the  manufacturers 
of  liliode  Island  to  advocate  a  tariff.  It  was  a  semi-waekly,  and  had  no  concern 
in  politics.  In  1824  its  name  was  changed  to  Rhode  Island  Country  Journal,  and 
July  1,  1829,  the  Daily  Journal  was  published.  It  was  enterprising  in  obtainini,' 
news.  In  1841  this  was  sent  from  New  York,  set  up  in  type,  and  was  thus  re- 
ceived in  time  to  be  printed  in  tho  morning  edition. 

1820.  —  A  CONSTITUTION  was  adopted  by  Massachusetts. 

The  elective  franchise  was  made  free,  the  property  qualification  being  omitted. 

1820.  —  The  New  Yor-k  Observer  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  established  by  Sidney  E.  and  liiciiard  C.  Morse. 

1820,  Seftemher  20.  —  Tho  debt  of  the  U'lited  States  amounted 
to  ninety-one  million  two  hundred  and  tw  ty-livo  thousand  five 
hundred  and  sixty  dollars. 

1820.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  three  millions. 

1820. — Little  Rock,  Arkansas,  was  settled,  and  in  October 
was  chosen  as  the  seat  of  government  for  the  territory. 

1820,  January  29.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  legisla- 
ture of  Pennsylvania  to  inquire  into  the  causes  and  extent  of  the 
public  distress,  reported. 

The  distress  was  shown  in  the  fact  of  the  number  of  sheriff's  sales ;  in  the  num- 
bers of  persons  forced  to  leave  their  homes ;  and  in  the  great  scarcity  of  money 
even  on  landed  security.  The  committee  say  the  distress  is  "unexampled  in  oui' 
country  since  the  period  of  its  independence."  One  of  the  causes  they  give  as 
"  usurious  extortions  whereby  corporations  instituted  for  banking,  insurance,  nnd 
other  purposes,  in  violation  of  law,  possess  themselves  of  the  products  of  industry, 
without  granting  an  equivalent."  Imprisonment  for  debt  still  existed,  and  to  tlf 
enforcement  of  this  the  committee  ascribe  much  of  the  sutFering.  The  numerous  j 
lawsuits,  the  losses  arising  from  the  "depreciation  and  fluctuation  in  the  value 
of  bank  notes,  the  imposition  of  brokers,  and  the  frauds  of  countcrfe'^.rs,"  wcrt' 
also  given  as  at  once  tJie  evidence  and  the  cause  of  the  distress. 

1820.' — A  FURNACE  was  built  at  Mauch  Chunk,  Pennsylvania, 


1820-1.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


549 


ink,  Pennsylvania, 


by  somo  of  the  members  of  the  Lehigh  Co.  1  Company,  for  the 
manufacture  of  iron  by  the  use  of  anthracite  coal. 

This  was  the  first  experiment  of  the  kind.  In  1827,  another  one  -was  made  at 
Kingston,  Mussachusctts. 

1820,  February  22.  — The  Boston  Apprentices'  Library  was 
established. 

1820,  March  3.  —  Congress  admitted  Maine  into  the  Union.      ' 
Massachusetts  had  given  the  people  authority  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

1820,  March  6.  —  Authority  was  given  by  Congress  to  the 
peopio  of  Missouri  to  form  a  state  constitution. 

Tiierc  had  been  a  long  and  violent  debate,  and  finally  by  a  compromise,  — 
known  as  tlie  Missouri  Compromise,  by  which  the  introduction  of  slavery  was 
forbidden  in  any  of  the  states  formed  from  the  Louisiana  cession  north  of  latitude 
36°  30',  this  being  the  boundary  of  Arkansas,  by  which  it  was  not  prohibited  in 
Missouri,  —  the  permission  was  given. 

1820.  —  The  Mercantile  Library,  New  York  city,  was  founded. 
1820.  —  Memphis,  Tennessee,  was  laid  out. 

The  city  is  on  the  Mississippi  River,  and  does  a  very  large  cotton  business, 
being  the  most  important  city  on  vhe  river  between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans. 
It  is  built  en  a  bluff  which  stands  some  thirty  feet  above  the  highest  floods,  and 
is  beginning  to  increase  its  manufacturing  interest. 

1820,  March  11.  —  The    Mercantile  Library  of  Boston  was 

estabh'- 'lod, 

1820,  April  18.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  closing  the  ports  of 
the  United  States,  after  the  3d  of  September,  to  all  British  ves- 
sels arriving  from  ports  in  the  colonies  or  the  West  Indies  not 
inchuled  in  the  former  act. 

This  led  to  the  opening  of  the  West  India  ports  to  American  vessels. 

1820,  May  3.  —  Congress  originated  the  first  committee  on 
dgriculture. 

1820,  October  9.  —  Cape  Breton  was  reannexed  to  Nova 
Scotia,  and  its  laws  made  similar. 

1820.  —  Dalhou.sie  College,  at  Halifax,  was  founded. 

The  assembly  voted  two  thousand  pounds  towards  its  erection. 

1821,  February.  —  Congress  voted,  provisional]}',  to  admit 
Missouri  into  the  Union. 

The  constitution  made  for  the  state  directed  the  legislature  "  to  prevent  ftee 
negroes  and  niulattoes  from  coming  to  or  settling  in  the  state."  On  the  20th  of 
February  a  resolution  proposed  by  a  committee  of  the  House,  of  which  Henry 
Ciiiy  was  chairmrn,  appointed  to  meet  a  committee  of  the  Senate,  providing 
"that  Missouri  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union  on  an  equal  footing  with  the 
original  states,  upon  the  fundamental  condition,  that  the  fourth  clause  of  the 
twenty-sixth  section  of  the  third  article  of  the  constitution  submitted  on  the  part 


550 


ANNALS   or  NOIITII   AMKKICA. 


[1821. 


of  said  state  to  Congress,  shall  never  1)0  construed  to  Authorize  the  pnssngo  of  any 
law  by  whicli  any  citizen  of  eitlier  of  tlio  states  of  tliis  Union  sliall  be  excludi'd 
from  the  enjoyment  of  any  of  tlie  privileges  and  immunities  to  wiiieli  such  citizen 
is  entitled  under  tlic  Constitution  of  llic  United  States,"  was  passed.  The  Icgis- 
lature  was  also  required  by  a  public  act  to  declare  tiie  assent  of  the  state  to  tiiis 
condition,  and  to  transmit  to  the  President  of  tlie  United  States,  on  or  before  tlio 
fourtli  Monday  of  Noveml)er  next,  an  authentic  copy  of  the  act,  and  upon  the 
public  announcement  of  tliis  fact  by  the  President,  the  admission  of  tlie  state  wii8 
to  be  considered  complete.  The  ot)jcction  having  been  raised  that  free  citizens 
of  color  were  debarred  l>y  tiie  provisiion  of  tlie  constitution  of  Missouri  from  their 
rights  in  that  state,  led  finally  to  tliis  legislation.  The  Senate  passed  the  act  un 
the  28  Ih. 

1821,  February  24.  —  Iturbido  presented  to  the  officers  of  liis 
army  a  plan  for  a  national  government. 

It  is  called  the  plan  of  Iguala,  or  the  tliree  guaranties.  Mexico  should  be  an 
independent  natior,  tlie  crown  to  be  offered  tlie  king  of  Spain,  and  if  lie  refused, 
to  the  princes  in  succession.  Tlio  acceptor  to  live  in  Mexico,  and  take  an  oath 
to  observe  a  constitution  fixed  by  a  congress.  Tlie  Uoman  Catholic  religion  to 
be  preserved.     All  inhabitants  to  enjoy  the  same  civil  rights. 

Iturbidc  was  a  native  of  Valladolid,  and  at  this  time  was  intrusted  by  the 
vicero}'  with  the  command  of  a  native  army,  ostensibly  to  serve  against  the  insur- 
gents.    The  officers  ogreed  to  the  terms,  and  the  army  acceptt  I  them. 

1821,  April  20.  —  The  Christian  liegiater  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  established  as  the  exponent  of  Unitarianism. 

1821,  May  19.  —  The  following  prices  weru  given  by  the  Pitts- 
burg Mercury :  — 

"Flour,  a  barrel,  $1;  whiskey,  15  cents  a  gallon;  good  merchantable  pine 
boards,  20  cents  a  hundred  feet;  sheep  and  calves,  $1  ahead;  foreign  goods  .it 
the  old  prices ;  one  and  a  half  bushels  of  wheat  will  buy  a  pound  of  coffee ;  a  bar- 
rel of  flour  will  buy  a  pound  of  tea ;  twelve  and  a  half  barrels  will  buy  one  yard 
of  superfine  broadcloth." 

1821,  July  2.  — A  committee  of  the  stockholders  of  the  bank 
reported  its  losses  at  three  million  live  hundred  and  forty-seven 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-eight  dollars. 

1821.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  five  millions. 

1821,  July  6.  —  The  viceroy  was  deposed  by  the  Spanish 
troops  at  Mexico,  and  General  Novella  placed  at  the  head  of  the 
government. 

1821,  August  24. —  General  O'Donoga,  sent  from  Spain  with  a 
commission  as  captain-general  of  Mexico,  signed  a  treaty  witli 
Iturbide  at  Cordova,  Mexico. 

Commissioners  were  seut  to  Spain,  a  junta  was  formed,  and  a  cortes  sum- 
moned, a  regency  being  appointed  in  the  mean  time,  of  which  Iturbide  '.vas  made 
president. 

1821.  —  The  Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Company  was  incor- 


1821-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


551 


officers  of  hia 


irod  in  Boston. 


)any  was  incor- 


porated by  Maine  and  New  Hampshire,  and  orcctod  mills  on  tho 
I'iscataqua. 

1821.  —  The  Plough  Boy  appeared  in  Albany,  New  York. 

It  was  publittlied  by  Suloinon  Southwick. 

1821,  Septemijeu  27.  —  Itnrbido,  at  tho  lioad  of  his  army,  on- 
torcd  tlio  city  of  Mexico,  and  instituted  a  government  of  which 
ho  was  made  the  regent. 

1821.  —  The  Massachusetts  General  Hospital  was  opened  with 
one  patient. 

Dr.  Jaincs  Jackson  was  physician,  and  Dr.  Walter  Channing  assistant. 

1821.  —  A  TRACT  of  about  four  hundred  acres  of  land  was  pur- 
chased on  tho  Merrimac  River,  Massaciiusetts,  by  a  company  who 
were  suhsecjuently  incorporated  as  the  Merrimac  Manufacturing 
Company,  and  tho  present  city  of  Lowell  started. 

Lowell  is  now  tlio  principal  cctton  manufacturing  city  of  New  England,  and 
the  third  shire  town  of  Middlesex  County. 

1821.  —  Amherst  College,  Massachusetts,  was  founded. 

For  twenty-five  years  it  had  a  hard  struggle ;  then  the  state  donated  it  twenty- 
five  tliousand  dollars,  one  half  for  paying  the  debts,  the  otlier  for  founding  tho 
jnofessorsliip  of  Natural  History.  About  the  same  time  Samuel  Williston,  of 
Easthaiiipton,  Massacluisetts,  gave  the  college  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

1821.  —  Congress  abolished  tho  system  of  selling  the  public 
lands  on  credit. 

Tlie  price  was  reduced  to  a  dollar  ind  a  half  an  acre.  Twenty-five  niilliona 
(if  dollars  were  diie  for  lands  purchased,  tlie  payment  for  which  had  in  many 
cases  hem  repeatedly  extended.  At  the  next  session  of  Congress  it  was  enacted 
lliat  lands  unpaid  for  might  be  relin(i[uished,  or  by  paying  cash  the  price  to  be  u 
dollar  and  a.  quarter. 

1821,  December.  —  Tho  Register  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

It  was  published  by  W.  D.  Mann,  and  edited  by  John  Forsyth. 

1822,  January. —  Congress  recognized  the  independence  of 
Mexico  and  the  South  American  republics. 

The  President  had  recommended  this  action ;  an  appropriation  was  also  made 
to  pay  the  expenses  of  envoys  to  these  republics. 

1822. 
twoen  France  and  the  United  States. 

1822,  Tebruary  5.  —  The  Merrimac  Manufacturing  Company 
was  incorporated  in  Massachusetts. 

This  was  the  commencement  of  Lowell.  The  first  mill  was  started  in  Septem- 
ber, 1823,  and  the  capital  increased  to  one  million  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1822.  —  Gas,  as  a  means  of  illumination,  was  first  successfully 
used  in  Boston,  Massachusetts. 


A  treaty  of  navigation  and  commerce  was  made  be- 


? 


552 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1822-3. 


1822.  —  The  National  Journal  appeared  in  Wushington. 

It  wiut  publislicd  by  TlioinnH  L.  McKinni>y.  In  1825  it  puattc-d  under  the  con- 
trol of  Toter  Force.  For  ii  time,  under  President  Monroe's  adniiniHtrution,  the 
patroiiiigo  of  tho  i^overnnient  was  transferred  to  tiie  Journal  from  the  Jnidli' 
geneer. 

1822,  February  24.  —  Tho  cortos  met  in  Mexico. 

1822,  May  18.  —  Tho  army  and  tho  people  of  Mexico  pro- 
ciaiined  Iturbido  emperor  of  Mexico. 

Tiie  regcnoy  resigned,  tho  cortes  puhlislied  a  decree  conflrnring  the  clioicc  of 
the  army,  and  taking  tlic  oiitli  to  support  tlie  independence  of  Mexico,  tlie  religion, 
and  the  constitution.     Iturbide  was  installed  as  Augustin  I. 

1822,  July  27.  —  The  New  Orleans  Prices  Current  appeared 
in  New  Orleana. 

It  is  continued  until  the  present. 

1822,  August.  —  The  New  Emjland  Farmer  appeared. 

It  was  established  by  Thomas  Green  Fesscnden  and  T.  W.  Shepard. 

IS 22,  October.  —  Tho  Chamber  of  Commerce  at  Halifax  •'va, 
established. 

1823,  February  2.  —  An  act  of  casaa  matas,  guaranteeing  a 
republican  form  of  government  for  Mexico,  was  issued  by  ail 
army  of  insurgents. 

Santa  Anna  and  Guadalupe  Victoria  were  their  chief  leaders. 

1823,  February.  —  A  grant  was  made  by  Mexico  to  Stephen 
II.  Foster  Austin  to  colonize  in  Texas. 

His  father  had  petitioned  for  permission,  but  was  now  dead.  lie  had  tlic 
absolute  control  of  tho  colony.  The  settlement  was  called  Austin,  and  was  tlic 
first  American  one  in  Texas.     In  1844  it  was  made  the  capital. 

1823,  March  1.  —  By  an  act  of  Congress  the  ports  of  tlie 
United  States  were  opened  to  British  vessels  from  colonial  ports 
in  America. 

1823,  March  3.  —  Congress  repealed  the  tonnage  duty  on 
French  ships,  and  a  duty  was  laid  of  two  dollars  and  seventy- 
five  cents  a  ton  on  French  goods  in  French  bottoms,  to  be  les- 
sened after  two  years  one  fourth  annually. 

1823,  March  31. — The  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed  an 
act  incorporating  a  railroad  company  to  construct  a  road,  eiglity 
odd  miles  long,  from  Philadelplna  to  Columbia,  in  Lancaster 
County. 

The  road  was  to  be  built  by  .Tohn  Stevens  and  his  associates,  but  as  they 
failed  to  do  it,  nn  act  was  passed,  April  7,  1826,  to  incorporate  the  Columbia, 
Lancaster,  and  Philadelphia  Railroad  Company ;  and  March  28,  1828,  the  legisla- 
ture authorized  its  construction  by  the  state.  It  was  completed  in  October, 
1834. 


[1822-3. 
ington. 

(1  uniler  the  con- 
lininiHtralion,  tho 
from  tho  /n<i7/t- 


['  Mexico  pro- 

iiing  the  choice  of 
lixico,  tho  religion, 

rrent  appoiirod 


pearcd. 
Sliopard. 

at  Halifax  ^a. 

guaranteeing  a 
18  issued  by  aa 

xico  to  Stoplien 

dead.     He  had  the 
Austin,  and  was  the 

he    ports  of  the 
jm  colonial  ports 

mnage  duty  on 
ars  and  seventy- 
ttoms,  to  be  les- 

Ivania  Dassed  an 
ict  a  road,  eighty 
ia,   in   Lancaster 

isociatos,  but  as  they 
poratc  the  Columbia, 
1  28,  1828,  the  Icgisla- 
)mpletcd  in  October, 


1823-4.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


653 


1823.  —  Trinity  College,  at  Hartford,  Connecticut,  obtained 
itH  charter. 

Tliu  college  is  under  tho  control  of  tho  Episcopalians,  and  was  formally  opont-d 
in  liie  fall  of  1H24. 

1823.  —  TuK  Now  York  Gas  Light  Company  waa  incorporated 
\vith  a  capital  of  on  )  million  dollars,  but  did  not  begin  uuccessful 
works  until  1827. 

1823.  —  TiiF.  Cliarlcaton  Mercui-y  appeared  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

It  was  the  or^an  of  the  nullifiors  in  1832,  and  of  the  seceBsionists  in  18C0.  In 
November,  18G8,  it  ceased  to  appear. 

1823,  May  11.  —  Iturbido  abdicated  tho  throne. 

He  wi-nt  with  his  family  to  Europe,  where  he  had  agreed  to  remain,  and  re- 
turning in  1824,  he  was  taken  and  executed. 

1823,  October  4.  —  A  constitution  for  Mexico  was  framed  by 

tho  congress. 

It  was  base<l  upon  tliat  of  the  United  States.  The  Catholic  Church  was  the 
only  one  supported,  and  there  was  no  trial  by  jury.  General  Victoria  was 
cli!ctc'(l  president,  and  General  Bravo  vice-president.  By  the  constitution,  Mexico 
WHS  divided  into  sixteen  states,  with  tho  title  of  the  Mexican  United  States. 

1823.  — Robert  Owen,  of  Scotland,  purchiised  Now  Harmony, 
Indiana,  of  the  Harmonists,  and  there  started  his  community. 

1824,  January  27.  —  Tho  legislature  of  Virginia  chartered  tho 
Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Cauivl  Company. 

1824,  February  14.  —  A  caucus  "  of  Eopublican  members  of 
Congress  "  was  held  to  nominate  a  candidate. 

Tlic  large  majority  voted  for  William  II.  Crawford.  The  custom  of  holding  a 
caucus  of  members  of  Congress  to  nominate  candidates  had  grown  up  since  1800, 
but  was  never  popular,  and  was  abandoned. 

1824,  March  2.  —  The  Boston  Courier  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  Joseph  Tinker  Buckingham  until  1848.  It  is  now  a  weekly 
paper. 

1824,  March  20.  —  The  "  Franklin  Institute  of  the  State  of 
Pennsylvania  "  was  incorporated  in  Philadelphia. 

1824.  —  Congress  reduced  the  time  of  residence  necessary  to 
naturalization  to  two  years  after  the  declaration  of  intention. 

1824,  April  5.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  Russia  and  the 
United  States. 

The  boundary  between  the  two  countries  was  fixed  nt  54°  40'  north  latitude. 
The  citizens  of  neither  country  were  to  intrude  upon  the  territory  of  the  other. 


654 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


[1824-5. 


,1824,  May  19.  —  Congress  revised  the  tariff,  and  raised  the 
rate  of  duty. 

The  new  tariff  raised  the  average  rate  of  duty  *o  forty  and  a  half  per  cent. 

1824,  July  13.  —  Slavery  and  the  slave-trade  were  abolished 
in  Mexico  by  the  congress. 

1824,  December  31.  —  The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  char- 
tered  compaiiles  to  construct  the  Delaware  and  Raritan  Canal, 
and  tlie  Morris  and  Essex  Canal. 

1824.  —  Native  gold  was  first  coined  at  the  Philadelphia  mint. 

Until  1827  gold  was  principally  brought  from  North  Carolina,  where  mines 
iiad  been  worked  since  1804.  South  Carolina's  first  deposit  was  in  182'J,  and  the 
same  year  Virgrinia  began  working  a  mine,  and  Georgia  in  1830.  Since  the  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  California,  the  metliod  of  working  the  mines  by  sluice-washing 
has  also  been  practised  in  tlic  southern  gold  regi.ns. 

1824.  —  A  civil  code  for  the  government  of  Louisiana  was 
adopted. 

It  superseded  all  previously  existing  French,  Spanish,  and  territorial  laws. 
This  is  the  only  code  ever  made  in  this  country.  Louisiana  was  originally  gov- 
erned by  French  law;  when  ceded  to  Spain,  Spanish  laws  were  in  force;  and 
when  ceded  to  the  United  States,  a  third  system  was  introduced.  The  complica- 
tions arising  required  a  revision,  and  a  code  was  i)reparcd  in  1806  which  did  not, 
however,  entirely  Kupersede  tlie  old  laws,  but  only  so  far  as  they  conflicted  wh!i 
the  code.  Tliis  did  not  answer,  and  in  1822  Congress  appointed  a  commission, 
who  gave  in  their  report  in  1824.  The  principal  part  of  the  codification  was  done 
by  Edward  Livingston. 

1824.  —  "A  SOCIETY  for  the  reformation  of  juvenile  delin- 
quents "  was  chartered  in  New  York  city. 

The  society  was  formed  tha  year  previous,  and  in  1825  a  house  for  the  recep- 
tion of  tlie  offenders  was  opened.  A  similar  institution  was  started  in  Boston  in 
1826,  and  one  in  IMiil.idelphia  in  1826.  There  are  now  some  fourtecm  or  fifteen 
of  these  refuges  in  the  country. 

1824. — The  Suffolk  Bank  system  was  inaugurated  in  Now 
England. 

By  this  system  the  Suffolk  Bank  in  Boston  was  selected  as  the  agency  at 
which  tlie  country  bunks  should  keep  their  accounts  for  the  redemption  of  their 
bills.  The  design  of  the  system  was  to  serve  as  a  check  to  the  indefinite  exten- 
sion of  their  circulation  by  oanks  which  were  not  able  to  redeem  them. 

1817-1825.  —  Fifth  administration. 

James  Monroe,  of  Virginia. 


President, 
Vice-President, 
Secretary  of  State, 
Secretary  of  Treasury, 

Secretaries  of  War, 


Daniel  D.  Tompkins,  of  New  York,  March  4,  1817. 

John  Q.  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1817. 

William  II.  Crawford,  of  Georgia,  Marcli  5,  1817. 
r  Isaac  Shelby,  of  Kentucky,  March  5,  1817. 
I  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  Dec.  17,  1816. 


[1824^5. 
id  raised  the 

alf  per  cent 
■ere  abolislied 

Jersey  char- 
Elaritan  Canal, 

ladelphia  mint. 

)lina,  where  mines 
as  in  1829,  and  the 
30.  Since  the  dis- 
g  by  sluice-washing 

'  Louisiana  was 

nnd  territorial  laws, 
was  originally  gov- 
wcre  in  force ;  and 
ced.  The  comphca- 
i  1806  which  did  not, 
s  they  conflicted  with 
minted  a  conmiission, 
codification  was  done 

f  juvenile    delin- 

a  house  for  the  rcccp- 

started  in  Boston  in 

le  fourtc.>n  or  fifteen 


1825.] 


ANNiiLS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


555 


igu  rated 


in 


New 


3ted  as  the  agency  at 
ic  redemption  of  their 
0  the  indefinite  exten- 
deem  them. 


York,  March  4,  1817. 
ctts,  March  5,  1817- 
rgia,  March  5,  1817. 
arch  5,  1817. 
iroMna,  Dec.  17,  1815. 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 

Postmasters-Genoral, 
Attornt/s-Gcnoral, 


■  Bonj.  W.  Crowninshield,  of  Mass.,  continued  in  ofBco. 
Smith  Tliompson,  of  New  York,  November  30,  1818. 
John  Rogers,  of  Massachusetts,  September  1,  182.3. 
Sam'l  L.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey,  S'  pt.  l(j,  1823. 
r  Return  J.  Meigs,  of  Oliio,  continueil  in  office. 
I  John  McLean,  of  Ohio,  June  20,  1823. 
r  Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  continued  in  office. 
1  William  Wirt,  of  Virghiia,  November  13,  1817. 
Speakers  of  tlie  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Fifteenth  Congres*:,  1817. 
"  "  Sixteenth  Oongress,  1819. 

John  W.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  Sixteenth  Congress,  1820. 
Philip  P.  Barbour,  of  Virginia,  Seventeenth  Congress,  1821. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  Eighteenth  Congress,  1823. 

1825,  January  1.  —  The  American  Traveller  appeared  in  Bos- 
ton, Massachusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  Royal  L.  Porter.  It  soon  was  united  with  the  Stage  Register, 
wliicli  luid  been  devoted  to  publishing  the  advertisements  of  tlie  various  stage 
lines.  Royal  L.  Portoi  died  in  1834.  In  1845,  the  Traveller  was  absorbed  in  the 
Boston  Evening  Traveller,  of  which  Ferdinand  Andrews  and  George  Punchard 
were  the  originators.  The  Traveller  was  a  two-cent  paper,  and  was  the  first 
to  be  sold  in  the  streets  by  newsboys. 

1825.  —  The  Sunday  Courier  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Joseph  C.  Melcher,  and  edited  by  William  Hill,  a  tlieo- 
logical  student. 

1825.  —  The  State  Library  at  Indianapolis,  Indiana,  was 
founded. 

1825.  —  The  common-school  system  was  organized  in  IHinois. 

1825,  February  12.  —  At  a  treaty,  the  Creeks  ceded  tlieir  laads 
in  Georgia  to  the  United  States. 

They  were  given  in  exchange  for  them  a  like  quantity  of  land  on  the  Arkanans 
lUver,  west  of  the  Mip^is'^^lppi,  and  the  bum  of  four  hundred  thous.aml  dollars  for 
their  improvements  ar.^l  to  pay  the  expense  of  moving.  T'u:^  were  to  remove 
before  the  1st  of  September,  182G.  This  year,  by  a  report  of  the  secretary  of 
war,  the  Creeks  claimed  in  Georgia  4,245,700  acres,  and  the  Cherokees  5,202,100 
acres.  These  two  tribes  claimed  also  in  Alabama  5,91)5,200  acres.  In  Tennes- 
see, the  Cherokees  claimed  1,055,080  a(;res.  In  Mississippi  and  Alabama,  tlic 
ChoctawB  and  Cbickasaws  claimed  15,705,000,  and  1,270,970  acres  respectively, 
Tlic  treaty  was  made  with  the  cliicfs  of  the  Creeks,  who  acted  wltliout  the  author- 
ity of  tlie  tribe,  and  were  tried  by  tliem  and  excciited.  The  Indians  (shjecting  to 
the  treaty,  the  government  supported  them,  thougli  the  governor  of  Georgia  in- 
sisted upon  tlie  treaty  being  carried  out.  The  dispute  at  one  time  seemed  to 
tlireaten  civil  war. 

1825.  —  It  is  stated  that  at  this  date  there  did  not  exist  in 
New  England  a  nursery  for  the  sale  of  apple  and  pear  trees. 

The  supplies  had  to  be  imported  from  abroad,  or  else  from  New  York  and 
i  New  Jersey. 


t 


i;^ 


556 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1825-6. 


1825.  —  The  Homoeopatkic  Examiner  appeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  edited  by  Dr.  Hull.  The  method  of  practice  had  been  introduced  by 
Dr.  H.  B.  Gram,  a  native  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  who  had  been  educated  in 
Europe,  and  settled  in  New  York. 

1825,  March  25.  —  The  University  of  Virginia  was  opened  for 
students. 

It  had  been  chartered  in  1819. 

1825.  —  The  first  opera  troupe  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

They  were  brought  here  by  the  Signor  Da  Ponte,  the  friend  of  Mozart,  and 
author  of  the  libretto  of  Don  Oiovanni. 

1825.  —  Lafayette  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  Bunker  Hill 
monument  on  the  site  of  the  battle. 

By  voluntary  subscriptions  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  were  raised,  and  the 
monument  completed  July  23,  1842.  Its  erection  was  celebrated  by  a  procession 
and  an  oration  by  Daniel  Webster. 

1825.  —  The  Erie  Canal  was  finished. 

Its  length  is  three  hundred  and  sixty-three  miles.  The  act  authorizing  its 
commencement  was  passed  in  the  New  York  legislature  in  1817,  chiefly  through 
the  influence  of  Dc  Witt  Clinton.  Christopher  CoUes  had,  in  1784,  and  again  in 
1786,  memorialized  the  assembly  on  the  subject  of  the  inland  navigation  of  New 
York,  and  had  published  pamphlets  upon  it.  lie  died  four  years  before  the  pro- 
ject was  realized. 

1826,  January  24.  —  By  a  new  treaty,  the  Creeks  ceded  to  the 
United  States  all  their  lands,  with  the  exception  of  a  small  quan- 
tity in  the  state  of  Georgia. 

The  treaty  was  made  at  Washington  by  the  secretary  of  war  and  a  delegation 
fVom  the  Creek  nation.  On  the  22d  of  April,  the  treaty  having  been  ratified,  was 
proclaimed  by  the  President.  Georgia  still  w.as  discontented,  and  Governor  Troup, 
in  1827,  in  answer  to  the  declaration  in  the  President's  message  to  Congress  that 
if  necessary  he  would  employ  force  in  executing  the  laws,  wrote  to  tlie  dopart- 
meni  that  it  w.as  his  purpose  "  to  resist  to  the  utmost  any  military  attack  from  the 
government  of  the  United  States."  It  continued:  "From  the  first  decisive  act 
of  hostility,  you  will  be  considered  and  'reated  as  a  public  enemy,  and  with  the 
less  repugnance  because  you,  to  whom  we  might  constitutionally  have  appeiilcd 
for  our  defence  against  invasion,  are  yourselves  the  invaders ;  and,  what  is  more, 
the  unblusliing  allies  of  the  savages,  whose  cause  you  have  adopted."  The  con- 
troversy was  finally  ended  at  the  beginning  of  1828  by  a  treaty  for  the  purchase 
of  the  last  of  the  land  from  the  Indians. 

1826,  March  3.  —  The  New  England  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  Manufactures  and  K]e  Mechanic  Arts  was  incorporated  by  the 
Massachusetts  legioiature. 

It  held  fairs,  and  semiaimual  sales,  and  awarded  premiums  for  inve^.tlons  and 
skill. 


[1825-6. 
u  New  York 

■n  introduced  by 
Dcen  educated  in 

TO.S  opened  for 


T  York  city. 

snd  of  Mozart,  and 

he  Blinker  Hill 

rere  raised,  and  the 
ited  by  a  procession 


I  act  authorizing  its 
L817,  cliiefly  through 
in  178-4,  and  again  in 
i  navigation  of  New 
years  before  tlie  pro- 

eks  ceded  to  the 
of  a  small  quau- 

yar  and  a  delegation 
ing  been  ratified,  was 

and  Governor  Troui), 
iagc  to  Congress  that 

wrote  to  tlie  depart- 
Aitary  attack  from  the 

the  first  decisive  ait 
,  enemy,  and  with  tlic 

ionally  liave  appealed 
;  and,  wliat  is  more, 
adopted."     Tlic  con- 

•caty  for  tlie  purchase 

for  the  Promotion 
.corporated  by  the 


1826.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


557 


urns  for  invp^-tlons 


and 


1826,  March.  —  The  Colioes  Company  was  incorporated  by  the 
Ie;^islature  of  New  York. 

By  building  a  dam  and  canals,  they  made  uao  of  the  whole  fall  of  one  hundred 
and  three  feet  in  the  Mohawk  River,  about  five  miles  north  of  Albany.  They 
made  five  separate  levels. 

1826.  —  The  Hudson  and  Mohawk  Railroad,  between  Albany 
and  Schenectady,  New  York,  was  chartered. 

1826.  —  The  Coramercial  Register  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 

Morgan  Neville  was  its  editor.  It  was  a  daily.  In  six  months  it  failed.  In 
1828  it  was  resuscitated  for  three  n-  jnths. 

1826,  June  22.  —  A  congress  composed  of  representatives  of 
the  republics  of  South  America  and  Mexico  met  at  Panama. 

The  United  States  had  been  invited,  and  sent  delegates,  who  wore  prevented 
from  attending.  One  of  them  died  on  the  way,  and  the  protracted  debate  in  both 
liouses  of  Congress,  before  the  necessary  legislation  was  conipletod,  delayed  the 
other  until  the  time  had  passed  when  it  was  safe  for  him  to  cross  the  Isthmus. 
Colombia,  Peru,  Central  America,  and  Mexico  were  represented.  Another  was 
appointed  to  meet  in  1827  at  Tecubaya,  near  the  City  of  Mexico.  Commissioners 
to  represent  the  United  States  were  appointed,  and  were  present;  but  the  congress 
was  prevented  by  the  internal  troubles  of  the  other  states. 

1826.  —  The  Maryland  Institute  was  incorporated  at  Balti- 
more. 

1826,  October  25.  —  The  Daily  Advertiser  appeared  in  Roch- 
ester, New  York. 

1826.  —  The  Whig  appeared  in  Richmond,  Virginia. 

It  was  founded  by  John  H.  Pleasants,  and  was  the  opposition  paper  to  the 
democracy. 

1826.  —  The  New  Orleans  Bee  appeared  in  New  Orleans. 

It  was  printed  in  French  and  English  until  1872,  and  since  then  entirely  in 
French.  There  are  at  least  four  hundred  newspapers  printed  within  the  United 
States  in  foreign  languages.  These  are  in  German,  French,  Spanish,  Welsh, 
Italian,  Che  :okec,  Danish,  Croatian,  Chinese,  Dutch,  Swedish,  and  Hebrew. 

1826.  —  The  first  steamboat  was  placed  on  Lake  Michigan. 

1826.  —  The  first  slate  quarry  was  opened  on  Kittatinny  Moun- 
tain,  about  a  milb  from  the  Delawaro  Wator-Gap,  by  James  M. 
Porter,  aided  by  Samuel  Taylor. 

At  first,  Bchool-slates  were  manufactured,  and  a  village  grew  up  at  the  foot  of 
the  mountain ;  and  then  roofing-slates  were  undertaken. 

Since,  quarries  have  been  opened  in  1839  in  Maine  and  in  Vermont;  in  1852  in 
Maryland  and  Georgia. 

1826.  —  There  wa-:  a  general  failure  of  banks  throughout  the 
country. 

The  projectors  and  managers  of  many  of  these  institutions  were  sent  to  the 


r  '        ^"i 


)58 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1826-7. 


penitentiary.  They  were  the  merest  policy-shops.  Taking  advantage  of  the 
necessity  of  the  people  for  some  currency  to  carry  on  their  exchanges  with, 
hanks  wore  projected  in  places  whore  it  was  almost  impossible  for  the  bill-holders 
to  get  access.  As  long  as  the  bills  could  be  k'pt  in  circulation  in  a  region  of 
country  away  from  the  bank,  the  bank  was  solver  ;  but  as  soon  as  any  demand 
was  made  upon  ii,  it  failed. 

1826.  —  The  State  Library  at  Annapolis,  Maryland,  was 
founded. 

1826.  —  The  disputed  boundary  line  between  Massachusetts 
^nd  Connecticut  was  settled. 

1826,  December.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promo- 
tion of  Manufactures  and  the  Mechanic  Arts  was  formed  in  Piiil- 
adelphia. 

1826.  —  The  first  specimen  of  the  Morus  muUicaulis,  or  mul- 
berry-tree,  from  the  Philippine  Islands,  was  imported  from  Ta- 
rascon,  near  Marseilles,  France. 

It  cost  five  francs,  and  was  planted  in  a  nursery  at  Flushing,  Long  Island. 

1827,  June  15.  —  The  Mechanics  Institute  was  incorporated  at 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1827.  —  The  railroad  from  the  granite  quarries  at  Quincy, 
Massachusetts,  to  the  tide-water  of  the  Noponset  River,  was 
finished  and  used. 

It  was  about  three  miles  long,  and  was  used  only  for  the  transportation  of 
granite. 

1827.  —  A  RAILROAD,  about  nine  miles  long,  was  built  to  carry 
the  coal  from  the  Summit  Mines  to  the  landing  on  the  Lehigh. 
It  was  built  in  about  three  months,  and  was  known  as  the  Mnuch  Chunk  Koad. 

1827.  —  The  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Railroad  was  chartered. 
1827,  June  25.  —  The  Gazette  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 

It  was  a  daily  paper,  and  still  exists. 

1827,  July  4.  —  The  act  p-  ssed  by  t^e  New  York  state  legis- 
lature, to  abolish  slavery  in  the  state,  went  into  effect. 

1827.  —  The  Morning  Courier  and  the  Journal  of  Commerce 
appeared  in  New  York  city. 

The  Courier  was  established  in  May,  and  soon  passed  into  the  possession  of 
James  Watson  Webb.  In  1820  it  was  united  with  the  Enquirer,  and  appeared  rs 
the  Morning  Covrier  and  New  York  Enquirer,  These  two  papers  were  rivals  for 
the  mercantile  advertisements  of  the  city,  and  tried  to  surpass  each  other  in  size, 
whence  the  term  "  blanket  sliecta  "  was  given  them.  To  get  the  commercial  news, 
tliey  started  swift  schooners  and  pony  expresses.  In  1861  the  Courier  and  En- 
quirer was  united  with  the  World.  The  Journal  of  Commerce  was  issued  Se])- 
tember  I.  It  was  aided  by  Artimr  Tappan,  and  was  edited  by  William  Maxwell, 
in  the  interest  of  the  abolition  of  slavery.    Eventually  it  came  into  the  possession 


[1826-7. 

idvantngc  of  the 
exchanges  with, 
or  the  bill-holders 
ion  in  a  region  of 
>n  as  any  demand 


laryland,    was 

Massaclmsetts 

for  the  Promo- 
formed  in  Phil- 

icaulis,  or  mul- 
orted  from  Ta- 

j,  Long  Island. 

incorporated  at 

ries  at  Quincy, 
iset  River,  was 

le  transportation  of 

,B  built  to  carry 
n  the  Lehigh. 

Mnuch  CImnk  lload. 

chartered, 
cinnati. 

'ork  state  logis- 
;ftect. 

lal  of  Commem 

to  the  possession  of 
re7;  and  appeared  is 
,apers  were  rivals  for 
38  each  other  in  size, 
the  commercial  news, 
the  Courier  and  En- 
erce  was  issued  Sei>- 
ay  William  Maxwell, 
le  into  the  possession 


1827-8.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


559 


of  David  Hale  and  Gerard  Ilallock,  and  was  the  organ  of  conservatism.  The 
swift  new8-bo:it8  and  pony  expresses  were  begun  by  Halo  and  Hallock.  With  the 
establishment  of  the  Associated  Press  they  took  part,  and  Gerard  Hallock  waa  its 
first  president. 

1827.  —  The  Ladies'  Magazine  appeared  in  Boston. 

It  was  edited  by  Mrs.  Sarah  Joscpha  Hale.  It  was  afterwards  united  with 
Godey's  Ladies'  Book,  of  Philadelphia. 

1827,  August  6.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States. 

It  was  ratified  '.n  April,  1828,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President  in  May.  It 
provided  that  the  treaties  of  1815  and  1818,  which  expired  in  1828,  should  be 
continued  another  ten  years.  It  was  agreed  also  to  leave  the  question  o^bounda- 
ries  to  the  king  of  the  Netherlands. 

1828,  January  30.  —  The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  char- 
tered the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  to  run  from  Charleston  to 
Hamburg. 

It  is  claimed  that  this  was  the  first  road  which  was  begun  with  the  intention  of 
using  steam-power.  It  was  begun  in  1830,  and  finished  October  2,  1883 ;  and  the 
first  locomotive  built  in  the  country  was  built  for  it. 

1828.  —  Webster's  Dictionary  waa  published. 

Its  author,  Noah  Webster,  began  writing  it  in  1807,  and  at  the  time  of  its  pub- 
lication was  in  his  seventieth  year. 

1828.  —  Wine  from  native  grapes  was  made  in  Cincinnati  by 
Nicholas  Longworth. 

1828.  —  The  Southern  Agriculturist  appeared  in  Charleston, 
South  Carolina. 

It  was  published  by  John  D.  Legare. 

1828,  February.  —  Congress  ordered  six  thousand  copies  of  a 
report  upon  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  silk,  by  the  secretary 
of  the  treasury,  to  be  printed  and  distributed,  together  with  a 
manual  upon  the  subject. 

The  manual  was  prepared  by  Dr.  James  Mease,  of  Philadelphia. 

1828,  March  8.  —  A  decree  Avas  made  in  Mexico  expelling  all 
Spaniards. 

1828,  March. — A  county  convention  waa  hold  in  Le  Roy, 
New  York,  which  inaugurated  the  anti-Masonic  movement  in 
politics. 

In  September,  1826,  William  Morgan,  who  was  about  to  publish  a  work  pre- 
tending to  reveal  the  secrets  of  the  Masonit;  order,  was  forcibly  carried  off,  and 
was  never  afterwards  heard  of.  Frojn  this  and  other  incidents,  the  opposition  to 
tiie  Masonic  order  arose,  and  for  years  formed  a  strong  element  in  politics,  acquir- 
ing its  chief  force  in  New  York,  Vermont,  Massaclmsetts,  Pennsylvania,  and 
Oliio. 


>60 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1828. 


1828.  —  A  PETITION  from  the  inhabitants  of  the  District  of 
Columbia  was  presented  to  Congress,  praying  for  the  abolition 
of  slavery  in  the  district,  and  the  repeal  of  the  laws  authorizing 
the  Belling  of  reputed  runaways  for  their  prison-fees. 

It  led  to  no  action  on  the  part  of  Congress. 

1828,  April  2.  —  The  Pennsylvania  Society  for  the  Promotion 
of  the  Culture  of  the  Mulberry  and  the  Raising  of  Silk-Worms 
published  a  list  of  premiums. 

1828,  May  15.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  act  raising  the  rate 
of  duties. 

The  debate  upon  it  had  been  very  long.  The  title  of  the  bill  was  "  An  act  in 
alteratiort  of  the  several  acts  imposing  duties  on  imports."  To  this  title  the  fol- 
lowing amendments  were  proposed :  "To  increase  the  duties  iipon  certain  im- 
ports, for  the  purpose  of  increasing  the  profits  of  certain  manufacturers ;"  and 
"to  transfer  the  capital  of  tlie  New  England  states  to  other  states  in  the  Union." 
These  amendments  were  rejected. 

182^,  June.  —  A  stage-coach  began  to  run  three  times  a  week 
between  Halifax  and  Annapolis. 

Tliree  hundred  pounds  per  annum  were  granted  for  five  years  to  encourage  this 
enterprise. 

1828.  —  Frances  Wright,  an  Englishwoman,  at  Memphis,  Ten- 
nessee, having  purchased  land  and  slaves,  gave  these  last  their 
freedom,  and  attempted  to  organize  their  labor. 

The  attempt  was  not  a  success,  her  ill  health  forbidding  her  personal  super- 
vision. The  negroes  were  sent  to  Ilayti.  Mrs.  Wright,  who  had  been  educated 
in  the  family  of  General  Lafayette,  then  lectured  through  the  country. 

1828,  December  10.  —  The  legislature  of  Georgia  protested 
against  the  last  tariff  act  passed  by  Congress. 

They  demanded  its  repeal,  as  "fraudulent,  oppressive,  partial,  unjust,  and  ft 
perversion  of  the  powers  of  Congress."  In  South  Carolina,  various  meetings 
were  held  to  protest  against  the  tariff,  but  no  official  statement  of  grievances  was 
made. 

1828.  —  PiCTOU  and  Sidney  were  made  free  ports. 

1825-29.  —  SrxTH  administration. 


President, 
Vice-President, 
Secretary  of  State, 
Secretary  of  Treasury, 

Secretaries  of  War, 
Secretary  of  Navy, 

Postmaster-General, 
Attorney-General, 


John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts. 
John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 
Henry  Clay,  of  Kentucky,  March  7,  1825. 
Richard  Rush,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  7,  1825. 
James  Barbour,  of  Virginia,  March  7,  1825. 

ter  B.  Porter,  of  New  York,  May  2G,  1827. 
Samuel  L.  Southard,  of  New  Jersey,  continued  in 

office. 
John  McLean,  of  Ohio,  continued  in  oflice. 
William  Wirt,  of  Virginia,  continued  in  office. 


r  Jai 
llV 


[1828. 

)  District  of 
tho  abolition 
3  authorizing 

s. 


the  Promotion 
if  Silk-Worms 

ising  the  rate 

11  was  "  An  act  in 

this  title  the  fol- 

tipon  certain  im- 

nnfacturcrs ; "  and 

tea  in  tho  Union." 

3  times  a  week 

rs  to  encourage  this 

:  Memphis,  Ten- 
these  last  their 

her  personal  super- 
had  been  educated 
ountry. 

orgia  protested 

nrtial,  unjust,  and  a 
various  meetings 
of  grievances  was 

rts. 


msctts. 

lina. 

1  7,  1825. 

March  T,  1825. 

rch  7,  1825. 

Vlay  2G,  1827. 

erscy,  continued  in 

;d  in  office, 
inued  in  office. 


1829.] 


ANNALS  OF   NOUTII   AMERICA. 


561 


Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Jolm  W.  Taylor,  of  New  York,  Nineteenth  Congress,  1825. 
Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Vii,;inia,  Twentieth  Congress,  1827. 

1829,  January  13.  —  A  meeting  of  merchants  in  Boston  re- 
Holved  that  tho  tariff  acts  wore  partial,  oppressive,  and  contrary 
to  the  Constitution,  and  to  memorialize  Congress. 

1829,  Ffbruary  12.  — The  legislature  of  South  Carolina  pro- 
tested against  the  tariff,  us  unconstitutional,  oppressive,  and 
unjust. 

1829,  February  21. — The  assembly  of  Virginia  passed  a 
series  of  resolutions  condemning  tho  tariff'  as  unconstitutional. 

1829,  February  28.  —  Tho  Alabama  legislature  protested 
against  the  tariff". 

North  Carolina  also  protested. 

1829,  April  1.  —  Pedraga  having  resigned  his  claim,  Guer- 
rero was  proclaimed  president  of  Mexico. 

1829,  May  2.  —  Tho  American  Institute,  of  New  York  city, 
was  incorporated  by  the  legislature. 

Its  purpose  was  to  encourage  and  promote  domestic  industry  in  this  state  and 
the  United  States,  in  agriculture,  commerce,  manufactures,  and  the  arts. 

1829.  —  The  manufacture  of  bricks  by  machinery  was  begun 
successfully  in  New  York. 

1829.  —  The  breakwater  in  Delaware  Bay,  just  witliin  Cape 
Henlopon,  was  begun  under  the  direction  of  William  Strickland, 
engineer. 

1829,  July  4.  —  The  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal  was 
opened. 

1829,  July  27.  —  A  Spanish  army  under  General  liarradas 
invaded  Mexico,  landing  at  Tainpico. 

1829,  Seitember  10.  —  General  Santa  Anna  captured  the 
Spanish  army,  and  the  Spaniards  were  allowed  to  re-embark  for 
Havana. 

1829. — Illinois  College,  at  Jacksonville,  Illinois,  was  founded. 

1829,  October  13.  —  The  Dail^  Courier  appeared  in  Portland, 
Maine. 

It  was  edited  by  Seba  Smith,  Jr. 

1829,  December.  —  Tho  legislature  of  Georgia  passed  an  act 
annexing  the  Indian  territory  in  the  state  to  the  counties  ad- 
joining it,  and  extending  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state  laws 
over  it. 

The  act  was  to  take  effect  June  1,  1830.  In  the  August  preceding,  the  gen- 
eral government  Iiad  made  a  proposition  to  the  Cherokecs  to  meet  a  commission, 

36 


562 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1830. 


•which  John  Ross,  the  principal  chief,  declined.  The  povernment  hod  previously 
informed  a  delegation  from  the  Cherokees  that  it  would  Bustain  the  states  in  exor- 
cising jurisdiction  over  the  Indians  in  their  borders.  The  object  of  the  govcrn- 
nicnt  was  to  get  the  Indians  to  emigrate.  Against  tliis  legislation  the  Indians 
appealed  to  Congress. 

1830,  March  30.  —  The  committee  of  finance  of  the  Senate 
reported  that  it  was  not  advantageous  to  make  any  change  in 
the  financial  pyatem  of  the  country. 

They  said  they  thought  *'  it  prudent  to  abstain  from  all  legialation,  to  abide  by 
the  practical  good  which  the  country  enjoys,  and  to  put  nothing  to  hazard  by 
ddubtful  experiments." 

1830.  —  The  Genesee  Farmer  appeared  in  Rochester,  New 
York. 

It  was  published  by  Luther  Tucker. 

1830.  —  The  Christian  Intelligencer  appeared  in  New  York. 

It  is  the  organ  of  the  Dutch  Reformed  Church. 

1830,  July.  —  The  Boston  Transcript  appeared  in  Boston, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  established  by  Dutton  and  Wentworth,  Its  editor  was  Lynde  M.  Wal- 
ter.  He  died  July  24,  1842,  wlien  liis  sister,  Miss  C!ornelia  M.  Walter,  conducted 
it  for  some  time.  Epes  Sargent  tlien  succeeded  lier.  Mr.  1).  N.  Haskell  fol- 
lowed, ond  diefl  October,  1874.     At  present  it  is  edited  by  William  A.  llovey. 

1830,  April  13.  —  The  committee  of  ways  and  means  reported 
to  Congress  in  favor  of  rechartering  the  Bank  when  the  time  for 
doing  so  should  arrive. 

The  Bank's  charter  expired  March  3,  183G.  The  report  of  the  committee  was  n 
most  elaborate  one.  The  President  in  his  message  had  referred  to  the  Bank,  ques- 
tioning its  constitutionality,  and  suggesting  anotlior  based  upon  the  credit  and 
resources  of  the  government.  From  the  report  of  tlie  conmiittce  it  appears  that 
the  currency  furnished  by  the  branches  of  the  Bank  was  at  a  discount  varying  in 
various  localities.  In  Washington  and  Baltimore,  from  twenty  to  twenty-two  per 
cent. ;  in  Philadelphia,  seventeen  to  eighteen ;  at  New  York  and  Ciiarleston,  seven 
to  ten ;  in  western  Pennsylvania,  twenty-five. 

1830,  May.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  "  to  provide  for  an  ex^ 
change  of  lands  within  any  of  the  states  or  territories,  and  for 
the  removal  of  the  Indians  west  of  the  Mississippi." 

The  bill  was  the  completion  of  a  change  of  policy  in  the  treatment  of  the  In- 
dians, by  which  the  right  to  the  soil  lieing  conceded  to  the  states,  the  government 
of  the  Indians  occupying  it  reverted  to  the  states.  While  the  bill  in  no  way 
sought  to  compel  tiie  Indians  to  remove  west,  it  was  intended  to  provide  for  the 
contingency  of  their  so  doing.  By  the  bill,  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  were 
appropriated  for  carrying  the  provisions  of  the  bill  into  effect. 

1830,  September  27.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Choctaw 
Indians. 

They  ceded  their  lands  in  Georgia,  and  agreed  to  remove  west  of  the  Missi? 


[1830. 

had  previously 
D  states  in  excr- 
t  of  tlio  govern- 
ion  tlio  Indians 

f  the  Senate 
ly  chango  in 

tion,  to  abide  by 
ng  to  hazard  by 

Chester,  New 


New  York. 


ed  in  Boston, 

ras  Lynde  M.  Wal- 
Walter,  conducted 
1).  N.  Haskell  fol- 
llliara  A.  llovey. 

means  reported 
len  the  time  for 

lie  committeo  was  a 
.  to  the  Bank,  ques- 
pon  the  credit  and 
ittee  it  appears  that 
iscount  varying  in 
to  twenty-two  per 
id  Charleston,  scvca 

vide  for  an  ex- 
•ritoriea,  and  for 

pi." 

treatment  of  the  In- 
ttcs,  the  government 
the  hill  in  no  way 
il  to  provide  for  the 
ousand  dollars  were 
t. 

ith  the  Choctaw 

west  of  the  Mis^i* 


1830.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


663 


lippi  within  three  years.  Those  who  chose  to  remain  as  citizens  of  Georgia  were 
to  have  land  reserved  for  them,  whi'-h  by  a  five  years'  residence  should  become 
their  own  in  fee.  In  their  western  residence  they  were  to  be  governed  by  law§ 
of  their  own,  which  should,  however,  not  be  'nconsistent  with  those  of  the  United 
suites.  The  government  to  use  its  influence  with  the  states  of  Mississippi  and 
Alabama  to  suspend  the  operation  of  their  laws,  and  to  not  extend  their  open  tion 
to  the  Indians. 

1830,  October  5.  —  The  President  announced  by  proclamation 
that  the  ports  ol  the  United  States  were  open  to  Briiish  vessels 
from  the  cohmies  on  the  same  terms  as  for  our  own  vessels. 

The  P^nglish  government  had  opened  the  ports  of  the  colonics  to  American 
vessels. 

1830,  December  9.  —  The  first  locomotive  engine  built  in  the 
United  States  was  finished  this  year  at  the  West  Point  Founder/ 
in  New  York,  and  tested. 

It  was  built  for  the  South  Carolina  Railroad,  from  Charleston  to  Hamburg,  and 
was  called  the  Best  Friend,  and  afterwards  the  Phoenix.  It  was  built  under  the 
direction  and  at  the  personal  responsibility  of  Mr.  E.  L.  Miller,  who  was  a  strenu- 
ous advocate  of  steam  locomotion.  When  tried,  its  performance  was  much  better 
than  the  contract  called  for. 

1830.  —  The  first  omnibus  w^as  built  and  used  in  New  York 

city. 

1830.  —  The  charter  of  the  Boston  and  Lowell  Railroad  was 
granted  by  the  Massachusetts  legislature. 

1830.  —  A  RAILROAD  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Poutchartrain 
was  commenced. 

It  was  considered  a  great  feat  of  engineering  to  carry  it  through  the  swamp. 
The  engineer  was  General  Joseph  Swift. 

1830.  —  "Book  op  Mormon;"  or,  the  'bctrines  of  the  Mor- 
mons as  expounded  by  Joseph  Smith,  tho  founder  of  the  sect, 
was  published. 

On  April  C,  the  Mormon  church  wog  first  formally  organized  at  Manchester, 
New  York ;  and  at  the  first  conference,  held  at  Fayette  in  June,  the  number  of 
believers  was  thirty. 

1830,  December.  —  The  Globe  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  established  by  Francis  Preston  Blair.  Soon  after  its  issue,  John  C. 
Rives  became  a  partner  with  Slair,  and  Amos  Kendall  a  regular  writer  for  it. 
The  patronage  of  the  government  was  given  to  the  Globe  until  March  3,  184L  In 
1840  Blair  and  Rives  obtained  tho  contract  for  the  imblication  of  the  congressional 
(k'hatcs;  and  in  1849  Blair  sold  his  interest  to  Rives.  The  establishment  of  the 
Olobe  was  due  to  General  Jackson's  wish,  and  it  was  the  organ  of  his  administra- 
tion.   Politically  it  was  known  as  the  organ  of  the  Kitchen  Cabinet. 

1830.  —  The  Albany  Evening  Journal  appeared  in  Albany, 
New  York. 
It  was  edited  by  Thurlow  Weed  in  the  interest  of  the  anti-Masonic  party.    The 


564 


ANNALS   OF  NOiJTH  AMERICA. 


[1830-31. 


li 


National  Monitor  had  taken  tliis  ground  tw  years  buforc,  under  the  mnnngoniont 
of  Solomon  Southwiek,  and  was  absorbed  by  the  Journal.  Thurlow  Weed  liad 
edited  the  Republican  Agriculturist  in  tlio  interest  of  Dc  Witt  Clinton,  and,  as  a 
mombor  of  the  legislature,  became  a  supporter  of  William  II.  Sownrd  and  thu 
editor  of  this  anti-Masonic  organ.  He  retired  from  the  editorship  of  the  Journal 
in  18G2. 

1830. —  The  first  telescope  for  astronomical  purposes  was  put 
up  by  Yale  College. 

1831.  —  The  Supreme  Court  refused  an  application  made  by 
the  Cherokeea  for  an  injunction  against  the  state  of  Georgia,  to 
restrain  her  from  executing  her  laws  witliin  the  Cherokee  ter- 
ritory. 

On  Juno  1,  1830,  tho  laws  of  Georgia  had,  according  to  the  act  of  the  legisla- 
ture, gone  into  force  within  tho  Cherokee  territory,  and  an  Indian  had  been  tried, 
convicted,  and  executed  for  murder.  Tlie  Cherokee  nation  had  therefore  brought 
their  cbuse  before  the  Supreme  Court.  Tho  ground  for  the  decision  of  this  tri- 
bunal was  that  the  Cherokee  nation  was  not  a  foreign  nation,  but  a  dependent 
nation,  in  a  state  of  pui)ilage,  and  holding  their  territory  by  the  right  of  occu- 
pancy. 

1831,  January  1.  —  The  Liberator  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  edited  by  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  was  the  advocate  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery.  In  18G5  Mr.  Garrison,  feeling  that  its  mission  had  been  occoni- 
plislied,  discontinued  it. 

1831,  January  5.  —  The  Daily  Ed  Ing  Advertiser  appeared  in 
Portland,  Maine. 

It  was  published  by  John  and  William  E.  Edwards. 

1831.  —  The  Louisville  Journal  appeared  in  Louisville,  Ken- 
tucky. 

It  was  edited  by  George  D.  Prentice. 

1831.  — The  Spirit  of  the  Times  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  William  T.  Porter,  and  was  the  first  sporting  paper  pub- 
lished in  the  United  States. 

1831.  —  Tbe  "American  Institute  of  Instruction"  was  incor- 
porated in  Massachusetts. 

President  Wayland,  of  Brown  University,  Rhode  Inland,  was  made  its  president. 

1831,  April  5.  —  A  treaty  of  amity,  commerce,  and  navigation 
was  made  between  the  United  States  and  tho  republic  of  Mexico. 

1831.  —  Chloroform  was  first  obtained  by  Samuel  Guthrie,  of 
Sackett's  Harbor,  New  York,  by  distilling  a  mixture  of  chlorido 
of  lime  and  alcohol,  and  then  rectifying  the  result. 

About  this  time,  Liebig  in  Germany,  and  Souberain  in  France,  also  obtained 
it ;  but  it  was  not  until  1834  that  its  true  character  was  discovered. 


[1830-31. 

the  managemont 
irlow  Weed  had 
linton,  and,  as  a 
Sownrd  and  the 
p  of  tlio  Journd 

)08e8  was  put 

tion  made  by 
of  Georgia,  to 
Cherokee  ter- 

nct  of  the  Icgisla- 
ian  had  hcen  tried, 
I  therefore  hrought 
ecision  of  this  tri- 
\,  but  a  dependent 
the  right  of  occu- 

Boston,  Massa- 

vocatc  of  the  aboli- 
Lon  had  been  accom- 

wer  appeared  in 


Louisville,  Ken- 


!^ew  York  city. 

sporting  paper  pub- 

tion"  was  ivicor- 

las  made  its  president. 

L  and  navigation 
^public  of  Mexico 

ImiTol  Guthrie,  of 
ituro  of  chlondo 
lit. 

brance,  also  obtained 
}vered. 


1831-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


565 


1831.  —  Imputsonment  for  debt  upon  contract,  except  in  cases 
whore  fraud  had  been  committed,  or  was  intended,  was  abolished 
in  Now  York  stjite. 

The  otlicr  states  folhiwcd  in  a  measure  the  example  of  New  York ;  and  this 
abolishment  holds  substantially  througii  the  United  States. 

1831,  July  4.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  France  and  the 
United  States. 

By  it  France  agreed  to  pay  the  United  States  twenty-flve  millions  of  ft-ancs  aa 
an  indemnity  for  the  ityuries  done  American  commerce  after  1806. 

1831,  Skptembkr.  —  A  number  of  persons,  among  them  several 
missionaries,  wore  arrested  in  tlio  Ciicrokee  territory  under  the 
authority  of  a  hiw  of  Georgia. 

The  Georgia  legislature,  in  December,  1830,  had  passed  a  law  placing  the  laws 
of  the  state  in  force  in  the  Cherokee  territory,  and  fo"'>''d?''g  the  residence  of 
white  men  there  after  March  1,  1831,  without  permission.  One  of  the  mission- 
aries,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Worcester,  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court. 

1831,  Septembed.  —  The  Wesleyan  University,  at  Middletown, 
Connecticut,  under  the  control  of  the  Metliodist  Episcopal 
Church,  was  opened  for  students. 

The  Ilcv.  W.  Fisk  was  the  first  president. 

1831,  September  30.  —  A  free-trade  convention  met  in  Phila- 
delpiiia. 

It  was  composed  of  about  two  hundred  delegates  from  fifteen  states,  and  re- 
mained in  session  a  week.  Its  memorial  was  presented  to  Congress  the  next 
year. 

1831,  October  26.  —  A  tariff'  convention  met  in  New  York. 

It  contained  about  five  hundred  delegates.  It  prepared  a  memorial  to  Con- 
gress. 

1831.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  made  an  appropria- 
tion lor  the  preparation  and  distribution  of  a  manual  on  the  cul- 
ture of  silk. 

1831.  —  Dr.  Edward  Hitchcock  published  this  year  his  lieport 
on  the  Oeology,  Zoology y  and  Botany  of  Massachusetts. 

He  had  been  appointed  by  the  legislature  the  year  before  to  make  a  survey  of 
the  state. 

1831,  November  9.  —  The  Daily  Morning  Post  appeared  in 
Boston,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Reals  and  Greene ;  and  Charles  Gordon  Greene,  a  member 
of  the  firm,  was  the  editor.     It  is  a  Democratic  paper. 

1832,  January  1.  —  Nineteen  railroads  were  completed  or  in 
process  of  construction,  their  aggregate  length  being  nearly 
fourteen  hundred  miles. 


ff'F 


666 


AMMALS   OF  NOUTII  AMEUICA. 


[1832. 


"rl 


1832. —  The  Porkina  Institute  for  the  Blind  was  ostablishod  in 
Bustun,  MaHsuchuuutts. 

Dr.  S.  Q.  n«)we  wiii  it«  projector,  nnd  Colonel  T.  II.  Perkins  the  cliief  con- 
tributor. This  was  the  first  institution  for  the  pracilc>:<l  education  of  the  blind, 
to  enable  them  to  support  themselves  by  industry. 

1832.  —  The  Sunday  Morning  News  appoaroJ  in  Now  York 
city. 

It  was  publishod  and  edited  by  Samuel  Jenks  Smith,  aided  by  John  Howard 
Payne. 

1832,  January  9.  —  The  Bank  petitioned  Congress  for  a  con- 
tinuance of  its  charter.     • 

A  special  committee  appointed  by  the  House  made  two  reports.  The  majority 
report  was  against  the  re-charter.  The  charKes  against  the  Bank  were :  tiiat  itH 
assets  consisted  largely  of  accommodation  bills,  which  were  worthless ;  that  it 
had  extended  favors  to  congressmen ;  that  it  used  political  intluenco.  The  rc- 
charter  was  passed,  but  was  vetoed  by  the  President  July  10,  1U32. 

1832.  —  A  COMMERCIAL,  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Russia  was  made. 

It  was  negotiated  by  James  Buchanan,  the  American  minister  to  Russia. 

1832,  March  1.  —  The  Supremo  Court  gave  a  decision  in  favor 
of  Mr.  Worcester,  and  against  the  state  of  Georgia. 

The  court  held  that  Georgia  l.  .1  no  right  to  extend  Iier  laws  over  the  Cherokee 
country,  or  to  punish  the  defendant  for  disobeying  tliose  laws  there.  Georgia  ilU- 
regarded  the  decision,  and  still  kept  the  missionaries  in  prison.  The  lands  were 
surveyed  and  offered  for  sale,  and  tlie  missionaries  discontinuing  the  suit,  were 
released  by  the  order  of  the  governor  of  Georgia  on  January  14,  1833. 

1832,  March  1.  —  The  Newark  Advertiser  appeared  at  New- 
ark, New  Jersey. 

William  B.  Kenney  was  the  proprietor. 

1832,  Mat  4.  —  The  general  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  passed 
an  "  act  to  promote  the  culture  of  silk." 

It  authorized  the  governor  to  incorporate  a  society  for  this  purpose  in  eaeli 
county,  and  also  to  establish  a  school  where  the  whole  art  o^'  raising  and  man- 
ufacturing  silk  should  be  taught. 

1832,  July  2.  —  The  Boston  Atlas  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 


It  was  established  by  John  H.  Eastburn. 
Ti-aveller. 


In   1857,  it  was  absorbed  by  the 


1832.  —  The  first  steamboat  appeared  at  Chicago. 

1832,  July  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  exempting  from 
duty,  iron  imported  for  and  actually  laid  on  railroads,  or  in- 
clined plains. 


[1832. 
3BtablisUod  iu 

iR  tlio  olilcf  con- 
tioii  of  the  blind, 

in  New  York 

by  John  Howard 

•ess  for  a  con- 

rtH.  The  majority 
ank  were  :  tliat  its 
worthlcas;  that  it 
ntluonco.  The  re- 
832. 

itod  States  and 

er  to  RuBsia. 

leciftion  iu  favor 

;ia. 

g  over  the  Cherokee 

there.    Georgia  dw- 

n.     The  lands  were 

nuing  the  suit,  were 

14,  18:i3. 

eared  at  New- 


isylvania  passed 

this  purpose  in  eatli 
fo*'  raising  and  niaii- 


Boston,  Massa- 
ma  absorbed  by  the 

igO. 

[exempting  from 
Iraihoads,  or  ia- 


1832-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


067 


1832,  July  U.  —  Congress  passed  unothor  tariflf  aot. 


It  was  to  tuko  ofTict  on  the  »(1  of  March  next.  It  reduced  the  duties  on  n  large 
number  of  articles,  and  increased  them  on  a  few,  but  was  still  a  protective  tariff. 

1832,  AufJUHT  2.  — The  Illinois  Indians,  under  Black  Hawk, 
wore  defeated. 

IJliuk  Hawk  was  captured,  and  tlio  Indians  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi. 
Tliey  liad  commenced  liostilities  in  May.  The  reports  of  tiie  army  of  tlic  fertility 
of  tlio  soil  stimulated  eniigration  to  the  Illinois  country. 

1832,OcTOBEii29.  —  The  New  York  Globe  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  .Tames  Gordon  Bennett.     It  failed  in  a  very  short  time. 

1832,  NovKMHEii  24.  — A  convention  held  at  Columbia,  South 
Carolina,  passed  resolutions  to  nullify  the  tariff  acta  of  Congress. 

The  convention  declared  that  t!ic  tariff  laws  of  1828,  and  .July  14,  1832,  were 
"  unautiiorized  hy  tlie  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  violate  the  true  mean- 
ing and  intent  thereof,  and  are  null  and  void,  and  no  law,  nor  binding  upon  this 
state,  its  otflcers,  or  its  citizens."  Tlie  legislature  also  passed  an  act  empowering 
tlic  governor  to  cmi)loy  the  military  and  naval  force  of  the  state,  and  subject  all 
officers  of  the  state  to  u  test  oath. 

1832,  DiX'EMBRU  10.  —  President  Jackson  issued  a  proclamation 
warning  t\u  authorities  of  South  Carolina  of  the  consequences 
of  their  course,  and  of  the  action  ho  would  be  forced  to  take. 

1832,  December  20.  —  Governor  Hayne,  of  South  Carolina, 
issued  a  proclamation  in  answer  to  that  of  the  President  of  the 
United  States. 

In  tlie  legislature  it  was  said,  referring  to  the  President's  proclamation,  "  Wc 
should  liurl  back  instant  scorn  and  defiance  for  tliis  impotent  missile  of  despicable 
malignity.  Of  answer  to  its  paltry  sophisms  and  disgraceful  invectives,  it  is  ut- 
terly unworthy.  But  the  country  and  the  world  should  know  how  perfectly  we 
despise  and  defy  liim ;  and  they  should  bo  told  tliat  before  they  plant  such  princi- 
ples as  his  upon  our  free  soil,  the  bones  of  many  an  enemy  shall  wliiten  our 
sliores  —  the  carcasses  of  many  a  caitiff  and  traitor  blacken  our  air.*"  The  legis- 
lature pnssied  acts  for  increasing  the  military  force  of  the  state,  and  requested  the 
governor,  Mr.  Hayne,  to  issue  a  proclamation.  In  this  document  he  claimed 
"nullification  as  the  rightful  remedy,"  and  exhorted  the  people  to  protect  their 
liberties,  "  if  need  be  witli  their  lives  and  fortunes." 

1833,  January  16. — The  President  officially  informed  Con- 
gress in  a  message  of  the  action  of  South  Carolina,  and  sug- 
gested the  measures  to  be  taken. 

A  bill  was  prepared  by  t)  •  judiciary,  authorizing  the  President  to  employ  the 
army  and  navy,  if  necessary,  to  collect  the  revenue.  The  legislature  of  Virgini.i 
passed  resolutions  requesting  South  Carolina  to  repeal  the  nullifying  ordinance, 
or  suspend  it  till  the  close  of  the  next  Congress ;  asking  Congress  to  reduce  tho 
duties,  and  reasserting  tho  resolutions  of  the  Virginia  legislature  of  1798.  Ben- 
jamin \V.  Leigh  was  also  appointed  a  commissioner  to  proceed  lo  South  Carolina 


i 


568 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1833. 


with  the  rcsolutionL,  and  expostulate  with  the  authorities  for  the  preservation  of  the 
peace.  Tl.e  legislatures  of  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  New  York,  Delaware, 
Tennessee,  Indiana,  and  MisMouri  disclaimed  the  doctrine  cf  nullification  as  de- 
structive to  the  Constitution.  Tiiose  of  North  Carolina  and  Alabama  joined,  with 
the  expression  of  similar  views,  an  opinion  that  the  tariff  was  inexpedient  and 
unconstitutional.  Georgia  did  the  same,  and  proposed  a  convention  from  the 
southern  states  to  obtain  relief  from  the  tariff.  The  legislature  of  New  Ilamp. 
shire  passed  resolutions  ''n  favor  of  reducing  the  tariff;  while  those  of  Massachu- 
setts, Vermont,  Rhode  ^.sland,  New  Jersey,  and  Pennsylvania  were  in  favor  of 
making  no  modifications  in  it. 

1833,  February  2.  —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  drew  upon 
the  French  minister  of  France  for  the  first  instalment  of  tlie  in- 
demnity due  under  tho  treaty  of  1831. 

The  French  chamber  of  deputies  having  m'vde  no  arrangement  for  the  pay- 
ment of  tlie  indemnity,  tlie  bill  waa  protested,  but  paid  by  Hottinguer.  The 
secretary  of  the  treasury  had  sold  the  bill  to  the  Bank,  and  Hottinguer,  their 
correspondent,  paid  it  for  tlieir  credit.  The  Bank  claimed  fifteen  per  cint. 
damages  from  the  government,  and  reserved  one  hundred  and  seventy  thou- 
sand and  forty-one  dollars  from  the  dividends  due  the  United  States  on  July  17, 
1831.  A  suit  was  instituted  by  the  government  to  recover  tliis,  and  a  verdict  for 
the  government  was  obtained  in  1847. 

1833.  —  An  anti-lottery  society  was  organized  in  Pinladelphia. 
1833,  February  28.  —  The  enforcing  bill  was  passed. 

It  gave  the  President  authority  to  employ  the  army  and  navy  to  collect  the 
duties. 

18:.'3,  March  2.  —  A  tariff  bill,  which  originated  in  the 
Sec  to,  and  passed  both  houses,  received  the  signature  of  the 
President. 

It  was  introduced  in  the  Senate  by  Henry  Clay.  It  provided  that  where  the 
duties  exceeded  twenty  per  cent.,  they  should  be  diminished  after  December  30, 
183.3,  one  tenth,  'ud  a  tentli  each  alternate  year  until  December  31,  1841,  when 
fifty  per  cent,  i  ihe  duty  remaining  should  be  deducted ;  and  after  the  30tli  of 
June,  1842,  the  duties  were  to  be  reduced  twenty  per  cent,  on  a  home  valuation, 
and  be  paid  in  cash. 

1833,  March  11.  —  The  convention  in  South  Carolina  met  at 
the  call  of  the  governor,  and  repealed  the  ordiuan(;e  of  nullifi- 
cation. 

The  nuUifiers  claimed  this  as  a  victoiy. 

1833,  April  24.  —  The  New  York  Mechanics'  Institute  was 
incorporated. 

1833,  August  19.  —  The  government  directors  of  the  Bank,  in 
their  report,  declared  that  tho  Bank  had  spent  large  sums  in 
printing  and  circulating  documents  in  its  favor  during  the  presi- 
dential campaign  of  the  previous  year. 

1833,  September  3.  —  The  JSun  appeared  in  New  York  city. 


[1833. 

Dscrvation  of  the 
fork,  Delaware, 
lliflcation  as  dc- 
)aina  joined,  with 
inexpedient  and 
k'cnlion  from  tlw 
•c  of  New  Ilamp- 
iose  of  Massachu- 
vrere  in  favor  of 

ary  drew  upon 
nent  of  the  in- 

.mcnt  for  the  pay- 
■  Hottinguer.  The 
il  Hottinguor,  their 
i  fifteen  per  cont. 
and  seventy  tlwu- 
d  States  on  July  17, 
is,  and  a  verdict  for 

in  Philadelphia. 

passed. 

.  navy  to  collect  the 

ginated    in    the 
signature  of  the 

,vided  that  wlicrc  the 
,1  after  Peccn\bcr  30, 
ember  31,  1841,  vhcn 
and  after  tUe  30th  of 
on  ft  liomo  valuation, 

Carolina  met  at 
diuance  of  nuUib- 


1833.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


569 


cs' 


Institute  was 


rs  of  tlie  Bank,  in 

n»t  large  sums  m 

during  the  presi- 

Hncw  York  city. 


It  was  published  by  Benjamin  11.  Day.  Eventually,  it  became  the  property 
of  Moses  Yale  Beach.  It  was  the  first  successfully  established  pajjcr  which  sold  for 
a  cent.     It  is  now  sold  for  two  cents. 

1833.  —  The  Boston  Daily  Journal  appeared  in  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Ford  and  Damrcll,  and  edited  by  John  S.  Sleeper.  It  is 
now  managed  by  a  stock  association. 

1833,  October  1.  —  An  order  was  given  for  the  removal  of  the 
public  deposits  from  the  Bank,  and  for  their  deposit  in  the  local 
banks. 

The  President  in  his  message  had  suggested  that  the  deposits  were  unsafe  in 
the  Bank,  and  Congress  had  referred  the  subject  to  a  committee  who  reported  that 
llie  deposits  were  safe.  As  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  refused  to  give  an  order 
for  the  removal  of  the  deposits,  he  was  removed  from  ofBcc,  and  Roger  B.  Taney, 
then  attorney-general,  appointed  to  the  place. 

1833.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  to  Obed  Ilussey,  of  Cincinnati, 
for  a  machine  reaper. 

The  next  year  one  was  issued  to  McCormick  of  Virginia. 

1833. —  Grand  Rapids,  Michigan,  was  settled. 

The  city  was  incorporated  in  ISRO.  The  river  supplies  it  with  water-power, 
and  steamboats  connect  it  with  Lake  Michigan,  so  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest 
trading  and  m.-inufacturing  cities  in  the  state.  Salt,  limestone,  gypsum,  and  pine 
lumber  are  among  its  principal  exports.  The  year  of  its  incorporation  as  a  city, 
St.  Mark's  College  was  founded  under  the  auspices  of  the  Episcopalians. 

1833.  —  Dr.  William  Beaumont  published  the  result  of  his 
experiments  on  the  stomach  of  St.  ]\Iartia. 

Dr.  Beaumont  was  stationed  as  surgeon  at  Michilimackinac,  Michigan.  In 
June,  1822,  young  St.  Martin  received  a  wound  in  his  left  side,  tho  shot  entering 
his  stomach.  By  careful  treatment  he  recovered,  though  hu  always  had  an  aper- 
ture two  and  a  half  inches  in  circumference  opening  into  his  stomach.  Dr. 
Beaumont  was  born  in  179G;  died  at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  April  25,  1853. 

1833.  —  The  normal-school  system  was  established  ia  Massa- 
chusetts. 

Edmund  Dwight,  of  Boston,  gave  ten  thousand  dollars  for  tlie  purpose,  on  con- 
dition that  the  state  should  raise  an  equal  amount,  which  was  done. 

1833,  October  2.  —  The  anti-slavery  society  of  New  York  was 
organized. 

On  the  1st  of  October,  the  following  notice  was  placarded  in  the  city : 
"The  friends  of  inmiediato  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  United  States  are  re- 
quested to  meet  at  Clinton  Hall  on  Wedncsdaj'  evening,  2d  October,  at  half  past 
seven  o'clock,  to  form  a  New  York  City  Anti-Slavery  Society,  (^onunittee : 
Joshua  Leavitt,  John  Rankin,  William  Goodell,  William  Green,  Jr.,  Lewis 
Tappan." 


570 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1833. 


The  lioxt  day  the  following  placard  was  posted : 

^^  Notice  to  nil  Persons  from  the  South.  —  All  porsonB  interested  in  the  object 
of  a  mooting  called  by  J,  Leavitt,  W.  Goodell,  W.  Green,  Jr.,  J.  Rankin,  and 
L.  Tappan,  at  Clinton  Hall,  this  evening  at  seven  o'clock,  are  requested  to  attend 
at  the  same  hour  and  place.  Many  Sojjtiierneus. 

"  N.  D,  All  citizens  who  may  feel  disposed  to  manifest  the  true  feeling  of  the 
State  on  this  subject  are  requested  to  attend." 

The  trustees  of  Clinton  Hall  becoming  alarmed,  refused  to  open  the  hull.  The 
movers  of  the  society  therefore  met  —  fifty-three  of  them  —  in  the  Chatliam  Street 
Chapel,  and  in  half  an  hour  organized  their  society,  and  adjourned.  The  crowd 
that  had  gathered  at  Clinton  Hall,  hearing  of  this,  rushed  to  the  chapel,  but  were 
just  too  late. 

1833.  —  After  the  defeat  of  the  Spaniards  by  Santa  Anna 
in  1829,  revolutions  followed  each  other  headed  by  Santa  Anna, 
Bustamente,  and  Guerrero.  In  1831,  the  lattm*  was  captured 
and  executed,  and  in  April,  1835,  Santa  Anna  was  elected  presi- 
dent, and  Bustamente  was  exiled. 

1833.  —  ANTHRACITI3  coal  was  successfully  used  in  a  hot  blast 
by  Frederick  W.  Geisenhaiiner,  of  Pennsylvania. 

He  had  been  experimenting  with  it  for  some  time,  and  took  out  a  patent  for 
the  process. 

1833,  November.  —  The  Democrat  appeared  in  Chicago,  Illinois. 
This  was  the  first  newspaper  in  Chicago.  . 

1833.  —  The  Advertiser  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

1833,  December  3.  —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  gave  his 
reasons  for  removing  the  deposits  from  the  Bank. 

These  were  :  that  the  exchange  committee  of  the  directors  managed  the  Bank; 
that  the  Bank  had  meddled  with  politics;  tliat  it  had  deferred  the  payment  of  the 
three  per  cents,  and  demanded  damages  for  the  draft  on  i'rance.  TIjo  acting  sec- 
retary was  Roger  B.  Taney,  who  had  been  recently  appointed  in  place  of  Duane, 
who  refused  to  remove  the  deposits.     Taney  was  not  confirmed  as  secretary. 

1833,  December  9.  —  The  government  directors  of  the  Bank 
reported  that  they  were  excluded  from  knowing  the  Bank's  con- 
dition. 

1833.  —  The  constitution  of  Massachusetts  was  amended,  mak- 
ing the  individual  contributions  to  the  support  of  the  ministry 
voluntary,  instead  of  obligatory,  as  it  had  been. 

A  bill,  called  tlie  "religious  liberty  bill,"  which  proposed  substantially  the 
same  thing,  had  been  proposed  in  the  legislature  in  1807,  but  was  lost. 

1833,  December  11.  —  The  Qreen  Bay  Intelligencer  appeared  at 
Green  Bay,  Wisconsin. 

It  was  published  by  Suydam  and  Ellis.  After  three  numbers,  it  was  entirely 
controlled  by  Mr.  A.  G.  Ellis. 


[1833. 

ited  in  the  object 
,  J.  Bankin,  and 
cquestud  to  attend 

SOUTIIKKNEUS. 

true  feeling  of  the 

pen  the  hall.  The 
he  Chatham  Street 
irncd.  The  crowd 
le  chapel,  but  were 

by  Santa  Anna 
by  Santa  Anna, 
r  was  captured 
,8  elected  presi- 

id  in  a  hot  blast 

took  out  a  patent  for 

Cliicago,  Illinois. 

.labaraa. 
reasury  gave  his 

|a  managed  the  Bank; 
h1  the  payment  of  the 
Ini-e.  The  acting  sec- 
id  in  place  of  Duanc, 
ped  as  secretary. 

Itors  of  the  Bank 
the  Bank's  con- 

?is  amended,  mak- 
of  the  ministry 

Led   substantially  the 
It  was  lost. 

Veneer  appeared  at 
Imbers,  it  was  entirely 


1834.] 
183:4. 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


571 


Congress  passed  an  act  amending  the  copy-right  law. 

The  original  term  of  fourteen  years  was  doubled,  and  the  wife  and  children  of 
an  author  in  case  of  his  death  were  entitled  to  a  renewal. 

1834.  —  The  Philanthropist  appeared  at  Cincinnati. 

It  advocated  the  cause  of  emancipation.  It  was  published  by  James  G.  Bir- 
ney,  a  professor  in  Danville,  Kentucky.  Having  become  convinced  of  the  error 
of  slavery,  ho  freed  his  own  slaves,  and  moved  to  Cincinnati  for  the  purpose  of 
starting  his  paper.     His  office  at  one  time  was  sacked  by  a  mob. 

1834.  —  TiiB  Ohio  Company  imported  fine  specimens  of  im- 
proved English  cattle. 

In  1841,  Mr.  Coleman,  a  well-known  agricultural  writer,  said  that  the  general 
treatment  of  cows  in  New  England  was  a  proper  subject  for  presentment  by  a 
grand  jury. 

1834.  —  Burlington,  Towa,  named  after  the  city  of  same  name 
ill  Vermont,  was  laid  out. 

In  1837  it  was  made  the  territorial  capital  of  the  state.  It  is  the  terminus  of 
several  of  thf  western  railroads,  and  has  rapidly  increased.  In  1854  the  Bur- 
lington University  was  founded.  Large  manufactures  are  carried  on  at  Burling- 
ton, tlie  extensive  coal-fields  near  by  offering  unusual  facilities. 

1834,  January.  —  John  Russell,  of  Greenfield,  MassachuaettH, 
started  the   first  manui'actury  ior  table  cutlery  in  the  United 

States. 

1834.  —  The  Albany  CuUivafor  appeared  in  Albany,  New 
York. 

It  was  edited  by  Jesse  Buel. 

1834.  —  The  Arlcansas  Gazette  appeared  in  Little  Rock,  Ar- 
kansas. 

^834.  —  The  Helena  Herald  appeared  in  Helena,  Arkansas. 

1834,  February  4.  —  Tlie    Senate   appointed  a  committee  to 
investigate  the  concerns  of  the  Bank. 
It  reported  favorably  to  the  Bunk  December  18th. 

1834,  March  28.  —  The  Senate  resolved  that  in  the  removal 
of  the  deposits  the  President  "  had  assumed  upon  himsoif  author- 
ity and  power  not  conferred  by  the  Constitution  and  tlie  laws." 

On  the  15th  of  April  the  President  sent  to  the  Senate  a  protest  against  this  res- 
olution, wliich  that  body  refused  to  enter  upon  tlie  record.  The  resolution  was 
"expunged"  from  the  record  of  the  Senate  on  January  IG,  1837. 

1834,  April  4.  —  The  House  resolved  that  the  Bank  should 
not  be  re-chartered,  nor  the  deposits  restored  to  it,  and  appointed 
another  committee  of  investigation. 


572 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1834-5. 


1834,  May  2.  —  The  assembly  of  New  York  authorized  a  joint 
stock  company  for  supplying  New  York  city  with  water. 

This  was  tlic  project  of  the  Croton-water  supply.  In  April,  1835,  the  citizens  at 
an  election  approved  of  the  plan.  The  work  was  begun  in  the  spring  of  1837, 
and  completed  October  14,  1842. 

1834.  —  Three  branch  mints  were  established  by  Congress. 

One  was  at  New  Orleans,  for  coining  gold  and  silver ;  one  at  Charlotte,  North 
Carolina,  and  one  at  Dahlonega,  Georgia. 

1834,  May  22.  —  The  committee  of  investigation  of  the  Baok 
presented  a  majority  and  minority  report  to  the  House  of  Rep. 
resentatives. 

The  majority  report  stated  that  the  Bank  had  refused  to  submit  to  investiga- 
tions ;  the  minority  report  stated  that  the  committee  had  made  unreasonable  de- 
mands upon  the  Bank. 

1834,  June  28, — The  coinage  of  the  United  States  was 
altered. 

The  silver  dollar  was  made  to  weigh  four  hundred  twelve  and  a  half  grains  of 
pure  metal,  and  the  gold  dollar  twenty-flve  and  eight  tenth  grains,  twenty-three 
and  two  tenths  pure  metal ;  the  two  commodities  ranking  as  fifteen  and  ninety- 
nine  one  liundredths  to  one.  The  standard  for  silver  wati  nine  hundred  thou- 
sandths fine;  and  for  gold,  eighty-nine  thousand  nine  hundred  and  twenty-two 
hundred  thousandths.  Foreign  coins  were  rated  so  low  that  they  were  not  sent  to 
the  mint ;  and  silver,  by  the  above,  was  rated  so  low  that  it  was  exported. 

1834.  —  A  state  geological  survey  of  Maryland  was  begun. 

It  was  made  by  Dr.  J.  T.  Ducatel,  and  was  completed  in  seven  annual  reports. 

1834. — The  first  linen-mill  was  built  at  Fall  River,  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1834,  July.  —  A  riot  took  place  in  New  York  city  against  the 
abolitionists. 

The  Chatham  Street  Chapel,  the  Bowery  Theatre,  Dr.  S.  H.  Cox's  church  ml 
house,  Zion's  Church  (colored),  the  Rev.  Mr.  Ludlow's  church,  St.  Philip's 
Church  (colored),  the  African  Baptist  church,  Arthur  and  Lewis  Tappan's 
houses,  were  sacked. 

1835,  January  31.  —  A  new  congresj,  announced  by  Santa 
Anna,  assembled  at  Mexico. 

The  constitution  was  abolished,  the  militia  of  the  several  states  was  disarmed, 
and  a  central  government  organized. 

1835,  March  6.  —  The  directors  of  the  Bank  ordered  the  ex- 
change committee  to  make  loans  upon  the  stock  of  the  Bank,  in 
order  to  wind  up  the  concern.  The  twenty-five  branches  were 
Bold,  for  bonds  running  from  one  to  five  years. 

1835.  —  A  Prices  Current  appeared  in  Cincinnati. 


[1834-5. 

orized  a  joint 
rater. 

,35,  the  citizens  at 
3  spring  of  1837, 


,'  Congress, 
t  Charlotte,  North 


)n  of  the  Bank 
House  of  Bep- 


submit  to  investiga- 
ie  unreasonable  de- 


1835.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


573 


ted  States  was 

and  a  half  grains  of 
grains,  twenty-three 
8  fifteen  and  ninety 
,  nine  hundred  thou- 
drcd  and  twenty-two 
they  were  not  sent  to 
was  exported. 

nd  was  begun. 

seven  annual  reports. 

all  Biver,  Massa- 
city  against  the 

H  Cox's  church  awl 
church,  St.  Philip'* 
and    Lewis  Tappan's 

)unced  by  Santa 
U  states  was  disarmed, 

K.  ordered  the  ex- 
£k  of  the  Bank,  w 
I've  branches  were 

inati. 


1835.  —  The  first  bouse  at  Yerba  Buena,  California  (now  San 
Francisco),  was  built. 

In  183P  a  survey  was  made,  streets  laid  out,  and  town  lots  marked  off.  In 
1776  the  site  had  been  occupied  as  the  Mission  Dolores.  In  1835  all  the  nu.ssions 
in  California  were  secularized,  and  the  settlement  was  called  Yerba  Buona.  In 
1846  it  passad  into  the  possession  of  tlic  United  States,  and  in  1847  tlie  town 
council  changed  its  name  to  San  Francisco.  The  population  then  numbered  four 
hundred  and  fifty-nine. 

1835,  March  30. — The  Nashville  Union  appeared  in  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee. 

It  was  edited  by  Samuel  McLauglilin. 

1835,  May  6.  —  Tlie  New  York  Herald  appeared  in  New  York 

city. 

It  was  published  by  James  Gordon  Bennett.  The  first  number  said :  '•  "Wo 
have  liad  an  experience  of  nearly  fifteen  years  in  conducting  newspapers.  On 
that  score  we  cannot  surely  fail  in  knowmg  at  least  how  to  build  up  a  reputation 
and  establishment  of  our  own.  In  debuts  of  this  kind  many  talk  of  principle  — 
political  principle  —  as  a  sort  of  steel-trap  to  catch  the  public.  We  mean  to  be 
perfectly  understood  on  this  point,  and  therefore  openly  disclaim  all  steel-traps, 
all  principle,  as  it  is  called,  all  party,  all  politics.  Our  only  guide  shall  be  a 
good,  sound,  practical  commoti  sense,  applicable  to  the  business  and  bosoms  of 
men  engaged  in  every-day  life.  We  shall  support  no  party,  bo  the  organ  of  no 
faction  or  coterie,  and  care  nothing  for  any  election  or  any  candidate,  from  pres- 
ident down  to  a  constable.  We  shall  endeavor  to  record  facts  on  every  suitable  and 
proper  subject,  stripped  of  verbiage  and  coloring,  with  comments,  when  suitable, 
just,  independent,  fearless,  and  good-tempered."  On  the  11th  of  May  the  second 
number  appeared.  With  the  establishment  of  the  Herald  tlie  modern  era  of  tlio 
newspaper  opened,  and  it  has  been  the  first  to  introduce  most  of  the  distinctive 
characteristics  of  the  modern  press.  First,  the  money  articles,  commenced  in 
May,  1835;  the  cash  system,  introduced  from  its  origin;  the  organization  of  a 
system  for  gathering  news ;  the  publication  of  maps  and  illustrations,  in  1838 ; 
the  arrangements  made  the  same  year  for  foreign  correspondence ;  the  general 
spirit  of  enterprise  which  in  18-15  led  to  the  establishment  of  expresses  from 
Texas  and  Mexico.  Mr.  Bennett  died  June  1st,  1872,  aged  seventy-six.  The 
Herald  is  published  by  his  son. 

1835.  —  The  formation  of  banks,  which  began  the  year  before, 
continued  through  this  year. 

Notes  under  five  dollars  were  forbidden  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  Virginia, 
Georgia,  Tennessee,  Louisiana,  North  Carolina,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  Maine,  New 
York,  New  Jersey,  and  Alabama.  Notes  for  one  or  for  two  dollars  were  forbid- 
den in  Connecticut.  There  were  no  notes  under  five  dollars  in  Mississippi  and 
Illinois,  while  Missouri  had  no  bank  of  issue. 

1835,  August.  —  Anti-slavery  documents  sent  by  mail  to 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  were  destroyed. 

The  grand  jury  in  Alabama  indicted  R.  J.  Williams,  the  editor  of  the  Emanci- 
pator; and  Governor  Gayle,  of  Alabama,  made  a  requisition  upon  Governor 
I  Marcy,  of  New  York,  for  his  delivery,  which  was  refused,     A  committee  of  vigi- 


:Si-«' 


i 


574 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1835. 


lance  in  Louisiana  offered  a  reward  of  fifty  thousand  dollars  for  the  delivery  of 
Arthur  Tappan.  The  state  of  Mississippi  offered  five  thousand  dollars  for  the 
arrest  of  persons  convicted  of  circulating  the  Liberator  or  other  seditious  publi- 
cations in  the  state.  On  application  from  Virginia,  concerning  the  suppresnion 
of  anti-slavery  documents  in  tiie  mail,  Postmaster-General  Kendall  said  he  had  no 
authority  to  do  so,  and  the  only  means  for  redress  was  "  in  responsibilities  volun- 
tarily assumed  l)y  the  postmasters."  To  the  postmaster  of  New  York,  wlio  had 
detained  such  documents  and  written  to  him  for  advice,  he  said,  "If  I  were  sit- 
uated as  you  are,  I  would  do  as  you  have  done."  In  his  annual  message  tlie 
I'resident  referred  to  the  subject,  suggesting  the  passage  of  a  law  that  should 
'  prohibit,  under  severe  penalties,  the  circulation  through  the  mail  of  incendiary 
publications,  intended  to  instigate  the  slaves  to  insurrection."  This  part  of  the 
message  being  referred  to  a  special  committee,  a  bill  was  introduced  prohibiting 
postmasters  from  knowingly  mailing  or  delivering  such  publications,  but  to  burn 
them.  The  bill  was  rejected  in  the  Senate,  where  it  had  originated,  by  a  vote  of 
five  to  nineteen. 

Governor  McDuffle,  of  South  Carolina,  in  his  message  to  the  legislature,  said : 
*'  No  human  institution,  in  my  opinion,  is  more  manifestly  consistent  with  the  will 
of  God  than  domestic  slavery ;  and  no  one  of  his  ordinances  is  written  in  more 
legible  characters  than  that  which  consigns  the  African  race  to  this  condition,  as 
more  conducive  to  their  own  happiness  than  any  other  of  which  they  are  suscep- 
til)le.  Domestic  slavery,  therefore,  instead  of  being  a  political  evil,  is  the  corner- 
stone of  our  republican  edifice.  No  patriot  wlo  justly  estimates  our  privileges 
will  tolerate  the  idea  of  emancipation  at  any  period,  however  remote,  or  on  any 
condition  of  pecuniary  advantage,  however  favorable.  I  would  as  soon  think  of 
opening  a  negotiation  for  selling  the  liberty  of  the  state  at  once,  as  of  making 
any  stipulation  for  the  ultimate  emancipation  of  our  slaves.  So  deep  is  my  con- 
viction on  this  subject,  that  if  I  wee  doomed  to  die  immediately  after  recording 
these  sentiments,  I  would  say  in  all  sincerity,  and  under  all  the  sanctions  of 
Christianity  and  patriotism,  '  God  forbid  that  my  descendants,  in  the  remotest 
generation,  should  live  in  any  other  than  a  community  having  the  institution  of 
domestic  slavery  as  it  existed  among  the  patriarchs  of  the  primitive  church  and 
in  all  the  states  of  antiquity.'  " 

1835,  December  29.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  the  Cherokees 
in  Georgia,  by  which  they  agreed  to  remove  west  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi. 

They  were  to  be  paid  five  million  dollars  for  their  lands,  six  hundred  thousand 
dollars  for  their  expenses  in  moving,  and  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  more. 
The  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  Senate  in  May,  1836. 

1835.  —  The  President,  in  his  message,  announced  the  extin- 
guishment of  the  national  debt. 

The  duties  on  imports,  and  the  sale  of  the  public  lands,  had  produced  the 
money  for  this  purpose. 

1835.  —  The  first  tiles  for  draining  are  said  to  have  been  used 
about  this  date  by  John  Johnston,  near  Geneva,  New  York,  he 
having  made  the  tiles  by  hand. 

1835.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  revolving  pistol  was  granted  to  Samuel 
Colt. 


[1835. 

r  the  delivery  of 
i  dollars  for  the 
r  seditious  publi- 
the  suppreHsion 
ill  said  he  had  no 
onsibilities  volun- 
w  York,  who  had 
1   «« If  I  were  sit- 
nual  message  the 
I  law  that  should 
mail  of  incendiary 
This  part  of  tlie 
jduced  prohibiting 
ations,  but  to  burn 
latcd,  by  a  vote  of 

e  legislature,  said : 
listent  with  the  will 
is  written  in  more 
to  this  condition,  as 
ich  they  are  suseep- 
1  evil,  is  the  corner- 
nates  our  privileges 
r  remote,  or  on  any 
lid  as  soon  think  of 
once,  as  of  making 
So  deep  is  my  con- 
ately  after  recording 
all  the  sanctions  of 
its,  in  the  remotest 
ig  the  institution  of 
riiuitive  church  and 

ih  the  Cherokees 
est  of  the  Mis- 

Bix  hundred  thousand 
ausand  dollars  more. 

inced  the  extin- 
ds,  had  produced  the 

y,  have  been  used 
fa,  New  York,  he 

Iraiited  to  Samuel 


1835-6.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


575 


1835.  —  McKendree  College,  at  Lebanon,  Illinois,  was  started 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church. 

1835,  December.  —  The  second  Seminole  war  began. 

1835.  —  Shurtlepp  College,  at  Upper  Alton,  Illinois,  under 
the  patronage  of  the  Baptists,  was  founded. 

It  was  named  after  Dr.  Shurtleff,  of  Boston,  Massachusetts,  who  liberally 
endowed  it. 

1836.  —  The  constitution  of  Pennsylvania  was  amended. 

1836.  —  Mrs.  Ernestine  L.  Rose,  a  Polish  lady,  began  lec- 
turing through  the  country. 

The  "Equal  Rights  of  Women  "was  one  of  her  subjects.  She  sent  to  the 
New  York  legislature  a  petition,  with  five  names,  concerning  the  property  riglits 
of  women.  Another,  with  thirty  names,  was  sent  the  same  year.  Neither  of 
them  met  any  notice  from  tlie  legislature. 

1836.  —  The  constitution  of  Vermont  was  amended. 
A  senate  of  thirty  members  was  made  a  part  of  the  legislature. 

1836.  — Janesville,  Wisconsin,  Avas  founded. 

In  1853  it  received  a  city  charter.  Numbers  of  the  northwestern  railroads 
intersect  at  this  point,  and  the  city  had  a  rapidly  increasing  trade. 

1836.  —  Davenport,  Iowa,  was  settled. 

It  was  organized  as  a  town  in  1839,  and  in  1851  as  a  city.  In  1848  Iowa  Col- 
lege was  founded  here,  —  an  institution  for  both  men  and  women.  Tlie  city  has 
a  large  commercial  and  manufacturing  business. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survcy  of  New  York  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Professors  Emmons,  M.  L.  Vanuxen,  L.  C.  Beck,  T.  A. 
Conrad,  and  James  Hall.  Five  annual  reports  were  made,  and  the  report  pub- 
lished in  several  volumes. 

1836.  —  A  state  survey  of  Georgia  was  ordered. 
It  was  intrusted  to  J.  R.  Cotting,  who  reported  in  1841. 

1836.  —  A  report  upon  the  geology  of  Kentucky,  by  D. 
Trimble,  was  published. 

1836,  February. 8.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  concerning 
the  anti-slavery  petitions  presented  to  it,  that  it  had  "  no  consti- 
tutional authority  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  the  institution  of 
slavery  in  any  of  the  states  of  this  confederacy." 

Numerous  petitions  had  been  handed  in  to  Congress,  especially  for  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  concerning  which  it  was  at  tlie  same 
I  time  resolved  that  "  Conj^Tcss  ought  not  to  interfere  in  any  way  with  slavery  in 
j  the  District  of  Columbia,  because  it  would  be  a  violation  of  the  public  faith,  un- 
wise, impolitic,  and  dangerous  to  the  Union." 


576 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1836. 


f- 


1836,  February  13.  —  A  bread  riot  took  place  in  New  York 
city. 

A  meeting  had  been  called  in  City  Hall  Park  to  protest  against  the  high  price 
of  rents,  fuel,  and  food,  and  the  mob  sacked  a  largo  grain  and  provision  store. 

1836,  February  15.  —  Pennsylvania  granted  a  charter  to  the 
Bank. 

Tltc  new  charter  required  the  Bank  to  aid  certain  schemes  of  internal  im- 
proTcment.  . 

1836,  March  2.  —  The  representatives  of  Texas  met  at  Wash- 
ington  on  the  Brazos,  and  made  a  declaration  of  independence 
from  Mexico. 

A  constitution  was  formed  and  a  provisional  government  organized,  —  Samuel 
Houston  being  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  army,  and  in  September  pres- 
ident of  the  republic. 

1836,  March  3.  —  The  charter  of  the  Bank  given  by  Congress 
expired,  but  the  Bank  continued  under  the  title  of  the  United 
States  Bank  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Bank  had  loaned  twenty  millions  upon  its  stock,  under  tlie  resolution  of 
the  year  before. 

1836,  March  5.  —  The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  captured 
the  Alamo,  and  slaughtered  the  garrison. 
Texas  had  risen  against  the  central  government. 

1836,  March  23.  —  Steam-power  was  introduced  into  the  mint 
at  Philadelphia. 

It  was  used  for  driving  a  new  coining-press,  designed  by  Franklin  Peale, 
together  with  a  new  milling-machine.     A  medal  was  struck  in  commemoration. 

1836,  March  25.  —  The  Public  Ledger  appeared  in  Phila- 
delphia. 

It  was  established  by  W.  M.  Swain,  A.  S.  Abell,  and  Azariah  H.  Simmons. 
Shortly  after  its  appearance  it  united  with  the  Transcript,  and  took  tlic  title 
Public  Ledger  and  Daily  Transcript.  iLd  price  was  one  cent.  In  1864  it  was 
bought  by  George  W.  Childs,  and  the  price  raised  to  two  cents. 

1836.  —  Madison  was  chosen  as  the  capital  of  Wisconsin. 

It  was  then  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness.  The  city  is  built  between  the  two 
lakes  Mendota  and  Monona. 

1836.  —  Felt  cloth  was  first  successfully  made  at  Norwalk, 
Connecticut. 

The  method  for  making  it  was  patented  by  John  Arnold  in  1829,  and  improved  I 
afterwards. 

1836.  —  Union  Theological  Seminary,  in  New  York  city,  was  j 
founded. 

1836.  —  The  first  observatory  in  the  country  was  built  at  Wil- 
liams College,  Massachusetts,  by  Professor  Hopkins. 


[1836. 
ji  New  York 

,8t  the  high  price 
rovJBion  store. 

charter  to  the 


1836.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


577 


es 


of  internal  im- 


3  met  at  Wash- 
t'  independence 

rganized,  — Samuel 
in  September  pros- 


ren  by  Congress 
}  of  the  United 

icr  tlic  resolution  of 

I  Anna,  captured 


jed  into  the  mint 

by  Franklin  Peak, 
in  commemoration. 

peared  in  Vh\h- 

,  Azariah  H.  Simmons. 
■pt,  and  took  tlic  title 
cent.  Inl864itwas 
ents. 

3f  Wisconsin. 
buUt  between  the  two 

made  at  Norvvall?, 

in  1829,  and  improved  I 

^ewYorkcity,wa3| 


y  was  built  at  Wil- 
Dpkins. 


1836,  April  11.  —  The  Massachusetts  legislature  offered  a 
bounty  of  ton  cents  a  pound  for  cocoons,  and  a  dollar  u  pound 
for  raw  silk. 

Only  ciglity-fivc  dollars  and  twenty  cents  were  claimed  under  it  this  year. 
Maine  and  New  Jersey  also  offered  bounties  upon  silk-raising.  New  Jersey 
repealed  the  act  the  next  year. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  Maine  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  to  whom  Massachusetts 
Intrusted  also  the  survey  of  her  hinds  in  Maine.  Dr.  Jackson  made  three  annual 
reports  concerning  Maine,  and  two  to  Massachusetts. 

1836.  —  The  Beaver  Meadow  Railroad,  in  Pennsylvania,  began 
the  use  of  anthracite  coal  as  luel,  instead  of  wood. 

1836,  May  14.  —  A  treaty  was  made  by  Mexico  with  Texas, 
acknowledging  its  independence. 

Santa  Anna,  having  been  made  captive  at  the  battle  of  San  Jacinto,  with  others 
signed  the  treaty,  pledging  theniaclves  to  have  it  confirmed  as  soon  as  possible. 

1836,  June  9.  —  Tiie  Seminoles,  under  Osceola,  were  repulsed 
in  an  attack  on  the  United  States  fortified  post  at  Micanopy, 
Florida. 

On  the  12th  of  August  the  Seminoles  were  victorious  at  Fort  Doano. 

1836,  June  15.  • —  Arkansas  was  recognized  as  an  indepeni'.ent 

state. 

Until  1812  it  had  formed  a  part  of  Louisiana,  and  then,  until  1810,  a  part  of 
Missouri,  wlien  it  was  made  a  separate  territory.  The  legislature  had  called  a 
convontion,  witliout  the  action  of  Congress,  .January  1,  to  form  a  eouKtitution, 
and  after  making  it  applied  for  admission  to  the  Uni(m.  It  was  objected  that 
sucli  action  was  unlawful,  and  also  that  the  constitution  forbade  the  legislature  to 
emancipate  the  slaves. 

1836,  June  18.  —  The  Pennsylvania  legislature  passed  an  act 
making-  arbitration  compulsory  if  either  party  to  a  civil  action 
wishes  to  refer  it  to  arbitrators. 

If  the  parties  cannot  agree  on  the  arbitrators,  tlie  prothonotary  draws  up  a 
list  of  names,  allows  each  side  alternately  to  strike  off  one,  until  the  requisite 
number  only  is  left,  who  constitute  tlie  arbitrators.  From  their  award,  however, 
there  can  be  an  appeal. 

1836,  June  20,  —  The  New  York  Express  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  was,  published  by  James  and  Erastus  Brooks.  In  183G  the  Daily  Adveiiiser 
was  unitfd  with  it.     It  was  finally  issued  as  the  Evaiing  Exi>rcss. 

1836,  June  23.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  ordering  the  surplus 
revenue  in  the  treasury  on  the  1st  of  January,  1837,  —  over  five 
millioils  of  dollars,  —  to  be  deposited  with  the  states. 

A.  surplus  of  over  forty  millions  of  dollars  accumulated  this  year  in  tlie 

I  treasury. 

37 


ft- < 

■A        . 


678 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMEBICA. 


[1836-7. 


1836,  July  4.  —  Tho  act  reorganizing  tho  patent  offico  waa 
approved. 

By  it  the  patent  office  wns  made  a  sopjirnto  department,  with  a  chief,  to  ho  called 
Conmiissioner  of  Paten'.s,  appointed  hy  tlie  Trosidcnt.  Tl>o  first  coniniisBioncr 
was  Henry  L.  Kllswortli.  Other  suhsequent  acts  were  approved,  March  8,  1837; 
March  3,  1830;  August  29,  1842;  May  27,  1848;  March  4,  18G1. 

1836,  July  11.  —  The  secretary  of  the  treasury  issued  a  cir- 
oular  ordering  nothing  but  specie  to  bo  received  in  payment  of 
the  public  lands. 

It  was  filed  in  the  state  department,  March  3,  1837. 

After  the  15th  of  August,  sales  to  others  than  actual  settlers  or  residents  in  tho 
state,  and  not  exceeding  three  hundred  and  twenty  acres,  were  to  be  paid  for  in 
specie,  and  after  December  15,  all  sales,  without  exception. 

1836,  October  24.  —  A  patent  lor  friction-matches  was  granted. 

It  was  granted  to  Alonzo  1).  Phillips,  of  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

1836,  December  15.  —  Tiio  patent  offico,  with  its  contents,  was 
burned. 

1836.  —  A  LAW  was  passed  in  Massachusetts  forbidding  the 
employment  in  factories  of  children  under  fifteen,  unless  in  every 
year  they  had  eleven  weeks'  schooling. 

1836.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  survey  of  Virginia  was  begun  by  Pro- 
fessor W.  B.  Rogers. 

It  was  completed  in  six  annual  reports.  Pennsylvania  and  New  Jersey  ordered 
surveys  to  be  made  by  Professor  Henry  1).  Kogcrs.  The  first  report  for  New 
Jersey  was  made  this  year,  and  tho  last  in  1840.  In  1859  Professor  liogers  pub- 
lished tho  report  for  Pennsylvania, 

1836.  —  The  Washington  mine,  in  Davidson  County,  North 
Carolina,  was  opened. 

It  is  the  only  lead  mine  in  the  country  that  has  produced  much  silver. 

1829-1837.  —  Seventh  administration. 

President, 
Vice-Presidents, 


Secretaries  of  State, 


Secretaries  of  Treasury, 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee, 
f  John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina. 
1  Martin  Van  Buren,  New  York,  March  4,  1833. 
f  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  March  G,  1829. 

Edward  Livingston,  of  Louisiana,  May  24,  1831. 

Louis  McLane,  of  Delaware,  March  29,  1833. 
.John  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  June  27,  1834. 

Sam.  D.  Ingham,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  G,  1829. 

Louis  McLane,  of  Delaware,  August  8,  1831. 

Wm.  J.  Duane,  of  Pennsylvania,  May  29,  1833. 

Roger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  September  3,  1833; 
not  confirmed  by  Senato. 
i.  Levi  Woodbury,  of  New  Hampshire,  Juno  23,  1834. 

(John  H.  Eaton,  of  Tennessee,  March  9,  1829. 
Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  August  1,  1831;  resigned, 
November  1,  1836. 


[1836-7. 
Qut  office  was 

chief,  to  1)0  callod 
Irst  comniissiontr 
d,  Mftrch  3,  1837 ; 
1. 

\f  iasiiod  a  cir- 
in  payment  of 


or  residents  in  tlio 
to  bo  paid  for  >" 

les  wa8  granted. 

iclmsctts. 

ts  contents,  was 

1  forbidding  the 
,  uiiloas  in  every 

J  begun  by  Pro- 

l  New  Jeroey  ordered 
first  report  for  Kc* 
rofcasor  liogors  pub- 

County,  North 

I  much  silver. 


[olina. 
March  4,  1833. 
^k,  March  G,  1829. 
la,  May  24,  1831. 
[arch  29,  1833. 
K  27,  1834. 
[nia,  March  6,  1829. 
lugust  8,  1831. 
ha.  May  29,  1833. 
I,  September  3,  1833; 

Lhirc,  Juno  23,  1834. 
[March  9,  1829. 
listl,  1831 ;  resigned, 


1837.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


579 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 


Postmastors-Oenoral, 


A  ttornoys-Gonornl , 


(I 


'.Tolm  Branch,  of  Nortli  Carolina,  March  9,  1829. 
Levi  Woodbury,  of  Now  Hampshire,  May  2.5,  1881. 
.Miihlon  Dickerson,  of  Now  Jersey,  Juno  80,  1834. 
I  William  T.  Barry,  of  Kentucky,  March  9,  1829. 
1  Amos  Kendall,  of  Kentucky,  May  1,  1836. 
( John  Berrien,  of  GeorRia,  March  9,  1829. 
I  Uoger  B.  Taney,  of  Maryland,  December  27,  1881. 
I  Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York,  June  24,  1834. 
SpcakoiB  of  the  ITousc  of  Hepresentatives,  — 

Andrew  Stevenson,  of  Virginia,  Twenty-first  Congress,  1829, 

•'  Twenty-second  Congress,  1833. 

»'  Twenty-third  Congress,  1835. 

John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-fourth  Congress,  1834. 
James  K.  Tolk,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-fifth  Congress,  1835. 

1837,  January  18. —  The  coinage  of  the  United  States  was 
again  altered. 

The  gold  coins  were  mrulo  twenty-three  and  twenty-two  hundredths  fine,  and 
botii  gold  and  silver  were  brought  to  the  standard  of  nine  hundred  thousandths. 
This  made  the  exchange  with  the  coinage  of  England  one  hundred  and  nine  and  a 
Imlf,  one  pound  sterling  being  equal  tit  four  dollars  and  eight  thousand  six  hundred 
and  sixty-five  ten  thousandths  of  a  dollar. 

1837.  —  Thr  first  successful  introduction  of  the  screw  in 
steam  navigation  was  made  by  Captains  Ericsson  and  F.  P. 
iStnith  on  the  steamer  Thames. 

1837,  January  25.  —  The  New  Orleans  Picayune  appeared  in 
New  Orleans. 

It  was  published  by  Lumsden  and  Kendall.  In  1839  A.  M.  Holbrook  took 
charge  of  it.  George  Wilkins  Kendall's  letters  in  it  during  the  Mexican  war  gave 
it  much  notoriety. 

1837.  —  About  this  time  anthracite  coal  wo.s  first  used  success- 
fully in  the  manufacture  of  iron  in  tho  Pioneer  Hot-blast  Steam- 
iiunace  at  Pottsville,  in  Schuylkill  County,  Pennsylvania. 

The  furnace  was  managed  by  Mr.  William  Lyman,  of  Boston,  and  Benjamin 
Perry,  from  South  Wales.  Various  unsuccessful  attempts  to  use  anthracite  had 
been  made  previously,  and  it  h.ad  long  been  used  by  smiths  as  fuel,  even  as  early 
as  17G9.  The  first  grate  for  burning  it  as  fuel  in  the  house  is  said  to  have  been 
made  liy  Mr.  Fell  in  1808. 

1837,  January  26.  —  Michigan  was  admitted  into  tho  Union. 

A  conditional  act  had  been  passed  June  15,  183G,  admitting  her  as  soon  as 
the  boundaries  prescribed  by  Congress  were  accepted  by  a  state  convention  of 
delegates  elected  by  the  people.  The  boundaries  as  fixed  by  Congress  were,  for 
tile  northern  boundary  of  Ohio,  a  direct  line  from  the  southern  extremity  of  Laico 
Michigan  to  the  most  northerly  cape  of  Maumec  Bay,  after  the  line  so  drawn 
should  intersect  tho  eastern  boundary  line  of  Indiana ;  then  from  this  cape  north- 
east to  the  boundary  between  tho  United  States  and  Upper  Canada  in  Lake  Eric ; 
thence  along  the  Canada  lino  to  the  west  line  of  Pennsylvania.  The  boundaries 
being  accepted,  she  was  admitted.     A  section  of  each  township  had  been  granted 


I 


Ifi1> 


580 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1837. 


for  school  purposes  l)y  nn  net  of  Juno  23,  188(1,  nnd  seventy-two  Bcctions  for  a 
university,  n  siiiiilar  provision  at  the  same  tlniu  being  made  for  Arkansas." 

1837,  Januauy.  —  A  codo  of  mint  lawa  was  enacted  by  Con- 
gress. 

1837,  February  7.  —  In  a  spocial  mossngo  to  Congress,  tlio 
President  called  attention  to  the  treatment  tlio  government  had 
received  from  Mexico,  which  "  would  justify,  in  the  eyes  of  all 
nations,  immediate  war." 

lie  advised,  however,  moderation,  and  recommended  an  act  authorizlnpf  repii- 
sals.  Both  Houses  of  Conf^ress  passed  resolutions  in  fuvor  of  another  demand  fur 
redress  before  proceeding  further. 

1837.  —  The  legislature  of  Now  York  appropriated  two  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars  a  year  for  three  years  to  form  township 
and  district  libraries. 

After  throe  years  the  amount  was  fifty  thoiisund  dollars  a  year.  In  1839 
Massachusetts  made  a  grant  for  the  same  ])iirpose ;  in  1854,  Indiana;  in  1857, 
Ohio  ;  and  subsequently  other  western  states  followed  this  example. 

1837.  —  Mary  S.  Grove  began  lecturing  on  Woman's  Rights. 

She  specially  urged  her  right  to  receive  a  thorough  medical  education. 

1837.  —  The  "American  and  Foreign  BiMo  Society"  was 
established  in  New  York  city. 

In  April,  1848,  it  was  incorporated  by  the  legislature  of  the  state.  In  1850  a 
number  of  members  seceded  and  started  tlie  "  American  Uilde  Union,"  the  society 
having  decided  that  it  was  not  their  province  or  duty  to  revise  tlic  Bible,  but 
merely  to  reprint  the  commonly  accepted  version. 

1837,  February  25.  —  The  United  States  Bank  offered  to  pay 
off  the  shares  owned  by  the  goverjiment. 

The  proposition  was  to  pay  them  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  dollars 
and  fifty-eight  cents  a  share,  in  four  instalments,  September,  18.37,  '38,  '39,  and 
'40.     The  proposition  was  accepted  by  Congress  March  3,  and  was  carried  out. 

1837,  March  1.  —  The  Senate  resolved  that  the  recognition 
of  Texas  as  an  independent  nation  was  proper  and  expedient. 

A  similar  resolution  was  tabled  in  the  House,  but  an  appropriation  was  made 
for  a  diplomatic  agent  to  Texas  as  soon  as  the  President  had  satisfactory  evidcna' 
of  her  independence,  and  that  it  was  expedient  to  send  such  an  agent. 

1837,  March.  —  A  commercial  panic  began  by  the  failure  of 
Herman  Briggs  <fe  Co.,  in  New  Orleans. 

They  had  advanced  IHpen  cotton  shipped  to  Liverpool  upon  speculation,  and 
the  cotton  declining  in  price,  were  unable  to  make  up  the  loss.  It  spread  until 
in  city  after  city  the  banks  suspended  payment,  reaching  its  height  in  May.  On 
the  28th  of  March,  Mr.  Biddle,  the  president  of  the  Bank,  came  to  New  York,  and 
sold  exchange  on  England  for  the  notes  of  merchants.  The  news  that  the  Englisli 
merchants  who  bjid  been  receiving  American  products  were  in  difficulty  increased 


[1837. 

o  gcctionH  for  a 
■kansas." 

cted  by  Con- 

CongreB9,  tUo 
vorninont  bad 
[10  oyea  of  all 

ftUthori/.inR  repri- 
nolher  dciimml  for 

atcd  two  bun- 
form  townsbip 

a  year.  In  1839 
,  Indiana;  in  1857, 
unplc. 

^oman'B  Bigbts. 
il  education. 

3   Society"   was 

the  Htato.  m  1850  a 
ic  Union,"  the  society 
Ircvisc  tlic  Bible,  but 

Ink  offered  to  pay 

k-ed  and  fifteen  dollars 
.r,  1837,  '38,  '30,  and 
id  was  carried  out. 

tbe  recognition 
Lnd  expedient, 
[propriation  was  made 
V  satisfactory  evidence 

I  an  agent. 

|by  tbo  failure  of 

■upon  speculation,  and 
[loss.  It  spread  un t'l 
Is  height  in  May.  ^^ 
Ue  to  New  York,  an 

[news  timttlie  English 
'.  in  difficulty  increased 


1837.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


681 


tlic  panic.     Oold,  on  tho  RUHponftion  of  the  hankit,  ro«o  to  one  hundr.;d  and  seven, 
and  in  tho  South  and  West  ruse  n  <  lii^h  as  one  hundred  and  twenty-flvo. 

1837,  March.  — There  being  no  election  of  Vice-President  in 
the  electoral  college,  the  Senate  elected  Richard  M.  Johnson, 
of  Kentucky,  to  that  position. 

1837. — A  REBELLION  in  Lower  Canada,  known  as  Papineau's 
rebellion,  was  forcibly  suppressed. 

The  chief  mover  of  the  insurrection,  Louin  Joseph  Papincau,  was  a  native 
Canadian.  Tlie  French  inliabitunts  were  disconten'cd,  and  Anally  rebelled 
optnly.  A  roi)\ihllc  of  Lower  Ciinuda  was  one  of  llioir  objects.  Martial  la./ 
was  proclaimed  by  the  autliorities,  and  all  rcslNtanco  was  soon  trampled  out.  Of 
tlio  leaders,  some  were  executed  and  others  exiled. 


1837, 
Mexico. 


April   19.  —  Bustaraente  was    declared  president  of 


He  held  the  office  for  two  years. 

1837.  —  Knox  College,  at  Galesburg,  Illinois,  was  opened. 

1837,  May  3.  —  A  committee  of  New  York  merchants  went  to 
Washington  to  consult  with  tho  authorities  upon  the  situation, 
but  obtained  no  relief. 

'"'icy  proposed  that  gold  should  not  be  required  for  t,'  ?  paymcnt>of  the  public 
lanils ;  that  credit  should  be  extended  in  the  collection  of  custom-house  duties : 
that  treasury  notes  should  be  issued ;  that  an  extra  session  o^"  Congress  should  be 
called. 

1837,  July  14.  —  A  man  was  publicly  whipped  on  the  court- 
huuse  parade,  in  Providence,  Rhode  Island,  for  horse- stealing. 

This  method  of  punishment  had  never  been  legally  abolished,  though  it  had 
been  discontinued  for  a  long  time.     The  law  was  soon  after  repealed. 

1837,  September  4.  —  An  extra  session  of  Congress  met. 

It  passed  bills  to  collect  the  portion  of  the  deposits  yet  in  the  suspended  banks, 
to  delay  the  collection  of  custom  bonds,  and  to  issue  treasury  notes.  Tho  fourth 
instalment,  consisting  of  nine  millions  of  the  deposits,  were  still  in  the  banks,  and 
its  payinent  was  deferred  to  January  1,  1839. 

1837,  September  15.  —  Congress  instituted  a  standing  commit- 
tee on  patents. 

1837,  October.  —  A  caveat  for  tbe  "  American  Electro-Mag- 
netic Telegraph  "  was  entered  by  Samuel  F.  B.  Morse,  of  New 
Haven,  Connecticut. 

1837.  —  Partial  or  complete  reports  of  geological  surveys 
were  made  this  year  of  Maine,  by  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  ;  of  Connec- 
ticut, by  Professor  C.  V.  Shepard;  of  Delaware,  by  Professor  J. 
C.  Booth  ;  of  Ohio,  by  Dr.  Hildreth,  Professors  Locke  and  Briggs, 
I  and  J.  W.  Foster ;  of  Indiana,  by  Dr.  D.  D.  Owen. 


t 


f. 


582 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1837-8. 


1837,  September  22.  —  Mr.  Jaudon  was  sent  to  England  as  tho 
agent  of  the  Bank. 

The  Bank  was  advancing  largely  upon  shipments  by  private  parties  of  cotton  to 
Sngland. 

1837,  OcTOBEP  23.  — Osceola,  the  Seminole  chief,  was  captured 
near  St.  Augustine. 

He  had  come,  under  a  flag  of  truce,  to  hold  a  conference  with  General  Joasup, 
and  by  the  general's  orders  was  detained.  He  was  sent  as  a  prisoner  to  Fort 
Moultrie,  in  Charleston  harbor,  where  he  was  kept  until  lie  died,  January  31, 
1888.     His  capture  ended  the  Seminole  war. 

1838,  January  5.  —  A  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  Presi- 
dent, enjoining  obedience  to  the  laws,  and  threatening  punish- 
ment to  all  violation  of  the  neutrality  with  neighboring  nations. 

Aid  had  been  ^'iven  the  insurgents  in  Lower  Canada  by  Americans,  and  a 
8team-vessel,  which  it  was  supposed  had  carried  them  supplies,  v»  as  seized  on  the 
American  shore  at  tL>chlosscr,  by  an  armed  party  from  Canada,  set  on  fire,  and 
allowed  to  drift  over  the  Falls  of  Niagara^ 

1838. — The  first  zinc  made  in  the  United  States  was  from  the 
red  oxide  of  New  Jersey  at  the  arsenal  at  Washington,  District  of 
Columbia,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Hassler,  by  Mr.  John  Hitz. 

It  was  to  bo  used  for  the  standard  weights  and  measures  ordered  by  Congress. 
The  expense  was  so  great  that  for  a  long  time  any  further  attempts  to  use  this  ore 
were  abandoned. 

1838,  April  20.  —  The  Congressional  committee  on  agricul- 
ture reported  upon  the  culture  of  silk. 

Pennsylvania  had  also  given  a  bounty  on  silk  raised  in  that  state. 

1838,  April  23.  —  The  first  regular  passages  by  steam  across 
the  Atlantic  were  compluted  by  the  Great  Western  and  Sirius. 

The  Sirius  in  seventeen  days  from  London  to  Now  York ;  the  Great  Western 
in  fifteen  days  from  Bristol  to  New  York.  They  arrived  witliin  a  fev  houru  of 
each  other. 

1838.  — M.  B.  Lamar  was  elected  president  of  the  republic  of 
Texas,  and  held  the  office  until  1841. 

1838,  May  10.  —  The  banks  in  New  England  and  New  York 
resumed. 

1838,  May  31,  —  A  resolution  was  passed  b/  Congress  repeal- 
ing virtually  the  "  specie  circular"  of  July,  1836. 

It  read :  "  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  tlie  secretary  of  tho  treasury  to  make, 
or  to  continue  in  force,  any  general  order  whicli  shall  create  any  difference  be- 
tween the  different  branches  of  revenue,  as  to  the  money  or  medium  of  payment 
in  which  the  debts  or  dues,  accruing  to  the  United  States,  may  be  paid."  When 
the  circular  of  1886  was  issued,  there  were  no  treasury  notes  in  existence.  Untie' 
this  act  they  were  to  be  received.  Payments  to  the  government  could  be  made 
under  it,  in  specie,  treasury  notes,  or  bills  of  specie-paying  banks.     A  further  cir- 


[1837-8. 
Q  gland  as  tho 
irties  of  cotton  to 

was  captured 

General  Jessup, 

prisoner  to  Fort 

lied,  January  31, 

by  the  Presi- 
tening  piinisU- 
oi'ing  nations. 
Americans,  and  a 
,  w  as  seized  on  the 
a,  set  on  fire,  and 

)8  was  from  the 
;ton,  District  of 
Mr.  John  Ilitz. 

•dered  by  Congress. 
impts  to  uso  this  ore 

tee  on  agricul- 

state. 

|by  Bteam  across 
Irn  and  Siriua. 

the  Great  Western 
[thin  a  fev  liours  of 

the  republic  of 
and  New  York 
'ongreas  repeal- 

1)0  treasury  to  make, 
le  any  difference  be- 
Imedium  of  payment 
lay  be  paid."  WWcn 
lin  existence.  Undo' 
Iment  could  be  made 
Inks.     A  further  cir- 


1838.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


583 


cular  was  issued  by  tlie  treasury  department,  the  aay  after  the  passage  of  tl'.o 
above  resolution,  to  the  receivers  of  public  moneys,  forbidding,  under  acts  of 
1836,  the  reception  of  any  bank-notes  less  than  twenty  dollars,  or  those  of  unjr 
bank  issuing  notes  of  a  smaller  denomination  than  five  dollars. 

1838,  August  13.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  resumed. 

1838.  —  The  comraon- school  system  was  adopted  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

The  state  contributes  aid  to  those  counties  wlucli  raise  a  school-tax. 

1838.  —  The  Sunday  Morning  Atlas  a;jpeared  in  New  York 
city. 

It  was  published  by  Ant^on  Horrick  and  Jesse  A.  Fell. 

1838.  —  The  Mormons  settled  at  Nupvoo,  Illinois. 

Joseph  Smith  was  driven  from  New  York,  and  went  to  Far  West,  Missouri ; 
and  being  driven  from  there,  the  settlement  removed  to  Illinois. 

1838,  August.  —  The  United  States  exploring  expedition  to 
the  H*  uthern  and  Pacific  oceans  sailed. 

It  returned  in  1842.  It  was  under  tho  command  of  Commodore  Wilkes,  with 
a  corps  of  scientific  specialists. 

1838,  August.  —  The  legacy  left  the  United  States  by  James 
Smithson,  of  England,  was  brought  over  from  London,  by  Rich- 
ard Rush. 

He  had  been  sent  in  1836  to  Phigland  as  an  agent  for  this  purpose.  The  legacy 
left  by  Smithson  was  in  the  court  of  chancery.  It  amoimted  to  over  five  hundred 
thousand  dolhirs.  The  money  was  left  by  Smithson  for  the  advancement  of 
knowled<;e,  and  was  used  for  the  establishment  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution 
at  Washington. 

1838.  —  The  Hudson  Observatory  was  organized. 

1838,  September.  —  A  convention  was  made  between  the 
United  States  and  Mexico. 

By  it  an  arrangement  was  made  to  submit  the  questions  in  dispute  to  a  board 
of  commissioners,  two  to  be  appointed  by  each  party;  and  in  case  of  a  non- 
agreement,  the  matter  to  be  referred  to  the  King  of  Prussia,  or  an  arbiter 
appointed  by  him.     Ratifications  of  the  convention  were  to  be  exchanged  before 

February  10,  1839. 

1838,  November  27.  —  A  French  fleet  and  army  captured  tho 
fort  of  St.  Joan  D'Ulloa. 

France  had  declared  war  against  Mexico,  after  demanding,  in  vain,  redress  for 
alleged  injuries. 

1838,  December  11.  —  A  convention  of  silk-growers,  held  at 
Baltimore,  organized  a  national  silk  society,  and  issued  a  journal 
devoted  to  the  industry. 

1838,  December  16.  —  Congress  passed  resolutions  that  peti- 
tions for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  or 


If- 1 


584 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1839. 


against  the  slave-trade  between  the  states,  should  on  presenta- 
tion be  laid  upon  the  table  without  being  debated,  printed,  or 
referred. 

The  resolutions  were  presented  by  Mr.  Atherton,  of  New  Ilarapshirc. 

1839.  —  A  NATIONAL  woman's  anti-slavery  convention  met  at 
Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

Sarali  and  Angelina  Grimkc,  of  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  who  had  emanci- 
pated their  slaves,  spoke  at  it. 

1839,  February.  —  A  patent  for  vulcanized  india  rubber  was 
granted  to  Charles  Goodyear,  of  New  York. 

1839. — The  "  American  Art  Union  "  in  New  York  was  founded. 

This  was  an  association  for  the  purchase  of  pictures,  engravings,  &c.,  w  be 
distributed  by  lot  once  a  year  to  subscribers  paying  an  annual  sum.  It  continued 
until  1851,  when  the  laws  preventing  lottery  were  enforced,  and  it  was  closed. 

1839.  —  A  GEOLOGICAL  Burvey  of  Rhode  Island  was  ordered. 

It  was  intrusted  to  Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson,  of  Massachusetts. 

1839,  March  4.  —  The  express  business  was  inaugurated  be- 
tween Boston  and  New  York. 

W.  F.  riarnden  made  the  first  trip  between  the  cities.  Ho  had  advertised  that 
he  would  do  so,  and  deliver  parcels.  He  carried  some  books  for  the  booksellers, 
and  packages  of  southern  and  western  bank-notes  for  the  brokers. 


1839,  March  29. 
dent  of  the  Bank. 


Mr.  Biddle  resigned  his  position  as  presi- 


1839,  April  10.  —  Peace  between  France  and  Mexico  was 
declared,  and  the  ratifications  exchanged  at  Paris. 

1839.  —  No  less  than  sixty  gold  mines,  or  diggings,  were 
worked  in  Virginia. 

Twenty-six  of  them  were  in  Spottsylvania,  and  fifteen  in  Orange  County. 

1839.  —  The  New  York  legislature  passed  a  free  banking  law. 

Any  persons  desirous  of  so  doing  could  establish  a  bank  and  issue  notes  for 
circulation,  but  were  compelled  to  dejjosit  with  the  comptroller  of  the  state  a 
sufficient  amount  of  securities  to  secure  the  redemption  of  their  bills  in  circu- 
lation. 

1839,  July  3.  —  A  normal  school  was  opened  at  Framingham, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  the  first  in  the  country.  The  idea  of  such  a  school  had  been  presented 
as  early  as  181G  by  Professor  Denison  Olmstead  in  an  .;<ldrosa  delivered  at  New 
Haven  "  on  the  state  of  education  in  Connecticut,"  and  frequently  since. 

1839.  —  The  first  white  settlement  on  the  site  of  Sacramento 
was  made. 

J.  A.  Suiter  had  obtained  a  grant  of  it.  In  1841  he  built  a  fort  there ;  in  1846 
named  it  Sacramento,  and  offered  lots  for  pale.  In  1840  the  first  frame  house  was 
built;  and  in  1854  it  was  chosen  as  the  capital  of  the  state. 


^'^.--'^'M 


[1839. 

I  on  pvesenta- 
sd,  printed,  or 

npshirc. 

ention  met  at 
who  had  emanci- 

ia  rubber  was 

'k  was  founded. 

[ravings,  &c.,  to  be 
sum.  It  continued 
id  it  was  closed. 

was  ordered, 
inaugurated  be- 

3  had  advertised  that 
for  the  booksellers, 
ikers. 

position  as  presi- 

md  Mexico  was 
aris. 
diggings,  were 

Orange  County. 

.-eo  banking  law. 
(ik  and  issue  notes  for 
troUor  of  tiie  state  a 
,f  their  bills  in  circu- 


1839-40.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


685 


J 


at  Framingbam, 

ol  had  been  presented 
Iross  delivered  at  New 
juent'.y  since. 

te  of  Sacramento 


1839.  —  According  to  a  treasury  report  made  January  8,  1840, 
during  1839  there  were  eight  hundred  and  fifty  banks,  and  ono 
liundred  and  nine  branches.  Of  these,  during  the  year,  three 
hundred  and  forty-three  had  entirely  suspended,  sixty-two  par- 
tially ;  fifty-six  had  failed  utterly,  and  forty-eight  had  resumed. 

1839.  — The  Whig  appeared  at  Elizabethton,  Tennessee. 

It  was  edited  by  William  G.  Brownlow.  It  was  moved  first  to  Jonosboro',  and 
tlien  to  Knoxville.  Parson  Brownlow  retired  from  its  management  in  18G9,  and 
in  1871  it  was  absorbed  by  the  Knoxville  Press  and  Herald. 

1839,  July  6.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  to  prevent  the 
new  Bank  from  reissuing  the  notes  of  the  old  Bank. 

1839,  October  9.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  suspended  specie 
payment. 

1839,  October  10.  —  The  news  was  received  in  New  York  of 
tlie  protest  of  the  bills  drawn  by  the  Bank  upon  its  correspond- 
ent in  France. 

The  bills  were  for  two  millions  of  francs.  The  Bank  was  to  ship  specie  to 
meet  tliem,  but  it  had  not  arrived.     The  bills  were  protected  by  the  llothschilds. 


30 .  —  Congress    estabhshed    the    independent 


t  a  fort  there;  in 


1846 


first  frame  house  wa* 


1840,    June 
treasury. 

The  arrangement  is  known  as  the  sub-treasury.  The  suggestion  of  this 
arrangement  had  been  made  by  President  .Tackson  in  1837,  and  a  bill  introduced, 
but  not  passed.  The  subject  had  been  brought  up  .again  in  Congress,  but  again 
without  success.  The  method  proposed  was  to  separate  the  government  entirely 
from  any  dependence  upon  the  banks  in  its  fiscal  operations,  the  collection,  safe- 
keeping, transfer,  and  disbursements  of  tlie  public  money  being  performed  by 
agents  of  the  government  alone,  and  only  specie  being  used  in  all  the  money 
transactions  of  the  government.  The  title  of  the  act  was,  '*  An  .ict  to  provide 
for  tlie  collection,  safe-keeping,  tranfer,  and  disbursement  of  the  pul)lic  revenue." 
It  provided  that  all  government  duos,  after  the  30th  of  June,  1840,  should  be 
paid  one  fourth  in  specie,  and  an  additional  fourth  each  year  until  the  whole  was 
so  paid. 

1840.  —  Congress  appropriated  seventy-five  thousand  dollars 
for  the  survey  of  that  part  of  the  northeastern  boundary  which 
separates  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  from  the  British  provinces. 

1840.  —  Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

Not  over  five  millions  were  to  be  at  any  one  time  kept  in  circulation. 

1840.  —  The  Mormons  established  themselves  at  Nauvoo,  Il- 
linois. 

1840,  July  23.  —  Upper  and  Lower  Canada  were  reunited. 

1840.  —  New  Hampshire  ordered  a  geological  survey  of  the 
Btate. 

It  was  intrusted  to  C.  T.  Jackson,  whose  report  was  published  in  184*. 


Iff  iff 


586 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1840-41. 


1840.  —  The  free  banking  law  of  Now  York  was  revised. 

Tlic  bunks  were  given  the  right  to  deposit  with  the  comptroller,  as  security  for 
their  bills  in  circulation,  either  United  States  bonds,  or  those  of  the  state  of  New 
York,  or  bonds  and  mortgages  upon  real  estate  in  New  York  state.  The  deposit 
of  bonds  and  mortgages  was  subsequently  forbidden. 

1837-41.  —  Eighth  administration. 

Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York. 

Richard  M.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky. 

John  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  continued  in  office. 

Levi  Woodbury,  of  N.  PL,  continued  in  office. 

Joel  R.  Poinsett,  of  South  Carolina,  March,  7,  1837. 
(  Mahlon  Dickerson,  of  N.  J.,  continued  in  office. 
I.  James  K.  Paulding,  of  New  York,  June         1838. 


President, 
Vice-President, 
Secretary  of  State, 
Secretary  of  Treasury, 
Secretary  of  War, 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 
Postmasters-General, 


Amos  Kendall,  of  Kentucky,  coniinued  in  office. 


f  An 

lJ<>: 


Attorneys-General, 


>hn  M.  Niles,  of  Connecticut,  May  18,  1840. 

(Benjamin  F.  Butler,  of  New  York,  continued  in  office. 
Felix  Grundy,  of  Tennessee,  July  7,  1838. 
Henry  D.  Gilpin,  of  Pennsylvania,  January  10,  1840. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  Twenty-Sixth  Congress,  1837. 
R.  M.  T.  Hunter,  of  Viro'inia,  Twenty-Seventh  Congress,  1839. 

1841,  January  15.  —  The  Pennsylvania  legislature  having  fixed 
this  day  as  the  limit  for  the  suspension  of  the  banks,  a  run  com- 
menced upon  them.  In  twenty  days  the  United  States  Bank 
paid  out  six  millions,  and  the  others  over  five. 

1841,  February  4.  —  The  banks  of  Philadelphia  again  sus- 
pended specie  payments. 

1841.  —  The  Princeton,  a  ship-ofwar,  was  built  as  a  propeller, 

Her  constructor  was  John  Ericsson.  She  was  the  first  ship  whose  propelling 
machinerj'  was  under  water  and  safe  from  shot. 

1841,  March.  —  A  patent  was  granted  to  Samuel  Pennock  for 
a  grain-drill. 

1841,  March  17.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  con- 
vening Congress  May  31. 

1841,  April  3.  —  A  committee  of  the  stockholders  of  the 
United  States  Bank  reported,  giving  a  history  of  the  manage- 
ment of  the  bank  for  six  years. 

It  appeared  that  the  funds  had  been  squandered  in  various  ways.  The  foreign 
debt  was  fifteen  millions.  Mr.  Jaudon,  the  foreign  agent,  had  borrowed  over 
thirty  millions  at  most  usurious  rates,  and  at  home  certain  parties  had  borrowed 
freely  on  worthless  securities.     This  was  practically  the  end  of  the  Bank. 

1841,  April  4.  —  President  Harrison  died,  and  Vice-President 
John  Tyler  assumed  the  office. 

1841,  April  6.  —  The  foundations  of  the  Mormon  temple  were 
laid  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois. 


[1840-41. 

[•evised. 

r,  as  security  for 
he  state  of  New 
ite.    The  deposit 


1841-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


687 


;d  in  office. 

led  in  office. 

,a,  March,  7,  1837. 

nued  in  office. 

,  June  ■       1838. 

inued  ii'  *'fflce. 

[ay  18,  1840. 

,  continued  in  office. 

y  7,  1838. 

;,  January  10,  1840. 

,  1837. 
e88,  1839. 

ture  having  fixed 
inks,  a  run  coin- 
Lted  States  Bank 


jlphia  again 


sus- 


t  as  a  propeller. 

ship  whose  propelling 

Imuel  Pennock  for 
proclamation  con- 

okhoklers  of  the 
y  of  the  manage- 

us  ways.    The  foreign 
,t,  had  borrowed  ove 
L  parties  had  borrowed 
td  of  the  Bank. 

[nd  Vico-rresideut 
rmon  temple  were 


1841,  April  10.  —  The  New  York  Tribune  appeared  in  Now 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Horace  Greeley,  and  was  issued  for  a  cent.  On  July  31 
Thomas  McElrath  became  its  publisher.  It  is  now  published  by  an  association. 
Horace  Greeley  died  November  29,  1872. 

1841,  July  21.  —  Congress  authorized  a  loan  of  twelve  millions 
of  doUara. 

1841,  August.  —  The  act  establishing  the  sub-treasury  was 
repealed. 

1841,  August.  —  The  President  vetoed  a  bill  for  the  establish- 
ment of  "  The  Fiscal  Bank  of  the  United  States." 

The  secretary  of  the  treasury  had  suggested  such  a  bank ;  and  being  called  on 
to  furnish  a  plan,  had  done  so,  and  a  bill  in  accordance  with  it  had  been  prepared. 
Another  bill  was  prepared,  with  the  title,  "  An  act  to  provide  for  the  better  col- 
lection, safe-keeping,  and  disbursement  of  the  public  revenue  by  means  of  a 
corporation  to  be  styled  the  Fiscal  Corporation  of  the  United  States,"  and  passed 
in  September.  This  bill  the  President  also  vetoed.  In  consequence,  September 
11,  nil  the  cabinet  officers,  except  Daniel  Webster,  the  secretary  of  state,  resigned. 

1841,  August  19.  —  A  bankruptcy  act  was  passed. 

It  was  to  take  effect  February  2,  1842.     It  was  repealed  March  3,  1843. 

1841,  August.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  distribute  among 
the  states  the  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  public  lands. 

The  distribution  was  to  be  nr^de  upon  the  condition  that  the  duties  laid  by  the 
tariff  of  1833  were  not  to  be  rais  .'d.  The  distribution  was  to  be  made  semi-annu- 
ally after  January  1,  1842. 

1842,  January.  —  The  Ledger  appeared  in  Mobile,  Alabama. 

It  was  published  by  John  Forsyth,  on  the  cash  syctem,  and  for  a  penny. 

1842.  —  The  pound  sterling  was  ordered  by  Congress  to  bo 
rated  for  customs  at  four  dollars  and  eighty-four  cents. 

1842.  —  A  COMPANY  calling  themselves  a  "  True  Inspiration 
Congregation"  (Wahre  Inspirations  Gemeinde)  came  from  Ger- 
many and  settled  near  Buffalo. 

In  1855  they  moved  to  Iowa,  settling  about  seventy-four  miles  west  of  Davenport. 
They  call  their  place  Amana,  and  have  seven  villages.  They  are  a  religious 
community,  and  number  nearly  fifteen  hundred  persons.  Their  present  inspira- 
tional leader  is  a  woman. 

1842,  February  21.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was 
granted  John  J.  Greenough,  of  Washington,  District  of  Co- 
lumbia. 

The  needle  was  pointed  at  both  ends,'  with  the  eye  in  the  middle,  and  was 
pulled  through  by  pincers.     They  wore  never  introduced  to  public  use. 

1842.  —  During  the  summer  of  this  year  Colonel  Fremont's 
first  expedition  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  was  made. 
His  report  was  ordered  printed  by  the  Senate. 


II 


688 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1842. 


^91uHI 


1842,  March.  —  The  House  passed  a  resolution  of  censure 
upon  Joshua  Giddings,  a  member  from  Ohio. 

The  Creole,  in  October,  1841,  while  carrying  a  load  of  slaves  from  Richmond 
to  New  Orleans,  was  captured  by  the  slaves,  who  rose  and  forced  those  of  the 
crew  who  were  spared  to  carry  the  vessel  to  Nassau,  in  the  British  island  of  New 
Providence.  Here  nineteen  of  the  negroes  were  imprisoned  for  mutiny  and 
murder,  otlicrs  being  set  free.  The  secretary  of  state  having  opened  a  corre- 
spondence concerning  the  case  with  the  British  government,  Mr.  Joshua  R.  Gid- 
dings submitted  a  series  of  resolutions,  maintaining  that,  slavery  being  created  by 
municipal  law,  the  slaves  in  regaining  their  liberty  had  violated  no  law  of  the 
United  States,  and  that  any  attempt  to  re-enslave  them  was  unauthorized  by 
the  Constitution  and  incompatible  with  national  honor.  Upon  the  motion  of  Mr. 
Botts,  of  Virginia,  it  was  voted  that  Mr.  Giddings  "  deserved  the  severe  condemna- 
tion of  the  people  of  this  country,  and  of  this  body  in  particular."  In  the  debate, 
Mr.  Giddings  was  denied  speaking  in  his  defence.  Having  resigned  after  the  vote, 
Mr.  Giddings  Mas  returned  again  to  the  House  by  his  constituents. 

1842.  —  Congress  passed  a  tariff  law  raising  the  average  rate 
to  thirty-three  per  cent. 

The  duties  were  to  be  paid  in  cash  on  a  valuation  at  the  port  of  entry.  The 
President  had  vetoed  two  tariff  bills  previously  passed.  A  separate  act  was  then 
passed  to  permit  the  distribution  of  the  revenue  from  the  sale  of  public  lands, 
notwithstanding  the  increase  of  duties.  This  act  the  President  retained,  thus 
preventing  it  from  going  into  force. 

1842,  March  19.  —  The  Philadelphia  banks  resumed. 

During  the  year,  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  failed  to  pay  the  interest  on  their 
debt. 

1842,  August.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  giving  the  right  to 
patent  designs. 

1842.  —  A  PATRNT  was  granted  J.  Read,  of  Illinois,  for  a  mow- 
ing and  reaping  machine. 

1 8  42.  —  An  act  was  passed  "by  Congress  for  the  settlement  of 
Florida. 

Every  head  of  a  family  who  should  make  an  actual  settlement,  and  clear, 
enclose,  and  cultivate  five  acres,  building  a  house  upon  them,  was  entitled  to  a 
quarter  section.  The  purpose  of  the  act  was  to  occupy  the  soil,  and  by  a  cessii- 
lion  of  hostilities  influence  the  small  remainder  of  the  Seminoles  to  emigrate. 
This  ended  the  Seminole  war,  and  by  successive  cessions  the  land  passed  entirely 
into  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States.  The  act  was  to  remain  in  force  one 
year,  and  in  that  time  the  land  was  all  occupied.  The  Seminole  war  had  cost 
about  twenty  millions  of  dollars. 

1842.  —  The  Croton  aqueduct,  of  New  York,  was  finished. 

John  B.  Jervis  was  the  chief  engineer,  and  the  cost  of  the  work  was  twelve 
million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  length  of  the  aqueduct,  from  the 
Croton  River  to  the  distributing  reservoir,  is  forty  and  a  half  miles,  and  the  flow 
of  water  is  some  thirty  million  gallons  daily  at  the  lowest  average.  The  con- 
struction had  taken  five  years. 


■  --Tn;./     :;~fA%,  1 


[1842. 
n  of  censure 

I  from  Richmond 
reed  those  of  the 
ish  island  of  New 
I  for  mutiny  and 
g  opened  a  corre- 
,Ir.  Joshua  R.  Gid- 
y  being  created  by 
tted  no  law  of  the 
s  unauthorized  by 
the  motion  of  Mr. 
c  severe  condenina- 
tr."    In  the  debate, 
gned  after  the  vote, 
nits. 

ihe  average  rate 

port  of  entry.  The 
separate  act  was  then 
sale  of  public  lands, 
sldent  retained,  thus 

jstimed. 

Lr  the  interest  on  their 

ring  the  riglit  to 

Unois,  for  a  mow- 

the  settlement  of 

settlement,  and  cleat, 
„cm,  was  entitled  to  a 
soil,  and  by  a  cessa- 

eminolcs  to  emigrate. 
l,c  land  passed  entirely 
remain  in  force  one 
Icminolc  war  had  cost 

waa  finished. 

-'  the  work  was  twelve 

Ibc  aqueduct,  from  the 

lalf  miles,  and  the  flow 

est  average.    The  con- 


1842-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


589 


1842,  August  9.  —  A  treaty  was  made  with  Great  Britain,  hy 
which  the  north-western  boundary,  between  the  United  States 
and  the  British  provinces,  was  completed. 

Lord  Ashburton,  appointed  by  the  English  government  as  minister  plenipo- 
tentiary for  the  settlement  of  this  matter,  arrived  April  3.  Coniniissioners 
appointed  by  the  states  of  Maine  and  Massachusetts,  and  by  New  Brunswick, 
were  present  at  the  negotiation.  Maine  surrendered  a  tract  lying  north  of  the 
St.  John's,  the  free  navigation  of  that  river  being  granted  by  Great  Britain.  The 
portion  of  tlie  Madawaska  settlement  lying  south  of  the  St.  John's  was  relin- 
quished by  Great  Britain,  together  with  the  Aroostook  and  Rouse's  Toint.  For 
the  suppression  of  the  slave-trade,  each  country  agreed  to  maintain  an  adequate 
squadron  on  the  coast  of  Africa.  Persons  clmrged  with  murder,  nmrderous 
assault,  piracy,  robbery,  or  forgery,  wore  to  be  mutually  delivered  up.  Tho 
treaty  was  ratified  by  Great  Britain  October  13,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President 
on  November  10. 

1842.  —  A  TREATY  was  made  with  Mexico. 

She  had  failed  to  meet  the  conditions  of  the  convention  of  1838.  Ratifications 
of  this  new  treaty  were  to  be  cxclianged  within  tliree  months  at  Washington.  The 
American  claims,  as  stated  by  tlie  President  in  his  message  of  this  year,  amounted 
to  $2,02{i,079.  The  first  payment  was  to  be  made  April  30,  1843,  and  the  wliolo 
amount  to  be  settled  in  quarterly  payments  extending  over  five  years,  in  gold  and 
silver,  in  tlie  city  of  Mexico. 

1842,  November  21.  —  Ehode  Island,  by  an  election,  ratified 
the  constitution  which  had  been  prepared  for  her. 

The  charter  had  up  to  this  time  remained  as  the  basis  of  her  organic  law. 
The  constitution  had  been  prepared  by  a  convention  called  in  1811.  Tlie  chief 
discontent  with  the  charter  was  the  limit  it  placed  upon  the  right  of  suffrage,  it 
being  limited  to  land-owners  and  their  eldest  sons.  At  the  election,  Thomas  W. 
Dorr  was  elected  governor.  Samuel  W.  King,  tho  governor  under  the  charter, 
claimed  the  position,  ordered  out  the  militia,  declared  martial  law,  and  obtained 
aid  from  the  United  States  to  suppress  the  rebellion.  The  armed  resistance 
lasted  about  two  weeks.  Dorr  fled  the  state,  but  returned  to  answer  a  cliarge  of 
treason,  on  whicli  he  was  found  guilty  and  sentenced  to  imprisonment  for  life. 
In  1847  he  was  pardoned,  and  in  1853  restored  his  civil  rights  by  the  legislature, 
and  tlie  record  of  his  sentence  ordered  to  be  blotted  out. 

184-3,  January  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  thirty-two 
million  seven  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1843,  February  25.  —  The  bankruptcy  act  was  repealed. 

1843,  March  3.  —  Congress  appropriated  thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars for  the  construction  of  an  experimental  telegraph  line  be- 
tween Washington  and  Baltimore. 

1843,  March  4.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was  granted 
1  to  Benjamin  W.  Bean,  of  New  York. 
It  made  a  lasting  stitch. 

1843.  —  A  BLAST  furnace  was  started  in  the  Adirondack  region. 
Ill  1849  a  larger  furnace  was  constructed,  and  the  old  one  abandoned. 


'iiijUS: 


590 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1843-4. 


1843.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  study  of  natural  history  was  organ- 
ized at  Boston,  Massachusetts. 

1843,  June  K?.  —  A  now  constitution  for  Mexico  was  issued  by 
a  juntu,  joavokeJ  by  Santti  Anna. 

1843,  November.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  Mexico  and 
the  United  States. 

It  provided  for  the  appointment  of  a  joint  commisaion  for  the  examination  nnd 
settlement  of  claims  fur  tlircc  millions  of  dollars,  which  liud  been  left  undecided 
by  tlie  previous  commission. 

1843.  —  Colonel  Fremont  made  his  second  expedition  of  ex- 
ploration. 

He  passed  through  the  western  slope  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  then  an  unknown 
wilderness.  The  Great  Salt  Lake,  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  the  valleys  of  Cali- 
fornia, were  brought  to  public  notice. 

1844,  January  2.  —  Santa  Anna  was  inaugurated  president 
of  Mexico  under  the  new  constitution. 

Tlie  public  debt  of  Mexico  amounted  to  nearly  one  hundred  millions  of  dollars, 
of  which  sixty  millions  were  due  English  creditors.  The  income  was  derived 
from  taxation,  and  produced  about  twenty  millions,  the  expenses  of  the  govern- 
ment being  rather  more  than  this  amount. 

1844,  April  12.  —  A  treaty  was  concluded  with  Texas,  at 
Washington,  for  annexing  her  to  the  Union. 

It  had  been  made  by  John  C.  Calhoun,  secretary  of  state,  and  Isaac  Van 
Zandt  and  J.  P.  Henderson  representing  Texas.  On  the  22d  it  was  communicated 
to  the  Senate,  and  ordered  to  be  printed  privately  for  their  use. 

1844,  June  8. — The  Senate  voted  against  the  ratification  of 
the  treaty  with  Texas. 

The  vote  was  16  to  25. 

1844.  —  The  first  hydropathic  establishment  in  the  United 
States  was  opened  at  No.  63  Barclay  Street,  New  York.  Camp- 
boll,  publisher  of  the  Water  Cure  Journal,  was  proprietor,  and 
Joel  Shew,  physician.  j 

1844,  June.  —  The  experimental  telegraph  line,  built  by  an 
appropriation  from  Congress,  was  erected  between  Washingtcu 
and  Baltimore. 

1844.  —  Professor  Johnston  published  his  Lectures  on  th 
Application  of  Chemistry  and  Geology  to  Agriculture. 

1844.  —  About  this  time  guano  began  to  be  imported  into  tho 
United  States. 

Previous  to  1850  the  importations  were  less  than  thirty  thousand  tons. 

1844.  —  In  Rensslaer  and  Delaware  counties,  New  York,  an . 
armed  resistance  began  by  the  anti-renters. 


[1843-4. 
ry  was  organ- 
was  issued  by 
,n  Mexico  and 


ic  examination  and 
,cen  left  undecided 


pedition  of  ex- 

IB,  then  an  unknown 
the  valleys  of  Cali- 

rated  president 

a  millions  of  dollars, 
income  was  derived 


1844-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


691 


The  resistanco  con- 


pcnses 


of  the  govern- 


I  with  Texas,  at 

state,  and  Isaac  Van 
it  was  communicated 

ISC. 

he  ratification  of 


it  in  the  United 
ewYork.  Camp- 
as  proprietor,  and 

line,  buiit  by  an 
bween  Washington 

\q  Lectures  on  th 
iUure. 
imported  into  the 

I  thousand  tons. 

les,  New  York,  an  1 


They  ref\iscd  to  pay  rents  any  Idngcr  to  the  Patroons. 
tinned  through  1846  and  1847. 

1844.  —  The  first  successful  mining  operations  for  copper  in 
the  region  of  Lake  Superior  were  commenced. 

Copper  had  heen  known  to  exist  there  for  nearly  two  hundred  years,  but  the 
district  liad  been  until  within  a  few  years  only  accessible  to  the  hunter  and 
trapper. 

1844. — The  interest  upon  loans  by  the  various  states  which 
was  unpaid  amounted  to  over  seven  millions. 

1 844.  —  A  NORMAL  school  was  established  in  Albany,  Ncav 
York. 

• 

1844,  June.  —  Smith  was  arrested  at  Nauvoo  and  confined  in 
the  jail  at  Carthage,  Illinois. 

He  had  the  year  before  declared  the  revelation  establishing  polygamy  among 
the  Mormons.  On  tlic  27th  of  June  a  mob  broke  into  the  jail,  captured  Smith 
and  his  brother,  and  murdered  them. 

1844.  —  A  COMPANY,  under  Dr.  Keil,  settled  at  Bethel,  Mis- 
souri. 

Tliey  were  a  religious  community. 

1844,  September  30.  —  Luda  di  Lammermoor  was  presented 
in  Palme's  New  York  Opera  House. 

Tliis  was  the  introduction  of  opera  in  the  United  States.  The  Opera  House 
was  built  by  Palmo  in  Chambers  Street.  The  introduction  of  the  opera  ruined 
him.    The  house  was  subsequently  Burton's  Theatre. 

1844,  December  7.  —  Don  Joaquin  de  Herrera  was  appointed 
president  of  Mexico  ad  interim. 

An  insurrection  had  deposed  Santa  Anna,  and  captured  him.  He  was  banished 
in  January,  1845. 

1841-45.  —  Ninth  administration. 

William  H.  Harrison,  of  Ohio.    Died  April  4,  1841. 
John  Tyler,  of  Virginia. 
'Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1841. 

Resigned  May  8,  1843. 
Hugh  S.  Legaro,  of  South  Carolina,  May  9,  1843. 

Died  June  20,  1843. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  July  24,  1843.     Killed 

February  28,  1844. 
John  Nelscm,  of  Maryland,  February  29,  1844. 
.John  C.  Calhoun,  of  South  Carolina,  March  0,  1844. 
■Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  March  5,   1841.     Resigned 

September  11,  1841. 
Walter  Forward,  of  Pennsylvania,    September  13, 

1841.     Resigned  March  1,  1843. 
John  C.  Spencer,  of  New  York,  March  3,  1843. 
.George  M.  Bibb,  of  Kentucky,  June  15,  1844. 


President, 
Vice-President, 


Secretaries  of  State, 


Secretaries  of  Treasury, 


:i:i|5 


592 


ANNALS   OF   NOllTII  AMERICA. 


[1845. 


.^ 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 


rostmasters-Gcncral, 


Attorneys-General, 


John  Bell,  of  Tennessee,  March  5,  1841.     llusignaj 

Si'ptfiuluT  11,  1841. 
Jolm  C.  SpciiciT,  of  New  York,  October  12,  1841. 
Junics  M.  Porter,  of  Pennsylvania,  Marcii  8,  1843. 
I  William  Wiiitins,  of  Pennsylvania,  Feb.  16,  1844. 
George  E.  Hadgor,  of  North  Carolina,  March  5, 1841. 

Itesigneil  Seiiteniber  11,  1841. 
Abel  P.  Upshur,  of  Virginia,  September  13,  1841. 
David  Ilenshaw,  of  MassnchusettM,  July  24,  1843. 
Thomas  W.  Gilmer,  of  Virginia,  February  16,  1844. 

Died  February  28,  1844. 
,Tohn  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  March  14,  1844. 
■  Francis  Granger,  of  New  York,  March  6,  1841.    Re- 
signed September  12,  1841. 
Charles  A.  Wiekliffe,  of  Kentucky,  Sept.  13,  1841. 
r  Hugh  S.  Legare,  of  South  Carolina,  Sept.  13,  1841. 
Ijohn  Nelson,  of  Maryland,  July  1,  1843. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Ilepresentativos,  — 

John  Wliite,  of  Kentucky,  Twenty-eighth  Congress,  1841. 
John  W.  Jones,  of  Virginia,  Twenty-nintl'  Congress,  1843. 

1845,  January  22.  —  Santa  Anna  was  baninhed  again  from 
Mexico,  and  the  sentence  was  declared  to  be  perpetual. 

From  1839,  after  the  close  of  the  war  with  Frjincc,  until  1845,  revolutions  had  suc- 
ceeded each  other,  and  Santa  Bravo  and  Canalizo  had  successively  been  presidents. 

1845,  February.  —  Pennsylvania  resumed  payment. 

1845,  March  1.  —  The  President  approved  a  bill  for  the  an- 
nexation of  Texas. 

The  debate  upon  tliis  subject  had  been  long  and  violent.  President  Tylor's 
term  ended  on  the  .Sd  of  March.  Tlic  resolutions,  .as  finally  adopted,  read :  "  Timt 
Congress  doth  consent  that  the  territory  properly  included  within,  and  rightfully 
belonging  to  the  republic  of  Texas,  may  be  erected  into  a  new  state,  to  be  eiilliJ 
the  state  of  Texas,  with  a  republican  form  of  government,  to  be  adopted  by  the 
people  of  said  republic,  by  deputies  in  convention  assembled,  with  tlic  consent 
of  the  existing  government,  in  order  that  the  same  may  be  admitted  as  one  of  tiie 
states  of  this  Union."  "  That  if  the  President  of  the  United  States  shall,  in  his 
judgment  and  discretion,  deem  it  most  advisable,  instciul  of  proceeding  to  submit 
tlic  foregoing  resolutions  to  the  repulilic  of  Texas  as  an  overture  on  the  part  of 
the  United  States  for  admission,  to  negotiate  with  that  republic ;  then.  Be  it  re- 
solved, that  a  state,  to  be  formed  out  of  the  present  republic  of  Texas,  with  suit- 
able extent  and  boundaries,  and  with  two  representatives  in  Congress  until  the 
next  apportionment  of  representation,  shall  be  admitted  into  the  Union,  by  virtue 
of  this  act,  on  an  equal  footing  with  the  existing  states,  as  soon  as  the  terms  and 
conditions  of  such  admission,  and  the  cession  of  the  remaining  Texan  territory 
to  the  United  States,  shall  be  agreed  upon  by  the  governments  of  Texas  and  tlio 
United  States. 

"  That  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars  be  appropriated  to  defray  tlie 
expenses  of  missions  and  negotiations  to  agree  upon  the  terms  of  said  admission 
and  cession,  either  by  treaty  to  be  submitted  to  the  senate,  or  by  articles  to  be 
submitted  to  the  two  houses  of  Congress,  as  the  President  may  direct." 


'  [1845. 

1841.    llcsignud 

f>bor  12,  1841. 
March  8,  1843. 
Feb.  15,  1844. 
,a,  March  6, 1841. 

jmbcr  13,  1841. 
July  24,  1843. 
February  16,  1844. 

li  14,  1844. 

arch  6,  1841.    Re- 

.,  Sept.  13,  1841. 
,a,  Sept.  13,  1841. 
,  1843. 

H. 
843. 

hed  again  from 
potual. 

revolutions  had  suc- 
vely  been  presidents. 

ment. 
bill  for  tlio  an- 

Tresidcnt  Tylor'j 
lopted,  read :  "That 
ilhin,  and  rightfully 
BW  state,  to  be  calU'd 
o  be  adopted  by  the 
cd,  with  the  consent 
Imitted  as  one  of  the 
■d  States  sliall,  in  his 
proceeding  to  submit 
■rture  on  the  part  of 
blic;  then,  Be  it  re- 
,  of  Texas,  with  suit- 
in  Congress  until  the 
the  Union,  by  virtue 
oon  as  the  terms  and 
lining  Texan  territory 
nts  of  Texas  and  the 

opriated  to  defray  the 
rms  of  said  admission 
,  or  by  articles  to  be 
lay  direct." 


1845.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOllTII   AMERICA. 


693 


1845.  —  CONGRKSS  passed  acta  admitting  Florida  and  Iowa  to 
the  Union. 

They  had  each  formed  conslitutlonH,  which  were  presented  to  Congress. 

1845.  —  CoNORKSs  passed  an  act  fixing  tlio  Tuesday  next  after 
the  first  Monday  of  November  as  the  day  for  ehoosing  presiden- 
tial electors  in  all  the  states. 

1845.  —  CoNGRKSS  redu(jed  the  rate  of  postage. 

It  was  made  five  cents  on  single  letters  not  exceeding  three  hundred  miles, 
and  ten  cents  over  that  distance. 

1845,  March  6.  —  The  Mexican  minister,  Almonte,  protested 
to  the  secretary  of  state  against  the  annexation  of  Texas,  and 
asked  his  passports. 

Under  instructions  from  his  government,  ho  spoke  of  it  as  diamembering  an 
integral  part  of  Mexican  territory,  and  declared  the  purpose  of  Mexico  to  recover 
the  territory  she  was  tluis  despoiled  of. 

1845,  Mat  1.  —  The  Waahuujton  Union  appeared  at  Wash- 
ington. 

It  was  published  by  Thomas  Ritchie  and  John  P.  Heiss,  and  was  made  the 
organ  of  the  government,  and  continued  so  during  the  administration  of  James 
K.  Polk.  On  the  13tli  of  SeptcmlxT.  1847,  two  resolutions  were  introduced  in 
the  Senate,  the  first  to  exclude  the  editor  of  the  Union  from  the  privilege  of  the 
floor,  for  a  libel  upon  the  Senate,  and  the  second  to  exclude  the  reporters  of  the 
Union  from  the  reporters'  gallery.  They  were  debuted  two  days,  when,  the 
second  resolution  having  been  withdrawn,  the  first  was  passed  by  a  vote  of 
twenty-seven  to  twenty-one.  In  1849,  with  the  inauguration  of  President  Tay- 
lor, the  Union  ceased  to  be  the  organ  of  the  government;  but  at  the  inaugu- 
ration of  Franklin  Pierce,  in  1853,  it  was  restored  to  its  position,  and  continued 
it  when  Buchanan  was  inaugurated  in  1857,  with  John  Appleton  as  editor,  and 
ceased  with  the  opening  of  the  civil  war. 

1845,  June  3.  —  The  True  American  appeared  in  Lexington, 
Kentucky. 

It  was  edited  by  Cassius  M.  Clay,  and  advocated  the  abolition  of  slavery. 
The  press  was  seized  by  a  mob,  but  the  paper  was  continued,  being  printed  in 
Cincinnati,  and  published  in  Lexington,  and  then  in  Louisville. 

1845,  —  The  Mormons  wei'C  driven  from  Nauvoo,  and  ordered 
to  leave  Illinois. 

1845,  June  16.  — The  Texan  congress  accepted  the  terms  of 
annexation  to  the  United  States. 

At  the  same  session,  a  peaceful  settlement  of  the  question  offered  by  Mexico, 
hy  acknowledging  the  independence  of  Texas  on  certain  conditions,  was  rejected. 

1845,  July  4.  — The  annexation  of  Texas  was  made  complete. 
Information  had  been  received  of  the  action  of  the  Texas  senate. 

1845,  December.  —  The  President  in  his  message  to  Congress, 
38 


Mii-'--ti(n 


694 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1846-6. 


stated  that  he  had  "  deomod  it  proper,  as  a  precautionary  meas- 
ure, to  order  a  strong;  H((uii(lron  to  the  coast  of  Mexico,  and  to 
concentrate  a  Hufficiont  military  force  on  the  woHtern  frontier  of 
Texas." 

1845,  December  30.  —  Ilerrera,  who  had  succeeded  Canalizo 
as  president,  was  displaced,  and  General  Paredes  appointed. 

1845.  —  Petroleum  was  obtained  in  boring  for  salt  near  Ta- 
rentum,  on  the  Alleghany,  thirty-five  miles  above  Pittsburg. 

Two  Hinall  sprini^s  {•ontinuoil  to  yield  for  yi'iu-H.  Bi-i'orc  IhiH,  tlic  Sonoca  In- 
dians Katlir  pplioM  of  it,  and  it  wan  known  as  Seni'tui  oil,  or  GuncHco  oil, 
from  its  bci           ^nd  also  near  thu  head  of  the  Genesee  River. 

1845.  — Margaret  Fuller's  Woman  in  the  Nineteenth  Century 
was  published. 

It  demanded  that  every  avenue,  educational  and  industrial,  should  bo  open  to 
women,  and  especially  that  she  should  be  socially  free. 

1845.  —  The  naval  school  at  Annapolis  was  established. 

1845.  —  The  new  constitution  of  Louisiana  was  framed  and 
adopted. 

1846,  January.  —  The  army  was  ordered  to  take  up  a  position 
on  the  left  bank  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

It  had  been  at  Corpus  Christi  since  the  previous  Aupust.  No  hostile  act  had 
hcen  commi""d  by  the  Mexicans.  On  the  2Hth  of  March,  the  army  of  occupa- 
tion campr         lositc  Mataraoras. 

1846,  ARY  3.  —  General  Paredes  was  appointed   to  the 

presidency  of  Mexico. 

He  had  headed  an  insurrection  against  Ilcrrcra,  who  resigned  the  office. 

1846,  May.  —  Colonel  Fremont,  on  his  third  exploring  expedi- 
tion, arrived  in  the  valley  of  the  Sacramento,  and  took  part  in 
the  movement  for  the  independence  of  California. 

It  was  accomplished  before  the  arrival  of  Connnodore  Sloat  at  Monterey. 
With  the  arrival  of  the  American  forces,  the  Independents  united  with  them. 

1846,  May  11.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Congress, 
stating  that  Mexico  had  begun  hostilities,  sind  calling  upon  Con- 
gress to  recognize  the  existence  of  war,  and  make  provision  for 
its  vigorous  prosecution. 

On  the  13th,  both  houses  having  passed  the  bills  necessary  for  raising  the 
requisite  men  and  money,  they  were  signed  by  the  President,  who  issued  a 
proclamation  of  war.  The  bill  for  the  supplies  contained  in  its  preamble  that 
war  existed  by  the  act  of  the  republic  of  Mexico.  To  tiiis  statement  objection 
was  made. 

1846.  —  A  COMMUNITY,  under  the  direction  of  J.  11.  Noyes,  was 
formed  at  Putney,  Vermont. 


[1845-6. 

onary  moas- 
xico,  iind  to 
1  trout ior  of 

led  Ciinivlizo 
ipointod. 

(ivlt  noar  Ta- 
ittrtburg. 
,  the  Seneca  In- 
,  or  OoncBOO  oil, 

eenth  Century 
HlioulTl  bo  open  to 

blished. 

aa  framod  and 

,0  up  a  position 

No  hostile  act  had 
10  army  of  occupa- 

pointed  to  the 

^.,1  tl\c  office. 

Iploring  expedi- 
[id  took  part  m 

Isioat  at  Monterey, 
lited  with  them, 
ro  to  Congress, 
pling  upon  Con- 
Vo  provision  for 

Inry  for  raising  the 
llcnt,  who  issued  a 
li  its  preamble  tliat 
Istatement  objection 

LH.  Noyes,wa8 


1846.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOUTH  AMKHICA. 


596 


Uoinf?  niobbod  and  driven  awny  in  lfi48,  they  settled  at  Oneida,  New  York. 
Tliey  call  tliemselvos  "The  IVrfoctionints,"  and  have  a  branch  settlement  at 
Wiillingford,  Connecticut. 

1846.  —  A  COMPANY  from  Sweden,  under  the  leadership  of 
Olaf  Olson,  settled  at  Kisliop  Hill,  in  Illinois. 

Tliey  were  a  reH^iouH  oominunity.  In  1853  they  wore  incorporated  ns  an 
association  l)y  tiio  legiidature,  and  in  18(50  divided  their  property,  and  in  1803 
ceased  to  exist. 

1846,  June  15.  —  A  treaty  between  Groat  Britain  and  the 
United  States  settled  the  Oregon  question. 

The  country  was  greiitly  excited  concerning  the  question.  Congress,  after  a 
loll}?  and  violent  diNc-.-ssion,  had  passed  a  resolution,  which  was  approved  by  the 
rri'8i<lent  on  the  27th  of  April,  to  give  notice  to  Great  Britain  for  the  abrogiition 
of  tiie  joint  occupancy  of  Oregon  as  settled  by  the  convention  of  August  fi,  1827. 
The  notice  had  been  sent,  and  the  suspense  as  to  its  reception  by  Great  Britain 
was  fortunately  ended  by  the  news  of  the  treaty.  The  dividing  line,  by  the 
treaty,  was  the  forty-ninth  degree  ofi  latitude,  from  the  Stony  Mountains  west  to 
the  middle  of  the  ciiannel  Kcparating  Vancouver's  Island  from  the  main  land ; 
tlieni'c  soutlierly  through  tlie  middle  of  the  ctuinnel  and  of  Fuca's  Straits  to  the 
I'aciflc.  The  channel  and  straits  to  be  free,  as  also  the  great  northern  branch  of 
the  Columbia  Uiver.  The  treaty  was  ratified  and  proclaimed  by  tho  Tresidcnt, 
Au^Mist  T),  184G. 

184G,  July  3.  —  Congress  passed  a  tarifl'  act  to  take  effect 
December  1.     It  was  intended  for  revenue. 

All  articles  not  free  were  charged  ad  valorem  duties.  The  duties  were  catfh; 
and  tiie  l)onded  warehouse  system  was  inaugurated.  Tiic  collections  were  in 
coin,  and  the  independent  treasury  system  for  the  transaction  of  the  government's 
business  in  cash  was  inaugurated.     The  tariff  averaged  twenty-four  and  a  half 

JHT  cent. 

1846.  —  The  first  volume  of  the  American  Short-horn  Herd- 
Book  was  published. 

1846,  July  7.  —  The  Pacific  squadron  took  possession  of  Mon- 
terey, Mexico. 

Commodore  Sloat  was  in  command  of  the  squadron. 

1846,  July  0.  —  Commodore  Montgomery  captured  Francisco. 

1846,  July  16, — Commodore  Stockton  took  possession  of  Los 
Angeles,  the  c"j,pital. 

lie  took  possesion  in  the  name  of  the  President  of  the  United  States.  Colonel 
Fremont,  with  a  party  of  Americans,  iiad  previously  establishod  an  independent 
government  nt  Francisco. 

1846,  July  22.  —  Congress  authorized  the  issue  of  treasury 
notes,  "  not  exceeding  the  sum  of  ten  millions  of  dollars  of  this 
emission  outstanding  at  any  one  time." 

They  were  to  be  issued  "  as  the  exigencies  of  the  government  may  require." 
I  Or  the  president  might  borrow,  giving  stock  for  the  smn  he  borrowed,  provided 


www 


596 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1846-7. 


that  "  the  sum  so  borrowed,  together  with  the  treasury  notes,"  did  not  cxcood  ten 
millions.  The  treasury  notes  and  the  stock  were  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest, 
and  no  part  was  to  be  disposed  of  "  at  less  than  par." 

1846.  —  Congress  passed  a  warehouse  bill. 

It  authorized  the  storage  in  public  stores  of  imported  articles,  the  duty  to  be 
paid  when  they  were  withdrawn  for  consumption. 

1846,  August  6.  —  The  independent  treasury  was  re-estab- 
lished, and  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  government 
were  ordered  to  be  in  gold. 

An  issue  of  treasury  notes,  and  a  loan  or  loans  to  the  amount  of  twenty-eig'it 
million  dollars  were  authorized. 


1846. 


^HE  Smithsonian  Institute  was  founded. 


1846,  September  10.  —  A  patent  for  a  sewing-machine  was 
granted  to  Elias  Howe,  Jr.,  of  Cambridge,  Massachusetts. 

It  had  the  eye  of  the  needle  near  the  point,  and,  by  the  use  of  a  slmttlc,  made 
a  lock  stitch.  In  1850,  the  Singer  machine  was  patented;  in  1851,  the  Wheeler 
and  Wilson;  in  1852,  the  Grover  and  Baker;  in  1857,  the  Wilcox  and  Gibbs, 
besides  various  others,  modifications  and  improvements  upon  the  original  idea. 

1846.  —r-  A  PATENT  for  a  carpet  power-loom,  for  making  two  and 
three  ply  ingrain,  was  granted  to  Erastus  B.  Bigelow,  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1846,  September  20.  —  The  American  army,  under  General 
Taylor,  stormed  Monterey,  in  Mexico. 

The  contest  lasted  three  days,  when  the  garrison  capitulated. 

1846,  September  24.  —  Monterey  surrendered  to  the  forces 
under  General  Taylor. 

1846,  October  16.  —  The  first  public  application  of  other,  to 
deaden  pain  in  surgical  oprrations,  was  made  at  the  Massacliu- 
setts  General  HospitaL 

It  had  been  used  before  in  dental  operations.  There  are  three  claimants  to 
the  credit  of  first  suggesting  it.  Dr.  Morton  and  Dr.  Jackson,  of  Boston,  ami 
Dr.  Wells,  of  Hartford,  Connecticut. 

1846,  December  21^  —  Santa  Anna  was  elected  provisional 
president  of  Mexico,  and  Gomez  Farias  vice-president. 

Santa  Anna  had  returned,  and  the  constitution  of  1824  had  been  re-established. 

1847,  January  9.  —  A  decree  was  pas.^ed  by  the  congress  of 
Mexico  authorizing  the  government  to  raise  fifteen  millions  nl' 
dollars,  to  carry  on  the  wai  with  the  United  States,  hy  the  sale 
or  mortgage  of  the  real  estate  then  in  possession  of  the  Church. 

Tlie  decree  was  approved  by  the  president,  and  protested  against  by  the 
archbishop. 


[1846-T. 

not  exceed  ten 
•r  cent,  interest, 


s,  the  duty  to  be 

waa  re-cstab- 
3  government 

,it  of  twenty-cig^it 


r-niachine  was 
husetts. 
of  a  shuttle,  made 
1851,  the  Wheeler 
Wilcox  and  Gibbs, 
the  original  idea. 

making  two  and 
;elow,  of  Massa. 

Tinder  General 

2d. 

to  tlio  forces 

non  of  other,  to 
It  the  Massaclui- 

L  three  claimants  to 
Lon,  of  Boston,  ami 

Icted   provisional 

kaidcnt. 

[l  been  re-established. 

,,  the  congress  of 
gfteen  millions  •)! 
Itates,  by  the  sale 
In  of  the  Church. 


1847.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


697 


1847,  February  22.  —  The  battle  of  Buena  Yista  was  fought. 

It  lasted  tw.  days.  The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  were  defeated  by  the 
Americans  under  General  Taylor. 

1847,  March  9.  — General  Scott  with  his  army  landed  at 
Vera  Cruz,  and  with  the  fleet,  under  Commodore  Connor,  in- 
vested the  town. 

On  the  29th  the  fort  and  town  surrendered.    It  had  been  bombarded  nine  days. 

1847,  March  29.  —  Yera  Cruz  was  captured  by  the  Americans 
under  General  Scott. 

1847,  ArRiL  18.  —  The  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo  was  fought. 

It  occurred  in  a  pass  on  the  road  from  Vera  Cruz  to  the  city  of  Mexico,  to- 
wards which  General  Scott  was  advancing.  The  Mexicans  were  commanded  by 
Santa  Anna.  The  biittle  lasted  two  days,  and  was  one  of  the  most  decisive  of  the 
war,  the  Mexicans  being  defeated. 


The  type-revolving  press  was  patented  by  Richard 


1847.  • 
M.  Hoe. 

The  type  set  on  cylinders,  revolves.  The  ten-cylinder  presses,  which  make 
tlie  printing  of  the  modern  newspaper  possible,  were  the  outgrowth  of  this  inven- 
tion. 

1847,  April  19.  —  General  Scott  with  his  army  entered  Jalapa. 

Four  days  after,  the  castle  of  rorote,  the  strongest  fortress  after  Vera  Cruz  in 
Mexico,  was  in  possession  of  tlic  Americans. 

1847,  May  8.  —  The  battle  of  Palo  Alto  was  fought. 

The  Mexicans,  under  General  Arista,  were  defeated.  The  next  day,  the  battle 
of  Ilcsaca  dc  la  Palma  took  place,  in  wl>ich  again  General  Taylor  was  victorious, 
the  Mexicans  retreating  across  the  Rio  Grande. 

1847,  August.  —  General  Scott  with  his  army  reached  the 
city  of  Mexico,  and  made  an  armistice  with  Santa  Anna  for  the 
purpose  of  negotiating  a  peace. 

In  September  hostilities  begun  again,  each  party  accusing  the  other  of  violat- 
ing tlie  armistice. 

1847,  August  20.  —  The  battle  of  Churubusco  was  fought. 

The  Mexicans,  under  Santa  Anna,  retreated  towards  the  city  of  Mexico,  and 
General  Scott  continued  his  advance  with  his  army. 

1847.  —  The  National  Era  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  by  Dr.  Gamaliel  Biiilcy,  and  was  in  the  interest  of  the  aboli- 
tion party.  In  ^"^'ti  Uncle  Tom's  Crtii»  appeared  in  it  as  a  serial.  The  National 
Era  was  a  cor.L:  ,  ion  of  The  Philanthropist,  which  Dr.  Bailey,  with  James  C. 
IMrney,  had  printtu  in  Cincinnati,  wliere  it  was  several  times  mobbed,  but  was 
continued  until  Dr.  Bailey  moved  to  Washington  and  commenced  the  National 
Era.     Tins  was  also  mobbed. 


ested  against  by  tl^e  ■       ^^^^^  _  ^^^^^  ^^^^^^  discovered  in  California. 


598 

1847-57. 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1847-8. 


The  government  paid  only  gold  coin. 

1847.  —  The  Springfield  Bepuhlican  appeared  in  Springfield, 
Massachusetts. 

It  was  published  by  Samuel  Bowles  &  Co. 

1847,  August  20.  —  The  battle  of  Contreras  took  place  in 
Mexico. 

It  was  fought  in  the  night.  The  Mexicans  were  commanded  by  Gencrnl 
Valencia,  and  were  defeated  by  the  Americans  under  General  Scott. 

1847.  —  Salt  Lake  City,  Utah,  was  founded  by  the  Mormons. 

Brigliam  Young,  witli  an  advance  party,  reached  Salt  Lake  Valley,  in  Utah. 
The  rest  of  the  community  did  not  arrive  until  the  next  autumn. 

1847,  August  31.  —  Illinois  accepted  her  present  constitution. 

1847.  —  Geneva  College  admitted  a  woman  student  to  the 
medical  department. 

The  other  medical  colleges  had  all  refused.  The  student  was  Elizabeth 
Blackwell,  who,  after  her  graduation  in  1849,  completed  her  studies  in  Paris. 

1847.  —  A  PATENT  for  a  power-loom  to  make  Brussels  and 
tapestry  carpets  Avas  granted  to  Erastus  B.  Bigelow. 

1847,  September  8. — The  battle  of  El  Molino  del  Rey  was 
fought. 

The  Americans  were  the  attacking  party,  and  were  eventually  victorious. 

1847,  September  13.  —  The  fortress  of  Chapultepec  was  car- 
ried  by  storm. 

It  commanded  the  city  of  Mexico.  Its  capture  by  the  Americans,  under 
General  Scott,  practically  ended  the  Mexican  war. 

1847.  —  An  appropriation  was  made  for  the  survey  of  the 
government  mineral  lands  in  Michigan. 

Dr.  C.  T.  Jackson  was  made  superintendent  of  the  survey. 

1848,  January  1.  —  Girard  College  was  opened  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

It  was  founded  for  the  education  of  orphan  boys  from  a  bequest  of  two  million 
dollars  kit  by  Stephen  Girard.  By  his  special  provisions  the  pupils  are  taught 
morality,  but  all  dogmatic  religious  instruction  was  forbidden.  No  minister, 
missionary,  or  ecclesiastic  was  ever  to  have  anything  to  do  with  the  institution, 
or  even  to  be  admitted  as  a  visitor. 

1848,  February  1.  —  A  convention  at  Madison  City  accepted 
a  constitution  for  the  state  of  Wisconsin. 

It  was  ratified  by  the  people  of  the  state  March  14,  and  the  same  year  the 
state  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1848,  February  2.  —  A  treaty  of  peace  between  Mexico  and 
the  United  States  was  made  at  Guadalupe  Hidalgo. 


anded  by  Generftl 
Scott. 

y  the  Mormons. 

kc  Valley,  in  Utah. 
n. 

lit  constitution, 
student  to  the 

dent  was  Elizabeth 
studies  in  Paris. 

ke  Brussels  and 

igelow. 

no  del  Key  was 


.tepec  was  car- 
ic  Americans,  under 


I    II 


•t     \^} 


wm 


i 

-     —^)SM 

n^=^-''- 

..MtMm 

te-^M  ,  •," 

^9n  m  rnii^Lui 

P^*  '.iJi' 

5r=»-    r 

fm^^  Ji 

1 >.',■. 

^. 

iilf! 


iii'lL,,,., 
mil 


I  l! 


3ned  in  Philadel- 

.equcst  of  two  million 
tbe  pupils  arc  taught 
ddon.  No  minister, 
witb  tbe  institution, 

»on  City  accepted 
d  tbe  same  year  the 


I  iili 


r  1 


lilHill 


T 


\, 


V 


1848.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


599 


It  was  negotiated  by  Mr.  Trist,  who  had  been  authorized  by  the  President  to 
make  a  treaty,  and  the  Mexican  commissioners.  '  By  it  the  Rio  Grande  was  ac- 
knowledged as  the  Ixmndary  between  Mexico  and  the  United  States,  and  New 
Mexico  and  California  were  ceded  to  the  United  States,  who  agreed  to  pay 
Mexico  fifteen  millions  of  dollars,  and  assume  the  payment  of  American  claims 
for  an  amount  not  to  exceed  three  and  a  quarter  millions.  The  treaty  was  ratified 
by  both  governments,  and  proclaimed  by  the  President  of  the  United  States  July 
4,  1848. 

1848.  —  The  Illinois  and  Michigan  Canal  was  finished. 

The  work  had  been  begun  the  4th  of  July,  1830. 

1848.  —  A  MEETING  was  held  at  Seneca  Falls,  New  York,  to 
inaugurate  the  movement  for  the  political  equality  of  women. 

It  was  called  by  Mrs.  Lucretia  Mott  and  Mrs.  E.  C.  Stanton.  The  same  year 
another  meeting  for  the  same  purpose  was  held  at  Rochester,  New  York,  and  a 
third  at  Salem,  Ohio.     This  last  was  conducted  entirely  by  women. 

1848.  —  The  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  had  a  trial 
of  reapers  at  their  fair  in  Buffalo. 

The  machines  were  thought  to  be  unequal  to  the  common  scythe. 

1848.  —  One  thousand  pounds  of  guano  were  imported. 

The  next  year  over  21,000  pounds  were  imported,  and  between  1860  and  1870, 
387,585  tons.  The  first  guano  imported  into  England  consisted  of  twenty  casks 
sent  there  in  1840.  In  1841,  2000  tons  wore  carried  there.  Attention  had  been 
called  to  the  value  of  guano  as  a  fertilizer  by  Humboldt  and  Sir  Humphrey 
Davy. 

1848.  March.  —  The  "spirit  rapping"  phenomenon  began  in 
the  house  of  John  D.  Fo.v,  in  Ilydesville,  New  York. 

It  was  on  the  31st  of  the  month  that  the.  two  daughters,  near  whose  bed  the 
noises  occurred,  first  attempted  to  have  the  «'  spirits  "  answer  questions.  Soon 
after,  the  family  removed  to  Rochester,  and  there  the  table-tipping,  &c.,  began,  and 
in  November,  1849,  a  public  meeting  was  called  to  investigate  the  subject,  at 
which  the  Misses  Fox  made  their  first  public  appearance. 

1848.  —  After  the  treaty  between  the  United  States  and 
Mexico,  Santa  Anna  was  again  banished,  and  Herrera  was  ap- 
pointed president. 

1848,  July.  —  A  school  for  the  instruction  of  idiots  was  opened 
at  Barre,  Massachusetts. 

Dr.  Hervey  B.  Wilbur  was  the  instructor.  In  1851  permanent  institutions 
were  organized  by  the  states  of  Massachusetts  and  New  York,  and  in  1857  Oliio 
and  Pennsylvania  organized  institutions. 

1848,  October  25. — The  works  for  supplying  Boston,  Massa- 
chusetts, with  water  from  Cochituato  Lake  were  completed. 
The  aqueduct  is  twenty -three  miles  long.    The  works  were  tegun  in  1846. 


600 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1849. 


1848.  —  Maryland  resumed  payment. 

1848.  —  The  Republic  appeared  in  Washington. 

It  was  published  as  the  organ  of  General  Taylor's  administration  by  Alexander 
Babbitt  and  John  O.  Sargent,  but  did  not  long  survive  the  death  of  General  Tay- 
lor, when  the  National  Intelligencer  was  made  the  organ  of  I'resident  Fillmore. 

1848,  October.  —  A  convention  was  held  in  New  Mexico,  and 
a  petition  sent  to  Congress  praying  that  the  territory  should  be 
protected  against  the  introduction  of  slavery. 

The  provision,  known  as  the  Wilmot  proviso,  had  been  unsuccessfully  intro- 
duced into  Congress  several  times  since  1846.  It  substantially  was  the  extension 
of  the  ordinance  of  1787  forbidding  the  introduction  of  slavery  into  the  new  terri- 
tory acquired  by  the  United  States.  The  persistence  ".vith  which  it  was  voted 
down  led  to  the  introduction  of  anti-slavery  as  the  basis  for  a  new  political  party 
called  the  "  free  soil"  party. 

1845-1849.  —  Tenth  administration. 

James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee. 
Geo.  M.  Dallivs,  of  Pennsylvania. 
James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  6,  1845. 
Robert  J.  Walker,  of  Mississippi,  March  5,  1845. 
William  L.  Marcy,  of  Now  York,  Mareii  5,  1845. 
'  Georg?  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts,  March  10,  1845. 
I  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  September  9,  184G. 

Cave  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  March  5,  1845. 
r  John  Y.  Mason,  of  Virginia,  March  5,  1845. 
J  Nathim  Clifford,  of  Maine,  October  17,  1846. 
(.Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut,  June  21,  1848. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

John  W.  Davis,  of  Indiana,  Twenty-ninth  Congress,  1845. 
Robert  C.  Winthrop,  of  Massachusetts,  Thirtieth  Congress,  1847. 

1849,  January  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  sixty-three 
millions. 

1849.  — The  Eiie  Railway  was  completed. 

1849.  —  The  New  York  Associated  Press  Association  was 
formed. 

Tlicrc  had  been  combinations  of  newspapers  before  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing news,  but  this  was  the  most  extensive  and  permanent  one.  It  was  composed 
of  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  the  Courier  and  Enquirer,  the  Tribune,  Herald, 
Sun,  and  Express.     In  1851  the  Times  became  a  member,  and  in  1859  the  World. 

1849,  January  5.  —  The  Senate  confirmed  a  convention  be- 
tween Grroat  Britain  and  the  United  States  for  the  "improve- 
ment of  the  communication  by  post  between  the  two  countries." 

It  had  been  made  on  the  15th  of  December,  1848. 

1849.  —  The  *•  Department  of  the  Interior,"  or  home  depart- 
ment, was  created  by  Congress. 


President, 
Vice-President, 
Secretary  of  State, 
Secretary  of  Treasury, 
Secretary  of  War, 

Secretaries  of  Navy, 
Postmaster-General, 

A  ttorney  s-Gcneral, 


[1849. 


ition  by  Alexander 
;h  of  General  Tay- 
jsident  rillmorc. 

}w  Mexico,  and 
itory  should  be 

nsuccessfuUy  intro- 
y  was  the  extension 
y  into  the  new  terri- 
wliich  it  was  voted 
I  new  political  party 


1849-50.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


601 


nia,  March  5,  1845. 
n,  March  5,  1845. 
k,  March  5,  1845. 
setts,  March  10,  1845. 
eptember  0,  1846. 
larch  5,  1845- 
arch  5,  184o. 
ober  17,  1846. 
June  21,  1848. 

1845. 
ngress,  1847. 

,ted  to  sixty-three 


Association  was 

the  purpose  of  obtain- 

jne.     It  was  composed 

,  the   Tribune,  Herald, 

land  in  1859  the  World. 

a  convention  be- 
lor  the  "improve- 
Ihe  two  countries. 

I"  or  home  depart- 


Its  head  officer  had  the  title  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  was  a  member  of 
the  Cabinet. 

1849,  Macrh  3.  —  Congress  added  the  double  eagle  and  the 
dollar  to  the  number  of  gold  coins. 

1849,  March  3.  —  Minnesota  was  organized  as  a  territory,  and 
Alexander  Ramsey  was  appointed  the  first  governor. 

1849,  May  10.  —  The  Astor-Place  riot  took  place  in  New  York 

city. 

The  friends  of  Edwin  Forrest,  an  actor,  sought  to  prevent  Macrcrtdy,  tJie  Eng- 
lish actor,  from  playing  at  tlie  Opera  House. 

1849,  August  11.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  for- 
bidding the  fitting  out  of  warlike  expeditions  against  Cuba. 
The  expedition  whicli  was  in  preparation  was  given  up. 

1849,  September  1. — A  convention  met  at  Monterey,  and 
formed  a  constitution  for  California. 

The  discovery  of  gold  had  led  to  an  influx  of  emigration  from  all  over  the 
world.  Tlic  constitution  fo.bade  any  legal  distinctions  on  religious  grounds ; 
foreigners,  wlio  are  dotia  fide  citizens,  were  secured  the  same  rights  as  natives ; 
wives  wore  secured  in  their  right  to  hold  property  independent  of  tlie  Imsband's 
control ;  the  state  was  forbidden  to  lend  its  credit  to  any  corporation,  or  become 
a  stockholder  in  any  such. 

1850,  April.  —  A  treaty  was  made  between  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain,  known  as  the  Clayton-Bulwer  treaty. 

By  it  botli  countries  covenanted  that  neither  would  over  occupy,  colonize,  or 
exercise  dominion  over  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica,  the  Mosquito  coast,  or  any  part 
of  Central  America. 

1850,  May  24.  —  An  Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
Franklin  sailed  from  New  York. 

It  consisted  of  the  "Advance"  and  the  "Rescue,"  under  the  command  of 
Lieutenant  Do  Haven.  Tlie  ships  were  fitted  out  by  the  government,  the  expense 
being  paid  by  Henry  Grinnell,  of  New  York.  The  expedition  returned  in  Octo- 
ber, 1851. 

1850,  June  10.  —  "The  American  Bible  Union"  was  organ- 
ized in  Now  York. 

1850,  July  9.  —  President  Taylor  died. 

The  next  day,  Vice-President  Fillmore  took  the  oath  of  office  as  President. 

1850.  —  The  Collins  line  of  steamers  began  to  run  between 
New  York  and  Liverpool. 
They  were  an  American  line. 
1850,  July  31.  —  Utah  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

Salt  Lake  City  was  made  the  capitiil,  and  Colonel  Steptoe  appointed  governor, 
Brigham  Young,  the  Mormon  leader,  being  deposed.  The  Mormons  refused  to 
submit  to  the  authority  of  the  government,  and  forced  the  federal  judges  to  leave 
the  territory. 


602 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1850-51. 


1850.  —  New  Mexico  was  organized  into  a  territory,  and  a  bill 
fixing  the  boundaries  of  Texas  passed  by  Congress. 

By  a  proviso  it  was  ugrcctl  that  the  provisions  of  the  hill  shouhl  not  impair  the 
joint  resolution  of  184i>  for  the  annexation  of  Texas,  either  as  regards  the  num- 
ber of  states  that  might  i^e  formed  out  of  the  state  of  Texas,  or  otherwise. 

1850,  August.  —  The  fugitive  slave  bill  was  passed  by  Con- 
gress. 

It  imposed  a  fine  of  one  thousand  dollars,  and  six  months  imprisonment,  on 
any  person  luirhoring  fugitive  slaves,  or  aiding  them  to  escape. 

1850,  September  9.  —  California  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

The  act  was  passed  by  Congress  after  a  long  and  violent  debate. 

1850,  SEPrEMBER.  —  The  slave  trade  was  abolished  in  the  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia,  by  act  of  Congress. 

1850,  October  19.  —  The  first  national  convention  of  the  wo- 
man suffrage  party  was  held  at  Worcester,  Massachusetts. 

It  was  called  by  Mrs.  Paulina  Wright  Davis,  who  presided  over  it.  The  con- 
vention was  in  session  two  days,  the  19th  and  20th. 

1850,  —  A  COMPANY  under  Etienne  Cabet  settled  at  Nauvoo, 
Illinois. 

They  bought  the  houses  deserted  by  the  Mormons.  They  were  a  community. 
Eventually  tliis  settlement  was  abandoned,  and  a  portion  settled  at  Corning,  Iowa, 
where  they  formed  the  Icarian  community. 

1850.  —  The  act  providing  for  the  census  this  year  fixed  the 
number  of  members  the  House  of  Representatives  should  con- 
tain, so  that  the  ratio  of  the  representation  of  the  dilforent  states 
had  to  bo  calculated  to  suit  this  limit. 

This  simple  measure  put  an  end  to  the  disputes  which  had  constantly  arisen 
from  the  formation  of  the  government  concerning  the  ratios  of  representation. 

1850.  —  The  use  of  the  whip  on  shipboard,  both  in  the  navy 
and  the  merchant  service,  was  abolished  by  an  act  of  Congress. 

1850.  —  The  manufacture  of  zinc  was  begun  by  the  New  Jer- 
sey Zinc  Company. 

1851,  March  3.  —  Congress  added  the  three-cent  piece  to  the 
number  of  silver  coins. 

1851.  —  The  public  debt  of  the  United  States  amounted  to 
sixty-three  million  three  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1851.  —  The  legislature  of  Maine  passed  a  law  prohibiting  the  I 
manufacture,  sale,  or  use  of  intoxicating  drinks.  : 

1851.  —  The  Congressional  Library  was  founded  at  Wash-j 
ington. 

1851.  —  The  State  University  of  Wisconsin  was  founded. 


[1850-51. 
itory,  and  a  bill 

lould  not  impair  the 
g  rcRiirds  tiw  num- 
or  otlicrwise. 

passed  by  Con- 

lis  ImpriBonment,  on 
>c. 
into  the  Union. 

debate. 

ished  in  tbo  Dis- 

ention  of  the  wo- 

isachusetts. 

led  over  it.     The  con- 

iettled  at  Nauvoo, 

hey  were  a  community, 
cttlcd  at  Corning,  Iowa, 

this  year  fixed  the 
•atives  should  con- 
he  different  states 

h  had  constantly  arisen 
Los  of  representation. 

d,  both  in  the  navy 
n  act  of  Congress. 

lu  by  the  New  Jer- 
3e-cent  piece  to  the  | 

Hates  amounted  to  I 
hilars. 

law  prohibiting  tlie  I 
ks. 

founded  at  Wasli- 

In  was  founded. 


1851-2.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


603 


It  was  established  at  Madison,  and  endowed  with  three  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand doUr.rs. 

1851,  SEFrEMUER  1.  —  A  mob  destroyed  tho  quarantine  build- 
ings at  Castlotou,  Staten  Island,  New  York. 

The  health  offleers  of  the  town  had  declared  the  Quarantine  Hospital  a 
nuisance.  Tho  islivnd  was  declared  in  rebellion,  and  the  governor  ordered  troops 
there.  A  floating  hospital,  about  twelve  miles  from  the  shore,  was  subsequently 
arninged. 

1851,  September  18.  —  Tho  Mw  York  Times  appeared  in  Now 
York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Henry  J.  Raymond,  George  Jones,  E.  B.  Morgan,  D.  B. 
St.  John,  and  E.  R.  Wesley.  The  firm  afterwards  was  styled  Henry  J.  Raymond 
&  Co.     Henry  J.  Raymond  was  the  editor.     He  died  June  18,  1869. 

1851.  —  The  New  York  Ledger  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  published  by  Robert  Bonner,  and  was  founded  upon  tlio  Merchants' 
Ledger,  which  ho  had  purchased.  By  a  persistent  course  of  advertising,  it  has 
been  brought  to  an  enormous  circulation,  which  is  said  to  reach  nearly  four  hun- 
dred thousand. 

1852.  —  At  a  fair  of  the  Ohio  State  Board  of  Agriculture  a 
competition  of  reapers  was  held. 

The  judges  reported  there  was  no  striking  superiority  in  any  of  tho  machines 
shown.  The  New  York  State  Agricultural  Society  had  a  competition  of  mowers 
and  reapers  at  their  fair  at  Geneva,  in  which  nine  re.ipers  and  seven  mowers  com- 
peted. The  judges  decided  that,  in  comparison  with  the  hand-cradle,  they  showed 
a  saving  of  eighty-eight  and  three-fourtli  cents  an  acre. 

1852.  —  The  third  national  woman's  rights  convention  was 
held  at  Syracuse,  New  York. 

Susan  B.  Anthony  fir^t  appeared  publicly  in  this  convention. 

1852.  —  Antioch  Jollege,  at  Yellow  Springs,  Ohio,  was  incor- 
porated. 

It  was  the  first  institution  for  the  co-education  of  the  sexes  in  the  same  course 
of  study.  Horace  Mann,  of  Massachusetts  was  chosen  its  president,  and  con- 
tinued there  until  his  death. 

1852.  —  The  Public  City  Library,  at  Boston,  Massachusetts, 
was  founded. 

1852.  —  A  mint  was  established  in  San  Francisco,  California. 

Previously,  gold  dust,  or  coins  made  by  private  parties,  had  served  as  a 
currency. 

1852.  —  The  Smithsonian  Institute  organized  a  system  of  vol- 
unteer reports   of   meteorological   observations,   extending  all 
[over  the  country. 

In  1874  they  were  given  in  charge  of  the  Signal  Service  Bureau. 


604 


ANN.VLS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1853. 


1849-1853.  —  Eleventh  administration. 


PrcHident, 
Vice-President, 

Sccreturica  of  State, 


Ziielmry  Taylor,  of  LouiHiana,  died  July  0,  1850. 

Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York,  sueceeded  to  office. 
r.T.  M.  Clayton,  of  Delaware,  March  7,  IS-i'). 
<  Daniel  Webster,  of  Massachusetts,  July  ;  0,  1850. 
Llvlward  Everett,  of  Massachusetts,  December  9,  1852. 


-        ,     .        «_,  (  W.  M.  Meredith,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  7,  1849. 

Secretaries  of  Treasury,  <  •       <• /a,  ■      ti    on   io-a 

C  Thomas  Corwin,  of  Ohio,  July  20,  18j0. 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Secretaries  of  Navy, 


r  G.  W.  Crawford,  of  GeorRia,  March  7,  1849. 
J  W.  A.  Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  July  20,  1850. 
I  John  P.  Kennedy,  of  Maryland,  July  22,  1852. 

William  Preston,  of  Virginia,  March  7,  1849. 

William  Graham,  of  North  Carolina,  July  20,  1850. 
•Thomas  Ewing,  of  Ohio,  March  7,  1849. 


Scerctarics^f  Interior,  ^  j,^,,^^.^  ^   j,^^^^^^  ^^  Maryland,  July  20,  1850. 


(a  new  office,) 


I  Alexander  II.  II.  Stuart,  of  Virginia,  Sept.  12,  1850. 
r  Jacob  Collamer,  of  Vermont,  March  9,  1849. 
Postmasters-General,      -|  N.  K.  Hall,  of  New  York,  July  20,  1850. 

L  Samuel  D.  Hubbard,  of  Connecticut,  August  31, 1852. 
Reverdy  Johnson,  of  Maryland,  March  7,  1849. 
John  J.  Crittenden,  of  Kentucky,  July  20,  1850. 
Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  — 

Howell  Cobb,  of  Georgia,  Thirty-first  Congress,  1849. 
Linn  Boyd,  of  Kentucky,  Thirty-second  Congress,  1851. 


Attorneys-General,  \  ,  , 

I  .Joh 


1853,  January  1.  —  Una  appeared  in  Providence,  Rhode 
Island. 

It  was  the  first  woman's  rights  paper,  and  was  edited  by  Mrs.  Paulina  Wright 
Davis,  who  had  lectured  before  women  upon  physiology  as  early  as  1844. 

1853.  —  The  first  woman's  medical  college  was  opened  in 
Pliiladelphia,  Pennsylvania. 

The  same  year,  Antoinette  Brown  was  ordained  as  a  minister  of  a  church  in 
New  York  state. 

1853,  January  1.  —  The  Illustrated  News  appeared  in  New 
York  city. 

It  lived  only  a  year. 

1853,  Fkbruary  21.  —  Congress  added  the  three-dollar  gold 
piece  to  the  number  of  coins. 

Silver  being  rated  so  low  that  it  was  exported,  the  weight  of  silver  in  the  coin- 
age was  lessened,  and  the  mint  made  a  charge  for  coining  it  for  individuals, 
Tiic  silver  coins  issued  under  this  were  made  "  legal  tenders  in  payment  of  dobtJl 
for  all  sums  not  exceeding  five  dollars." 

1853,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  instituting  a  siirveyj 
of  a  railway  route  from  the  Mississippi  to  the  Pacific. 

Supplementary  acts  were  passed  in  May  and  August,  1854.  The  report  of  tli«| 
surveys  was  published  in  1855-01,  in  thirteen  volumes. 


[1853. 


1853.] 


ANNALS   OF  NOIITII   AMEUICA. 


605 


a  .Tuly  0,  1850. 
iccccded  ti»  office. 

lU  7,  18t'>- 

,,  «uly  ;'0,  1850. 

.December 9,  i852. 

t,  March  7,  1849. 

I,  1850. 

rch  7,  1849. 

a,  July  20,  1850. 

July  22,  1852. 

ucU  7,  1840. 

Una,  July  20,  1850. 

7,  1849. 

July  20,  1850. 

rinia,  Sept.  12,  1850. 

arch  9,  1849. 

20,  1850. 

jeut,  August  31, 1852. 

,  March  7,  1849. 
cy,  July  20,  1850. 

1849. 
j8,  1851. 

•ovidence,  Rliode 

Mrs.  Paulina  Wriglit 
early  as  1844. 

|e  was   opened  in 
linister  of  a  church  ia 


[appeared  in  New 


three-dollar  goW' 

ht  of  silver  in  the  coin- 
king  it  for  indiviauals. 
|;rsinpaymentoftleM!| 

istituting  a  survey 
iPacific. 

354.    The  report  of  the 


1853.  — Washington  Territory  was  formed  from  the  northern 
half  of  Oregon. 

1853.  —  CoNr.HESs  voted  the  payment  of  seven  millions  for  the 
Gadttdon  purchase  from  Mexico. 

It  added  twenty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  square  miles  to  tl»o  territory  of 
tlic  United  States. 

1853,  March  4.  —  Franklin  Pierce,  in  his  inaugural  address  as 
President,  expressed  tiie  conviction  that  the  question  of  slavery 
was  settled. 

lie  said  :  "  I  believe  that  involuntary  servitude,  as  it  exists  in  dlflferent  states  in 
tlii3  conl'ederaey,  is  recognized  by  ti\e  Constitution.  I  believe  that  it  stands  like 
any  other  ndniitted  ri),'lit,  and  that  the  statcn  where  it  exists  are  entitled  to  efflcient 
remedies  to  enforce  the  constitutional  provisions.  I  hold  that  the  laws  of  1850, 
commonly  called  the  '  compromise  measures,'  are  strictly  constitutional,  and  to  bo 
unhesitatingly  carried  into  effect.  I  fervently  hope  that  the  question  is  at  rest, 
and  tliat  no  sectional,  or  ambitious,  or  fanatical  excitement  may  again  threaten 
the  dural)ility  of  our  institutions,  or  obscure  the  ligiit  of  our  prosperity." 

1853,  March  17.  —  Santa  Anna,  who  had  been  recalled  from 
exile,  was  for  the  fifth  time  placed  at  the  head  of  tlio  Mexican 
government,  with  the  title  of  President. 

In  reality  he  was  olotlied  with  unlimited  power. 

1853,  May  10.  —  The  British  Parliament  abolished  in  Canada 

the  "  clergy  reserves." 

1853,  July  14.  —  The  Crystal  Palace,  New  York,  was  opened 
for  a  universal  industrial  exhibition. 

1853,  July.  —  Martin  Koszta,  an  Hungarian  by  birth,  but  a 
naturahzed  citizen,  was  liberated,  as  such,  by  the  Austrian  au- 
thorities. 

The  demand  was  made  by  Captain  Ingraham,  in  command  of  the  sloop-of-war 
St.  Louis.  The  occurrence  took  place  at  Smyrna,  where  Koszta  had  been  seized 
by  tlie  Austrian  consul-general,  ^or  this  vindication  of  the  rights  of  naturalized 
I  citizens,  Congress  voted  Captain  Ingraham  a  medal. 

1853.  —  A  SECOND  Arctic  expedition  in  search  of  Sir  John 
[Franklin  sailed  from  New  York  in  the  spring. 

It  was  commanded  by  Dr.  Kane.  The  expense  was  borne  by  Messrs.  Grinnoll 
[of  New  York,  and  Peabody  of  London.     It  returned  in  the  fall  of  1855. 

1853.  —  The  first  volume  of  the  American  Nautical  Almanack 
[was  published. 

It  was  supervised  by  Captain  C.  II.  Davis,  who  was  assisted  by  Professors 
ftircc  iind  Winlock,  of  Harvard  University. 

1853.  —  The  first  successful  steam  fire-engiae  was  used  in 
Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

It  was  built  by  A.  B.  Latta.  In  1841,  one  had  been  built  for  the  insurance 
lompanics  in  Now  York,  but  its  excessive  weight  rendered  it  practically  useless. 


606 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


[1863-4. 


1 8/)3.  —  Thk  New  York  dipper  nppoarod  in  Now  York  city. 

It  wild  ])ul)li8)u>(l  by  Fniiik  Queen,  and  was  the  flr^t  tlicatricul  journal. 

1853.  —  The  Now  York  Cloaring  ITouse  was  ostablishod. 

It  wiiH  orf^anized  by  flfty-two  banlcH  in  tlio  city,  and  enables  them  to  settle  hal- 
nnecH  of  iiiillionH  by  tiie  payment  of  tlie  slijflit  ditterenee  of  accuunts.  In  the 
bprinK  of  185G,  the  Boston  Clearint;  Houho  went  into  operation. 

1854,  January  9. — Tho  Astor  Library,  in  Now  York  city, 
Wiia  o[)oned  to  the  public. 

.Jolm  Jacob  Astor  left  tho  endowment  for  it  at  his  death  in  1848. 

1851.  —  The  artesian  well  in  the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery  at 
St.  Louis  was  completed. 

It  was  begun  in  1849,  and  is  said  to  b<>  tho  deepest  in  tho  world,  being  2199 
feet  deep. 

1854.  —  Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Nt^ospaper  appeared  in  Now 
York  city. 

1854,  Ma"/ 30.  —  An  act  was  passed  "to  organize  the  terri- 
tories of  Kansas  and  Nebraska." 

Tile  bill  was  introduced  by  Stephen  A.  DouRlas,  the  chairman  of  tho  Senate 
committee  on  territories.  One  of  its  provisions  was  as  follows  :  "  That  tho  consti- 
t\ition  and  all  tho  laws  of  the  linited  States  which  are  not  locally  inapplicable, 
shall  have  the  same  force  and  effect  within  the  said  territory  as  elsewhere  witliiii 
the  United  States,  except  the  eiglith  section  of  the  act  preparatory  to  the  lulniis- 
sion  of  Missouri  into  the  Union,  approved  March  G,  1820,  which  being  inconsiot- 
ent  with  the  principle  of  non  intervention  l>y  Congress  with  slavery  in  tlic  states 
and  territories,  as  recognized  by  the  legislalion  of  1850,  commonly  called  the 
CJompromisc  Measures,  is  hereby  declared  inoperative  and  void :  it  being  the 
true  intent  and  mcnuing  of  this  act,  not  to  legislate  shivery  into  any  territory  or 
state,  nor  to  exchnU  it  therefrom,  but  to  leave  the  people  thereof  perfectly  free  to 
form  and  regulate  tluir  domestic  institutions  in  their  own  way,  subject  only  to  the 
constitution  of  tlie  United  States :  Provided,  that  nothing  herein  contained  shall 
be  construed  to  revive  or  put  in  force  any  law  or  regulation  which  may  have 
existed  i)rior  to  the  act  of  Cth  of  March,  1820,  either  protecting,  establishing, 
prohibiting,  or  abolishing  slavery."  On  the  passage  of  this  act  societies  were 
instituted  in  both  the  northern  and  southern  states  to  aid  emigration  to  Kansas,— 
those  in  the  northern  to  keep  slavery  from  Kansas,  and  those  in  the  southern 
to  introduce  it. 

1854.  —  A  TREATY  was  inudeVith  Japan. 

It  was  made  by  Conunodore  Perry,  and  opened  that  country  to  commcricial 
intercourse  with  the  United  States. 

1854.  —  A  rp:ciprocity  treaty  was  made  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  United  States. 

It  opened  the  colonial  ports  to  commerce. 

1854. — A  FACTORY  for  preparing  kerosene  oil  was  started  at  j 
Newtown,  Long  Lsland. 


[1853-4. 
J  York  city. 

,1  journal. 

tablistiod- 
thcni  to  BctUc  bal- 
accounts.     In  tl>c 

[ew  York  city, 

1848. 

igar  llcfinory  at 
,0  world,  being  2109 

appeared  in  Now 


1854-5.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


607 


■ganize 


the  terri- 


hftirnmn  of  the  Senate 
„^  .  «♦  That  t\ie  consti- 
,t  locally  inawUcable, 
l,ry  as  elsewhere  within 
paratory  to  the  .dmis- 
wlnch  being  inconsi»i- 
tu  slavery  in  the  states 
,  commonly  ealled  the 
„na  void:  it  being  the 

rv  into  any  territory  or 
thereof  perfectly  free  to 
■^  ay,  subject  only  to  the 
herein  contained  shall 
ilation  which  may  hftv« 
.rotecting,  establishing, 
this  act  societies  were 
■migration  to  Kansas, - 
;  those  in  the  southern 


country  to  commericial 
Itween  Great  Britain 

oil  was  started  at 


1854,  May  31.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  denoun- 
cing IV  contemplated  expedition  against  Cuba. 

1854,  July  13. —  A  United  States  frigate  bombarded  and 
burned  Groytown,  Nicaiagua. 

She  had  been  sent  to  demarJ  reparation  for  property  stolen  from  American 
citi/eiiH,  and  when  it  was  refused,  fired  upon  tlic  town. 

1854,  August.  — The  Ostend  manifesto  was  issued. 

It  was  issued  by  our  ropresontatives  nt  London,  Madrid,  and  Paris,  —  nuchan- 
an,  Soule,  and  Mason,  respectively,  —  who  met  at  Ostend,  and  publiHiiod  tlie 
result  of  their  conference  concerning  Cuba.  In  it  they  urged  that  Cuba,  from  its 
({eographical  position,  should  belong  to  the  United  States,  and  that  sliould  Spain 
free  the  slaves  there,  the  United  States  should  endeavor  by  force  to  possess  tlie 
island. 

1854,  August  2. —  The  reciprocity  treaty  between  England 
and  the  United  States  regulating  the  relation  between  the  latter 
and  Canada  in  regard  to  tra'le,  fisheries,  «fec.,  was  ratified. 

This  treaty  was  negotiated  by  Lord  Elgin.  In  18G4  the  United  States  proposed 
its  abrogation. 

1854.  —  An  act  was  passed  by  Congress  relieving  the  children 
born  abroad,  of  American  fathers,  from  alienage. 

1854,  October.  —  A.  H.  Beeder,  appointed  governor  of  Kansas, 
arrived  in  the  territory. 

lie  appointed  an  election  for  the  29th  of  November  to  choose  a  delegate  to 
Congress.  .John  W.  Whitfield  was  declared  elected.  Claims  were  made  of  fraud 
i,'  the  electi(m,  and  a  committee  appointed  by  the  House  to  investigate,  sus- 
tii.ncd  the  claims,  reporting  tha*  in  nine  of  the  seventeen  election  districts  more 
tliivi  two  thirds  of  the  voters  were  non-residents  who  had  come  into  the  territory 
only  <br  the  purpose  of  voting. 

1854.  —  The  observatory  at  Ann  Harbor,  Michigan,  was  built. 

1855,  January  2.  —  Juan  Alvarez  began  a  revolt  against 
Santii  Anna. 

Santa  Anna  abdicated,  and  Carrera  was  elected  president  in  August,  Santa 
Anna  again  going  into  exile. 

1855  —  The  railway  suspension  bridge  at  Niagara  was  com- 

ileted. 

It  was  built  by  Mr.  Roebling.  In  1848  a  suspension  bridge  had  been  built 
ere  by  C.  EUct,  who  the  same  year  built  one  at  Wheeling  over  the  Ohio.  The 
rst  was  removed  to  give  place  to  this  one,  and  that  at  Wheeling  blew  down 

IS.H.  As  early  as  1796  a  small  suspension  bridge  of  chain  cables  had  been 
luilt  hy  Mr.  Finley. 

1855,  March  30.  —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  for  mem- 
bers to  the  assembly. 

A  census  had  been  taken.  Companies  of  men  from  Missouri  again  presented 
lemselves  and  demanded  to  vote,  in  one  district  forcibly  dispersing  the  judges. 


'!f!/'.?>">ri'!™i 


i 


608 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH   AMERICA. 


[1855. 


The  governor  set  aside  the  election  from  evidence  to  invalidate  it,  and  ordered  a 
new  election  in  the  six  contested  districts  in  May. 

1855,  July  2.  —  The  logislature  of  Kansas  met  at  Paunee  City, 
tlie  place  appointed  by  tlie  governor. 

Seats  were  refused  to  the  members  elected  at  the  May  election,  and  were 
given  to  those  chosen  at  the  JVlarch  election.  A  bill  was  passed  removing  the 
seat  of  government  to  Shawnee  Mission,  near  the  border  of  Missouri.  This  tlio 
governor  vetoed,  and  the  legislature  passed,  again  by  a  two-thirds  vote.  The 
legislature  passed  laws  copied  from  those  of  Missouri.  The  slave  laws  were  very 
rigorous.  Any  one  printing  or  circulating  anything  "  calcuhit_'d  to  promote  a 
disorderly  or  dangerous  disaffection  among  the  slaves,  or  to  induce  them  to 
escape  from  the  service  of  their  masters,  or  to  resist  their  authority,"  or  any  one 
aiding  in  such  printing  or  circulation,  was  "guilty  of  a  felony  and  to  be  imprisoned 
at  hard  Labor  not  less  than  five  years."  Any  free  person  denying  the  right  to 
hold  slaves  in  the  territory,  and  publishing  or  circulating  any  book,  pr.per,  or  cir- 
cular maintiiining  such  denial,  to  be  imprisoned  at  hard  labor  for  two  years. 
Candidates  were  obliged  to  take  an  oath  to  support  the  fugitive  slave  law,  as  were 
judges  of  election  and  voters,  if  challenged,  and  attorneys  admitted  to  practice  in 
the  courts.  Jurors  were  chosen  by  the  sheriff,  and  "  no  person  who  was  con- 
scientiously ojjposed  to  the  holding  of  slaves,  or  who  did  not  admit  the  right  to 
hold  slaves  in  the  territory,  should  be  a  juror  in  any  cause  "  affecting  the  right  to 
hold  slaves,  or  relating  to  slave  property. 

1855,  July  31.  — A.  II.  Reeder,  the  governor  of  Kansas  Ter- 
ritorv,  was  removed  from  office. 

The  position  reverted  to  Daniel  Woodson,  the  secretary  of  the  territory. 

1855. — The  charter  Avas  granted  the  Ehnira  Female  College, 
and  this  institution  was  organized  at  Palmira,  Now  York. 

This  was  the  first  charter  granted  by  the  state  for  a  fomiile  college  designed  to 
r.aise  the  standard  of  education  for  women  to  an  equality  with  that  for  men. 

1855.  —  A  COMPANY  under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Keil  settled  at 
Shoalwater  Bay,  in  Washington  Territory. 

They  were  a  religious  community.  In  185G  they  moved  to  Aurora,  in  Oregon, 
They  came  from  Bethel,  Missouri. 

1855,  September  1.  —  Wilson  Shannon,  appointed  as  governor 
of  Kansas,  to  succeed  Governor  Ileeder,  entered  upon  the  office. 
lie  was  removed  August  21,  18j0,  and  Woodson  again  assumed  the  office. 

1855,  September  19.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  met  at  To- 
peka,  Kansas,  "  to  consider  and  determine  upon  all  subjects  of 
public  interest,  ivnd  particularly  upon  that  having  referonco  to 
the  speedy  formation  of  a  state  constitution,  with  an  intention  of 
an  immediate  application  to  be  admitted  as  a  state  into  tlie 
Union." 

A  general  meeting  at  L.awrcnce,  August  15,  had  proposed  such  a  convention, 
and  various  other  meetings  in  the  state  had  seconded  the  movement.  The  con- 
Tention  arranged  for  an  election  for  delegates  to  a  constitutional  convention  in 
October. 


[1855. 

;,  and  ordered  a. 

Paunee  City, 

'Ction,  and  were 
,cd  removing  the 
ssouri.     This  the 
liirds  vote.     The 
'0  liVAVs  were  very 
t'jd  to  promote  a 
)  induce  them  to 
irity,"  or  any  one 
d  to  be  imprisoned 
jnying  the  riglit  to 
ook,  paper,  or  cir- 
jr  for   two   years. 
slave  law,  as  •Nvcre 
litted  to  practice  in 
rson  who  was  con- 
admit  the   right  to 
Bfecting  the  right  to 

of  Kansas  Tcr- 

thc  territory. 
Female  College, 
V  York. 

college  designed  to 
that  for  men. 

.  Koil  settled  at 
Aurora,  in  Oregon. 

nted  as  governor 
d  upon  the  office, 
isumed  the  office. 

•ates  met  at  To- 
rn all  subjects  of 
,  ing  reierenco  to 
111  an  intention  of 

a  state  into  the 

cd  such  a  convention, 

movement.     The  con- 

ilutional  convention  m 


1855-6.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


609 


1855,  October  23.  — The  constitutional  convention  met  at  To- 
peka,  Kansas,  and  Ibrmed  a  constitution. 

It  was  accepted  by  the  people  December  15,  by  a  vote  of  1731  against  46. 

1856,  January  15.  —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  to  choose 
members  of  the  legislature  and  oflicers  of  the  state. 

Charles  Robinson  was  elected  governor. 

1856.  —  The  copyright  law  was  extended  to  secure  to  the 
authors  of  plays  the  exclusive  right  of  representation  on  the 

stage. 

1856,  January  24.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress concerning  the  difficulties  in  Kansas. 

He  suggested  that  when  the  population  should  be  sufficient  to  constitute  a  state, 
a  constitution  should  be  framed,  as  a  preparation  for  adniis3ion  to  the  Union.  He 
considered  that  acts  of  a  revolutionary  c'.iaracter  had  been,  performed  in  the  state, 
and  promised  to  use  the  force  of  the  goverr  lent  should  it  be  necessary.  The 
message  was  referred  to  the  committee  on  territories,  who  reported  in  March 
commending  it. 

1856,  February  22.  —  A  convention  of  delegates  from  the 
free  states  was  held  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  the  origin  of  the  Republican  party,  and  arranged  to  hold  a  nominating 
convontion  in  Philadelphia  on  the  17th  of  June. 

1856.  —  Congress  reduced  the  duties,  and  passed  an  act  to  aid 
in  laying  the  telegraph  cable  across  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

1856,  March  1.  —  The  legislature  of  Kansas  met. 

A  committee  was  appointed  to  frame  laws,  and  a  memorial  prepared  to  Con- 
gress. The  legislature  adjourned  to  meet  on  the  4th  of  .Inly,  185(),  and  sliortly 
after  the  .idjourninent  Governor  Robinson  and  others  were  arrested  on  a  cliargo 
of  high  treason,  and  imprisoned.  Eventually,  the  district  attorney  entered  a  ho?*? 
prosequi  in  their  case,  and  they  were  discharged. 

1856,  May  22.  —  Charles  Sumner,  a  senator  from  Massachu- 
setts, was  assaulted  in  the  Senate  chamber  by  Preston  S.  Brooks, 
of  South  Carolina. 

Mr.  Sumner  had  made  a  speech  entitled,  "The  Crime  against  Kansas,' at 
which  Mr.  Brooks  took  umbrage. 

1856,  May.  —  The  Free  State  Hotel,  in  Lawrence,  Kansas,  and 
the  Herald  of  Freedom  and  the  Kansas  Free  State  were  destroyed 
by  direction  of  ShorifT  Jones,  acting  under  writs  issued  from  the 
firat  district  court  of  the  United  States. 

Judge  Lecomptc  had  charged  the  grand  jury  that  combinations  for  resisting 
the  territorial  laws  were  guilty  of  constructive  treason,  and  tlie  grand  jury  had 
Iiresentcd  the  hotel  and  the  newspapers  as  nuisances  to  be  abated. 

1856.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  increase  its  compensation. 
The  members  were  to  be  allowed,  instead  of  eight  dollars  a  day,  three  thousand 

39 


'»*3^F  vi   j^ 


610 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1856. 


dollars  a  year.  The  mileage  of  eight  dollars  for  ev^cry  twenty  miles  of  travel  re- 
mained unchanged.  Each  day's  absence,  except  for  sickness  of  a  member  him- 
self or  one  of  his  family,  caused  a  deduction. 

1856.  —  Congress  made  grants  of  the  public  lands  for  the  aid 
of  railroads. 

The  grants  of  land  were  made  to  Florida,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana, 
Michigan,  and  Wisconsin,  to  aid  in  constructing  railroads  in  tliose  states.  Each 
alternate  section,  six  sections  wide,  on  each  of  the  roads,  were  granted,  and 
the  remaining  sections  belonging  to  the  United  States  were  not  to  be  sold  for  less 
than  double  the  usual  price,  and  before  they  are  sold  to  individuals  should  be 
cftered  for  sale  at  public  auction  at  the  enhanced  price. 

1856.  —  General  Comonfort  was  elected  president  of  Mexico. 

He  took  active  measures  against  the  clergy,  confiscating  church  property,  and 
forbidding  the  clergy  to  hold  real  estate.  He  also  promulgated  a  new  constitu- 
tion which  the  army  disapproved  of,  and  the  two  bodies  —  the  army  and  the 
clergy  —  united  against  him  and  forced  him  to  resign  after  about  a  two-years' 
rule. 

1856,  July  1.  —  A  committee  appointed  by  the  House  to  in- 
quire into  the  Kansas  troubles,  reported. 

The  committee  consisted  of  John  Sherman  of  Ohio,  William  A.  Howard  of 
Michigan,  and  Mordccai  Oliver  of  Missouri.  Their  report,  with  the  testimony, 
makes  a  volume  of  twelve  Imndrcd  pages.  In  tlieir  opinion  the  elections  held  by 
those  desirous  to  prevent  the  introduction  of  slavery  were  not  illegal,  but  were 
attended  with  violence  on  the  part  of  those  desirous  to  introduce  .slavery.  That 
the  elections  under  the  alleged  territorial  law  were  carried  by  organized  invasions 
from  Missouri;  that  the  alleged  territorial  logislatr  'j  was  illegal,  and  could  pass 
no  valid  laws ;  that  the  laws  they  passed  were  intended  for  unlawful  ends ;  that 
neither  of  the  delegates  to  Congress  were  entitled  to  a  seat ;  tiiat  no  election  could 
be  held  in  the  territory  without  a  new  census,  a  stringent  election  law,  impartial 
judges  of  election,  and  the  presence  of  United  States  troops  at  every  polling 
place ;  that  the  constitution  formed  by  the  convention  embodied  the  will  of  the 
majority  of  the  people.     Oliver  made  a  minority  report  aaserting  the  contrary. 

1856,  July  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  the  legis- 
lature of  Kansas  to  provide  for  a  convention  to  form  a  constitu- 
tion, if  a  census  showed  tliat  the  state  liad  suflicient  population. 

The  bill  had  been  debated  from  the  17th  of  March.  The  ratio  of  representa- 
tion showed  tliat  the  sta*?  sliould  have  93,420  inhabitants. 

1;S56,  July  4.  —  The  legislature  of  Kansas  met  at  Topeka,  and  I 
were  dispersed  by  the  military  without  organizing. 

The  marshal  read  a  proclamation  from  the  President,  issued  the  February 
before,  declaring  that  the  Shawnee  Mi.ssion  legislature  would  bo  supported  by  the 
whole  force  of  the  government.  Acting  Governor  Woodson  issued  a  proclama- 
tion to  the  same  effect,  and  about  two  hundred  soldiers,  under  command  of 
Colonel  Sumner,  appearing  before  the  Hall,  ordered  the  legislature  to  dispcrso, 
which  it  did. 

1856,  July. — John  W.  Geary  was  appointed  governor  of 
Kansas. 


[1856. 


1856.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


611 


es  of  travel  re- 
ft member  him- 

is  for  tlie  aid 

isippi,  Louisiana, 
ose  states.    Each 
ere  granted,  and 
to  be  sold  for  less 
,vidual8  should  be 

\ent  of  Mexico, 
urch  property,  and 
ed  a  new  constitw- 
ahe  army  and  the 
about  a  two-years' 

he  House  to  in- 

lUam  A.  Howard  of 
with  the  testimony, 
the  elections  beld  by 
not  illegal,  but  were 

reduce  :^lavery.    That 
uv  organized  invasions 
iegal,  and  could  ija.* 
r  unlawful  ends-,  th 
'that  no  election  could 
■lection  law,  impartvA\ 
toops  at  every  polbng 
.bodied  the  will  ot  the 
,erting  the  contrary. 

borizing  the  le£ 
|o  forni  a  constiw- 
tcient  population. 
he  ratio  of  represcnta- 

,et  at  Topeka,  and 

t!"Sued  the  Ecbruar, 
luld  be  supported  by  tut 

Un  issued  a  proeiam  J 
,  under  command  ot 
legislature  to  dispel, 

inted  governor  of 


He  arrived  there  September  9,  and  resigned  his  office  in  March,  1857,  and  was 
replaced  by  Robert  J.  Walker,  of  Mississippi ;  Frederick  P.  Stanton,  of  Tennes- 
see, being  appointed  secretary.  Mr.  Walker  resigned  the  position  December  17, 
1857,  and  Stanton  was  removed  a  few  days  before,  J.  W.  Denver  being  appointed 
in  his  place. 

1856,  November  12.  —  The  Grand  Trunk  Railroad  from  Quebec 
to  Toronto,  a  distance  of  eight  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  was 
opened.  .   - 

1856.  —  Gold  was  discovered  in  New  Columbia. 

1856.  —  The  Dudley  Observatory  was  built  at  Albany,  New 
York. 

It  was  erected  at  the  expense  of  the  widow  of  Charles  E.  Dudley.  She  con- 
tributed seventy  thousand  dollars  for  this  purpose.  It  was  intended  as  a  monu- 
ment in  memory  of  her  husband,  who  had  been  greatly  interested  in  astronomy, 
and  desirous  of  doing  something  to  further  its  study  in  the  country. 

1856.  —  A  PATENT  was  issued  for  a  process  of  "  condensing 

milk." 

It  was  issued  to  Gail  Borden,  Jr. 

1856.  —  A  WIRE  suspension-bridge  across  the  Mississippi  was 
built  at  Minneapolis,  Minnesota. 

It  was  the  first  bridge  over  the  Mississippi. 

1856.  —  The  first  experiments  with  the  Bessemer  pi  s  for 
the  production  of  steel  was  made  at  the  Philipsburg  furnace,  in 
Warren  County,  New  Jersey. 

The  iron  used  was  obtained  from  a  mine  at  Andover,  in  Sussex  County,  which 
was  opened  before  the  Revolution,  and  during  it  was  taken  possession  of  by  the 
government,  the  company  being  principally  Tories.  After  the  war,  the  mine  was 
abandoned,  and  in  1847  was  bought  by  Mr.  Hewitt,  who,  with  Peter  Cooper,  of 
New  York,  has  worked  it  since. 

1853-57.  —  Twelfth  administration. 


Irs 


President, 

Vice-President, 

Secretary  of  State, 
Secretary  of  Treasury, 
Secretary  of  War, 
Secretary  of  Navy, 
Secretary  of  Interior, 
Postmaster-General, 
Attorney-General, 


Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire. 
■  William  R.  King,  of  Alabama.     Died  April  18,  1863. 
David  R.  Atchison,  of  Missouri. 
Jesse  D.  Bright,  of  Indiana. 
William  L.  Marcy,  of  New  York,  March  5,  1853. 
James  Guthrie,  of  Kentucky   March  5,  1853. 
Jefferson  Davis,  of  Mississippi,  March  5,  1853. 
James  C.  Dobbin,  of  North  Carolina,  March  5,  1853. 
Robert  McClelland,  of  Michigan,  March  6,  1853. 
James  Campbell,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  5,  1853. 
Caleb  Cashing,  of  Massachusetts,  March  5,  1853. 


I 


Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  • 

Linn  Boyd,  of  Kentucky. 

N.  P.  Banks,  of  Massachusetts. 


i'  ■ 


ii 


612 


ANNALS  OF  NOKTU  AMERICA. 


[1857. 


1857,  January  1.  —  The  public  debt  of  the  United  States 
amounted  to  twenty-eight  million,  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1857,  January.  —  The  laws  of  Rhode  Island  were  revised. 

Land  was  made  subject  to  attachment  for  debt,  which  it  hud  not  been  before, 
except  in  cases  where  the  owner  was  abs'^nt  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  state. 

1857,  January  3.  —  Harjjer^s  Weekly,  a  Journal  of  Civilization, 
appeared  in  New  York  city. 

Its  first  editor  was  Theodore  Sedgewick. 

1857.  —  A  CONSTITUTIONAL  Convention  was  held  in  Oregon,  and 
prepared  a  constitution,  which  was  submitted  to  the  people,  and 
accepted  by  them. 

It  prohibited  slavery. 

1857,  January  6.  —  The  free  state  legislature  met  at  Topeka, 
Kansas. 

There  was  not  a  quorum  present,  and  they  adjourned.  Seven  of  the  members 
were  arrested  by  the  marshal,  under  a  writ  issued  by  Judge  Cato,  and  were  bound 
over  under  their  own  bonds. 

1857,  January  12.  —  The  territorial  legislature  of  Kansas  met 
at  Lecompton,  and  provided  for  a  convention  to  frame  a  consti- 
tution on  the  1st  of  September. 

No  one  was  to  vote  who  had  not  been  in  the  territory  on  or  before  the  loth  of 
March. 

1857,  February  26.  —  Congress  authorized  the  people  of 
Minnesota  to  form  a  state  government. 

1857.  —  The  United  States  Agricultural  Society  held  a  com- 
petition of  reapers  and  mowers  at  Syracuse. 

More  than  forty  reapers  competed.  Only  three  could  start  in  fine  grass  witli- 
out  backing  to  get  up  speed. 

1857,  March  6.  —  The  Dred  Scott  decision  was  given  by  tlio 
Supreme  Court. 

Scott  was  a  slave  who  was  taken  by  his  master  from  Missouri  to  Illinois, 
where  he  remained  about  two  years,  and  then  taken  back  again  to  Missouri,  sued  j 
for  his  freedom,  since  Illinois  by  its  constitution  prohibited  slavery.     Chief  Jus- 
tice Taney  gave  the  decision  of  the  majority  of  the  Supreme  Court,  where  the  case  j 
had  been  brought  on  appeal.      The  decision  said:  "Every  person,  and  even' 
class  and  description  of  persons,  who  were  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Con-. 
stitution  recognized  as  citizens  of  the  several  states,  became  also  citizens  of  tliiJ  I 
new  political  body;  but  none  other;  it  was  formed  by  them,  and  for  them  anJ I 
their  posterity ;  but  for  no  one  else.     .     .     .     The  legislation  and  histories  of  t!ie| 
times,  and  the  language  used  in  the  Declaration  of  Independence,   show  tlialj 
neither  the  class  of  persons  who  had  been  imported  as  slaves,  nor  their  dcsccnJf 
ants,  whether  they  had  become  free  or  not,  were  then  acknowledged  as  a  part  of  j 
the  people,  nor  intended  to  be  included  in  the  general  words  used  in  that  menhj 
orable  instrument.    They  had  for  more  than  a  century  been  reg.arded  as  bcinjij 


[1857. 

e  United  States 
thousand  dollars. 

were  revised, 
hud  not  been  before, 
iction  of  the  state. 

(d  of  Civilization, 


ild  in  Oregon,  and 
;o  the  people,  and 


re  met  at  Topeka, 

Seven  of  the  members 
!  Cato,  and  were  bound 

Lire  of  Kansas  met 
to  frame  a  consti- 

n  or  before  the  15th  of 

ed  the  people  of 
ociety  held  a  corn- 
start  in  fine  grass  with- 
1  was  given  by  tlio 

om  Missouri  to  Illinois, 
£  again  to  Missouri,  sued 
ited  slavery.     Chief  Jus- 
me  Court,  where  tlie  case 
ivcry  person,  and  every  | 
;  the  adoption  of  the  Coii' , 
came  also  citizens  of  tliii 
r  them,  and  for  themanJl 
lation  and  histories  of  *  I 
:ndepcndence,   show  thai  I 
slaves,  nor  their  dcscen^l 
icknowlcdged  as  apartof 
,  words  used  in  that  mcnil 
Y  been  regarded  as  heingij 


r         T'l-  •  '^! 


'H-^ 


f 


\. 


1857.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


613 


of  an  inferior  order,  and  altogether  unfit  to  associate  with  the  white  race,  either 
in  moral  or  political  relations ;  and  so  far  inferior,  that  thoy  had  no  rights  which 
the  white  man  was  bound  to  respect;  and  that  the  negro  miglit  justly  and  lawfully 
be  reduced  to  slavery  for  his  benefit."  Justices  Curtis  and  McLean  dissented 
from  this  decision,  maintaining  "  tliat  by  taking  the  plaintiff  into  the  state  of 
Illinois,  where  slavery  is  prohibited  by  a  constitutional  law  of  the  state,  he  be- 
came free;  and  if  he  became  free  in  the  3tate,  he  continued  free  in  the  termiry, 
since  no  law  in  force  there  operated  to  remand  him  to  his  original  condition." 

1857,  May  11. — A  noUe  prosequi  was  entered  on  the  indict- 
ments for  treason  against  Governor  Robinson  and  the  members 
of  the  Topeka  legislature  of  Kansas. 

Robinson  was  afterwards  tried  before  Judge  Cato  on  a  charge  of  usurping  the 
office,  and  was  acquitted. 

1857,  May  13.  —  The  agricultural  college  of  Michigan  was 
opened  to  students. 

1857,  June  9.  —  The  Topeka  legislature,  in  Kansas,  assembled. 

They  provided  for  taking  a  census,  and  appointed  an  election  for  state  officers 
in  August.     A  convention  met  and  made  nominations  on  July  15. 

1857,  June  15.  —  An  election  took  place  in  Kansas  to  elect 
delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention. 

A  partial  census  had  been  taken,  and  the  free-state  men  refused  to  vote. 
Only  about  two  thousand  votes  were  cast. 

1857,  August  24.  —  A  commercial  panic,  commencing  in  New 
York,  spread  through  the  country,  leading  to  a  general  suspen- 
Bion  of  specie  payments. 

It  began  with  the  suspension  in  New  York  city  of  the  Ohio  Life  and  Mutual 
Trust  Company.  The  failures  of  commercial  houses  were  five  thousand  one 
hundred  and  twenty-three. 

1857.  —  Congress  added  the  nickel  cent  to  the  coinage. 

It  was  to  replace  the  copper  cents,  which  were  no  more  to  be  coined.  The 
new  coin  is  composed  of  eiglity-eight  per  cent,  of  copper  and  twelve  of  nickel. 

1857,  August  28. — Telegraph  despatches  were  received  in 
New  York  from  London  by  the  Atlantic  telegraph. 

On  the  1st  of  September  public  rejoicings  were  had  in  New  York,  but  the  first 
messages  were  the  only  intelligible  ones  received. 

1857,  September  12.  —  The  banks  of  Phihidelphia  suspended. 

1857,  September  13.  —  The  banks  of  the  South  and  West,  with 
the  exception  of  those  in  New  Orleans,  suspended.  This  day 
and  the  next  the  New  York  banks,  except  one,  suspended,  and 
the  New  England  banks  did  the  same. 

As  tlie  constitution  of  New  York  forbade  the  legislature  from  passing  a  law 
allowing  a  bank  suspension,  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  agreed  to  not  grant 
iny  injunction  against  the  banks,  unless  there  should  be  evidence  of  fraud.  The 
bilks  of  New  York  and  New  England  resumed  in  December.    The  legislature  of 


614 


AJTNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1857-8. 


Pennsylvania  permittod  the  banks  of  that  state  to  remain  suspended  until  May. 
Four  of  the  nine  banks  in  New  Or'eans  suspended  for  a  few  days.  The  failures 
this  year  were  estimated  at  five  thousand  one  hundred  and  twenty-three  in  this 
country  and  Canadiv,  with  liabilities  amounting  to  two  hundred  and  ninety-nine 
million  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1857.  —  It  was  officially  asserted  by  the  United  States  attor- 
ney-general that  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  could  renounce 
his  citizenship. 

1857,  September.  —  The  constitutional  convention  at  Lecomp. 
ton  prepared  a  constitution. 

It  aiiirnied  the  right  of  slaveholders  to  hold  their  slaves ;  prohibited  laws  for 
the  emanpipation  of  slaves  without  the  consent  of  the  owners,  or  their  compensa- 
tion. It  also  forbade  the  passage  of  laws  preventing  emigrants  from  bringing 
slaves  with  them.  Tiie  slavery  sections  were  to  bo  submitted  to  the  people 
separately  in  December.  The  ballots  were  to  be  indorsed  "  Constitution  with 
slavery,"  or  "  Constitution  with  no  slavery."  The  vote  stood  respectively  G143 
and  5G9.     The  constitution  proliibited  amendments  before  1864. 

1857.  —  The  making  of  watches  by  machinery  was  perfected 
about  this  time. 

A  beginning  was  made  in  1850,  but  it  was  years  before  a  perfect  success  was 
reached. 

1857.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  an  act  for  the 
establishment  of  a  metropolitan  police,  which  should  possess 
constabulary  powers  in  the  various  counties. 

The  organization  of  a  day  police  is  of  comparatively  recent  date  in  this  country, 
and  in  the  beginning  the  police  force  was  entirely  municipal.  After  opposition, 
the  change  was  found  to  be  so  advantageous  that  the  other  large  cities  have  fol- 
lowed the  example  of  New  York.  The  change  was  at  first  resisted,  but  the 
matter  being  brought  before  the  court,  it  decided  in  favor  of  the  new  police. 

1857.  —  The  legislature  authorized  the  removal  of  the  quaran- 
tine from  Castleton,  Staten  Island,  to  Sequine's  Point,  still  further 
on  the  island. 

A  few  days  after  the  transfer,  a  mob  burned  all  the  buildings.  New  ones  were 
put  up,  again  burned,  and  the  site  was  abandoned. 

1857,  December  8.  —  An  expedition  under  General  William 
Walker,  at  Greytown,  Nicaragua,  surrendered  to  a  force  sent,  by 
Commodore  Paulding  of  the  home  squadron. 

Commodore  Paulding  acted  upon  his  own  authority ;  his  action  put  an  end  to 
Walker's  intended  invasion  of  Nicxragua. 

1857,  December  23.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  for 
the  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

The  amount  was  not  to  exceed  twenty  millions  of  dollars,  and  the  rate  of  in- 
terest six  per  cent.,  and  the  denomination  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars. 

1858,  January  4.  —  An  election  was  held  in  Kansas  under  the 
Lecompton  constitution. 

The  officers  reported  an  election,  wliich  was  denied  by  the  president  of  the 


1858.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEllICA. 


615 


ion  at  Lecomp- 


I  perfect  success 


iiugs.    New  ones  were 


convention,  and  clinrfi^cH  of  gross  fraud  were  mndc,  which  were  sustained  by  the 
cx-Kovernor  Stanton  in  an  address  "  to  tlie  people  of  the  United  States,"  on  Jan- 
uary 29,  1858. 

1858,  January  11.  —  General  Zuloaga  was  elected  president 
of  Mexico. 

Comonfort  had  retired  from  the  position.  Benito  Juarez  asserted  his  claims  to 
the  position,  but  was  defeated  by  Zuloaga,  and,  retiring  to  Vera  Cruz,  organized 
11  provisional  government  there. 

1858,  January.  —  The  Boston  Public  Library  was  opened. 

1858.  —  The  Mormons  submitted  to  the  Federal  authority,  and 
allowed  Federal  troops  to  be  quartered  in  Utah  valley. 

The  President  pardoned  all  who  had  taken  part  in  the  resistance  to  Federal 
authority. 

1858,  February  2.  —  The  President  submitted  to  Congress  the 
constitution  adopted  by  the  convention  lor  Kansas. 

In  his  accompanying  message  he  says ;  "Kansas  is,  therefore,  at  tiiis  moment, 
as  much  a  slave  state  as  Georgia  or  South  Carolina."  As  slavery  could  only  be 
prohibited  by  a  constitutional  provision,  he  advised  that  she  should  be  "  promptly 
admitted  to  the  Union.  To  reject  the  state  because  slavery  remains  in  the  con- 
stitution will  renew  the  agitation  in  a  more  alarming  form ;  whereas,  her  speedy 
admission  will  restore  peace  and  quiet  to  the  whole  country."  The  House  re- 
ferred the  constitution  on  the  8th  to  a  select  committee  of  fifteen ;  tlie  Senate  to 
the  committee  on  territories. 

1858,  March  25.  —  A  convention  to  form  a  constitution  for 
Kansas  met  at  Mineola,  and  adjourned  to  Leavenworth. 

It  had  been  called  by  the  territorial  legislature  in  February.  The  election  for 
the  delegates  was  held  March  9.  Governor  Denver  did  not  recognize  the  conven- 
tion. The  constitution  provided  for  its  submission  to  the  people  on  the  3d  of 
May,  and  also  that  if  Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union  under  the  Lecompton 
constitution,  this  constitution,  as  soon  as  it  was  ratified  by  the  people,  should  go 
into  force. 

1858,  April  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  conditionally 
admit  Kansas  to  the  Union. 

Portions  of  the  public  lands  were  to  be  granted  her  for  public  schools,  for  a 
university,  for  erecting  public  buildings,  and  building  her  roads,  should  the  people 
vote  to  accept  these  propositions  at  an  election  at  which  the  ballots  should  be  in- 
dorsed, "For  proposition  of  Congress  and  admission,"  or  "  Against  proposition 
of  Congress  and  admission."  If  accepted,  the  President  to  proclaim  the  admis- 
sion; if  rejected,  a  state  government  not  to  be  formed  until  the  census  showed 
the  population  was  equal  to  the  required  ratio  of  population. 

1858,  May  11.  —  Minnesota  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1858,  June  14.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  author- 
izing a  loan  of  twenty  millions  of  dollars. 

It  \  as  to  bear  five  per  cent,  interest,  and  not  to  be  issued  "at  less  than  its  par 
value,"  nor  in  certificates  of  less  than  a  thousand  dollars  each. 


m 


G16 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1858-9. 


1858,  Junk  18.  —  A  commercial  treaty  between  China  and  tho 
United  States  was  concluded. 

By  the  treaty  China  allowed  foreigners  to  travel  in  China,  recognized  foreign 
mlnistern,  opened  four  new  ports,  tolerated  Cliristianily,  and  protected  niiHsionarieit, 

1858,  August  2.  —  At  the  election  in  Kansas,  tho  Lccompton 
constitution  was  rejected. 

The  vote  stood  for  accepting  the  proposition,  1788;  for  rejecting  it,  11,088. 

1858,  December.  —  Governor  Denver,  of  Kansas,  resipfnod  the 
position,  and  Samuel  Medary,  of  Ohio,  was  appointed  to  it. 

1858.  —  Gold  was  discovered  at  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado. 

In  18G0  one  hundred  and  scventy-flve  quartz-mills  are  said  to  have  been  in 
operation  in  the  territ'iry,  and  the  yield  of  gold  was  estimated  at  four  millions. 

1859,  January  6.  —  General  Miramon  was  nominated  presi- 
dent  of  Mexico  by  the  junta. 

On  the  10th  of  April  he  entered  the  City  of  Mexico,  and  assumed  the  office. 
Juarez  and  Zuloaga  had  been  contending  for  the  position  during  the  year  past, 
and  on  Mirumon's  nomination  Zuloaga  resigned  his  claim. 

1859,  February  14.  —  Oregon  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1859,  July  13.  — Juarez  confiscated  tho  property  of  tho  chuch. 
He  was  at  the  head  of  the  liberal  party  of  Mexico. 

1859,  August  26.  —  Petroleum  oil  was  obtained  at  Titusville,  j 
on  Oil  Creek,  Pennsylvania. 

It  was  obtained  by  Bowditch  and  Drake,  at  the  depth  of  seventy-one  feet,  by 
boring. 

1859,  August.  —  Thomas  Gibson  commenced  at  Mountain  City, 
in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  the  Rocky  Moimtain  Gold  JReporter. 

1859,  October  16.  —  Tho  village  of  Harper's  Ferry  was  cap- 
tured by  a  party  of  men  under  the  leadership  of  John  Browu, 
of  Ossawatomie,  Kansas. 

The  object  of  the  capture  was  to  hold  the  place  as  a  refuge  for  fugitive  slaves. 
Brown  had  been  a  leader  in  the  free-state  movement  in  Kansas.  The  next  day  he 
and  such  of  his  party  as  remained  took  refuge,  with  his  prisoners,  in  an  engine- 
house,  where  they  were  captured  by  Colonel  Lee  with  a  band  of  marines.  Brow 
was  tried  for  treason,  and  executed  December  2,  1859. 

1859.  —  At  a  fair  of  the  Illinois  State  Agricultural  Society  at 
Freeport,  a  steam-plough  was  recommended  tor  the  first  prize  by 
the  committee. 

It  was  a  plough  which  had  been  patented  by  Joseph  W.  Fawkes,  of  Lancaster,  | 
Pennsylvania. 

1859,   November   24.  —  A    commercial    treaty   between  i 
United  States  and  Japan  was  concluded. 


[1858-9. 
Cliina  and  tho 

rccognl/cil  foroinn 
)tccte»l  iniaBionaricR, 

tlio  Lccompton 

iecting  it,  11,088. 

,as,  resigned  the 
intod  to  it. 

Colorado. 

said  to  have  been  in 
1(1  at  four  luillioiW' 

nominated  presi- 

ind  afsumod  the  office. 
I  during  the  year  past, 

to  the  Union, 
perty  of  the  cliucb. 

^ined  at  TitusviUe, 
of  seventy-one  feet,  by 

d  at  Monntain  City, 
Gold  Reporter. 

v's  Ferry  was  cap- 
p  of  John  Browu, 

^fucTO  for  fugitive  slavei. 
Lansas.    Tiic  next  day  he 
prisoners,  in  an  engine- 
band  of  marines.    Bro«« 

ricultural  Society  at  I 
tbrtUelirbtprizeby| 

,V.rawkes,  of  Lancaster,  I 


1859-60.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


617 


Secretaries  of  State, 


Secretaries  of  War, 

Secretary  of  Navy, 
Secretary  of  Interior, 

rostniasters-Gonoral, 
Attorneys-General , 


treaty  between 


m 


1859,  December  21.  —  The  liberal  party  in  Mexico,  under 
General  Colima,  were  defeated  by  Miratuon. 

1857-18G1.  —  TmiiTEENTii  administration. 

President,  James  Buchanan,  of  I'ennsylvania. 

Vice-President,  Jolm  C.  IJreckeiiridge,  of  Kentuclty. 

(■Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan,  March  (J,  1857. 
ljereiT'!>ih  S.  Bhick,  of  Pennsylvania,  Dec.  15,  18G0. 
( Ilowell  Cohh,  of  Georgia,  March  «,  1857. 
Secretaries  of  Treasury,  \  Pliilip  F.  'I'hoinas,  of  Maryland,  December  11,  1860. 

l  John  A.  Di.i,  of  New  York,  January  11,  18G1. 
(  John  B.  Floyd,  of  Virginia,  Marcii  (J,  1857. 
I  Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  December  30,  18C0. 
Isaac  Toucey,  of  Connecticut,  March  G,  1857. 
Jacob  Thompson,  of  Mis8i!<sippi,  March  G,  1857;  re- 
signed January  8,  1801. 
(Aaron  V.  Brown,  of  Tennessee,  March  6,  1867. 
Joseph  Holt,  of  Kentucky,  July,  1859. 
Horatio  King,  of  Maine,  February  12,  18C1. 
r  .lereniiah  S.  Black,  of  Pennsylvania,  March  6,  1857, 
t.  Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  December,  1860. 
Speakers  of  tho  House  of  Ivepresentatlves. 
James  L.  Orr,  of  South  Carolina. 
William  Pennington,  of  New  Jersey. 

1860,  March  5.  —  Miramon  besieged  Vera  Cruz. 
He  raised  the  siege  on  the  21st. 

18G0,  May  10.  — The  Morrill  tariff  passed  tho  House  of  Ropre- 
sentativcs. 

It  passed  the  Senate  after  the  withdrawal  of  the  southern  senators,  and  was 
approved  March  2,  1801.     It  was  protective,  the  duties  being  high  and  specific. 

1860,  June  22.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  authoriz- 
ing a  loan  of  twenty-one  millions  of  dollars  for  tho  redemption 
of  outstanding  treasury  notes. 

The  stock  issued  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  the  certificates  to  be  for 
not  less  th m  one  thousand  dollars  each,  and  not  to  be  disposed  of  for  less  than 
par  value. 

1860,  June. — The  New  York  World  appeared  in  New  York  city. 

It  was  edited  by  Alexander  Cummings  and  .Tames  R.  Spaulding,  and  intended 
as  a  religious  daily  paper.  Its  want  of  success  obliged  its  proprietors  to  sell  it, 
and  finally  it  passed  entirely  into  the  possession  of  Manton  Marble. 

1860,  July.  —  The  Prince  of  Wales  visited  the  United  States ; 
and  during  tiie  year  an  embassy  from  Japan. 

1860,  August  10.  —  The  liberal  ^'«rty  in  Mexico  under  Degol- 
lado  defeated  Miramon. 

Dcgollado  assumed  the  government,  but  was  soon  forced  to  abandon  it.  His 
rule  was  so  arbitrary  that  the  popular  discontent  forced  him  to  this  course. 


G18 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1860-1. 


18G0,  DwKMUKii  17.  —  Ten  millions  in  treasury  notes  wore 
authorized  by  Congress. 

Tlicy  wore  in  (lonuiiiiniition  <t  loss  than  fifty  dollars,  end  to  draw  six  per  cent, 
interest,  and  l)0  receivable  for  a     dues  to  the  United  States. 

One  half  of  thoui  were  taken  at  eighty-eight ;  the  latter  part  of  the  iaiuo 
brought  ninety. 

I860.  —  Before  the  end  of  this  year  the  borings  for  petroleum 
wore  estimated  at  about  two  thousand. 

WellH  were  sunk  five  or  six  hundred  leet,  and  a  single  ono  has  yielded  three 
tiiousand  barrels  a  day. 

18G0,  December  20.  — The  convention  of  South  Carolina  passed 
the  secession  ordinance. 

The  convention  met  on  tha  17th.  It  had  been  called  by  the  state  legislature. 
The  ordinance,  as  follows,  was  passed  unanimously:  "An  ordinance  to  dissolve 
the  union  between  the  state  of  South  Carolina  and  other  states  united  with  lier 
under  the  compact  entitled  'the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America." 
We,  the  people  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina,  in  convention  assembled,  do  de- 
clare and  ordain,  and  it  is  hereby  declared  and  ordained : 

*'  Tliat  tlie  ordinance  adopted  by  us,  in  convention,  on  the  twenty-third  day  of 
May,  in  tlic  year  of  our  Lord  ono  thousand  seven  hundred  iind  eijifhty-eight, 
whereby  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  of  America  was  ratified,  and  also 
all  ac(s  and  parts  of  acts  of  the  general  assembly  of  this  state,  ratifying  aniond- 
nionts  of  the  said  Constitution,  are  hereby  repealed,  and  that  the  union  now  sub- 
sisting between  South  Carolina  and  other  states,  under  the  name  of  '  The  United 
States  of  America,'  is  hereby  dissolved."  On  the  24th,  the  convention  issued  a 
Declaration  of  Independence  of  South  Carolina. 

The  southern  states  passed  secession  ordinances  in  the  following  order :  Mis- 
sissippi, January  9,  1861;  Florida,  January  10;  Alabama,  January  11;  Georgia, 
January  19;  Louisiana,  January  20;  North  Carolina,  January  30;  Texas,  Fib- 
ruary  1 ;  VirRinia,  April  1',  ;  Arkansas,  May  C.  North  Carolina  voted  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people ;  but,  reassembling  May  20,  accepted  it,  and  refused  to 
submit  it  to  the  people.  Texas  voted  to  submit  the  question  to  the  people,  and 
on  March  4  was  declared  by  proclamation  to  bo  out  of  the  Union.  Virginia  re- 
fused, April  4,  to  submit  the  question  to  the  people ;  but  at  its  acceptance  voted 
to  do  so,  and  such  a  vote  was  cast  Juno  25.  Arkansas,  April  14,  voted  to  submit 
the  question  to  the  people  on  August  3 ;  but,  reassembling,  passed  it  Mny  C, 
May  20,  Governor  Magoffin  proclaimed  Kentucky  neutral.  Missouri  assumed 
also  a  similar  position.  On  Juno  12,  Governor  Jackson  issued  a  proclanintion 
calling  for  fifty  thousand  militia,  "to  repel  invasion,"  and  fled  to  the  south.  The 
Tennessee  legislature  passed  a  declaration  of  independence,  to  be  submitted  to 
the  people,  and  on  June  24  Governor  Harris  proclaimed  lier  out  of  the  Union. 
On  the  2Ist  of  June,  18G1,  however,  a  Union  convention  was  held  at  Greenville, 
East  Tennessee,  wliich  issued  a  declaration  of  grievances. 

1860.  —  The  eighth  census  of  the  United  States  was  taken. 

The  population  was  found  to  be  31,443,332.  The  immigration  to  the  United 
States  from  foreign  countries,  as  stated  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  amounted  to 
about  5,312,414. 


[1860-1. 
notoa  woro 
raw  six  per  cent. 
,art  of  the  Iseuo 

for  potroloura 

lias  yicMotl  tlifc"^ 
Carolina  passed 

JO  Btato  legislature, 
dinivnce  to  dissolve 
tc8  united  with  lier 
itutcs  of  America.' 
I  assembled,  do  de- 

twenty-tliird  day  of 
,d  iind  eih'lity-eiKlit. 
ras  ratified,  and  aho 
Xe,  ratifying  amend- 
,  the  union  now  »ub- 
,amcof 'The  United 
convention  issued  a 

allowing  order :  Mis- 
anuary  U;  Georgia, 
lary  30;  Texas,  Ivh- 
plina  voted  to  submit 
Lted  it,  and  refused  to 

,n  to  the  people,  and 
Union.     Virginia  rc- 
,  its  acceptance  voted 
•il  14,  voted  to  submit 
tng,  passed  it  May  C, 
I       Missouri  assumed 
issued  a  proclamation 
led  to  the  south.    Ine 
•e  to  be  submitted  to 
Ihe'r  out  of  the  Union, 
las  hold  at  Grecnvdle, 

ates  was  taken, 
nigration  to  the  United 
Statistics,  amounted  to 


1860-1.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


619 


1860.  —  During  this  year,  work  upon  tho  Central  Park  at  Now 
York  was  sufficioutly  advanced  for  it  to  bo  opened  to  tlio  public. 

The  idoa  of  a  public  park  was  first  suggosted  by  tho  mayor  of  Si^vr  York,  in 
1851 ;  the  bill  for  tho  purchase  of  tho  ground  was  passed  by  tlie  legislature  in 
1853,  and  a  commission  appointed,  who  reported  in  1855;  and  in  185C  tho  plan 
was  adopted,  and  work  coiumcnced.  To  tho  admirable  manner  in  whicli  the  work 
iius  been  carried  tlirough  to  completion  may  be  ascribed  tho  movement,  now  so 
general  throughout  all  tho  cities  of  tlic  country,  for  providing  themselves  with 
gimilar  appliances  for  tho  healthy  recreation  of  the  people. 

1861,  January  1.  —  The  public  debt  amounted  to  ninety  mil- 
lion five  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Tlu>  uncertainty  of  afiuirs,  and  tho  evident  need  that  tho  government  would 
have  of  largo  sums  of  money,  affected  its  credit. 

1861,  January  9.  —  The  "  Star  of  the  West,"  sent  to  reinforce 
General  Anderson  and  his  command  at  Fort  Sumter,  South 
Carolina,  was  tired  upon  from  Morris  Island,  and  obliged  to 
return  to  New  York. 

1861,  January  19.  —  Juarez  was  elected  again  president  of 
Mexico. 

1861,  January  30. — Kansas  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

1861.  —  A  BILL  prohibiting  slavery  in  the  territory  was  passed 
by  the  legislature  of  Nebraska  over  tho  governor's  veto. 

1861,  February  4.  —  The  Confederate  congress  met  at  Mont- 
gomery, Alabama,  and  elected  Jefferson  Davis  and  Alexander  H. 
Stephens  president  and  vice-president  of  the  Confederate  States. 

They  were  inaugurated  February  18.  On  tho  24th  of  May  the  congress  ad- 
journed to  meet  July  20,  at  Richmond,  Virginia. 

1861.  —  The  failures  during  this  year  were  five  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  thirty-five,  with  liabilities  of  one  hundred  and  sev- 
enty-eight million  six  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1861,  February  8.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  for  a 

loan  by  the  United  States  of  twenty-five  millions  of  dollars. 

It  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  no  certificate  to  be  for  less  tlian  a  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  furnished  with  coupons  for  semi-yearly  interest,  and  transferable 
on  delivery,  without  being  transferred  on  the  books  of  tho  treasury. 

1861,  March  2. —  Colorado  and  Dakota  were  organized  as  ter- 
ritories. 

1861,  March  2.  —  Nevada  was  organized  into  a  territory,  with 
Carson  City  as  the  capital. 

1861,  March.  —  The  Confederate  congress  adopted  for  the  flag 
of  the  Confederacy  the  "  stars  and  bars." 

It  was  composed  of  three  horizontal  bars  of  equal  width,  the  middle  one  white, 
and  the  others  red ;  tho  union  was  blue,  with  a  circle  of  nine  wliite  st>ir».    It  was 


620 


AFNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1861. 


clia\ige(l,  from  its  resemblance  to  the  American  flag,  in  September,  18G1,  when  a 
battle-flag  was  adopted,  consisting  of  a  red  ground,  with  a  blue  saltier,  with  a 
narrow  border  of  wliite  and  thirteen  white  stars.  In  1863,  the  "  stars  and  bars" 
were  supplanted  by  a  white  field,  with  the  battle-flag  as  a  union.  On  February  4 
18C6,  the  outer  half  of  the  fieli'  beyond  the  union  was  covered  with  a  vertical 
red  bar. 

1861.  —  Gold  was  discovered  in  Nova  Scotia. 

1861,  March  2.  —  An  act  of  Congress  wus  approved,  author- 
izing a  loan  for  ten  millions  of  dollars,  for  tho  redemption  of  out- 
standing treasury  notes. 

It  was  to  bear  six  per  cent,  interest ;  the  certificates  to  be  of  not  less  than  a 
thousand  dollars  each,  and  not  to  be  sold  for  less  than  par  value. 

1861,  March  12.  —  The  President  declined  to  receive  the 
commissioners  from  the  Confederate  States. 

1861,  April  12.  —  An  attack  was  made  on  Port  Sumter  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

Batteries  had  been  erected  bearing  on  it.  It  was  surrendered  after  the  barracks 
had  been  set  on  fire.  Unsuccessful  attempts  had  been  made  to  reinforce  the  gar- 
rison, which  General  Anderson  in  command  had  transferred  December  26,  1860, 
to  Fort  Sumter  from  Fort  Moultrie,  when  this  last  had  been  commanded  by  bat- 
teries erected  by  the  C'  federates.  The  fort  had  been  bombarded  two  days.  Tlie 
expeilition  for  his  reinforcement  reached  the  offing  during  the  bombardment,  but 
were  unable  to  get  nearer.  General  Anderson  and  his  garrison  embarked  for 
New  York  on  the  day  cf  the  surrender. 

1861,  April  15.  —  The  President  called  for  seventy-five  thou- 
sand men  to  volunteer  in  re-establishing  tho  Federal  authority 
over  the  rebellious  states. 

1861,  Aprti,  17. — Jefferson  Davis  announced  his  intention  to 
issue  letters  of  marque. 

J.861,  Apptl  18.  —  Harper's  Ferry  was  burned  and  evacuated. 

The  civil  war  was  inaugurated.  A  Confederate  force  threatened  it,  and  Lieu- 
tenant Jones,  in  command,  felt  unable  to  hold  it.  The  arsea.".?,  work-shops,  naval 
stores,  and  nine  ships  were  burned.  The  Confederates  took  posb?ssion  of  it  on 
the  21st. 

18G1,  April  19.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  that 
Confederate  privateers  should  be  treated  as  ^jirates. 

This  proclamation  wps  not  carried  out. 


The  President  declared  the  Southern  ports 


1861,  April  lb 
blockaded. 

The  navy  at  the  time  consisted  of  ninety  vessels,  of  which  forty  f wo  were  in 
commission.  During  the  war,  many  vessels  were  successful  iii  running  the 
blockade.  The  blockading  fleet  captured  eleven  hundred  and  lutiy-three  vessels, 
valued  at  twenty-four  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollar?,  and  destroyed  three 
hundred  and  flt^y-fivc,  valued  at  seven  million  dollars. 


I^..'^:- 


[1861. 


1861.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


021 


cr,  18G1,  when  a 
ic  saltier,  with  a 
'  stars  and  bars " 
On  February  4, 
d  with  a  vertical 


roved,  author- 
mption  of  out- 

of  not  less  than  a 
le. 

to  receive  tlie 
Fort  Sumter  m 

cd  after  the  barracka 
to  reinforce  the  gar- 
,  December  2l5,  I860, 
commanded  by  bat- 
trdcd  two  days.  The 
le  bombardment,  but 
irrisoQ  euil)arkcd  for 

3venty-five  thou- 
'ederal  authority 

his  intention  to 

and  evacuated. 

Ireatcned  it,  and  Lieu- 

]..,i  work-shops,  naval 

[k  possession  of  it  on 

proclamation  th?i 
lates. 

Southern  ports 

Inch  forty  ^wo  were  in 
lessfu'.  iu  running  tk 
\ni  Iwrty-three  vessels, 
f,,  and  destroyed  tarec 


1861,  April  19.  —  The  Sixth  Regiment,  of  Masaachuaetts,  were 
mobbed  in  Baltimce  on  their  passage  towards  Washington, 

1861,  April  20.  —  Gosport  navy-yard  was  burned. 

It  was  burned  to  prevent  its  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  Confederates. 

1861,  May.  —  General  Butler,  in  command  at  Fortress  Monroe, 
detained  three  slaves  belonging  to  the  commander  of  the  Vir- 
ginia troops,  on  iiio  ground  that  they  were  contraband  of  war. 

Tliey  had  been  demanded,  by  a  flag  of  truco,  under  the  fugitive  slave  law.  The 
government  sustained  General  Butler's  position. 

1861,  May  3.  —  The  President  called  for  forty-two  thousand 
men. 

They  were  to  enlist  for  thten  years  or  the  war. 

1861,  May  13.  — The  Queen  of  England  issued  a  proclamation 
of  neutrality  between  the  contending  parties  in  the  United 
States. 

It  recognized  the  Confederates  as  belligerents. 

1861, -^Tay  13.  —  A  convention  held  at  Wheeling,  West  Vir- 
ginia, declared  for  the  Union. 

On  the  20th  of  June  the  people  elected  a  governor,  who  was  acknowledged 
June  2G. 

1861,  May  20. —  By  order  from  the  government  at  Washing- 
ton, the  telegraphic  despatches  were  seized  throughout  the  offices 
in  the  Northern  states. 

1861,  June  1.  —  Postal  communication  with  the  Confederacy 
was  closed. 

The  counties  of  West  Virginia  wcve  still  open.  Letters  mailed  were  sent  to 
the  dead-letter  otficc. 

1861,  June  4.  —  The  erection  of  the  buildings  for  Vassar  Col- 
lege was  commenced  at  Poughkeepsie,  New  York. 

It  was  built  and  endowed  by  Matthew  Vassar  as  a  college  for  women.  A 
charter  for  it  had  been  granted  by  the  legislature  in  February. 

1861,  June   10.  —  The  battle   of  Big  Bethel^  Virginia,  was 

fought. 

The  Union  forces  were  repulsed. 

1861,  June   17.  —  The   battle   of  Boonevillo,  Missouri,  was 

fought. 

The  Confederates  were  driven  back. 

1861,  June  25. —  A  patent  wao  granted  A.  K.  Eaton  for  a 
process  of  converting  iron  into  steel,  and  hardening  steel. 

1861,  June  30.  —  The  Mexican  congress  made  Juarez  dictator 
of  Mexico. 


622 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1861. 


1861,  July  6.  —  The  battle  of  Carthage,  Missouri,  took  place. 

The  Union  forces  were  driven  back. 

1861,  July  11.  —  The  battle  of  Rich  Mountain,  West  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

It  was  renewed  on  the  li/th.    The  Confederates  were  driven  hack. 

1861,  July  17.  —  Congress,  at  an  extra  session,  passed  an  act 
authorizing  a  national  loan  for  $250,000,000. 

^or  the  loan,  coupon  or  registered  bonds,  or  treasury  notes,  were  to  be  issued. 
The  bonds  to  bear  seven  per  cent,  interest,  and  the  treasury  notes,  of  not  less 
than  fifty  dollars  each,  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  and  three-tenths  per  cent. ;  or 
the  treasury  might  issue  notes  of  a  less  denomination  than  fifty  dollars,  bearing 
no  interest,  or  notes  bearing  interest  at  three  and  sixty-five  hundredths  per  cent. 
Provided  that  no  such  note  should  be  for  less  th?n  ten  dollars,  and  that  the 
amount  so  issued  should  not  exceed  fifty  millions  of  dollars. 

There  were  about  sixteen  hundred  banks  in  the  country.  Their  circulation, 
January  1,  was  estim.ated  by  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  at  $202,000,767;  "of 
this  circulation  l$150,000,000  in  round  numbers  was  in  the  loyal  states;  $50,000- 
000  in  the  rebellious  states." 

1861,  July  17.  —  The  Mexican  congress  resolved  to  suspend 
for  two  years  payment  to  foreign  nations. 

England  and  France,  in  consequence  of  this  action,  broke  off  all  diplomatic 
relations  with  Mexico. 

1861,  July  18.  —  The  battle  of  Centreville,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1861,  July  21.  —  The  first  battle  i*  Manassas  Junction,  Vir- 
ginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federal  troops  were  defeated. 

1861,  July  21.  — The  battle  of  Bull  Run,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federal  troops  were  defeated.  During  this  month  General  George  B. 
McClellan  was  put  in  command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac,  and  commenced  to 
organize  and  discipline  it. 

1861,  July  22.  —  General  McClellan  succeeded  Gen«'^ul 
McDowell  in  command  of  the  arny  of  the  Potomac. 

1861,  July  26. — General  Fremont  entered  on  command  of 
Western  Missouri. 

1861,  July.  —  Steel  rifled  cannon  were  made  by  Norman 
Wiard. 

They  were  made  at  the  Trenton  Wiard  Ordnance  Works,  and  were  the  firit 
steel  cannon  made  in  the  United  States.     Three  batterier  were  delivered  July  4. 

1861,  August  5.  —  The  battle  of  Athens,  Missouri,  took  place. 
The  Federals  were  successfrl. 


[1861. 
,  took  place. 

eat  Yirginia, 

Lck. 

•assed  an  act 

rerc  to  be  issued, 
notes,  of  not  less 
iths  per  cent. ;  or 
y  dollars,  bearing 
idrcdtha  per  cent, 
lars,  and  that  the 

Their  circulation, 
^202,000,767;  "of 
il  stotes ;  $50,000- 

red  to  suspend 

a  off  all  diplomatic 

Virginia,  was 
Junction,  Vir- 


linia,  was  fought. 

General  George  B. 
I,  and  commenced  to 

jceeded    Gen-'.J 
Itomac. 
on  command  of 

iade  by  Neman 

.8,  and  were  ^be  fir.t 
Icrc  delivered  July  *• 

3souri,  took  place. 


1861.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


623 


1861,  August  5.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved  supple- 
mentary to  the  act  authorizing  a  national  loan. 

By  this  act  the  treasury  notes  issued  might  be  of  a  denomination  not  less  than 
five  dollars ;  and  such  notes,  payable  on  demand,  without  interest,  not  exceeding 
fifty  millions  of  dollars,  "shall  be  receivable  in  payment  of  public  dues." 

1861,  August  6.  —  An  act  of  Congress  was  approved,  "  to  con- 
fiscate property  used  for  insurrectionary  purposes." 

It  was  defined  in  a  circular  from  the  secretary  of  state,  whi'''^  said :  "  No  prop- 
erty is  confiscated  or  subject  to  forfeiture  except  such  as  is  in  transit,  or  provided 
for  transit,  to  or  from  insurrectionary  states,  or  used  for  the  promotion  of  the 
insurrection." 

1861,  August  10.  —  The  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek,  Missouri, 
was  fbuglit. 
Tiie  Federals  were  defeated.     General  Lyon  was  killed. 

1861,  August  16.  —  The  passport  system  was  introduced  into 
the  Northern  States. 

1861,  August  29.  —  Fort  Hatteras,  North  Carolina,  was  cap- 
tured. 

The  land  forces  of  the  c.rpedition  were  under  the  command  of  General  Butler, 
and  the  naval  force  under  Commodore  Stringham. 

1861,  August  31.  —  General  Fremont  proclaimed  martial  law 
in  Missouri. 

He  also  declared  freedom  for  the  slaves  of  those  in  arms  against  the  govern- 
ment. It  was  modified  by  the  President  in  accordance  with  the  act  of  August  6. 
Fremont  was  removed  November  2. 


1861,  September  10.- 
Virginia,  took  place. 

The  Confederates  retreated. 


The  battle  of  Camifex  Ferry,  West 


1861,  September  21,  —  Lexington,  Missouri,  was  captured  by 

the  Confederates. 

1861,  October  8.  —  Fort  Pickens,  Santa  Rosa  Island,  Florida, 
was  attacked  by  the  Confederates. 
They  were  finally  repulsed. 

1861,  October  21.  — The  battle  of  Ball's  Bluff,  Virginia,  was 

fought. 
The  Federals  were  routed. 

1861,  November  1.  —  General  Geori^e  B.  McClellan  was  made 

commander-in-chief. 

General  Scott  retired  from  the  position. 

1861,  November  7.  —  The  battle  of  Belmort,  Mississippi,  was 

I  fought. 

The  Federals  were  forced  to  retreat. 


t^i^ir  ■'■',' '-T 


I )  tv. 


624 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[18G1-2. 


1861,  November  7.  —  An  expedition  captured  Fort  Walker  on 
Hilton  Head,  South  Carolina,  and  Fort  Beauregard  on  the  Broad 
River. 

The  land  forces  were  in  command  of  General  Thomas  W.  Sherman,  and  tlie 
naval  forces  under  Commodore  Dupont.  Hilton  Head  was  made  a  base  of  oper- 
ations. 

1861,  November  19.  —  The  English  mail-packet  Trent  war 
boarded  by  Captain  Wilkes,  of  the  San  Jacinto,  and  the  Confed- 
erate commissioners.  Mason  and  Slidell,  captured. 

They  were  carried  to  Boston.  December  3,  Congress  passed  a  vote  of  thanks 
to  Captain  Wilkes,  and  the  foreign  envoys  at  Washington  protested  against  the 
capture. 

1861,  December  17.  —  A  Spanish  army  landed  at  Yera  Cruz, 
and  captured  the  city. 

England,  France,  and  Spain  had  made  an  agreement,  October  31,  to  combine 
together  to  force  Mexico  to  pay  the  interest  due  upon  her  bonds  held  by  them. 
The  Spanish  general  issued  a  proclamation  that,  as  soon  as  compensation  was 
given,  with  guaranties  for  the  future,  the  place  would  be  surrendered. 

1861,  December  21.  —  Charleston  harbor  was  blocked  up  by 
sinking  hulks  filled  with  stones. 

1861,  December  28.  —  The  state  banks  and  the  sub-treasury 
suspended  specie  payments. 

The  government  had  borrowed  $100,000,000  in  gold  from  the  banks,  and 
$50,000,000  in  its  own  notes. 

1862,  January  1.  — The  gold  and  silver  coinage  of  the  United 
States  was  stated  to  be  $862,183,546. 

1862,  January  1. — Messrs.  Mason  and  Slidell  were  surren- 
dered on  a  demand  of  the  British  government. 

They  sailed  for  Europe. 

1862,  January  7.  —  A  British  naval  force  landed  at  Vera  Cruz, 
and  on  the  8th  a  French  niilitary  expedition  arrived. 
The  Mexicans  invested  Vera  Cruz. 

1862,  January  10.  —  The  battle  of  Middle  Creek,  Kentucky, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  January  13,  —  Simon  Cameron,  secretary  of  war,  re- 
signed, and  Edwin  M.  Stanton  was  appointed  to  the  position. 

1862,  January  19.-— The  battle  of  Mill  Spring,  Kentucky,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated,  their  leader,  General  Zollicoffer,  being  killed. 
The  Federals  were  commanded  by  General  Thomas. 


[1861-2. 

irt  "Walker  on 
on  the  Broad 


,herman,  and  the 
.e  a  base  of  oper- 

3t  Trent  wae 
id  the  Confed- 

I  a  vote  of  thanks 
tested  against  the 


at  Vera  Cruz, 

ber  31,  to  combine 

,nds  held  by  them. 

compensation  was 

;ndered. 
blocked  up  by 


he  Bub-treasury 
rom  the  banks,  and 
tre  of  the  United 
11  were  surren- 


ied  at  Vera  Cruz, 
lived. 

>eek,  Kentucky, 


|tary  of  war,  re- 

the  position, 
ig,  Kentucky,  was 

Llicoffer.  being  kiUcd. 


1862.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


62& 


1862,  February  6.  —  Fort  Henry,  Tennessee,  surrendered  to 
the  Uniuu  forces. 

Fort  Dont'lson  surrendered  on  the  IGtli  of  February.  In  these  engagements 
General  Grant  came  first  into  public  notice.  The  gunboats  which  assisted  were 
under  tlie  command  of  Commodore  Foote. 

18G2,  February  8.  —  The  battle  of  Roanoke  Island  was  fought. 

The  Confederate  force  on  the  island  surrendered  to  the  Federals  under  Gen- 
eral Burnside. 

1862,  February  12.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  was  approved 
for  the  additional  issue  of  United  States  notes. 

By  it  ten  millions  of  dollars  in  notes  for  a  less  denomination  than  five  dollars 
were  authorized  to  be  issued,  in  addition  to  the  fifty  millions  previously.  These 
issues  being  receivable  for  all  dues,  customs  included,  remained  at  par  during  all 
the  subsequent  premium  on  gold ;  and,  as  they  were  used  to  pay  duties  with,  the 
government  during  the  year  bought  gold  to  pay  interest  with. 

1862,  February  14.  —  The  battle  of  Newborn,  North  Carolina, 
was  fought. 
Tlie  Confederates  retreated  to  Goldsborough. 

18(32,  February  23.  —  The  United  States  army  occupied  Nash- 
ville, Tennessee,  from  which  the  Confederates  had  retreated  the 
month  previous. 

President  Lincoln  appointed  Andrew  Johnson  military  governor  of  the  state, 
and  measures  were  taken  by  the  Unionists  to  restore  the  constitutional  relations 
between  tlic  state  and  tlie  government. 

1862,  February  25. — The  President  approved  the  Legal  Ten- 
der Act  passed  by  Congress. 

Its  title  was,  "  An  act  to  authorize  the  issue  of  United  States  notes,  and  for 
the  redcniptii  '\  or  funding  thereof,  and  for  funding  the  floating  debt  of  the 
United  States. '  It  autlionzed  the  issue,  "on  the  credit  of  tlie  United  States," 
of  one  hundred  \d  fifty  millions  of  dollars  of  "  United  States  notes,  not  bearing 
interest,"  and  of  denominations  not  less  than  five  dollars.  Fifty  millions  of  them 
were  "  in  lieu  of  tlie  demand  Treasury  notes,"  issTicd  under  the  act  of  July  17, 
1861,  wliich  were  to  be  taken  up  as  soon  as  pracucable.  The  first  notes  issued 
were  dated  March  10,  and  had  printed  on  the  back,  ♦'This  note  is  a  legal  tender 
for  all  debts,  public  and  private,  except  duties  on  imports  and  interest  on  the 
public  debt,  and  is  exchangeable  foi  United  States  six  per  cent,  bonds,  redeemable 
at  tlie  pleasure  of  the  United  States,  after  five  years." 

The  bill  had  passed  tlie  Hou.  ,  and  was  sent  to  the  Senate  on  the  Gth  of 
February.  As  it  was  sent  there,  it  provided  that  "the  notes  herein  .authorized 
shall  be  receivable  in  payment  of  all  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  t  xeisc,  debts  and 
demands  owing  by  tl  United  States  to  individuals,  corporations,  and  associations 
within  the  United  States,  and  shall  also  be  lawful  morey  and  u  legal  tender,  in 
payment  of  all  debts,  public  and  private,  within  tlie  United  States."  The  follow- 
ing words  were  also  ordered  p;  ated  upon  the  backs  of  the  notes :  "Tlie  v  Miin 
is  a  legal  tender  in  payment  of  alt  debts,  public  and  private,  and  is  cxchangeabi  ^ 
for  bonds  of  the  United  States  bearing  six  per  centum  interest  at  twenty  years, 

40 


626 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1862. 


or  in  seven  per  cent,  bonds  at  five  years."  The  bill  also  authorized  the  issue  of 
bonds  "not  exceeding  five  hundred  million  dollars,"  for  tlie  redemption  of  the 
notes.  From  the  Senate  the  hill  was  returned  with  the  followinj?  amendments: 
♦•That  the  legal  tender  notes  should  be  receivable  tor  all  eluiins  and  (k'lnunils 
against  the  United  States,  of  every  kind  whatsoever,  except  for  interest  on  bonds 
and  notes,  which  shall  be  paid  in  coin."  Also,  "  that  all  duties  on  imported  goods, 
and  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  public  lands,  should  be  set  apart  to  pay  the  coin 
interest  on  the  debt  of  the  United  States."  A  conference  committee  was  ap- 
pointed by  die  House  to  meet  a  similar  conmiittee  from  tlie  Senate,  and  the  bill 
was  agreed  on,  passed,  and  approved  by  the  I'resident  tlie  same  day.  The  act, 
as  passed,  exempted  "  all  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  securities  of  the  United  States " 
from  taxation  under  "state  authority."  By  a  section  of  the  bill,  the  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury  was  authorized  to  receive  deposits,  for  not  less  than  tliiity  days, 
nor  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  give  certificates  for  the  same  bearing  in- 
terest at  five  per  cent.  The  amount  to  be  so  received  was  limited  to  twenty-five 
million  dollars.  On  March  17,  18G2,  this  limit  was  extended  to  fifty  million  dol- 
lars; and  July  11,  to  one  hundred  million  dollars.  On  January  3D,  1804,  the 
limit  was  placed  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars,  and  »ix  per  cent,  interest 
allowed.  These  deposits  had  reached  the  sunt  of  over  one  hundred  and  twenty 
millions.  By  an  act  passed  March  1,  1802,  certificates  of  indebtidness  were  also 
authorized  to  be  issued  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  "in  satisfaction  of  au- 
dited and  settled  demands  against  the  United  States,"  in  sun)s  of  not  less  llian  one 
thousand  dollars,  payable  in  one  year,  and  drawing  six  per  cent,  interest.  On  the 
17tli  of  March,  this  power  was  enlarged  so  as  to  embrace  cliccks  drawn  in  favor 
of  creditors  by  "  disbursing  ofiicers  upon  sums  placed  to  their  credit  on  tin:  books 
of  the  Treasurer."  These  certificates  were  used  as  a  currency,  and  on  the  1st  of 
November,  1804,  their  amount  was  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight  million  five  hun- 
dred and  ninety-three  thousand  dollars. 

1862,  February.  —  At  a  conference  between  the  Mexican 
authorities  and  the  invaders,  the  project  of  establishing  a  Mex- 
ican monarchy  for  the  Archduke  Maximilian  was  discussed. 

The  British  and  Spanish  representatives  disapproved  of  the  project.  At  a 
further  conference  in  April,  the  English  and  Spanish  plenii)otentiaries  declared 
in  favor  of  peace,  but  the  French  were  for  renewed  war  against  Juarez.  In  Mny 
the  English  and  Spanish  forces  retired  from  Mexico,  and  reinforcements  were  sent 
to  the  French  under  General  Lorencz. 

1862,  March  7  and  8.  —  The  battle  of  Pea  Ridge,  Arkansas, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  finally  successful. 

1862,  March  8.  —  The  Confederate  ram,  the  Merrimac,  ap- 
peared at  Hampton  Roads. 

She  had  been  sunk  when  the  Norfolk  Navy  Yard  was  abandoned,  and  had  been 
raised  by  the  Confederates  and  converted  into  an  iron-dad  ram.  Slie  sank  the 
Cumberland,  captured  the  Congress,  and  forced  the  Minnesota  aground,  and  then 
returned  to  Norfolk.  She  had  been  reehristened  the  Virginia,  and  was  in  com- 
mand of  Franklin  Buchanan. 

1862,  March  9.  —  The  Merrimac  reappeared. 

During  the  night,  the  Monitor,  Lieutenant  Word'    ,  had  arrived,  and,  engagin? 


[1882. 

zed  the  issue  of 
ilomption  of  the 
ijr  amendments: 
ins  imd  demands 
interest  on  bonds 
I  imported  goods, 

to  pay  tlie  coin 
mmittee  was  ap- 
:iute,  and  the  bill 
,c  day.  The  act, 
lie  United  States" 
Mil,  the  Secretary 
.  than  tliii  ty  days, 

same  bearing  in- 
,ted  to  twenty-five 
1)  fifty  million  dol- 
iiaiy  30,  18(54,  the 
X  per  cent,  interest 
iindred  and  twenty 
cbtedness  were  also 
1  satisfaction  of  au- 
of  not  less  Hum  one 
It.  interest.  On  the 
iccks  drawn  in  favor 
•  credit  on  the  books 
..y,  and  on  the  1st  of 
[ght  million  five  lum- 

tlio  JiTexican 
blisliing  a  Mex- 
discussed. 

the   project.    At  a 
.tvntiaries  declarcil 
,t  .Juarez.    In  May 
•urcementa  were  sent 

lidge,  Arkansas, 


1862.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


627 


0 


Merriraac,  ap- 


ndoned,  and  had  been 
I  ram.  She  sank  tk 
>ta  agromul,  and  then 
inia,anawa8incom- 


rived,  and,  cngngi":- 


tlie  ram,  forced  her  hack  to  Norfolk.     On  May  11,  the  Confederates  evacuated 
Norfolk,  and  blew  up  the  Mcrrimac. 

18G2,  March  10.  —  Mauassas  Junction,  Virginia,  was  evacuated 
by  the  Confederates. 

18G2,  March  11.  —  General  McClellan  assumed  the  comD.ond 
of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 

He  resigned  the  position  of  goneral-in-chief.  The  mountain  department  was 
put  in  command  of  General  Fremont,  and  the  Mississippi  department  of  General 
llalleck. 

1862,  March  13.  —  An  act  was  passed  forbidding  the  oflficors 
of  the  army  and  navy  to  employ  the  forces  under  their  command 
ill  restoring  fugitive  slaves. 

1862,  March  14.  —  Newborn,  North  Carolina,  was  captured. 

General  Burnside  was  in  command  of  the  expedition. 

1862,  March  23.  —  The  battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

Tlie  Confederates,  under  General  Jackson,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals 
under  General  Sliiehl 

1802,  March  23.  —  The  T>eninsular  campaign  in  Virginia 
began. 

It  ended  July  2  with  the  retreat  of  the  Federals  to  Harrison's  Landing,  whence 
they  were  withdrawn  August  IG. 

1862,  April   5.  —  Yorktown,  Virginia,  was  besieged  by  the 
Federal  forces. 
General  McClellan  was  in  command.     The  place  had  been  strongly  fortified. 

1862,  April  6  and  7.  — The  battle  of  Pittsburg  Landing,  Ten- 
nesseo,  was  fought. 

On  the  7th,  Grant  was  reinforced  by  Buell,  and  the  Confederates  were  defeated, 
retreating  to  Corinth. 

1862,  April  7.  —  Island  No.  10,  in  the  Mississippi,  surren- 
dered. 

1862,  April  9.  — The  battle  of  Shiloh  was  fought. 

1862,  April  11.  —  Fort  Pulaski,  near  Savannah,  surrondered. 

1862,  April  12.  —  Gold  was  first  quoted  at  a  premium. 

It  reached  its  highest  point  in  July,  18G4  —  2.8.5. 

1862,  April  16.  —  Slavery  was  abolished  in  the  District  of 
Columbia. 

Tlie  act  for  its  abolition  provided  for  -ommission  to  remunerate  loyal  owners. 
Not  over  three  liundred  dollars  a  slave  re  to  bo  paid,  and  me  million  dollars 
were  appropriated  for  the  purpose.  One  Hundred  thousand  dollars  ware  also  ap- 
propriated for  their  colonization.  An  act  was  also  passed  abolishing  slavery  in 
the  "territories  of  the  United  States  now  existing,  or  which  may  at  anytime 
hereafter  be  formed  or  acquired  by  the  United  States." 


"1  .V 


Bi    ■.■■■■■  -IN 


6'i8 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1862. 


I    • 


18G2,  May  1.  —  Tho  army  captured  Now  Orleans. 

Tho  then  secretary  of  tho  navy,  Gideon  Welles,  says  that  New  Orleans  was 
captured  by  the  navy  under  Admiral  Farrngut  on  tho  25th  of  Ai)ril,  and  tliiit  he 
hold  it  until  the  army  took  possession  of  it.  General  B.  F.  Butler  was  put  in 
command  of  tho  city,  and  kept  it  until  he  was  replaced  in  December  by  Gen- 
eral Bankfl. 

1862,  May  3.  —  Tlio  battle  of  Chancolloraville  was  fought. 

1862,  May  5.  —  The  battle  of  Williamsburg,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  May  5. — The  French  army  was  repulsed  at  Puebla. 

1862,  May  11.  —  Norfolk,  Virginia,  was  reoccupied  by  tho 
Federals. 

1862,  May  15.  —  Congress  established  the  Department  of  Agri- 
culture. 

1862,  May  19.  —  The  President  revoked  General  Hunter's 
emancipation  order,  as  unauthorized. 

General  Hunter  had  issued  it  on  the  9th,  being  in  command  of  the  southern 
department.  His  order  was  to  the  effect  tiuit  Geor'  'a,  Florida,  and  South  Caro- 
lina, being  under  martial  law,  "  and  slavery  and  mariial  law  being  incompatible, 
the  persons  in  these  three  states  heretofore  held  as  slaves,  are  therefore  declared 
forever  free." 

1862,  May  25.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Winchester,  Virginia. 

The  Federals,  under  General  Banks,  were  repulsed. 

1862,  May  27.  — The  battle  of  Hanover  Court  House,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1862,  May  27.  —  Tho  assault  on  Port  Hudson  was  made. 
1862,  May  30.  —  The  Confederates  retreated  from  Corinth. 

The  Federals,  under  General  Halleck,  marched  in  pursuit  of  them. 

1862,  May  31.  —  The  battle  of  Seven  Pines,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

The  next  day,  the  battle  of  Fair  Oaks  was  fought.  In  both,  the  Confederates 
were  repulsed. 

1862,  June  3.  —  The  command  of  the  Confederate  forces  in 
Virginii',  was  given  to  General  Robert  E.  Lee. 

1862,  June  6.  —  Memphis  surrendered  to  the  Union  forces. 

1862,  June  8.  —  The  battle  of  Cross  Keys,  Virginia,  was  fougiit. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed.  On  the  9th  they  were  again  repulsed  at  Tort 
Republic,  Virginia. 


[1862. 

ew  Orlcuns  was 
[)ril,  ami  tluit  he 
iitlcr  was  put  in 
(Cumber  by  Gen- 

V8  fought. 
Virginia,  was 

at  Puebla. 
3upied   by  tho 

trtmcnt  of  Agri- 

jneral  Hunter's 

mil  of  the  soutliorn 
la,  and  South  Caro- 
being  inconipatil)la, 
e  therefore  declared 

ihester,  Virginia. 
House,  Virginia, 


Iwas  made, 
from  f^orinth. 
It  of  them. 


1862.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


629 


9,  Virginia, 


took 


Lh,  the  Confederates 

lederate  forces  in 

Union  forces, 
j-gmia,  was  fougW- 

iain  repulsed  at  W 


1862,  June  13  and  14.  —  The  Confoderato  cavalry,  i  nder  Gen- 
eral Stuart,  destroyed  tho  provision  depot  at  White  House,  Vir- 
ginia. 

They  rode  round  McCIcllan'a  army. 

1862,  June  13  and  14. — The  French  defeated  tho  Mexicans  at 
Cerro  de  Borgo. 

1862,  June  16,  —  Tho  Federals  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
upon  the  works  at  Secessionville,  James  Island,  in  Charleston 
harbor. 

1862,  June  18.  —  Cumberland  Gap  was  occupied  by  the  Fed- 
eral forces  under  General  Morgan. 

1862,  June  25.  —  The  seven  days'  battles  ai'ound  Richmond 

began. 

1862,  June  26.  —  The  battle  of  Mechanicsville,  Virginia,  took 

place, 
Tlie  Confederates  made  the  attack,  and  were  repulsed. 

1862,  June  26.  —  General  Pope  was  given  the  command  of  the 
army  in  Virginia. 

1862,  June  27.  —  General  Fremont  was  relieved  from  his  com- 
mand. 

He  requested  it,  on  the  appointment  of  General  Pope. 

1862,  June  27.  —  The  battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia,  took 
place. 
Tho  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1862,  June  '28.  —  Commodore  Farragut,  who  had  run  the 
blockade  at  Vicksburg,  began  to  bombard  the  city. 

1862,  June.  —  John  Morgan,  with  a  Confederate  force,  raided 
through  Ohio. 

1862,  June  29.  —  The   battle   of  Savage's   Station,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 
It  was  indecisive. 

1862,  June  30.  —  The  battle  of  Frazier's  Farm  took  place. 

General  Lee  failed  in  an  attempt  to  break  the  Federal  line. 

1862,  July  1.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  collect  an  internal 

revenue. 

It  taxed  domestic  manufactures,  trades,  occupat  ns,  provided  for  a  system  of 
stamps,  and  license,  income,  and  other  duties. 

1862,  July  1.  —  The  battle  of  Malvern  Hill,  Virginia,  took 

place. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 


!-''.*i'^^iIBlfe' 

i 

''^  •'■'ffli'^^ , 

mm 

•«%• 

630 


ANNALS   OF  NOllTII  AMERICA. 


[1862. 


1862,  July  1.  —  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  Bill  was  signed 
by  the  I'resident. 

1862,  July  1.  —  The  President  issued  a  call  for  three  hundred 
tliousand  men. 

Ho  liiwl  been  requested  to  do  so  by  the  governors  of  eighteen  states. 

1862,  July  2.  —  The  army  of  the  Potomac  retired  to  Ilarri- 
Bon's  Landing. 

The  peninsular  ciinipaign  ended. 

1862,  July  11.  —  The  President  approved  a  bill  for  the  further 
issue  of  United  States  notes. 

The  issue  was  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  million  dollars,  of  which  thirty-five 
million  dollars  were  of  denominations  less  than  five  dollars. 

1862,  July  11.  —  General  Ilalleck  was  appointed  commander- 
in-chief. 

1862,  July  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  increasing  the  duties 
on  imports. 

By  successive  amendments,  a  duty  was  levied  upon  the  importation  of  fifteen 
hundred  articles. 

1862,  July  15.  —  The  Confederate  ram  Arkansas  took  refugo 
under  the  guns  of  Vicksburg. 

She  had  escaped  the  expedition  sent  up  the  Yj.  oo  River  to  capture  her,  and 
on  the  22(1  she  repulsed  the  Queen  of  the  West  and  the  Essex,  sent  against  her. 
On  the  Gth  of  August  she  was  attacked  by  the  Essex,  and  abandoned  by  her 
crew,  after  they  had  set  her  on  fire. 

1862,  July  17.  —  The  President  approved  "an  act  to  authorize 
payment  in  stamps,  and  to  prohibit  circulation  of  notes  of  less 
denomination  than  one  dollar." 

It  authorized  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  to  furnish  postage  and  otiior 
stamps  to  the  depositaries  of  the  United  States,  to  be  exchanged  for  notes,  ami 
forbade  the  issue  by  any  one  of  tokens,  or  checks  for  less  than  a  dollar,  to  circu- 
late as  money. 

1862,  July  17.  —  The  President  approved  a  bill  confiscating 
the  property  and  emancipating  the  slaves  of  all  rebels  in  arms 
after  sixty  days,  if  they  did  not  submit. 

The  act  made  death  the  penalty  for  conviction  of  treason ;  or  the  court  niiglit 
make  it  imprisonment  and  fine.  The  slaves  of  the  convicted  to  be  free.  Persons 
engaged  in  rcbelHon  to  be  fined  and  imprisoned;  their  slaves  to  be  free.  Those 
guilty  as  above  to  be  incapable  of  holding  ofiTice.  The  act  not  to  apply  to  cases 
previous  to  its  issue.  Slaves  of  persons  engaged  in  rebellion,  if  seized,  net  to  be 
returned,  but  held  as  prisoners  of  war.  No  fugitive  slave  to  be  given  up  unless 
the  claimant  takes  an  oath  he  has  not  been  engaged  in  rebellion.  Persons  of 
African  descent  may  be  employed  to  put  down  the  rebellion.  The  President 
authorized  to  arrange  for  the  colonization  of  freed  sl.ives.  The  President  may 
grant  amnesty.  A  joint  resolution  declares  the  act  not  to  apply  to  oflFences  com- 
Riitted  before  its  passage,  nor  make  forfeiture  of  real  estate  beyond  the  life  of  the 
offender. 


[1862. 


1862.] 


ANNALS  OF   NOllTII   AMERIC\. 


G31 


>ill  wati  signed 

throo  hundred 
in  states. 

tired  to  Iluiri- 

I  for  the  further 

of  which  thirty-five 

ted  commander- 

lasing  tho  duties 
inportfttion  of  fifteen 

isas  took  refuge 

!r  to  capture  her,  and 
sex,  sent  against  her. 
(1  abandoned  by  lier 

act  to  authorize 
of  notes  of  less 

]>ostage   and  other 

imged  for  notes,  m\ 

Ian  a  dollar,  to  circu- 

bill  confiscating 
ll  rebels  in  arms 

I;  or  the  court  niiglit 
to  be  free.     Persons 

to  bo  free.  Those 
lot  to  apply  to  cases 
1,  if  seized,  net  to  he 

be  given  up  unless 
jcUion.  Persons  of 
lion.     The  President 

The  President  may 
Lply  to  offences  com- 
[beyond  the  life  of  tho 


18G2.  —  A  MAHaACRE  of  tho  Bottlora  iu  Minnesota,  by  tho  Sioux 
IndiaiiH,  took  place. 

One  tliousand  settlerR  are  said  to  have  been  shiuglitcred.  Tho  Indians  wore 
driven  away  by  forces  under  tho  con>inand  of  General  II.  II.  Sibley. 

18(52,  July.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  the  unimproved 
public  lands  to  tho  states  for  tho  establishment  of  agricultural 
colleges. 

18G2.  —  CoNGUESS  passed  tho  Homestead  TJill. 

It  gave  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres  of  land  to  every  actual  settler. 

18(52,  July  22.  — Tho  President  issued  a  general  order  author- 
izing the  military  and  naval  commanders  in  the  insurgeiit  states 
to  seize  and  use  necessary  supplies. 

Persons  of  African  de.scent  could  be  employed  as  laborers  at  reasonable  wages, 
an  account  being  kept  "us  u  basis  upon  which  compensation  can  be  made  in 
proper  cases." 

18G2,  July  25.  —  Tho  President  issued  a  proclamation  warning 
tliose  in  rebellion  of  the  passage  of  tho  Confiscation  Act. 

18G2,  AucjusT  1.  —  The  Confederate  government  declared  Gen- 
eral J*()pe  and  his  officers  not  entitled  to  mercy. 

18G2,  Au(iU8T  4.  —  General  Butler,  in  New  Orleans,  assessed 
the  rich  secessionists  to  support  the  poor. 

By  his  careful  attention  to  sanitary  regulations,  he  made  the  city  more  healtliy 
than  it  had  been  for  years. 

1862,  August  4.  —  Tho  secretary  of  war  ordered  a  draft  of 
three  hundred  thousand  men. 

Th^y  were  to  be  drafted  f^-om  the  militia,  to  serve  nine  months.  If  by  the  15th 
of  August  any  state  had  not  furnished  its  quota  of  the  three  hundred  thousand 
volunteers  called  for  by  the  President,  the  deficiency  to  be  made  up  by  a  special 
draft  from  the  uiilitiii. 

18G2,  August  5. — 'The  battle  of  Baton  Rouge,  Louisiana,  was 
fought. 

1862,  August  5.  —  The  battle  at  Cedar  Mountain,  Virginia, 
took  place. 

The  Federals  were  defeated. 

1862,  August  8.  —  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  suspended. 

Orders  wore  given  to  arrest  those  who  discouraged  enlistments.  No  more 
passports  were  to  be  issued,  and  newspaper  correspondents  forbidden  virith  tlie 
armies. 

1862,  August  13.  —  Drafting  was  ordered  to  begin  on  the  Ist 
of  September. 

1862,  August  17.  —  General  Pope  began  his  retrostt. 


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ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1862. 


!  < 


;i  ! 


1862,  August  23.  —  A  general  battle  with  General  Pope's 
forces  took  place. 

1862,  August  28.  —  General  Forey,  with  a  French  army,  arrived 
in  Mexico. 

He  assumed  the  civil  and  military  power  on  the  8th  of  September. 

1862,  August  29.  —  The  battle  of  Groveton,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Confederates  had  the  advantage. 

1862,  August  30.  —  A  battle  at  Manassas,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated. 

1862,  August  30.  —  A  battle  y^g  fought  at  Richmond,  Ken- 
tucky. 

The  Federals  were  worsted. 

1862,  September  1.  —  A  battle  at  Ox  Hill,  Virginia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated.  General  Pope  was  removed,  and  McClellan 
put  in  command. 

1862,  September  1.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Chantilly,  Vir- 
ginia. 

Generals  Kearney  and  Stevens  were  killed. 

1862,  September  1.  —  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  evacuated  by 
the  Federals. 

Cincinnati  was  greatly  excited  by  the  expectation  of  an  attack.  Martial  law 
iras  proclaimed,  and  the  citizens  ordered  to  enroll  themselves  for  defence. 

1862,  September  14.  —  The  battle  of  South  Mountain,  Mary- 
land, was  fought. 

The  Confederates  had  crossed  into  Maryland  on  the  4th,  5th,  and  6th.  On  the 
7th  they  occupied  Frederick ;  and  General  Lee  issued  a  proclamation  to  the  people 
of  Maryland,  inviting  them  to  join  the  confederacy.  He  said,  "  It  is  for  you  to 
decide  your  destiny  freely  and  without  restraint.  This  army  will  respect  your 
choice,  whatever  it  may  be ;  and,  while  the  southern  people  will  rejoice  to  welcome 
you  to  your  natural  position  among  them,  they  will  only  welcome  you  when  you 
come  of  your  own  free  will."    To  this  proclamation  there  was  no  response. 

1862,  Siiptember  15.  —  Harper's  Ferry  was  captured  by  the 
Confederates. 

The  force  holding  it  consisted  of  eleven  thousand  mer.  General  Jackson  was 
in  command  of  the  Confederates.  Colonel  Miles,  in  command,  was  niortullj' 
wounded.     The  Confederates  held  it  only  a  day. 

1862,  September  17.  —  The  battle  of  Antietam,  Maryland,  W88| 
fought. 

It  was  one  of  the  severest  of  the  war.  The  Confederates  were  driven  back  | 
over  the  Potomac.     They  had  been  in  Maryland  a  fortnight. 


[1861 
General  Pope's 

Qch  army,  arrived 

jpteniber. 

)n,  Virginia,  was 

[•ginia,  was  fought, 
t  Kichmond,  Ken- 


irginia,  was  fought, 
■moved,  and  McClellan 

t  at  Chantilly,  Vir- 


7,  was  evacuated  by 

an  attack.    Martial  law 
jlves  for  defence. 

th  Mountain,  Mary- 

|th,  5th,  and  6th.  On  the 
.roclamation  to  the  people 
said,  "  It  is  for  you  to 
army  will  respect  yout 
.lewill  rejoice  to  welcome 

welcome  you  when  you 
•c  was  no  response. 

las  captured  by  tbe 


1862.] 


AlfNALS  or  NORTH  AMERICA. 


633 


1862,  September  17.  —  The  garrison  at  Munfordsville,  Ken- 
tucky, surrendered  to  the  Confedorf^tes. 

A  provisional  government  was  organized  by  the  Confederate  forces,  at  Frank- 
fort, for  Kentucky. 

1862,  September  17.  —  Cumberland  Gap  was  vac^Jed  by  the 
Federals. 

18G2,  September  19.  —  The  Confederate  forces  were  defeated 
at  luka,  Missis.sippi, 

1862,  September  22.  —  President  Lincohi  issued  a  proclama- 
tion abolishing  slavery  in  the  Southern  States,  unless  they  re- 
turned to  the  Union  before  the  1st  of  January,  1863. 

The  President,  after  stating  that  the  war  would  still  be  conducted  for  restoring 
the  Union,  and  that  he  should  again  urge  Congress  to  pecuni.Trily  indemnify  the 
loyal  slave  states,  should  they  abolish  slavery  either  gradually  or  immediately, 
and  that  efforts  would  still  continue  for  the  voluntary  colonization  of  "persons  of 
African  descent,"  proclaims,  "  That,  on  the  first  day  of  January,  in  the  year  of 
our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-three,  all  persons  held  as  slaves 
within  any  state,  or  any  designated  part  of  a  state,  the  people  whereof  shall  then 
be  in  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  shall  be  then,  thenceforw-ard,  and  for- 
ever, free ;  and  the  executive  government  of  the  United  States,  includ'n!?  the 
military  and  naval  authority  thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  the  freedom  of 
Buch  persons,  and  will  do  no  act  or  acts  to  repress  such  persons,  or  any  of  them, 
in  any  efforts  they  may  make  for  their  actual  freedom."  The  proclamation  ends 
thus :  "  And  the  executive  will  in  due  time  recommend  that  all  citizens  of  the 
United  States  who  shall  have  remained  loyal  thereto  throughout  the  rebellion, 
shall  (upon  the  restoration  of  the  constitutional  relation  between  the  United  States 
and  their  respactive  states  and  people,  if  the  relation  shall  have  been  suspended 
or  disturbed)  oe  compensated  for  all  losses  by  acts  of  the  United  States,  including 
the  loss  of  slaves." 

1862,  September  24.  —  President  Lincoln  by  a  proclamation 
suspended  the  habeas  corpus  "  in  respect  to  persons  held  by  mil- 
[itaiy  authority." 

It  was  done  to  prevent  the  release  of  military  and  state  prisoners. 

1862,  September  25.  —  A  convention  of  governors  from  the 
[loyal  states  was  held  at  Altoona,  Pennsylvauia,  and  adopted  an 
I  address  to  the  President,  pledging  him  their  support. 

Thoy  suggested  an  army  of  reserve,  and  indorsed  the  einivn(;ipation   proc- 

llamation. 


I      General  Jackson  was  B   1862,  OCTOBER  3.  —  The   battle   of  Corinth,   Mississippi,  was 
'command,  was  mortally  jfought. 

The   Confederates,  under  Van  Dorn,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  under 

letam,  Maryland,  was  ■«—• 

■  1862,  October  8. — The  battle  of  Perry villo,  Kentucky,  was 
lerates  were  driven  back  Jought. 

|ght.  H  The  Federals,  under  General  Budl,  defeated  the  Confederates  under  General 


m 


mn 


634 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1862: 


18G2.  OcTOBSB  10.  —  A  raid  on  Clmmbersburg,  Pennsylvania, 
was  made  by  a  Confederate  force  under  General  Stuart. 

1  02,  OcTOBCR  18.  —  Morgan  made  a  raid  in  Kentucky. 

Ht     ccupiod  Lexington,  Kentucky. 

1862,  OcTOBicB  24.  —  The  command  of  the  army  of  Kentucky 
was  given  to  G  eneral  Rosecrans. 
General  Buell  vas  relieved  of  i(;. 

1862,  October  27.  —  The  Mexican  congress  assembled  aud 
protested  against  the  Spanish  invasion. 

1862,  November  7.  —  General  Burnside  was  appointed  to  tho 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 

He  relieved  General  McClellan. 

1862,  November  9.  —  General  Butler  issued  his  sequestration 
order. 

1862.  —  The  French  government  proposed  to  Russia  and  Eng- 
land to  mediate  in  the  United  States. 

The  proposition  was  made  by  Drouyn  d'  L'Huys.  Russia  declined  it  Novesni- 
ber  8,  and  Great  Britain  on  the  13th. 

1862,  November  22.  —  A  general  order  for  the  release  of  all 
state  prisoners  was  issued. 

1862,  December  7.  —  The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Prai- 
rie Grove,  Arkansas. 

1862,  December  11.  —  Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  was  bom- 
barded by  the   Federal  army. 

They  were  under  command  of  General  Burnside,  and  had  crossed  the  Rappa- 
hannock. On  the  13th,  their  attack  on  the  Confederate  works  was  repulsed,  and 
on  the  15th  and  IGth  they  recrossed  the  Rappahannock,  having  lost  heavily. 

1862,  December  16.  —  General  Banks  assumed  command  of  the 
Department  of  the  Gulf. 

1862,  December  18,  —  Lexington,  Kentucky,  was  taken  by 
the  Confederates. 

1862,  December  20.  —  Holly  Springs,  Mississippi,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Confederates. 

1862,  December  27.  —  The  Federals,  under  General  Shermu'i, 
were  repulsed  at  Chickasaw  Bayou,  Mississippi. 

They  had  set  out  from  Memphis  December  20.  After  the  repulse,  the  arnij 
withdrew  from  the  Yazoo. 

1862,  December  28.  —  Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  was  captured  by 
the  Federals. 

General  Blunt  was  in  command.  A  large  quantity  of  supplies,  and  four 
Btcamers  laden,  woro  captured. 


Hp      [18' 


[1862. 


•g,  Pennsylvania, 
[  Stuart. 

i^entucky. 

rmy  of  Kentucky 


38  assembled  aud 
appointed  to  tho 


/ 


^^■Fi^^r: 


his  sequestration 
;o  Russia  and  Eng- 
issia  decline'^  it  Novtim- 
the  release  of  all 
•e  defeated  at  Prai- 
Virginia,   was  bora- 
had  crossed  the  Rappa- 
works  was  repulsed,  and 
laving  lost  heavily. 

med  command  of  the 

cky,  was  taken  by 

ississippi,  was  cap- 

jr  General  Shermai, 

ppi. 

iter  the  repulse,  the  army 

sas,  was  captured  by 
itity  of  supplies,  and  four 


npi 


mi' 


\ 


N 


1862-3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


635 


1862,  Decesiber  29.  —  The  battle  of  Stone  River,  Tennessee, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates,  under  General  Bragg,  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  under 
General  Rosccrans. 

1862,  December,  30.  —  The  siege  of  Vicksburg  was  abandoned 
by  General  Sherman. 

Ho  had  driven  the  Confederates  into  the  town  on  the  27th,  and  been  driven 
from  his  position  on  the  29th.  On  the  3l8t,  General  MeClernand  succeeded  Gen- 
eral Sherman  in  command,  and  the  army  retired  to  Milliken's  Bend. 

1862,  December  31.  —  The  second  battle  of  Stone  River,  Ten- 
nessee, was  fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  Confederates  were  driven  back,  and  on  January  3 
the  Federals  occupied  Murfreesborough. 

1862.  December  31.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  for  the  ad- 
mission of  West  Virginia  to  the  Union  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  "whenever  the  people  of  West  Virginia  shall,  through  their 
said  convention,  and  by  a  vote  to  be  taken  at  an  election  to  bo  held  withiu  ihe 
limits  of  the  said  state,  at  such  time  as  the  convention  may  prov.de,  make  and 
ratify  the  change  aforesaid,  and  properly  certify  the  a.ame  under  the  hand  of  the 
president  of  the  convention,  it  shall  bo  lawful  for  the  President  of  the  United 
States  .0  issue  his  proclamation,  stating  the  fact ;  and  thereupon  this  act  shall 
take  effect,  and  bo  in  force  from  and  after  sixty  days  from  tlic  date  of  said  proc- 
lamation." The  change  referred  to  was  to  bo  introduced  in  the  constitution, 
making  all  children  born  after  the  4th  of  July,  18G3,  free,  and  all  children  under 
ten  at  that  date,  free  when  twcnty-ono ;  all  over  ten  and  under  twenty-one,  free 
at  twenty-five. 

1863,  January  1.  —  The  eruancipation  proclamation  wag  i.ssued. 

It  specified  Arkansas,  Texas,  Louisian.t  (certain  parishes  excepted),  Missi3- 
sippi,  Alabama,  Florida,  Georgia,  Soutli  Carolina,  Nortli  Carolina,  and  Virginia 
(West  Virginia  and  other  portions  excepted),  as  the  rebellious  states  to  wli/jli  tho 
proclamation  applied.  Tho  excepted  i)art3  "are,  for  the  present,  left  pr ;c'i  ely 
as  if  this  proclamation  were  not  issued."  "  And  by  virtue  of  tlio  power  and  for 
the  purpose  aforesaid,  I  do  order  and  declare  that  all  persons  lield  as  slaves 
within  said  states  and  parts  of  states,  are  and  henceforth  shall  be  free,  and  that 
tlie  executive  government  of  tho  United  States,  including  tho  military  and  naval 
authorities  thereof,  will  recognize  and  maintain  tho  freedom  of  said  persons. 

"And  I  hereby  enjoin  upon  tho  people  so  declared  to  be  free,  to  abstain  from 
all  violence,  unless  in  necessary  self-defence ;  and  I  recommend  to  them  that  in 
all  cases,  when  allowed,  they  labor  faithfully  for  reasonable  wages. 

"  And  I  further  declare  and  make  known  that  such  persons,  of  suitable  condi- 
tion, will  be  received  into  tho  armed  service  of  the  United  States,  to  garrison 
forts,  positions,  stations,  and  other  places,  and  to  man  vessels  of  all  sorts  in  said 
service. 

"  And  upon  this  act,  sincerely  believed  to  be  an  act  of  justice  warranted  by  the 
Constitution  upon  military  necessity,  I  invoke  the  considerate  judgment  of  man- 
kind and  gracious  favor  of  Almighty  God." 

1863,  January  1.  —  Galveston,  Texas,  was  captured  by  the 
Confederates. 


636 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1863. 


1863,  January  8.— The  battle  of  Springfield,  Missouri,  was 
fought. 

Tho  Confederates  retreated. 

18G3,  January  11.  —  Arkansas  Post,  Arkansas,  was  captured 
by  tlio  Federals. 

It  was  evacuated  on  the  23d,  after  tho  destruction  of  the  fort. 

1863,  January  21.  —  Young's  Point,  on  the  Mississippi,  was 
occupied  by  the  Federals. 

It  is  nine  miles  above  Vicksburg,  on  the  other  sido  of  tho  river.     It  was  aban- 
doned on  the  8th  of  March. 

1863,  January  26.  —  General  Hooker  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  army  of  the  Potomac. 
Ho  relieved  General  Burnside. 

1863,  January  29, —  General  Banks  at  New  Orleaus  promul- 
gated the  emancipation  proclamation. 

1863,  February  6.  —  Congress  declined  the  French  govern- 
ment's offer  of  mediation. 

1863,  February  7.  —  The  Confederate  secretary  of  state  de- 
clared Oalveston  jnd  Sabine  Pass  open  to  commerce. 

1863,  February  8.  —  Tho   Chicago  Times  was  ordered  sup- 
pressed. 

'^he  order  was  rescinded  on  the  17th.  * 

x863,  February  24. —  Arizona  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

1863,  February  24.  —  The  French  army  under  General  Forey 
commenced  their  march  towards  the  city  of  Mexico. 

18G3,  February  25.  —  Congress  passed  a  conscription  act. 
It  made  military  service  necessary  for  men  between  eighteen  and  forty-five. 

1863,  February  26. — -The  Cherokee  national  council  repealed 
the  ordinance  of  secession. 

They  also  abolished  slavery,  and  disqualified  disloyalists. 

1863,  March  3.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  of  Congress 
for  a  loan  of  $900,000,000. 

The  first  section  of  the  act  authorized  a  loan  of  ^300,000,000  for  tho  current 
year,  and  $600,000,000  for  the  next  year,  for  which  bonds  should  be  issued,  from 
ton  to  forty  years,  bearing  not  over  six  per  cent,  interest  in  coin.     The  .second  i 
section  authorized  the  Secretary,  instead  of  bonds,  to  issue  treasury  rotes  for 
§400,000,000,  bearing  six  per  cent,  interest  payable  **in  lawful  money."    By  the  I 
third  section,  $150,000,000  in  United  States  notes  might  be  issued.     This  section  | 
also  provided  that  "the  holders  of  United  States  notes  issued  under  former  acts, 
shall  present  the  same  for  the  purpose  of  exchanging  them  for  bonds  as  therein  I 
provided,  on  or  before  the  1st  of  July,  18(>3,  and  thereafter  the  right  to  exehangfj 
the  same  shall  cease  and  determine."     A  tax  of  one  per  cent,  each  half  year,  on  j 
a  graduated  scale  of  the  circulation  of  the  state  banks  according  to  their  capitsll 


[1863. 
1   Missouri,  was 

V8,  waa  captured 

fort. 

)  Mississippi,  was 
10  river.    Itwasaban- 
appointed  to  the 

w  Orleaus  promul- 
10  French  govern- 

cretary  of  state  de- 
mmerce. 

J  was  ordered  sup- 
ped as  a  territory, 
ander  General  Forey 
Mexico, 
conscription  act. 
eighteen  and  forty-five. 
onal  council  repealed 

ilists. 

d  an  act  of  Congress 

00.000,000  for  the  current 
nds  should  be  issued,  from 
.rest  in  coin.     The  secon 
to  issue  treasury  notes  toi 
^  nLful  money;    ByH 
Ut  be  issued.     Th.s  sect  « 
issued  under  former  adO 
t  them  for  bonds  as  ther« 
:eafter  the  right  to  exchanP 
,cr  cent,  each  half  year,  « 
according  to  their  cap>t>l 


1863.] 


AHiiALS  OF  NOBTII  AMEBICA. 


637 


Block,  v.is  imposed.     The  bill  nlso  provided  for  the  issue  of  fractional  currency 
to  any  amount  not  exccedin);  $50,000,000. 

1863,  March  3.  —  Idaho  was  organized  as  a  territory. 

1863,  March  4. — The   National  Academy  of  Sciences  was 
established  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

1863,  March  6.  —  General  Hunter,  in  tlie  Department  of  the 
South,  ordered  the  drafting-  of  negroes. 

1863,  March  10.  —  Jacksonville,  Florida,  was  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

The  1st  South  Carolina  regiment,  of  negroes,  made  the  attack. 

1863,  March  21.  —  The  battle  at  Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee, 
was  fought. 

1863,  March  25.  —  The  President  approved  the  National  Cur- 
rency Bank  Bill,  passed  by  Congress  February  25. 

This  was  tho  act  creating  the  national  banks.  The  first  issue  of  national  bank 
currency  was  made  in  January,  18G4;  and  on  April  22,  18G5,  tlie  amount  in  circu- 
lation was  $140,927,975.  By  the  act,  banking  associations  can  be  formed  by  any 
number  of  persons  "not  less  than  five."  A  controller  of  the  currency,  ap- 
pointed by  tlic  President,  and  under  the  control  of  tlic  Secretary,  sliall  certify  that 
tlie  banks  have  complied  witii  the  law  before  they  may  commence  business.  Not 
less  than  one  third  of  the  capital  of  the  banks  paid  in  to  be  transferred  to  the 
United  Status  in  interest-paying  bonds  of  the  United  States,  "for  which  circulat- 
ing notes  to  tlie  value  of  ninety  per  cent,  of  the  current  value  of  such  bonds  shall 
be  returned  to  the  bank,  —  suoh  notes  never  to  exceed  the  amount  of  capital  paid 
in.  The  notes  issued  under  this  act  shall  not  exceed  $300,000,000 ;  half  this  sum 
to  be  apportioned  lo  the  states  and  territories,  according  to  representative  pop- 
ulation ;  the  other,  by  the  secret.iry  of  the  treasury,  among  associations  to  bo 
formed,  but  without  regard  to  the  distribution  of  existing  banking  capital."  The 
banks  formed  to  "have  succession  by  its  designated  name  for  not  more  than 
twenty  years  from  the  passage  of  this  act."  The  circulating  notes  issued  by 
banks  under  this  act  are  to  be  received  at  par  for  all  dm  ,s  to  the  United  States, 
except  duties  on  imports  and  interest  on  public  debt;  and  shall  be  taken  for 
all  dues  by  the  United  States  to  persons  within  the  country  save  interest.  "If 
the  bank's  security  do  not  redeem  its  circulation,  the  United  States  pays  tho 
difference.  In  lieu  of  taxes  on  circulation  or  bonds  deposited,  the  bank  shall  pay 
semi-anmfally  one  per  cent,  on  amount  of  circulating  notes  received  (in  default 
of  deficiency  to  be  deducted  from  interest  on  bonds),  to  pay  expenses  of  making 
notes." 

1863,  March  30.  —  A  battle  near  Somerville,  Kentucky,  was 

fought. 

The  Confederates  were  defeated. 

1863,  April.  —  The  siege  of  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg  in 
Charleston  harbor  was  begun. 

General  Gillmore  had  command  of  the  land  forces,  and  Admirals  Dahlgrcn  and 
I  Dupont  of  the  naval  force.-]. 


638 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


[18G3. 


'  if 


1863,  April.  —  Congress  justified  the  suspension  of  the  habeas 
corjrus  by  the  President. 

In  Soptonihcr  it  was  again  Ruspcndcd,  in  order  to  retain  recruits  who  wore  re- 
claimed by  tiieir  parents  laltiely. 

1863,  May  2.  —  T.'io  battle  of  Port  Gibson,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

A  liindinf^  had  been  made  at  Brninsburg,  below  Vickshnrpf,  on  the  80th  of 
April.  This  was  the  beginning  of  Grant's  advance  to  Vickaburg.  The  Confed- 
erates were  driven  back. 

18G3,  May  2.  —  The  battle  of  Chancellorsville,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  F'derals  under  General  Hooker  were  forced  to  re- 
cross  tlie  Rappahannock.  General  Hooker  had  crossed  the  Rappahannock  on  tlio 
28th  of  April,  and  recrossed  it  after  the  fighting,  May  6.  In  this  battle  the  Con- 
federate General  Stonewall  Jackson  was  mortally  wounded, 

1803,  May  3.  —  Grand  Gulf,  Mississippi,  was  evacuated  by 
the  Confederates. 

1863,  May  6.  — Alexandria.  Louisiana,  on  the  Red  River,  was 
captured  by  the  Federals. 

The  fleet  was  under  command  of  Commodore  Porter. 

1863,  May  12.  —  The  battle  of  Raymond,  Mississippi,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  McPherson  were  successful. 

1863,  May  14. — Jackson,  Mississippi,  was  captured  by  the 
Federv-Is. 

General  Sherman  was  in  command. 

1863,  May  16.  —  Tlie  battle  of  Champion's  Hill,  Mississippi, 
was  fought. 

General  Grant  was  in  command  of  the  Federals,  who  were  successful. 

1863,  May  17.  —  The  battle  of  Big  Black  River,  Mississipii, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  driven  into  Vicksburg. 

1863,  May  18.  —  Vicksburg  was  invested. 

The  fleet  under  Commodore  Porter  opened  communication  with  the  army  under 
General  Grant. 

1863,  May  18.  —  The  Mexicans  surrendered  Puebla. 

On  the  3l8t  the  republican  administration  of  Mexico  removed  to  San  Luis  de 
Fotosi. 

1863,  May  19.  —  The  first  assault  on  Vicksburg  was  repulsed. 

Another,  on  May  22,  was  also  unsuccessful. 


I 


18G3.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


689 


recruits  who  were  rc- 


ille,  Virginia,  was 


(vas  evacuated  by 
le  Red  River,  was 


I,  Mississippi,  was 


8  captured  by  the 


'8  Hill,  Mississippi, 


ition  with  the  army  wndcr 


sburg  was  repulsed. 


18G3,  May  27.  —  An  unsuccessful  attuck  was  made  on  Port 
Hudtfon,  Louisiana. 

The  Federals  were  commanded  by  General  Banks.  On  the  14th  of  June  a 
second  unsuccessful  attack  was  made. 

1863,  June  3.  —  A  "peace  meeting"  was  held  in  New  York 

city. 

It  was  called  by  the  leading  Democrats,  and  published  an  address  and  a  series 
of  resolutions.  The  last  of  these  was  as  follows  :  "  Besolvtd,  That,  thus  belie v- 
irij?,  there  can  be  no  reliable  security  to  persons  or  property  pending  this  war,  and 
tlitit  by  its  continuance  the  government  itself  will  bo  utterly  and  irrevocably  sub- 
verted, and  that  the  South  as  well  as  the  North  must  alike  crumble  into  general  ruin 
and  devastation,  —  we  recommend,  in  the  name  of  the  people,  that  there  be  a  sus- 
poDNion  of  hostilities  between  the  contending  armies  of  the  divided  sections  of  our 
country,  and  that  a  convention  of  the  states  composing  tho  Confederate  States, 
and  a  separate  convention  of  the  states  still  adhering  to  the  Union,  be  held  tu 
finally  settle  and  determine  in  what  manner  and  by  what  mode  the  contending 
sections  shall  be  reconciled." 

1863,  June  4.  —  The  President  revoked  an  order  suppressing 
the  circulation  of  tho  New  York  World  and  tho  Chicago  Times 
in  the  Department  of  the  Ohio. 

The  order  had  been  given  by  General  Burnside  June  2. 

1863,  June  10.  —  The  French  army  under  General  Bazaine  en- 
tered tho  city  of  Mexico. 

The  assembly  of  notables  offered  the  crown  to  the  Archduke  Maximilian, 
and  until  his  reply,  established  a  regency.  The  monarchy  was  a  limited  heredi- 
tary one. 

1863,  June  12.  —  General  Gilman  relieved  G  '•era!  Hunter  in 
the  Department  of  the  South. 

1863,  June  15.  —  The  Federals  wore  defeated  at  Winchester, 
Virginia. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Lee  were  advan  ing  northward. 

1863,  June  15.  —  The  President  called  for  one  hundred  thousand 
men  to  repel  invasion. 

There  was  great  excitement  in  Pennsylvania  from  the  advance  of  the  Confed- 
erates. 

1863,  June  24.  —  Morgan  started  upon  another  raid  through 
Kentucky  and  Ohio. 

He  was  captured  July  26. 

1863,  June  24  and  25.  —  Chambersburg,  Pennsylvania,  was 
occupied  by  the  Confederates. 
General  Lee  had  crossed  the  Potomac. 

1863,  June  28.  —  General  Hooker  was  superseded  by  General 
6.  G.  Meade. 


m 


640 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTII  AMERICA. 


[laea. 


18G3,  June  30.  —  A  battlo  was  fuught  ui  Hanover  Junction, 
Virginia. 

The  Federals  were  succcRsful. 

18G3,  July  1.  —  The  battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  was 
fought. 

It  lasted  three  days.  The  Federals  under  General  Mcadc  checked  Lee's  ad> 
vanco,  and  forced  the  rctrvut  of  the  Confederates. 

186.3,  July  1.  —  The  constitutional  convention  of  Missouri 
passed  an  ordinance  for  the  abolition  of  slavery  in  the  state. 

Slaves  over  40  in  1870,  to  remain  so ;  those  under  12,  to  be  frco  at  23 ;  those 
over  12,  to  be  fnc  on  July  4,  1876. 

1863,  July  4.  —  Vicksburg  surrendered. 

General  Grant  was  in  command  of  the  Federals.  It  had  been  closely  invested 
for  seven  weeks.  From  May,  18C2,  to  July,  1803,  a  aeries  of  attacks  had  been 
mode  upon  Vicksburg. 

1863,  July  9.  —  Port  Hudson  surrendered. 

General  Banks  was  in  command  of  the  Federals. 

1863,  July  10.  —  An  assault  on  Fort  Wagner  was  repulsed. 

The  Federals  made  another  attack  on  the  18th,  and  were  again  repulsed. 
1863,  July  13.  —  The  draft  riots  took  place  in  New  York. 

They  lasted  until  the  IGth,  and  were  put  down  by  the  military  and  the  police. 
About  a  thousand  were  killed.  On  the  ICth  of  August  the  draft  was  resumed, 
and  flnished  in  ten  days.  The  common  council  of  New  York  voted  .$3,000,000 
to  pay  tlie  commutation  of  those  drafted.  The  mayor  vetoed  it,  and  it  was  re- 
passed over  the  veto.  $2,000,i/00  was  also  voted  to  pay  the  commutation  of  the 
police.  Are  department,  and  militia.  Claims  for  damages  from  the  riot,  amounting 
to  a  million  and  a  half,  were  presented. 

1863,  July  16.  —  Jackson,  Mississippi,  was  evacuated  by  the 
Confederates. 

1863,  AuGU8T  20.  —  Lawrence,  Kansas,  was  burned  and  sacked. 

Quantrell  was  in  command  of  guerrillas  who  did  it. 

1863,  August  23.  —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  fired  upon 
from  a  battery  built  in  the  swamp. 

The  greater  part  of  the  city  was  rendered  uninhabitable.  The  shot  were 
thrown  over  four  miles. 

1863,  September  3.  —  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  was  occupied  by 
the  Federals. 

General  Burnside  was  in  command. 

1863,  September  7.  —  The  Federals  occupied  Morris  Island  in 
Charleston  harbor. 

The  Confederates  evacuated  Forts  Wagner  and  Gregg. 


[18G3. 
lOver  Junction, 

innsylvaniii,  was 
0  che(»cJ  Leo's  ad- 

iion  of  Missouri 

in  the  state. 

be  free  at  23;  those 


been  closely  investcil 
of  attacka  had  been 


18G3.] 


ANNALS   or  NOIITII   AMEUICA. 


G41 


r  was  repulsed. 

!  again  repulsed. 

n  New  York, 
lilitary  and  the  police, 
he  draft  was  resumed, 
York  voted  .^3,000,000 
toed  it,  and  it  was  re- 
le  commutation  of  tlie 
om  tiie  riot,  amounting 

evacuated  by  the 
3ur.ned  and  sacked. 

ina,  was  fired  upon 
table.     The  shot  were 

was  occupied  by 
id  Morris  Island  in 


1863,  Ski'TRMBER  15.  —  The  writ  o^  habeas  corpus  was  aus- 
pondod  by  order  of  the  President. 

1863,  Skptkuiikr  19.  —  The  battle  of  Chickan^auga  Creek, 
Tennessee,  was  fought. 

It  lasted  tv/o  days.  The  Federals  were  forced  Anally  to  retreat,  and  on  the 
2ist  fell  back  to  Citattanooga. 

1863,  Skptembkr.  —  The  Confederate  government  was  driven 
from  Tennessee  by  General  Rosecrans. 

1863,  October  3.  —  Maximilian  accepted  the  position  offered 
him  as  ruler  of  Mexico. 

Marsluil  Forey,  on  the  Ist,  resigned  his  pos-.Uon,  and  returned  to  France,  Icar- 
inj;  B-izaine  in  command. 

1863,  October  16.  —  A  call  was  issued  by  the  President  for 
300,000  volunteers. 

The  troops  raised  under  this  cull  to  be  deducted  from  the  quotas  set  for  the 
next  draft.  Tlie  deficiencies  to  be  made  good  by  the  states  by  a  new  draft,  to  bo 
made  on  January  5,  18G4. 

1863,  October  18.  —  General  Grant  assumed  command  of  the 
military  division  of  the  Mississippi. 

lie  announced  it  in  an  order  at  Louisville,  stating  his  head-quarters  would  be 
in  tlie  field. 

1803,  October  20.  —  General  Rosecrans  was  '-olioved,  and 
General  Thomas  given  tho  command  of  the  Army  of  the  Cum- 
berland. 

18G3,  Octobeb  31.  —  The  British  consuls  were  dismissed  from 
tho  Confederate  States. 

18C3,  November  2.  —  Tho  Federals  took  possession  of  Brazos 
Santiago,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Rio  Grande,  Texas. 

Nearly  all  the  coast  of  Texas  was  taken  possession  of  during  this  month. 

1863,  November  15. — The  battle,  of  Campbell's  Station  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Burnside  drove  hack  the  Confederates  under  Gen- 
e'ttl  Longstreet,  who  were  advancing  against  Knoxville. 

1863,  November  24  and  25. — The  battles  of  Lookout  Moun- 
tain and  Missionary  Ridge  were  fought  at  Chattanooga,  Ten- 
nessee. 

The  Fcdcnils  were  victorious. 

1863,  November  28  and  29.  —  Tlio  Confederates  made  two  in- 
effectual assaults  upon  Knoxville,  Tennessee. 
In  the  spring  they  abandoned  East  Tennessee. 
41 


■W 


642 


ANNALS  Oi!'  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1863-4. 


1863,  December  8.  —  The  President  accompanied  his  message 
to  Congress  with  a  proclamation  of  amnesty  to  the  Confederates. 

The  amnesty  proclamation  excepted  "  all  who  are,  or  shall  have  been,  civil  or 
diplomatic  officers  or  agents  of  the  so-called  Confederate  government;  all  who 
have  left  judicial  stations  under  the  Uiated  States  to  aid  tlic  rebellion;  all  who 
are,  or  shall  have  been,  militnry  or  naval  officers  of  said  so-called  Confederate 
government,  above  the  rank  of  colonel  in  the  army,  or  of  lieutenant  in  the  navy ; 
all  who  left  seats  in  the  United  States  Congress  to  aid  the  rebellion ;  all  who  re- 
signed commissions  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United  States,  and  afterwards 
aided  the  rebellion ;  and  all  who  have  engaged  in  any  way  in  treating  colored 
persons,  or  white  persons  in  charge  of  such,  otherwise  than  lawfully  as  prisoners 
of  war,  and  which  persons  may  have  been  found  in  the  United  States  service  as 
soldiers,  seamen,  or  in  any  other  capacity."    It  ended,  — 

♦'  This  proclamation  is  intended  to  present  the  people  of  the  states  wherein 
the  national  authority  has  been  suspended,  and  loyal  state  governments  have 
boon  subverted,  a  mode  in  and  by  which  the  national  authority  and  loyal  state 
governments  may  be  reinstated  within  said  states,  or  in  any  of  them ;  and,  while 
the  mode  presented  is  the  best  the  Executive  can  suggest,  with  his  present  im- 
pressions, it  must  nol  be  understood  that  no  other  possible  mode  would  bie  ac- 
ceptable." 

1863,  December  18.  —  Juarez  with  his  army  retired  from  San 
Luis  de  Potosi. 

On  the  24th  the  French  army  entered  it. 

1864,  February  1.  —  The  President  ordered  a  draft  of  five 
hundred  thousand  men  to  begin  March  10. 

They  yrcto  to  serve  for  three  years  or  for  the  war,  *'  crediting  and  deducting  so 
many  as  may  have  been  enlisted  or  drafted  into  the  service  prior  to  the  1st  of 
March,  and  not  therefore  credited." 

1864,  February  6.  —  General  Sherman  with  his  army  set  out 
from  Vicksburg,  moving  south. 

He  returned  on  the  27th,  having  destroyed  vast  quantit-os  r'  Confederate  stores, 
and  liberated  many  sla^^es. 

1864,  February  20.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Olustee,  Florida. 

The  Federal  expedition  was  defeated. 

1804,  March  1.  —  An  act  by  Congress  "to  revive  the  grade 
of  lieutenant-general "  was  approved  by  the  President. 

President  Lincoln  appointed  General  Grant  to  the  position,  and  on  the  9th  gave 
him,  in  person,  his  commission.  On  the  12th  an  order  was  issued  from  the  War 
Department,  stating  that  General"  Hallcck,  at  his  own  request,  was  relieved  thf 
position  of  commander-in-chief,  and  the  position  given  to  Lioutenant-Gencral 
Grant. 

The  same  year  the  President  approved  a  bill  papsod  by  Congress  creating  the 
rank  of  vice-admiral,  of  equal  grade  with  thai  of  lieutenant-general  in  the  army, 
a.id  nominated  Admiral  Farragut  for  the  position,  and  tlic  Senate  confirmed  the 
nomination. 


1864.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


643 


my  retired  from  San 


red  a  draft  of  fivo 


t  at  Olustee,  Florida. 


,8ition,andontbc9thgave 
was  issued  from  the  Wat 
request,  was  relieved  the 
en  to  Lieutenant-General 


1864,  Mauch  1.  —  A  bill  was  passed  by  Congress  establishing 
a  Bureau  of  Freedmen's  Affairs. 

It  was  to  determine  all  questions  relating  to  persons  of  African  descent,  and 
make  regulations  for  their  employment  and  proper  treatment  on  abandoned  plan- 
tations. 

1864,  Masch  1.  —  The  territory  of  Montana  was  organized. 

1864,  March  3.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  supple- 
mentary to  the  Loan  Act  passed  by  Congress. 

It  authorized  the  Secretary  to  issue  bonds  not  exceeding  two  hundred  million 
dollars,  dated  March  1,  1864,  or  subsequently,  payable  in  five,  or  forty  years,  in 
coin,  and  bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  cent,  payable  in  coin. 

1864,  March  4.  —  Colonel  Kilpatrick  returned  to  the  Union 
lines. 

He  had  started,  -February  28,  from  Culpepper,  with  a  cavalry  force  of  live 
thousand  men,  and  penetrated  to  the  ouler  fortifications  of  Richmond,  injuring 
the  railroads  and  destroying  stores.  During  this  expedition  Colonel  Dahlgrcn 
vas  killed. 

1864,  March  14.  —  Fort  De  Russy,  on  the  Red  River,  Louisi- 
ana,  was  captured  by  the  Federals. 

The  expedition  for  its  capture  ha^i  left  Vicksburg  on  the  10th,  under  the  con 
mand  of  General  A.  J.  Smith.     Its  capture  opened  the  Red  River  as  far  as  Alex- 
andria. 

1864,  March  15.  —  The  President  called  for  two  hundred 
thousand  men. 

1864,  April  6. —  A  state  constitutional  convention  for  Louisi- 
ana met  at  New  Orleans. 

It  abolished  slavery  in  the  state  May  26. 

1864,  April  3.  —  Juarez  made  Monterey  the  seat  of  the  repub- 
lican government  of  Mexico. 

1864,  April  8.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Sabine  Cross  Roaoi, 
Louisiana. 

The  Federal  expedition  up  the  R«d  River  by  General  Banks  was  defeated,  and 
retreated  to  Pleasant  Grove,  and  reached  Alexandrin  on  the  22d. 

1864,  April  8.  —  The  Senate  adopted  an  amendment  to  the 
Constitution,  abolishing  slavery  in  the  United  States,  and  submit- 
ting it  to  the  states. 

The  vote  was  38  to  0. 

1864,  April  10. —Maximilian  accepted  the  offer  of  the  crown 
of  Mexico  from  the  deputies. 

It  was  proffered  him  at  Miramar.  On  the  29th  of  May,  with  the  Empre«« 
Carlotta,  he  landed  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  on  the  12th  of  June  entered  the  city  at 
Mexico. 


'^wi\ 


644 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1864. 


1864,  April  12.  —  Fort  Pillow,  Teunessee,  was  captured  by 
the  Confederates. 

The  garrison  was  massacred.  General  Forrest  was  in  command  of  the  Con- 
federates. Foit  Pillow  was  in  command  of  Major  Booth,  who  was  killed  in  the 
action. 

1864,  April.  —  The  Indians  in  Colorado  committed  hostilities. 

Various  skirmishes  took  place  with  them. 

1864,  April  27.  —  Andersonville  prison,  in  Georgia,  was 
opened  for  Federal  prisoners. 

It  was  an  open  enclosure ;  44,882  Federal  prisoners  were  confined  here  this 
year,  12,644  of  whom  died. 

1864,  May  4.  —  The  army  of  the  Potomac  crossed  the  Rapidan, 
and  encamped  in  the  "  Wilderness." 

Grant  began  his  Virginia  campaign. 

1864,  May  4.  —  Yorktown  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates. 

1864,  May  5,  6.  —  The  battles  of  the  Wilderness,  Virginia, 
took  place. 

They  were  indecisive,  but  bloody. 

1864,  May  6.  —  City  Point,  on  the  James  River,  Virginia,  was 
occupied  by  the  Federals. 
General  Butler  was  in  command. 

1864,  May  6.  —  Greneral  Sherman  began  his  Atlanta  campaign. 

1864,  May  9.  —  The  battle  of  Spottsylvania,  Virginia,  took 
place. 

It  was  indecisive. 

1864,  May  14.  — The  battle  of  Resaca,  Georgia,  was  fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Sherman  defeated  fhc  Confederates  under  Gen- 
eral Johnston.     On  the  20th,  Johnston  crossed  the  Etowah  llivcr. 

1864,  May  17.  —  Rome,  Georgia,  was  captured  by  the  Fed- 
erals. 

1864,  May  18.  —  The  Journal  of  Commerce  and  the  World 
newspapers,  in  New  York  city,  were  suppressed  by  order  of  the 
President,  and  their  editors  ordered  arrested. 

A  forged  proclamation,  prepared  by  Joseph  Howard  and  F.  A.  Mallifon,  was 
distributed  to  the  papers  the  night  before.  By  accident  it  appeared  only  in  these 
two.  The  Herald  printed  a  portion  of  its  edition  with  it,  but  suppressed  it  on 
finding  it  was  a  forgery.  The  proclamation  was  one  calling  for  a  half  million 
more  troops.  Howard  and  Mallison  were  also  both  arrested.  Tlie  arrest  of  tlio 
editors  was  vacated  by  the  President's  order.  The  governor  of  the  state  of  New 
York  called  attention  to  the  violation  of  the  freedom  of  the  press,  and  the  officois 
who  carried  out  the  order  were  held  subject  to  indictment.  But  lue  case  was  not 
pressed  by  the  sufierers. 


[1864. 
captured  by 

nand  of  tho  Con- 
was  killed  in  tho 

ted  hostilities. 
Georgia,  was 

confined  here  this 

* 

3d  the  Rapidan, 

le  Confederates, 
mess,  Virginia, 

sr,  Virginia,  was 


tlanta  campaign. 
Virginia,  took 


ia,  was  fought. 

federates  under  Gen- 
,iver. 

red  by  the  Fed- 

and  tho  World 
1  by  order  of  the 

d  r.  A.  MalliEon,  was 
ppearcd  only  in  these 

but  suppressed  it  on 

ng  for  a  half  million 

d.     The  arrest  of  tho 

■)r  of  the  state  of  Now 

press,  and  the  offleeiH 

But  vne  case  was  not 


1864] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEMCA. 


645 


1864,  May  25.— The  battle  of  New  Hope  Church  Station, 
Georgia,  took  place. 

It  was  indecisive.     Sherman  had  crossed  '!ic  Etowah  in  pursuit  of  Johnston. 

1864,  May  26.  —  The  Confederates  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
on  City  Point,  Virginia. 

1864,  May  28.  —  The  Confederates  were  defeated  at  Dallas. 

Longstrcet  hod  attacked  Sherman,  and  was  driven  towards  Marietta. 

1864,  May.  —  The  President  ordered  the  discharge  of  all  pris- 
oners held  under  the  suspension  of  the  habeas  corpus  act. 
The  order  was  issued  tlirough  the  secretary  of  war. 


1864,  June  1. 
fought. 

It  was  indecisive. 


The   battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia,  was 


1864,  June  3.  —  A  battle  was  fought  near  Cold  Harbor,  Vir- 
ginia. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1864,  June  3.  —  An  act  amending  the  National  Bank  Act  was 
approved. 

The  act  was  entitled  "  An  act  to  provide  a  national  currency  secured  by  a 
pledge  of  the  United  States  bonds,  and  to  provide  for  the  circulation  and  redemp- 
tion thereof." 

1864  June  6.  —  Ackworth,  Georgia,  was  occupied  by  the 
Federals  under  General  Sherman. 

1864,  June  7.  —  Morgan  again  raided  in  Kentucky,  and  cap- 
tured Lexington. 

On  the  12th  his  force  was  defeated,  and  a  thousand  horses  they  had  captured 
retaken. 

1864.  —  The   postal  money-order  system  was  established  by 

Congress. 

It  was  similar  to  tho  system  which  had  been  in  use  for  some  years  in  Great 
Britain.  By  it,  orders  for  small  sums  of  money,  payable  at  any  other  office, 
can  be  obtained,  at  a  slight  charge.  On  November  Ist  the  system  went  into  oper- 
ation in  about  one  hundred  and  forty  oflices.  It  has  since  been  extended  so  as  to 
embrace  several  of  the  countries  of  Europe,  thus  affording  a  cheap  and  reliable 
method  of  exchange,  while  at  the  same  time  the  charge  has  been  lessened.  On 
the  Ist  of  October,  1875,  the  number  of  offices  in  operation  was  SG96.  Up  to 
June  30  of  the  same  year,  for  the  year,  the  number  of  orders  issued  was  5,006,323, 
the  amount  of  money  they  represented  being  over  $75,000,000. 

1864,  June  16. — The  Federals  were  defeated  in  an  attack 
upon  Petersburg,  Virginia. 


t.^ 


646 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1864. 


1864,  June  17.  —  Oongreea  passed  an  act  forbidding  selling 
gold  on  time. 

It  was  intended  to  stop  the  gold  gambling,  but  failed  to  effect  it.  The  premium 
was  enhanced,  and  the  act  was  repealed  July  2,  1864. 

Ib64,  June  19. —  The  investment  of  Petersburg,  Virginia,  was 
begun. 

1864,  June  19.  —  The  Alabama  was  sunk  off  Cherbourg, 
France,  by  the  Kearsarge. 

The  Alabama  had  been  built  at  Liverpool,  England,  and  sailed  July  29,  1862. 
She  had  committed  numerous  depredations  on  American  commerce.  •  During  the 
war  the  Confederates  sent  out  about  thirty  privateers.  Of  these  the  chief  were : 
the  Savannah,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  June  2,  1861,  and  was  captured 
June  4;  the  Sumter,  which  escaped  from  New  Orleans  in  July,  ISGl,  and  was 
sold  in  April,  1862;  the  Jeff  Davis,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  July,  1861, 
and  was  wrecked  in  August ;  the  Nashville,  which  escaped  from  Charleston  Octo- 
ber, 1861,  and  was  destroyed  by  the  Montawk,  March  1,  1863;  the  Florida,  built 
at  Birkenhead,  England,  captured  by  the  Wachusett  in  October,  1864. 

1864,  June  21,  22.  —  The  Federals  were  repulsed  in  attacks 
upon  the  Weldon  railroad,  Virginia. 

1864,  June  22.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  resolved  to 
abolish  slavery. 

1864,  June  24.  —  The  Maryland  constitutional  convention 
agreed  to  abolish  slavery. 

1864,  June  27.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Kenesaw  Mountain. 

The  Federals  made  an  unsuccessful  attack.  The  Confederates  abandoned 
their  position  July  2. 

1864,  June  28.  —  The  Confederates  moved  up  the  Shenandoah 
Valley,  Virginia. 

General  Early  was  in  command.     Until  July  4,  Washington  was  threatened. 

1864,  June  28.  —  An  act  of  Congress  repealing  the  fugitive 
slave  law  was  approved. 

It  repealed  the  act  of  February  12,  1793,  and  the  amendment  of  Septem- 
ber, 1860. 

1864,  June  30.  —  An  act  to  provide  ways  and  means  for  the 
support  of  the  government  and  for  other  purposes  was  approved. 

It  authorized  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  borrow  on  tlic  credit  of  the 
United  States  four  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  issuing  coupon  or  registered  bonds 
for  the  amount,  payable  in  not  less  than  five  nor  more  than  forty  years,  of  denom- 
ination not  less  than  fifty  dollars,  and  drawing  six  per  cent,  interest,  "payable 
Bumiannually  in  coin."  In  lieu  of  an  equal  amount  of  bonds,  he  might  issue  two 
hundred  millions  of  dollars  in  treasury  notes,  in  denomination  not  less  than  ten 
dollars,  payable  within  three  years,  and  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  seven  and 
three  tenths  per  centum,  payable  "in  lawful  money,"  and  "a  legal  tender  to  the 
same  extent  as  United  States  notes  for  their  face  value,  excluding  interest."    Pro- 


1864.] 


ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA. 


m 


Dff  Cherbourg, 


ilsed  in  attacks 
ves  resolved  to 


mal    convention 


the  Shenandoah 


vided:  "That  the  total  amount  of  bonds  aud  treasury  notes,  authorized  by  the 
first  and  second  sections  of  this  act,  shall  not  exceed  four  hundred  millions  of 
dollars,  in  addition  to  the  amounts  heretofore  issued ;  nor  shall  the  total  amount 
of  United  States  notes,  issued  or  to  be  issued,  ever  exceed  four  hundred  millions 
of  dollars,  and  such  additional  sum,  not  exceeding  fifty  millions  of  dollnrs,  as  may 
be  temporarily  required  for  the  redemption  of  temporary  loan;  nor  shall  any 
treasury  note  bearing  interest,  issued  under  this  act,  be  a  legal  tender  in  payment 
or  redemption  of  any  notes  issued  by  any  bank,  banking  association,  or  banker, 
calculated  or  intended  to  circulate  as  money."  Section  4  of  the  act  authorized 
the  secretary  of  the  treasury  to  receive,  through  the  depositories  designated  for 
the  purpose,  other  than  national  banking  associations,  temporary  loans  of  United 
States  notes,  or  national  bank-notes,  for  not  less  than  thirty  days,  and  give  certifi- 
cates bearing  interest  not  exceeding  six  per  centum  a  year.  Such  deposits  should 
not  exceed  one  hundred  and  fifty  millions ;  and  as  a  reserve  for  their  payment, 
fifty  millions  of  United  States  notes  were  to  be  issued  and  kept.  The  act  also 
provided  for  the  issue  of  fifty  millions  of  fractional  currency. 

The  act  contained  also  the  provision  that  "all  bonds,  Treasury  notes,  and 
other  obligations  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  free  from  taxation,  by  or  under 
state  or  municipal  authority."  Its  last  section  declares  "the  words  obligation  or 
other  security  of  the  United  States  "  to  mean  "  all  bonds,  coupons,  national  cur- 
rency. United  States  notes,  fractional  notes,  checks  for  money  of  authent'aated 
officers  of  the  United  States,  certificates  of  indebtedness,  certificates  of  deposits, 
stamps,  and  other  representatives  of  value  of  whatever  denomination,  which  have 
been  or  u.ay  bo  issued  under  any  act  of  Congress." 

1864,  June  30.  —  Mr.  Chase  resigned  the  position  of  Secretary 
of  the  Treasury. 

July  5,  William  P.  Fessenden  was  appointed  to  the  office. 

1864,  July  4.  —  The  enrolment  bill  was  approved. 

The  House  passed  it  on  the  12th  February,  and  the  Senate  on  the  19th.  It 
gave  the  President  aui,horlty  to  call  for  as  many  men  as  the  necessity  required ; 
drafts  to  be  ordered  if  the  quotas  were  not  filled.  Substitutes  might  be  furnished 
by  tliose  enrolled ;  all  persons  under  forty-five  to  be  enrolled ;  drafted  persons 
coul(!  furnish  substitutes ;  commuters  exempted  only  from  the  special  draft;  all 
mivle  persons  of  African  descent,  between  twenty  and  forty-five,  whether  citizens 
or  not,  to  be  enrolled ;  loyal  masters  of  drafted  slaves  to  be  given  a  certificate, 
and  the  bounty  to  be  paid  the  person  to  whom  the  slave  owes  service ;  a  commis- 
sion to  be  appointed  to  award  not  over  three  hundred  dollars  to  loyal  persons  to 
whom  colored  volunteers  owe  service ;  colored  troops  not  to  be  "  assigned  as  state 
troops,  but  shall  be  musteret'.  into  regiments  or  companies  as  United  States  colored 
volunteers." 

1864,  July  8.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in  refer- 
ence to  a  bill  for  reconstruction. 

The  bill  had  been  presented  to  him  too  late  for  him  to  consider  it.  It  guaran- 
teed a  republican  form  of  government  to  the  states  whose  governments  had  been 
overthrown,  and  authorized  the  President  to  appoint  provisional  governors  until 
regular  state  governments  were  organized.  The  proclamation  stated  that,  while 
the  President  was  not  prepared  to  commit  himself  to  any  single  plan  of  reconstruc- 
tion, yet  he  was  satisfied  this  provided  by  the  hill  was  a  proper  one,  and  that,  when 
armed  resistance  ceased  in  any  state,  military  governors  would  be  appointed,  with 
directions  to  proceed  according  to  the  provisions  of  the  bill. 


11 


!f    ^ 


648 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1864. 


1864,  July  9.  —  The  battle  of  Monocacy  River,  Maryland,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated.  Leo  had  crossed  the  Potomac,  and  threntrned 
Baltimore  and  Washington.    On  the  13th  of  July  lie  retired  from  Maryland. 

1864,  July  18.  —  The  President  issued  a  call  for  five  hundred 
thousand  men. 

They  were  to  enlist  for  one,  two,  or  three  years,  .as  they  should  elect.  If  a 
HufHcient  number  did  not  present  themselves,  a  draft  was  to  be  made  on  Septem- 
ber 5  for  mjn  to  serve  one  year. 

1864,  July  20.  — The  battle  of  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Georgia, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  under  General  Hood,  who  had  replaced  Johnston.  The 
Federals  under  Sherman  held  their  own. 

1864,  July  22.  —  The  Louisiana  state  convention  adopted  a 
constitution  abolishing  slavery. 

1864,  July  22.  —  The  battle  of  Decatur,  Georgia,  was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  finally  repulsed. 

1864,  July  30.  —  Another  unsuccessful  assault  was  made  by 
the  Federals  upon  Petersburg,  Virginia. 

1864,  August  6.  — Fort  Gaines,  in  Mobile  Bay,  surrendered  to 
Admiral  Farragut. 

Fort  Powell  was  blown  up  on  the  5th,  and  the  Confederate  ram  Tennessee 
captured. 

1864,  August  21.  —  The  Weldon  railroad  was  captured. 

The  contest  lasted  three  days. 

1864,  August  23.  —  Fort  Morgan,  in  Mobile  Bay,  was  captured 
by  Admiral  Farragut. 

The  Federals  had  possession  of  the  bay. 

1864,  August  31.  —  The  battle  of  Jonesborough  was  fought. 

The  Confederates  were  repulsed.     The  next  day  Sherman  cajjtured  the  town. 

1864,  September  2.  —  The  Federals  entered  Atlanta. 

The  Confederates  had  evacuated  it.  A  truce  of  ten  days,  beginning  on  the 
14th,  was  given  the  inhabitants  to  leave  the  place,  which  was  made  a  depot  of 
Bupplies. 

1864,  September  4.  —  Morgan  was  defeated  at  Greenville, 
Tennessee,  by  the  Federals  under  General  Gillem. 

Morgan  was  killed  and  his  staff  captured. 

1864,  September  19.  —  The  battle  of  Winchester,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  successful. 


[1864. 

,  Maryland,  was 

iftc,  and  threntonod 
)m  Miiryland. 

for  five  hundred 

should  elect.    If  a 
0  made  on  Septein- 

Creek,  Georgia, 
laced  Johnston.  The 

mtion  adopted  a 
gia,  was  fought. 

lilt  was  made  by 

y,  surrendered  to 
lerate  ram  Tennessee 
s  captured. 
Bay,  was  captured 

ugh  was  fought, 
an  captured  the  town. 

Atlanta. 

days,  beginning  on  the 
was  made  a  depot  of 

ed   at   Greenville, 
Hem. 

nchester,  Virginia, 


Admiral  Farragut  at  the  Battle  of  Mobile  Bay,  August  23,  1864. 


f^W'S' 


rrr" 


1864.] 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


649 


1864,  September  22.  — The  battle  at  Fisher's  Crook,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  under  General  Sheridan  were  successful. 

1864,  September  28.  —  Fort  Harrison,  Virginia,  was  captured 
by  the  Federals. 

1864,  September  30.  —  The  battle  at  Peebles  Farm,  Virginia, 
was  fought. 

The  Federals  were  repulsed. 

1864,  October  2.  —  A  battle  was  fought  at  Holston  River, 
Virginia. 

Tlie  Confederates  were  commanded  by  General  Brcckenridge,  and  the  Federals 
by  General  Burbridge. 

1864,  October  6. —  The  battle  of  AUatoona  Pass,  Georgia,  was 
fought. 

General  Sherman  had  made  it  a  station  for  supplies.  The  Confederates  under 
General  Hood  were  repulsed. 

1864,  October  7. —  The  Confederate  steamer  Florida  was  cap- 
tured at  Bahia,  while  under  the  protection  of  Brazil,  by  the 
Wachusett. 

The  Brazilian  government  remonstrated,  and  the  Secretary  of  State  apologized. 
On  the  2r)th  of  December  the  Florida  sank. 

1864,  October  10.  —  Delegates  from  the  British  North  Ameri- 
can colonies  met  at  Quebec  to  deliberate  concerning  the  forma- 
tion of  a  confederation. 

The  bases  of  the  organization  were  decided  upon  on  the  20th.  The  plan  of 
government  proposed  a  central  legislative  body,  consisting  of  two  liouses.  The 
first  of  those  to  be  composed  of  officers  selected  by  the  government  from  the 
members  of  the  existing  upper  houses  in  the  provinces.  The  lower  house  to  be 
elected  by  the  people.  The  acceptance  of  the  plan  to  be  left  to  the  decision  of 
the  existing  provincial  parliaments,  and  not  to  the  people. 

1864,  October  13.  —  The  new  constitution  of  Maryland  was 
adopted  at  a  popular  election. 

It  proliibited  slavery  in  tht;  state,  and  declared  all  slaves  free. 

1864,  October  18.  —  A  raid  was  made  on  the  town  of  St.  Al- 
bans, Vermont,  by  t.  party  of  Confederates  from  Canada. 

They  stole  horses,  robbed  the  banks,  and  returned  to  Canada  the  next  day. 
On  the  21st,  thirteen  of  them  were  arrested.  On  the  14th  of  December  they  were 
discharged  by  Judge  Coursol,  of  Canada.  The  raid  made  much  excitement. 
Volunteers  were  called  out  to  defend  the  frontier,  and  (Jovernor  Dix,  of  New 
York,  proclaimed  reprisals.  His  proclamation  was  rescinded  by  President  Lin- 
coln. 

1864,  October  19.  —  The  battle  of  Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  was 
fought. 

The  Federals  were  defeated,  when  General  Sheridan,  riding  up  from  Winches- 
ter, rallied  them  and  gained  a  victory. 


'  „^' 


V 


650 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1864. 


1864,  October  27.  —  Tho  Fodorals  were  repulsed  at  Ilatchor'a 
Run,  Virginia. 

1864,  October  31.  —  Nevada  was  admitted  into  the  Union. 

1864,  NovEMBKR  5.  —  General  Butler  was  placed  in  command 
of  the  troops  in  New  York,  arriving  and  to  arrive,  to  meet  exist- 
ing emergencies. 

The  presidcntiul  election  was  to  take  place  on  tho  8th. 

1864,  November  8.  —  General  McClellan  resigned  his  commis* 
sion  in  the  army. 

He  had  been  tho  unsuccessflil  candidate  in  the  presidential  election. 

1864,  November  16.  —  General  Sherman  began  his  march  to 
the  sea. 

Having  destroyed  Atlanta,  and'  the  railroad  as  far  as  Dalton,  ho  set  out  east- 
ward, threatening  botli  Mncon  and  Augusta,  and  marching  down  the  peninsula 
between  the  Ogeechee  and  Savannah  rivers. 

1864,  November  25.  —  Several  attempts  were  made  to  fire  the 
city  of  New  York. 

The  fires  were  kindled  in  the  largo  hotels.  The  actual  damage  was  but  slight. 
A  great  excitement  was  caused  by  the  belief  that  tho  attempts  were  made  by  the 
Confederates ;  and  an  order  was  issued  that  all  persons  residing  in  the  city  should 
register  themselves  or  be  treated  as  spies.  It  was  found  that  the  families  of  sev- 
eral distinguished  Confederate  leaders  were  residing  in  the  city.  On  the  25th  of 
March,  1805,  Robert  C  Kennedy  was  hanged  as  a  spy.  He  confessed  having  set 
fire  to  several  hotels. 

1864,  November  29.  — The  Cheyenne  Indians,  in  camp  at  Fort 
Lyon,  were  massacred. 

They  had  come  to  treat  for  peace,  and  were  encamped  with  their  women  and 
children.  Colonel  Chivington,  of  Colorado,  against  the  protest  of  Major  Anthony, 
in  command  of  the  fort,  ordered  the  attack. 

1864,  December  13.  —  Fort  McAllister  was  captured  by  the 
Federals. 

Sherman  had  reached  Savannah,  which  he  invested,  and  by  the  capture  of  Fort 
McAllister  opened  communication  with  Commodore  Dahlgren's  fleet. 

1864,  December  15.  —  The  battle  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  took 
place. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Hood  had  invaded  Tennessee,  and  were  de- 
feated by  the  Federals  under  General  Thomas.  The  battle  lasted  two  days,  and 
the  Confederates  retreated  to  the  south. 

1864,  December  20.  —  The  President  called  for  three  hundred 
thousand  volunteers,  for  one,  two,  or  three  years. 

A  draft  was  ordered  on  February  15,  in  case  there  was  a  deficiency. 


[1864. 
Ised  at  Ilatchci'a 

to  tlio  Union. 

aced  in  command 
ve,  to  meet  exist- 

gned  hi8  commis- 

ial  clcctic-A. 

3gan  Ilia  march  to 

Dalton,  ho  set  out  east- 
ing down  the  peninsula 


1864-6.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


651 


re 


made  to  fire  the 


1  damage  was  but  slight. 
jmpts  were  made  by  the 
jsiding  in  the  city  should 
that  the  families  of  sov- 
|ic  city.  On  the  25th  of 
He  confessed  having  set 

ms,  in  camp  at  Fort 

with  their  women  and 
rotest  of  Major  Anthony, 

13  captured  by  the 

nd  by  the  capture  of  Fort 
Igren's  fleet. 

ille,  Tennessee,  took 

Tennessee,  and  were  de- 
attle  lasted  two  days,  and 

d  for  three  hundred 
ears. 

Bis  a  deficiency. 


1864,  December  21.  —  The  Federals  occupied  Savannah, 
Georgia. 

The  Confederates  had  vacated  it  the  day  before. 

1864,  December  25.  — The  Federals  were  repulsed  in  an  attack 
upon  Fort  Fisher,  North  Carolina. 
General  Butler  was  in  command. 

1864,  December  28.  —  A  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  Savannah, 
Georgia,  called  by  the  mayor,  adopted  peace  resolutions. 

They  agreed  "  to  accept  peace,  submitting  to  the  national  authority  under  tho 
Constitution,  laying  aside  all  difTercnccs,  and  burying  bygones  in  the  grave  oi  .ae 
past." 

1864,  December.  —  The  President  in  his  message  referred  to 
the  abolition  of  slavery. 

He  stated  that  in  Arkansas  and  Louisiana  free  constitutions  had  been  acccptiMl 
and  loyal  state  governments  organized ;  and  that  movements  to  the  same  end  ha<l 
been  made  in  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  Tennessee.  The  message  coneladc  i . 
*'  While  I  remain  in  my  present  position,  I  shall  not  attempt  to  retract  or  modify 
the  Emancipation  Proclamation ;  nor  shall  I  return  to  slavery  :iny  person  who  is 
free  by  the  terms  of  that  proclamation,  or  by  any  of  the  acts  of  Congress.  If  tho 
people  should,  by  whatever  acts  or  means,  make  it  an  executive  duty  to  re-enslavo 
such  persons,  another,  and  not  I,  must  be  their  instrument  to  do  it.  In  stating  a 
single  condition  of  peace,  I  mean  simply  to  say  that  the  war  will  cease  on  the  part 
of  the  government  whenever  it  shall  have  ceased  on  the  part  of  those  who 
begun  it." 

1865,  January  11.  —  The  state  convention  of  Missouri,  in  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis,  passed  an  ordinance  for  the  abolition  of  slavery. 

It  was  passed  by  a  vote  of  sixty  to  four,  as  follows  :  "  Be  it  ordained  by  tho 
people  of  the  state  of  Missouri  in  convention  assembled,  that  hereafter  in  thia 
state  there  shall  bo  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  se:  ^itude,  except  in  punish- 
ment of  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted." 

1805,  January  15.  —  Fort  Fisher,  North  Carolina,  was  cap- 
tured by  the  Federals. 

General  Terry  was  in  command. 

1865,  January  18.  —  General  Sherman  commenced  his  march 
through  the  Carolinas. 

He  left  Savannah,  Georgia,  in  command  of  General  Foster. 

1865,  January  19.  — The  last  Canadian  parliament  met. 

1865,  January  25. — The  library  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute 
was  burned. 

1865,  January  28.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  authorizing  tho 
further  issue  of  treasury  notes. 

They  were  tho  same  in  character  as  those  issued  the  year  before,  and  were  to 
I  be  issued  in  lieu  of  the  bonds  authorized  by  the  act  of  June  80,  18G4,  "  provided 


Ill 


^ 


052 


ANNALS   OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1865. 


tho  whole  amount  of  bonds  authorized  as  aforesaid,  and  treasury  notcii  issucl  and 
to  be  iHHued  in  lieu  tliercuf,  shall  not  exceed  the  sum  of  four  hundred  millions  of 
dollars." 

iSG5,  January  31.  —  The  IToiiso  of  Representatives  accepted 
the  coufltitutional  amendment  abolishing  slavery  in  tiie  United 
States. 

The  vote  stood,  for  the  amendment,  103;  against  it,  IG;  net  voting,  8. 

The  joint  resolution  read  as  follows:  "  i/e  it  reaolved,  by  the  Senate  and 
House  of  Jicitresentatives  of  tlie  United  States  of  America,  in  Congress  assem- 
bled, two  tliinls  of  both  houses  concurring.  That  tlie  following  articles  be  proposed 
to  tlie  ligislatures  of  the  several  states,  as  an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of 
tlio  United  States;  wlien  ratified  by  three  fourths  of  said  legislatures,  shall  be 
valid  to  ail  intents  and  purposes  as  apart  of  tlie  said  Constitution,  namely:  — 

"Article  \'A.  Section  1.  Neitlier  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a 
punishment  for  crime,  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall 
exist  within  the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

'*  Section  2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  approimate 
legislation."  The  Senate  had  passed  the  resolution  April  8,  18G4,  by  a  vote  of 
88  to  G,  six  members  not  voting.  18(i4,  May  81,  tho  House  had  rejected  the  res- 
olution by  a  vote  of  95  f  jr  to  GO  against. 

18G5,  February  3.  —  A  conference  for  peace  was  hold  at  For- 
tress Monroe  between  President  Lincoln  and  Secretary  Seward 
and  Secretary  Stephens,  with  two  Confederate  commissioners. 

It  led  to  no  result. 

1865.  —  A  SOCIETY  for  the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  animals  was 
organized  in  New  York  city. 

Henry  Bergh  was  its  first  president. 

1865,  February  5.  —  Tho  Federals  were  repulsed  at  Hatcher's 
Run,  Virginia. 

1865,  February  17.  —  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  was  captured 
by  General  Sherman. 

The  city  was  almost  destroyed  in  the  conflagration  caused  by  the  cotton  wliidi 
had  been  set  on  fire. 

1865,  February  18. —  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  was  surren- 
dered by  tho  mayor  to  the  Federal  forces. 

General  Hardee,  in  command  of  the  Confederates,  began  the  evacuation  Feb- 
ru.ary  15.  Sherman  having  captured  the  railroads  connecting  it  with  the  interior^ 
its  surrender  became  imperative.  The  Confederates,  before  leaving,  burned  iHl 
the  places  contnining  cotton  stored;  the  fire  spread,  and  did  great  damage  beforcl 
the  Federal  troops  could  extinguish  it.  A  quantity  of  rice,  lert  behind,  was  disT 
tributed  to  the  poor  by  the  order  of  the  captors,  under  the  supervision  of  aconil 
mittec  of  the  citizens.  The  city  had  been  besieged  585  days,  from  the  lodgmcnl| 
made  on  Morris  Island  July  10,  18G3,  and  under  fire  for  542  days. 

.    1865,  March  3.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  authorizing  tbel 


■   III! 


A. 


[1865.  I  1865.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


653 


casury  notci\  l8»uc4  ami 
lur  hundred  millioni  of 

entatives  accepted 
/ory  in  tiie  United 

8 ;  not  voting,  8. 
ved,  by  the  Senate  and 
ricii,  in  Connrese  asscm- 
iwiuB  nrticU's  be  propositi 
It  to  tbc  Constitution  of 
livid  le(?i8bvturcs,  sbttll  be 
institution,  namely :  — 
iry  servitude,  except  ns  a 
een  duly  convicted,  slmil 
icir  jurisdiction. 
;u8  article  by  appropriate 
pril  8,  18C4,  by  a  vote  of 
,U8C  had  rejected  the  res- 

ice  was  held  at  For- 
nd  Secretary  Seward  | 
•ttto  coramiBsioncrs. 


iruelty  to  animals  was  | 

epulsed  at  Hatcher' 

arolina,  was  captured 
caused  by  the  cotton  wl.iel> 


secretary  of  the  treasury  to  borrow  on  the  credit  of  the  United 
States  six  hundred  millions  of  dollars,  was  aj  proved. 

Bonds  or  trensiiry  notes  were  to  be  issued  for  tlio  loan;  "  tho  principal,  or 
interest,  or  both,  may  bo  made  payable  in  coin,  or  in  other  lawful  money.  J'ro- 
vided :  That  tho  rate  of  interest  on  any  such  bonds  or  treiuiury  notes,  when  pay- 
able in  coin,  shall  not  exceed  six  per  centum  per  annum ;  and  when  not  payable 
in  coin  shall  not  exceed  seven  and  three  tenths  per  centum  per  annum  ;  and  tho 
rate  and  character  of  tho  interest  shall  be  expressed  on  all  such  bunds  or  treasury 
notes." 

1865,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  laying  a  tax  of  ten 
per  cent,  upon  tho  notes  of  state  banks  issued  as  a  circiilation. 

1865,  March  3.  —  The  act  establishing  tho  Freodmcu's  Sav- 
ing and  Trust  Company  was  approved 

1865,  March  7.  —  The  Confederate  congress  decreed  tho  arm- 
ing of  the  slaves. 

The  troops  so  raised  were  to  receive  tho  same  rations,  clothing,  and  compensa- 
tion as  others  in  tho  same  branch  of  the  service.  "  Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be 
construed  to  alter  the  cxistlnt;  relations  between  master  and  slaves." 

1865,  March  7.  —  Nova  Scotia  rejected  the  plan  for  a  con- 
federation. 

It  proposed  that  Now  Brunswick,  Prince  Edward's  Island,  and  Nova  Scotia 
should  form  a  separate  union  for  themselves. 

1865,  March  11.  —  General  Sherman  entered  Fayetteville, 
i  North  Carolina. 

Communication  with  Wilmington,  by  way  of  Cape  Fear  River,  was  immediately 
I  opened.     The  march  to  the  sea  was  completed. 

1865,  March  16.  —  The  battle  of  Averysborough,  North  Caro- 
jlina,  was  fought. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Johnston  were  defeated  by  the  Federals  un- 
Ider  General  Sherman. 


1865,  March  18.— 'The  battle  of  Bentonville,  North  Carolina, 
was  fought. 

The  Confederates  under  General  Johnston  were  defeated  by  tho  Federals  un- 
der General  Sherman. 

1865,  March  25.  —  Fort  Steadman,  near  Petersburg,  was  cap- 
lUred  by  the  Confederates,  and  recaptured  by  the  Federals. 

1865,  March  31.  —  The  battle  of  Five  Forks,  Virginia,  was 
'ought. 

1865,  April  2.  —  Selma,  Alabama,  was  captured. 

An  expedition  under  General  Wilson,  from  Thomas's  department,  started  on 
ilarch22  from  Chickasaw,  Alabama.     At  Selma  he  cepturcd  many  prisoners  and 
imcU  material.     On  the  12th,  Montgomery  surrend'  red  peaceably.     On  the  IGth, 
^^—-olumbus,  Georgia,  was  captured,  after  a  severe  contest.     At  Macon,  on  the  21st, 
greSS,  authorizing  tbeMn,  ^^g  ^^.j.  ,,y  ^  ^^^^  ^f  truce,  giving  him  information  of  tlie  truce  between  Sher- 

an  and  Johnston. 


Carolina,  was  surren- 

began  the  evacuation  Fc'o- 
meeting  it  with  the  interior, 
before  leaving,  burned  ill 
,nd  did  great  damage  before 
f  rice,  leA  behind,  was  (lis- 
cr  the  supervision  of  a  com- 
15  days,  from  the  lodgmenij 
or  542  days. 


I'V^V 


654 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1861 


1865,  April  2.  —  Richmond  was  evacuated  by  the  Confec 
erates. 

The  nrmy  of  the  Potomac  liad  broken  through  the  defences  of  Petersburi 
April  3,  Grant  moved  into  Petersburg  before  daylight,  and  soon  after  Weitzel  ei 
tered  Richmond.  April  4,  President  Lincoln  entered  Richmond,  and  was  w(  'come 
by  the  people  with  enthusiasm. 

1865,  April  6.  —  The  battle  of  Farraville,  Virginia,  was  fough 

General  Slieridan  with  the  advance  had  overtaken  the  retreating  army  of  Gei 
eral  L».  j,  and  defeated  them. 

1865,  April.  —  The  Secretary  of  State,  Mr.  Seward,  abandon 
the  claim  for  the  extradition  of  the  St.  Albans  raiders. 

They  had  been  a  second  time  arrested,  and,  on  the  30th  of  March,  discharge( 

1865,  April  8.  —  Spanish  Fort,  one  of  the  defences  of  Mobil( 
Alabama,  was  evacuated  by  the  Confederates. 

Tha  Federals  took  possession  of  it.  The  siege  of  Mobile  had  begun  on  tl 
27th  of  March. 

1865,  A.PRIL  9.  —  Fort  Blakely,  at  Mobile,  Alabama,  was  cap 
tured  by  the  Federals. 

1865,  April  G.  —  General  Lee  with  his  army  surrenc'ered  t 
General  Gr^  ?A  at  Appomattox  Court  House,  Virginia. 

The  following  w  jra  the  terms  of  surrender.  At  the  meeting  on  the  9th,  betwee 
Generals  Grant  onl  Lee,  the  terms  were  agreed  upon  in  the  following  correspon( 
ence.  General  G' ant  wrote:  "In  accordance  with  the  substance  of  my  lottc 
to  you  of  the  titV.  instan^,  I  propose  to  receive  the  surrender  of  the  Army  o 
Northern  Virginia  on  the  following  terms ;  to  wit :  — 

•'  Rolls  of  ail  the  ofBcers  and  men  to  be  made  in  duplicate,  one  copy  to  be  give 
to  an  ofBcer  designated  by  me,  the  other  to  be  retained  by  such  officers  as  yo 
may  designate. 

"The  officers  to  give  their  individual  paroles  not  to  take  arms  against  tl 
United  Status  until  properly  exchanged,  and  each  company  or  regimental  cor 
niander  to  sign  a  like  parole  for  the  men  of  their  comnfands. 

"The  arms,  artillery,  and  public  property  to  be  parked  and  stacked,  andturm 
ovei"  to  the  officers  appointed  by  me  to  receive  them.  This  will  not  embrace  tl 
side-arms  of  the  officers,  nor  their  private  horses  or  baggage. 

"  This  done,  each  officer  and  man  will  be  allowed  to  return  to  their  homes,  n 
to  be  disturbed  by  United  States  authority  so  long  as  they  observe  their  paro 
and  the  laws  in  force  where  they  may  reside." 

Lee  replied  to  this  :  "I  have  received  your  letter  of  this  date,  containing  tl 
terms  of  surrender  of  the  Army  of  Northern  Virginia,  as  proposed  by  you. 
they  are  substantially  the  same  as  those  expressed  in  your  letter  of  the  8th  ii 
stant,  they  are  accepted.  I  will  proceed  to  designate  the  proper  officers  to  car 
the  stipulations  into  effect." 


1865,  April  13. 
and  naval  attack. 


Mobile  surrendered  to  a  combined  arm 


The  attack  commenced  on  the  2d. 


liCA.  [1865. 

ated  by  the  Confed- 

le  defences  of  Petersburg, 
and  soon  after  Weitzel  en- 
chmond,  and  was  vrc  'corned 

,  Virginia,  was  fouglit. 
ho  retreating  army  of  Gen- 
Mr.  Seward,  abandons 
ans  raiders. 

30th  of  March,  discharged. 

le  defences  of  Mobile,  | 
;e8. 

f  Mobile  had  begun  on  the  | 

le,  Alabama,  was  cap- 
army  surrenc'ered  toj 
e,  Virginia. 

meeting  on  the  9th,  between  I 

in  the  following  correspond- 1 

the  substance  of  my  letter  I 

i  surrender  of  the  Army  ofj 

iplioate,  one  copy  to  be  givcnl 
ncd  by  such  officers  as  yon  I 

ot  to  take  arms  against  the  I 
:ompany  or  regimental  com-I 
inlands. 

rked  and  stacked,  and  turncdl 
This  will  not  embrace  tlie| 
iftggage. 

to  return  to  their  homes,  noil 
18  they  observe  their  parole! 

r  of  this  date,  containing  tlieHf' 
ia,  as  proposed  by  you.    H 
a  your  letter  of  the  8th  in' 
0  the  proper  officers  to  carrjl 


to  a  combined  armj^^^  :^ 


-^r: 


■</■•;■, 

t  :^:^- 


w^ 


'M   <^ 


i*,#' 


mW0m 


ife|-j 


^^ 


,S' 


llii 


'^-^■W.'*"""*!*' 


'l^''."'^!i'»Si» 


k\l^ 


It 


1865.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


655 


1865,  April  14.  —  The  flag  General  Anderson  had  lowered  at 
Fort  8umter  was  restored  to  its  position. 

1865,  April  14.  —  President  Lincoln  was  assassinated  at  Wash- 
ington. 

He  was  shot  in  tho  back  of  the  head  at  Ford's  Theatre  by  "Wilkes  Booth,  and 
died  the  next  morning.  Booth  was  killed  in  the  attempt  to  capture  him.  The 
game  evening  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was  made  to  assassinate  the  secretary  of 
state,  William  H.  Seward,  who  was  lying  sick  in  his  bed  at  home.  May  2d 
President  Johnson  offered  rewards  for  Jefferson  Davis,  Jacob  Thompson,  Clement 
C.  Clay,  Beverly  Tucker,  George  N.  Saunders,  A.  C.  Cleary,  and  others,  it  ap- 
pearing, "from  evidence  in  the  Bureau  of  Military  Justice,"  that  they  had  "in- 
cited, concerted,  and  procured "  the  murder  of  President  Lincoln,  and  the 
attempted  assassination  of  Secretary  Seward.  The  murdered  President  was 
carried  home  to  be  buried  in  Springfield,  Illinois.  His  body  left  Washington 
April  21,  and  reached  Springfield  May  4.  The  entire  journey  was  a  continuous 
funeral  procession,  in  which  the  people,  by  every  means  in  their  power,  testified 
their  grief  at  his  loss. 

The  conspirators  were  tried,  and  on  the  7th  of  July,  David  E.  Herrold,  G.  A. 
Atzeroth,  Lewis  Payne,  and  Mary  E.  Surratt  were  hanged.  Others  were  sen- 
tenced to  imprisonment  for  life.  Payne,  Herrold,  and  Atzeroth  acknowledged 
themselves  guilty,  in  whole  or  in  part.    Mrs.  Siuratt  protested  her  innocence. 

1865,  April  15.  —  Andrew  Johnson,  the  Vice-President,  took 
the  oath  of  oflSce  as  President. 

1865,  April  26.  —  General  Johnston  surrendered  to  General 
Sherman  in  North  Carolina. 

Negotiations  for  surrender  had  been  pending  since  the  surrender  of  Lee,  but 
the  terms  allowed  by  General  Sherman  had  been  disapproved  by  the  government. 

The  following  was  the  "basis  of  agreement"  entered  upon  at  first  between 
Generals  Sherman  and  Johnston,  the  Confederate  secretary  of  war,  Mr.  Breck- 
enridge,  being  present.  "  First.  The  contending  armies  now  in  the  field  to  main- 
tain their  statu  quo  until  notice  is  given  by  the  commanding  general  of  either  one 
to  its  opponent,  and  reasonable  time,  say  forty-eight  hours,  allowed. 

"Second.  The  Confederate  armies  now  in  existence  to  be  disbanded  and  con- 
ducted to  the  several  state  capitals,  there  to  deposit  their  arms  and  public  property 
in  the  state  arsenals,  and  each  officer  and  man  to  execute  and  file  an  agreement 
to  cease  from  acts  of  war,  and  abide  the  action  of  both  state  and  Federal  author- 
ities. The  number  of  arms  and  munitions  of  war  to  be  reported  to  the  chief  of 
ordnance  at  Washington  city,  subject  to  future  action  of  the  Congress  of  tue 
United  States,  and  in  the  mean  time  to  be  used  solely  to  maintain  peace  and  order 
within  the  borders  of  the  states  respectively. 

"  Third.  The  recognition  by  the  executive  of  the  United  States  of  the  several 
state  governments,  on  their  officers  and  legislatures  tiiking  the  oath  prescribed  by 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ;  and  where  conflicting  state  governments 
have  resulted  from  tho  war,  tho  legitimacy  of  all  shall  be  submitted  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  the  United  States. 

"  Fourth.  Tlie  re-establishment  of  all  Federal  courts  in  the  several  states,  with 
powers  as  defined  by  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  Congress. 

"  Fifth.  The  people  and  inhabitants  of  all  states  to  be  guaranteed,  so  far  as 
the  executive  can,  their  political  rights  and  franchise,  as  well  as  their  rights  of 


G56 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1865. 


person  and  property,  as  defined  by  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of 
tlxe  states  respcetively. 

"  Sixth.  The  executive  authority  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  not 
to  disturb  any  of  the  people  by  reason  of  the  late  war,  so  long  as  they  live  in 
peace  and  quiet,  abstain  from  acts  of  armed  hostility,  and  obey  laws  in  existence 
at  any  place  of  their  residence. 

"  Seventh.  In  gonerul  terms,  war  to  cease,  a  general  amnesty,  so  far  as  the 
executive  power  of  the  United  States  can  couimand,  -upon  condition  of  disband- 
.'nent  of  the  Confederate  armies,  and  the  distribution  of  arms  and  resumption  of 
peaceful  pursuits  by  officers  and  men  as  heretofore  composing  the  said  armies. 
Not  being  officially  empowered  by  our  respective  principals  to  fulfil  these  terms, 
we  individually  and  officially  pledge  ourselves  to  promptly  obtain  necessary 
authority,  and  to  carry  out  the  above  programme." 

The  government  having  disallowed  these  terms,  for  the  reasons  that  General 
Sherman  had  no  authority  to  make  such ;  that  they  were  a  practical  acknowledg- 
ment  of  the  rebel  government,  and  re-established  the  rebel  state  authority,  pro- 
vided them  with  arms,  and  ignored  the  1  .yal  state  governments,  and  did  not  rec- 
ognize the  abolition  of  slavery  or  the  confiscation  act,  and  formed  no  true  basis 
for  a  lasting  peace,  Sherman  was  ordered  to  give  notice  of  the  immediate  cessation 
of  the  truce.  Johnston  thereupon  surrendered  upon  substantially  the  same  terms 
as  were -given  to  Lee,  the  men  being  allowed  to  keep  their  horses,  wagons,  and 
five  per  cent,  of  their  small  arms,  to  protect  themselves  on  their  return  to  their 
hoi;,ies. 

1865,  April  28.  —  General  Schofield,  in  North  Carolina,  issued 
an  order  defining  the  condition  of  the  slaves  under  the  procla- 
mation of  January  1,  1863. 

It  proclaimed  them  free,  and  advised  their  masters  to  employ  them  at  reasona- 
ble wages,  and  advised  the  slaves  to  labor  faithfully,  since  they  would  "not  be 
supported  in  idleness." 

1865,  April  29.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  remov- 
ing the  blockade  from  all  southern  ports  east  of  the  Mississippi, 
within  the  lines  of  national  military  occupation. 

Articles  contraband  of  war  were  excepted. 

1865,  April.  —  The  secretary  of  state,  Mr.  Seward,  wrote  to 
the  French  representative  at  Washington  concerning  the  position 
of  affairs  in  Mexico. 

lie  said :  "  This  government  has  long  recognized,  and  still  does  continue  to 
recognize,  the  constitutional  government  of  the  United  States  of  Mexico  as  the 
sovereign  authority  in  that  country,  and  Benito  Juarez  as  its  t  hief.  This  govern- 
ment, at  the  same  time,  equally  recognizes  the  condition  of  war  existing  in  Mexico 
between  that  country  and  France.  We  maintain  absolute  neufrality  between  tbi 
belligerents." 

1865,  M^  T  4.  —  All  "  the  forces,  munitions  of  war,  &c.,  in  tlie 
department  of  Alabama,  Mississippi,  and  East  Louisiana,"  wei«| 
surrendered  by  General  Richard  Taylor  to  General  Canby. 

The  negotiations  for  the  surrender  had  taken  place  at  Citronelle,  Alabama, 
the  4th  of  May,    The  terms  were  substantially  the  same  as  those  given  to  Johi 
ston  and  Lee. 


1865.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


657 


1865,  May  5.  —  Galveston,  Texas,  surrendered  to  the  Federals. 

It  waa  the  lapt  port  held  by  the  Confederacy. 

1865,  May  10.  —  Jefferson  Davis  was  captured  in  Georgia. 

Davis  had  left  Richmond,  on  the  iid  of  April,  with  a  company  consisting  of  mem- 
bers of  the  Confederate  cabinet  and  a  cavalry  force,  taking  with  him  such  specie  as 
could  be  gathered  from  the  banks.  On  the  5th  he  issued  a  proclamation  from  Dan- 
ville, promising  to  return  soon.  On  the  25th  he  made  a  speech  at  Charlotte,  South 
Carolina,  promising  soon  to  return  at  the  head  of  a  large  army.  Tliis  he  repeated 
at  Yorkville  on  the  28th,  and  at  Powlton,  Georgia,  on  the  6th  of  May.  Here  the 
party  scattered,  having  distributed  the  specie  among  the  military.  Davis  with 
his  family  and  a  few  others  proceeded  towards  the  coast.  On  the  9th,  Colonel 
Harden,  who  was  in  pursuit,  met  Colonel  Pritchard,  who  was  also  following  the 
fugitives,  and  pushed  on  to  Irwinville.  Hero  he  learned  that  the  party  was  en- 
camped within  two  miles.  In  attempting  to  surround  the  camp  by  night,  he  met 
Pritchard's  pickets,  and  in  the  darkness  the  two  parties  mistook  each  otiier,  and 
fired.  The  Are  was  returned  before  the  mistake  was  discovered,  and  two  men 
were  killed  and  five  wounded.  Davis  and  his  party,  consisting  of  his  wife,  niece, 
and  children,  with  the  Confederate  postmaster-general  Reagan,  and  a  few  others 
were  captured,  taken  to  Macon,  Georgia,  thence  to  Hilton  Head,  and  sent  to  For- 
tress Monroe. 

1865,  May  13.  —  A  skirmish  took  place  near  Brazos,  in  eastern 
Texas. 

This  appears  to  have  been  the  last  contest  of  the  war.  An  attack  was  made 
by  Colonel  Slaughter,  the  Confederate  commander  of  the  district,  upon  a  party 
under  Colonel  Barret,  who  had  seized  a  rebel  camp. 

1865,  May  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
the  southern  ports  open. 

1865,  May  26.  —  The  Confederates  in  Texas,  under  General 
Kirby  Smith,  surrendered. 

The  terms  were  the  same  as  those  accorded  to  General  Taylor. 

1865,  May  29.  —  President  Johnson  granted  an  amnesty  to 
the  states  recently  in  rebellion. 

There  were  certain  exceptions  made.  The  proclamation,  after  referring  to 
those  issued  by  President  Lincoln,  December  8,  18C3,  and  March  26,  18C4,  pro- 
ceeds :  "  To  the  end,  therefore,  that  the  authority  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States  may  be  restored,  and  that  peace,  order,  and  freedom  may  be  re- 
established, I,  Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  the  United  States,  do  proclaim  and 
declare  that  I  hereby  grant  to  all  persons  who  have  directly  or  indirectly  partici- 
pated in  the  existing  rebellion,  except  as  horoinafiter  excepted,  amnesty  and  par- 
don, with  restoration  of  all  rights  of  property  except  as  to  slaves,  and  except  in 
cases  where  legal  proceedings  under  the  laws  of  the  United  States  providing  for 
tlie  confiscation  of  property  of  persons  engaged  in  rebellion  have  been  instituted ; 
but  on  the  condition,  nevertheless,  that  every  such  person  shall  take  and  subscribe 
the  following  oath  or  affirmation,  and  thenceforward  keep  and  maintain  said  oath 
inviolate,  and  which  oath  shall  be  registered  for  permanent  preservation,  and  shall 
be  of  the  tenor  and  effect  following,  to  wit :  — 

42 


IIK  f'Xr- 


If 


I 

SB? 


658 


OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1865. 


I, 


-,  do  solemnly  swear  or  affirm,  in  presence  of  Almighty  God, 


that  I  will  henceforth  faithfully  support  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  and  the  ui.ion  of  the  states  thereunder,  and  that  I  will,  in  like  manner, 
abide  by  and  faithfully  support  all  laws  and  proclamations  which  have  been  made 
during  tlie  existing  rebellion  with  reference  to  the  emancipation  of  slaves.  So 
help  me  God." 

Then,  after  the  specification  of  the  excepted  persons,  the  proclamation  con- 
tinues :  — 

"  Provided,  that  special  application  may  be  made  to  the  President  for  pardon 
by  any  person  belonging  to  the  excepted  classes,  and  such  clemency  will  be  lib- 
erally extended  as  may  be  consistent  with  the  facts  of  the  cn«e  and  the  peace  and 
dignity  of  the  United  States." 

1865,  May  29.  — The  President  issued  a  proclamation  in  rela- 
tion to  the  reconstruction  of  North  Carolina. 

It  states  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  guarantees  a  republican 
form  of  government  to  every  state ;  that  the  people  of  North  Carolina  having 
been,  by  tlio  rebellion,  deprived  of  all  civil  government,  William  W.  Holden  is 
appointed  provisional  governor,  with  the  duty  of  enrolling  the  loyal  citizens  of 
the  state,  as  esirly  as  possible,  to  elect  delegates  to  a  convention  for  the  purpose 
of  forming  a  constitution.  This  convention,  or  the  legislature  to  be  thereafter 
ascembled,  to  prescribe  the  qualifications  of  electors  and  the  eligibility  of  persons 
to  hold  oflice,  —  "a  power  the  people  of  the  several  states  composing  the  Federal 
Union  have  rightfully  exercised  from  the  origin  of  the  government  to  the  present 
time." 

In  Kentucky  and  Missouri  the  loyal  governments  wore  sustained.  In  Virginia, 
a  loyal  government  also  remained.  In  Tennessee,  Louisiiina,  and  Arkansas,  loyal 
governments  were  in  authority.  The  governors  ox  t'lese  wore  respectively, 
for  Kentucky,  Thomas  C.  Bramlettc ;  for  Missouri,  Thomas  C.  Fletcher ;  for  Vir- 
ginia, Francis  11.  Pierpont;  for  Tennessee,  W.  G.  Brownlow;  for  Louisiana, 
James  M.  Wells ;  for  Arkansas,  John  Murphy. 

Governors  were  appointed  for  the  other  states  as  follows  :  Mississippi,  William 
L.  Sharkey,  June  13 ;  Georgia,  James  Johnson,  June  17 ;  Texas,  Andrew  J. 
Hamilton,  June  17;  Alabama,  Lewis  E.  Parsons,  June  21;  South  Carolina,  Ben- 
jamin E.  Perry,  July  1 ;  Florida,  William  Marvin,  July  10. 

1865,  May. — The  armies  of  the  East  and  West  were  dis- 
banded and  returned  home,  after  a  review  at  Washington,  which 
occupied  two  days. 

1865,  June  2.  —  The  British  government  revoked  its  recogni- 
tion of  the  Confederacy  as  belligerents. 

The  French  government  revoked  its  recognition  on  the  Gth. 

1865,  June  6.  —  An  order  was  issued  for  the  release  of  all  i 
prisoners  of  war  in  the  depots  of  the  North. 

Officers  of  the  army  above  the  grade  of  captain,  and  of  the  navy  above  that  I 
of  lieutenant,  those  who  had  graduated  at  the  military  or  naval  academy,  and 
those  who  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion  held  comm  i  ssions  in  the  army  or 
navy  of  the  United  States,  excepted.     Transportation  to  bo  afibrded  the  prisoners  | 
to  the  point  nearest  their  homes,  by  steamboat  or  rail. 


[1865. 


1865.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


659 


ICC  of  Almighty  God, 
titution  of  the  United 
will,  in  like  manner, 
hich  have  been  made 
pation  of  slaves.     So 

he  proclamation  con- 
President  for  pardon 
clemency  will  be  lib- 

:a8e  and  the  peace  and 

clamation  in  rela- 

uarantccs  a  republican 
North  Carolina  having 
William  W.  Holden  is 
jg  the  loyal  citizens  of 
,'cntion  for  the  purpose 
ilature  to  be  thereafter 
the  eligibility  of  persons 
I  composing  the  Federal 
vernment  to  the  present 

sustained.  In  Virginia, 
ana,  and  Arkansas,  loyal 
liese  wore  respectively, 
las  C.Fletcher;  forVir- 
•ownlow;  for  Louisiana, 

«'s :  Mississippi,  William 
17 ;    Texas,  Andrew  J. 
1 ;  South  Carolina,  Ben- 
IIG. 

|nd  West  were  dis- 
Washington,  which 

revoked  its  recogni- 

[c  Cth. 

)r  the  release  of  all  | 

|d  of  the  navy  above  that  I 

or  naval  academy,  »n^ 

imissions  in  the  army  or 

bo  afforded  the  prisoners 


1865,  June  23.  —  All  the  ports  of  the  United  States  were  pro- 
claimed open  to  foreign  commerce  after  July  1. 

On  the  24th,  all  restrictions  on  internal  and  coastwise  commerce  between  the 
states  lying  east  and  west  of  the  Mississippi,  were  removed.  The  order  requiring 
passports  was  also  rescinded. 

1865,  June  23.  —  General  Terry,  in  command  of  th'  depart- 
ment of  Virginia,  issued  an  order  concerning  tlie  status  of  freed- 
men  in  that  state. 

It  stated  that,  the  slave  code  having  been  abrogated,  '*  people  of  color  will 
henceforth  enjoy  the  same  personal  liberty  that  other  inhabitants  and  citizens 
enjoy ;  they  will  bo  subject  to  the  same  restraints  and  to  the  same  punishments 
for  crime  that  are  imposed  upon  whites,  and  to  no  others ;  "  and  "  until  the  civii 
tribunals  are  re-established,  the  administration  of  civil  justice  must  of  necessity  be 
by  military  courts ;  and  before  such  courts  the  evidence  of  colored  persons  will 
be  received  in  all  cases." 

1865,  July  4.  —  The  corner-stone  of  a  monument  was  laid  at 
Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  in  memory  of  the  soldiers  who  fell 
there. 

1865,  July  29.  —  All  southern  prisoners  were  released  on 
parole,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance. 

1865,  August.  —  The  Mississippi  convention  accepted  a  con- 
stitutional amendment  abolishing  slavery. 

It  was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  80  to  11,  and  read :  "  Neither  slavery  nor  involun- 
tary servitude,  otherwise  than  for  the  punishment  of  crime  whereof  the  party 
shall  have  been  convicted,  shall  hereafter  exist  in  the  state." 

1865,  September  12.  —  The  convention  of  Alabama  met. 

During  its  session  it  recognized  the  abolition  of  slavery,  and  forbade  its  re- 
establisliment. 

1865,  September  17.  —  An  agreement  was  made  with  Great 
Britain  that  the  claims  for  damage  by  the  Alabama  should  be 
submitted  to  a  commission. 

1865,  September  19. — The  convention  of  South  Carolina  passed 
an  ordinance  abolishing  slavery. 

It  read  as  follows:  "The  slaves  in  South  Carolina  having  been  emancipated 
by  the  action  of  the  United  States  authorities,  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary 
servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been 
duly  convicted,  shall  ever  be  re-established  in  this  state." 

1865,  September  30.  —  The  statement  of  the  public  debt  was 
$2,744,947,726. 

In  comparison  with  the  statement  of  August  31,  the  debt  bearing  interest  in 
gold  had  increased  $8,368,000 ;  that  bearing  interest  in  currency  had  decreased 
^14,469,000 ;  that  free  of  interest  had  decreased  $6,640,000.  The  interest  payable 
ill  gold  had  increased  about  $500,000 ;  that  payable  in  currency  had  decreased 
about  $503,000. 


660 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1865. 


1865,  September.  —  Tho  Fenian  Society  published  an  address. 

The  society  had  been  organized  ostensibly  for  tho  purpose  of  revolutionizing 
Ireland,  and  establishing  a  republic  there.  The  address  stated  that  officers  were 
about  starting  for  Ireland  to  organize  an  army.  Many  of  those  who  went  over 
were  arrested  and  tried.  In  October  a  convention  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  and 
a  subscription  started  to  raise  funds.  In  December  a  plan  was  proposed  for  tho 
invasion  of  Canada. 

1865,  October  2.  — A  vote  in  Connecticut  rejected  a  proposed 
amendment  to  the  constitution  giving  the  right  to  vote  to 
negroes. 

A  similar  vote  was  given  in  Colorado  in  September ;  in  Wisconsin,  November 
7 ;  and  in  Minnesota,  November  7. 

1865,  October  2.  —  The  North  Carolina  state  convention  as* 
eembled  at  Raleigh. 

It  repealed  the  ordinance  of  secession,  abolished  slavery,  and  passed  an  ordi- 
nance prohibiting  the  payment  of  the  debt  incurred  for  the  rebellion.  The  first 
two  actions  were  submitted  to  the  people ;  the  third  was  absolute,  and  not  referred 
to  the  people. 

1865,  October  25.  —  The  Georgia  state  convention  assembled 
at  Milledgeville. 

It  repealed  the  secession  ordinance,  prohibited  slavery  in  the  constitution,  and 
prohibited  the  payment  of  the  rebel  debt. 

1865,  October  25.  —  The  state  convention  of  Florida  met. 

It  annulled  the  secession  ordinance,  repudiated  the  debt  for  the  rebellion,  pro- 
hibited slavery,  and  regulated  the  admission  of  negro  testimony  in  cases  concern- 
ing negroes,  and  limited  the  juries  to  white  men,  the  juries  to  be  judges  of  the 
credibility  of  negro  testimony. 

1865,  October  30.  —  The  reconstruction  of  Arkansas  was  of- 
ficially recognized  by  the  President. 

1865,  October  31.  —  The  total  debt  of  the  United  States  was 
$2,804,549,437.50. 

The  circulation  was  $704,000,000,  as  follows:  greenbacks,  $428,160,569;  na- 
tional-bank notes,  .1185,000,000  ;  state-bank  notes,  $65,000,000  ;  fractional  cur- 
rency, $26,057,469.20. 

1865,  December  1.  —  The  writ  of  habeas  corpus  was  declared 
again  in  force  in  the  northern  states. 

1865,  December  18.  —  An  official  announcement  of  the  aboli- 
tion of  slavery  in  the  United  States  was  made. 

The  adoption  of  the  constitutional  amendment  waa  announced  by  the  Secretary 
of  State.  The  Secretary  reported  that  the  department  had  on  file  the  ratifications 
of  the  amendment  from  the  following  states :  Illinois,  Rhode  Island,  Michigan, 
Maryland,  New  York,  West  Virginia,  Maine,  Kansas,  Massachusetts,  Pennsylva- 
nia, Virginia,  Ohio,  Misaouri,  Nevada,  Indiana,  Louisiana,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin, 


1866.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


661 


Wisconsin,  November 


,te  convention  as- 


ivention  assembled 


in  the  constitution,  and 


f  Arkansas  was  of- 


United  States  was 


yrpits  was  declared 
ement  of  the  aboli- 


Vermont,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Now  Ilampshiro,  South  Carolina, 
Alabama,  North  Carolina,  and  Georgia  —  27  states,  makini;  two  thirds  of  the  86 
states  in  the  Union.  The  amendment  had  been  rejected  by  Delaware,  February  8 ; 
by  Kentucky,  February  23 ;  and  by  New  Jersey,  March  1.  In  New  Jersey,  the 
ipeaker  gave  the  casting  vote. 

1866.  —  At  the  beginning  of  this  year  the  right  of  suffrage 
existed,  without  any  restriction  except  that  of  sex,  in  only  five 
of  the  United  States. 

These  states  were  Maine,  Vermont,  New  Hampshire,  Massachusetts,  and 
Rhode  Island.  Maine,  under  the  constitution  of  1819,  excepted  only  paupers, 
poisons  under  guardianship,  and  untaxed  Indians.  Vermont,  by  the  constitution 
of  1793,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  man  of  ago  who  had  resided  a  year  in  the  state, 
and  took  an  oath  to  vote  "  so  as  in  your  conscience  you  will  judge  will  most  con- 
duce to  the  best  good  of  the  state."  New  Hampshire,  by  the  constitution  of  1792, 
gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  male  inhabitant"  of  age.  excepting  only  paupers  and 
those  excused  by  their  own  request  from  paying  taxe„.  Massachusetts  gave  the 
ballot  to  every  "  male  citizen  "  of  age,  paupers  and  those  under  guardianship  ex- 
cepted. Voters  must  be  able  to  read  tlie  constitution  in  English,  and  write  their 
names ;  this  requirement  not  applying  to  those  physically  incompetent,  or  who 
were  sixty  years  old  in  1780,  at  the  adoption  of  this  amendment.  Rhode  Island, 
by  the  constitution  of  1842,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  male  citizen"  of  age,  own- 
ing real  estate  worth  one  hundred  and  thirty-four  dollars,  or  rent  of  seven  dollars 
a  year,  and  to  every  native  male  citizen  who  was  registered  and  paid  one  dollar 
tix.  Connecticut,  by  the  constitution  of  1818,  gave  the  ballot  to  all  males,  white 
or  black,  who  were  freemen.  This  was  subsequently  limited  to  every  "white 
male  citizen,"  of  age.  owner  of  a  freehold  of  seven  dollars  a  year,  or  who  had 
paid  a  state  tax,  performed  military  duty,  "and  sustained  a  good  moral  charac- 
ter." In  1845  the  property  and  tax-paying  qualification  was  removed,  and  only  a 
residence  required.  No  negroes,  except  those  freemen  before  1818,  voted.  In- 
diana gave  the  ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  "  of 
age.  "No  negro  or  mulatto  shall  have  the  right  of  suffrage."  Illinois  gave  the 
ballot  to  "every  white  male  citizen."  Missouri,  by  the  constitution  of  18C5,  ex- 
cluded negroes  from  voting.  Michigan,  by  the  constitution  of  1850,  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen,  and  every  civilized  mole  Indian  iniiabitant 
not  a  member  of  any  tribe."  Iowa  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "white  male  citizen." 
New  York  "  every  male  citizen,"  but  no  man  of  color,  unless  he  was  for  three 
years  a  citizen  of  the  state,  and  owned  a  freehold  worth  two  hundred  and  fifty 
dollars,  on  which  he  had  paid  a  tax.  New  Jersey,  by  its  constitution  of  1844,  gave 
the  ballot  to  "  every  white  male  citizen"  of -the  United  States.  Up  to  the  adop- 
tion of  this  constitution  women  had  voted  in  New  Jersey.  Pennsylvania  gave  the 
ballot  to  "  every  white  freeman."  Ohio  gave  the  ballot  to  "every  white  male 
citizen,"  by  the  constitution  of  1851.  The  courts,  however,  held  that  a  half  negro 
was  a  "  white  male  citizen,"  the  burden  of  proof  that  he  is  less  than  half  white 
being  with  the  challenger.  Wisconsin  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "male  person" 
being  a  white  citizen  of  the  United  States,  Indians  declared  citizens  by  Congress, 
civilized  persons  of  Indian  descent,  not  members  of  any  tribe.  California  gave 
the  ballot  to  -very  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  the  legislature 
had  power  to  extend  the  right  to  Indians.  Minnesota  gave  the  ballot  to  every 
male  person  who  was  a  white  citizen  of  the  United  States,  civilized  persons  of 
mixed  white  and  Indian  blood,  and  civilized  Indians  certified  by  the  court  to  be 


662 


ANKALS  OF  NOBTH  AMBBICA. 


[1866. 


*|i 


fit  for  it.  Oregon  gave  the  ballot  to  ercry  white  male  citizen.  "Ko  negro, 
Chinaman,  or  muluUo  "  could  vote.  Kansas  gave  tlto  ballot  to  every  "wjiito 
tnalo;"  West  Virginia,  every  "white  male"  citizen;  Nevada,  every  "white 
ninlo  "  citizf»n;  Colorado,  "every  white  male"  citizen.  Dclirwi.ro,  by  her  re- 
vised constitution  of  1831,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  nialo  citizen  aged 
twonty-two,  and  the  legislature  was  authorized  to  impose  tlie  forfeiture  of  suflVago 
aj  a  punishment  for  crime.  Maryland,  by  her  constitution  of  1S51,  gave  tlio 
ballot  to  "every  free  white  male  person"  of  age.  Virginia,  by  her  constitution 
of  1851,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  free  white  male  citizen  "  of  ago.  North  Caro- 
lina, by  her  amended  constitution  of  1835,  gave  all  freemen,  twenty-one,  holding 
a  freehold  of  fifty  acres,  the  ballot.  "  No  free  negro,  free  mulatto,  or  free  person 
of  mixed  blood,  descended  from  negro  oneestors,  to  t'le  fourth  generation  inclusivo 
(though  one  ancestor  of  each  generation  may  have  been  a  wliito  person),  shall 
vote  for  members  of  the  senate  or  house  of  commons."  S^uth  Carolina,  by  her 
constitution  of  18C5,  gave  the  ballot  to  free  white  men  twent.v-ono  years  old,  not 
paupers,  non-commissioned  officers  or  privates  of  tlio  army,  or  seamen  or  ma- 
rines of  the  navy  of  the  Uuitcd  States.  Georgia,  in  her  constitution  of  1865, 
declared  the  electors  to  be  "free  white  males  "  of  ago.  Kentucky,  in  her  consti- 
tution of  1850,  gave  the  ballot  to  "every  white  male  citizen"  of  age.  Tennessee, 
in  her  constitution  of  1834,  gave  the  ballot  to  "every  free  white  man"  of  age, 
who  was  a  citizen,  "provided,  that  all  persons  of  color,  who  are  competent  wit- 
nesses in  a  court  of  justice  against  a  white  man,  may  also  vote."  Louisiana,  by 
her  constitution  of  1852,  gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  of  age.  Mis- 
sissippi gave  the  ballot  to  every  "  free  wliite  male  person  "  of  age.  Alabama 
gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  wliite  male  of  age.  Florida  gave  the  ballot  to  "  every 
free  wliite  male  person  "  of  age,  duly  enrolled  in  the  militia  and  registered.  Ar- 
kansas gave  the  ballot  to  every  free  white  male  citizen  of  the  United  States  of  age. 
Texas  gave  the  ballot  to  every  "free  male  person"  of  ago  (Indians  not  taxed, 
Africans,  and  the  descendants  of  Africans,  excepted). 

1866,  APRIL  2.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  of  peace. 

It  was  tlie  anniversary  of  the  capture  of  Richmond.  The  proclamation  reca- 
pitulated the  previous  ones  stating  the  existence  of  the  rebellion ;  and,  as  now 
there  no  longer  existed  an  "  organized  armed  resistance  of  misguided  citizens,  or 
others,  to  the  authority  of  the  United  States,"  "Therefore,  I,  Andrew  Johnson, 
President  of  the  United  States,  do  hereby  proclaim  and  declare  that  tlie  insurrec- 
tion which  heretofore  existed  in  the  states  of  Georgia,  South  Carolina,  North 
Carolina,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  Mississippi,  and 
Florida,  is  at  an  end,  and  henceforth  to  bo  so  regarded."  These  states  had  con- 
formed to  the  amendment  abolishing  slavery.  The  state  convention  of  Texav 
was  in  session  at  the  time,  and  adopted  a  constitution  to  bo  submitted  to  the  peo- 
ple, and  is  therefore  not  mentioned.  On  August  20,  another  proclamation  was 
issued,  declaring  the  insurrection  in  Texas  to  have  ceased,  and  proclaimed  peace 
throughout  the  whole  United  States. 

1866,  April.  —  The  state  convention  of  Texas  adopted  a  con- 
stitution abolishing  slavery. 

It  provided  that  "  Africans  and  their  descendants  shall  bo  protected  in  their 
rights  of  person  and  property  by  appropriate  legislation ;  tliey  shall  have  tlie 
riglit  to  contract  and  be  contracted  with ;  to  sue  and  be  sued ;  to  acquire,  hold, 
and  transmit  property ;  and  all  criminal  prosecutions  against  them  sliall  be  con- 


'4 


1866.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


663 


18  adopted  a  con- 


ducted in  tho  same  manner  as  prosecutions  for  like  ofTcncos  against  the  white 
race,  and  they  nhall  be  subject  to  lilco  penalties." 

After  tlie  amendment  to  the  Constitution,  tho  state  constitution  was  amended  to 
read :  "  Afpcan  slavery,  as  it  Iteretofore  existed,  having  beer  terminated  within  this 
Htato  by  t'le  government  of  tho  United  States  by  force  of  arms,  and  its  ro-estab- 
liiihnicnt  being  prohibited  by  tho  amendment  to  tho  Constitution  of  tho  United 
States,  t  'eret'ore  slavery  and  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 
crime,  f'.iail  not  exist  in  the  state,  and  Africans  and  thuir  descendants  siiull  bo 
protci.  cod  in  their  rights  of  person  and  property,  and  shall  bo  liable  to  the  same 
punishment  for  crimes  as  wiiitcs ;  and  moreover,  they  shall  not  be  prohibited,  on 
account  of  color  or  race,  from  testifying  in  all  cases  in  which  any  of  them  ore 
involved,  and  the  legislature  may  authorize  them  to  testify  in  other  cases." 

1866,  April  9.  —  Congress  passed  the  Civil  Rights  Bill. 

The  provisions  of  the  bill  are  contained  in  nine  sections.  Tho  first  reads; 
"Section  1.  Tliat  all  persons  born  in  the  United  States,  and  not  subject  to  any 
foreign  power,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  are  hereby  declared  to  bo  citizens  of 
tlic  United  States ;  and  such  citizens,  of  every  race  and  color,  without  regard  to 
any  previous  condition  of  slavery  or  involuntary  service,  except  as  a  X)uni8hment 
for  crime  wiiereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  have  the  samo 
right  in  every  state  and  territory  to  make  and  enforce  contracts,  to  sue,  to  bo 
sued,  be  parties  and  give  evidence,  to  inherit,  purchase,  lease,  sell,  hold  and 
convey  real  and  personal  property,  and  to  full  and  ecxual  benefit  of  all  laws  and 
liroceedings  for  tho  security  of  person  and  property  as  are  enjoyed  by  white  citi- 
zens ;  and  shall  be  subject  to  like  punisliment,  pains  and  penalties,  and  to  none 
other;  any  law,  statute,  ordinance,  regulation,  or  custom  to  tho  contrary  notwith- 
standing." The  other  sections  are  devoted  to  the  mode  of  carrying  out  the  pro- 
visions of  this  first  section.  President  Johnson's  objections  were  that  the  act 
was  inexpedient,  and  that  the  "subjects  embraced  in  the  enumeration  of  rights 
contained  in  this  bill,  have  been  considered  as  belonging  exclusively  to  tho  states." 

1866,  April  12.  —  An  act  of  Congress  authorizing  the  secre- 
tary of  the  treasury  to  exchange  bonds  for  notes,  was  approved. 

This  was  the  commencement  by  Secretary  McCulloch  of  tho  system  of 
contraction.  Tlie  act  read  :  "That  of  United  States  notes  not  more  than 
$10,000,000  sliould  be  retired  and  cancelled  within  six  months  from  tho  passage 
of  the  act,  and  tliereafler  not  more  than  $4,000,000  should  be  retired  in  any  one 
month." 

1866,  May  16. —  Congress  authorized  the  coinage  of  five-cent 
pieces. 

1866,  June  6. —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  de- 
nouncing the  Fenian  expedition  against  Canada  as  a  high  mis- 
demeanor. 

On  the  1st  of  Juno  a  largo  body  had  crossed  the  border  at  Buffalo,  and  had 
slight  skirmishes  with  the  Canadian  troops.  A  icv  days  later,  an  equally  unauu- 
cc^sful  crossing  was  made  near  St.  Albans. 

1866,  June.  — Congress  adopted  the  fourteenth  amendment  to 
the  Constitution. 

It  passed  the  Senate  on  the  8th  of  June,  and  the  House  on  the  13th.     On  tho 


664 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[18CG. 


:;i'i  I 


\l 


u 


"Wj^' 


24th  the  President  sent  n  meiiago  to  Congress  totting  forth  his  objections  to  tlie 
proposed  amendment. 

1866,  June  21.  —  Congress  extondod  the  provisions  of  the 
Homestead  Bill  to  the  public  hinds  in  Alabama,  Mississippi, 
Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Florida. 

The  act  provided  that  the  public  lands  in  theso  states  should  bo  disposed  of  ac- 
cording to  laws  previously  existing,  without  regard  to  race  or  color  of  persons 
applying  for  tliem.     Mineral  lands  were  reserved  from  occupation. 

1866,  July  1.  —  The  national  debt  reached  its  maximum,  being 
$2,773,236,173. 

1866,  July  4.  —  A  great  fire  in  Portland,  Maine,  destroyed 
about  a  third  of  the  citv. 

The  loss  was  estimated  nt  910,OUO,000. 

1866,  July.  — Thr^  ^[o\v  York  State  Agricultural  Society  held 
a  competition  of  mowers  and  reapers  at  Auburn,  Now  York. 

Forty-four  mowers  and  thirty  reapers  entered.  Tho  comniitteo  reported :  "  At 
previous  trials,  very  few  machines  could  stop  in  the  grass  and  start  without  back- 
ing for  a  fri'sh  start.  At  the  present  trial,  every  machine  stopped  in  the  grass  and 
started  again  without  backing,  without  any  difficulty,  and  without  leaving  any  per- 
ceptible ridge  to  mark  the  spot  where  it  occurred." 

1866,  July  16.  —  An  act  to  continue  the  operation  of  the 
Freedmen's  Bureau  was  passed  '  y  Congress. 

It  was  passed  over  the  veto  of  tho  President.  The  President  had  returned  it 
with  his  veto  on  tho  I9th  of  February.  The  veto  niessiigo  was  long  and  elaborate. 
It  says  that  the  bill  "contains  provisions  not  warranted  by  the  Constitution,  and 
not  well  calculated  to  accomplish  tho  end  in  view." 

1866,  July  23.  —  A  joint  resolution  was  passed  by  Congress 
restoring  Tennessee  to  the  Union. 

The  resolution,  after  reciting  in  the  preamble  the  secession  of  Tennessee,  con- 
tinues, tliat  the  people  had,  in  February,  18G5,  ratified  a  constitution  abolishing 
slavery,  and  nullifying  the  laws  passed  during  secession,  and  that  a  state  govern- 
ment has  been  organized  under  this  constitution  which  has  ratified  the  amendment, 
and  " done  other  acts  proclaiming  and  denoting  loyalty."  Therefore,  resolved: 
•'  That  the  state  of  Tennessee  is  hereby  restored  to  her  former  practical  relations 
to  the  Union,  and  is  again  entitled  to  be  represented  by  senators  and  representa- 
tives in  Congress."  Tho  President,  though  he  signed  tho  resolution,  objected  to 
Bome  of  the  statements  of  tho  preamble,  and  said  the  "  resolution  is  merely  a 
matter  of  opinion,  and  comprises  no  legislation,  and  confers  no  power  which  is 
binding  upon  the  lespective  Houses,  the  Executive,  or  the  states."  The  members 
elected  took  tlivir  scats. 

1866.  July  '2.3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  the  con- 
Btitution  of  tlij  Supreme  Court. 

It  provif'ed  that  "  no  vacancy  in  the  ot&co.  of  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 
Court  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  until  tho  number  of  associates  shall  be  re- 


t 


il  _ 


1866-7.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


665 


Maine,  destroyed 


operation  of  the 


issed  by  Congress 


•egalating  the  con- 


duced  to  lix ;  and  tlicrcaflcr  tho  gaid  Supremo  Court  iihall  coniiRt  of  a  chief  f  ui- 
tice  of  the  United  States  and  six  asHociutc  juRticoR,  any  tour  of  wliom  (thai)  Cun- 
■tituto  a  quorum;  and  the  said  coart  nhall  hold  one  term  annually  at  the  scat  nt 
govornnient,  and  such  adjourned  or  gpcelal  terms  an  it  piay  find  necessary  for 
Uie  dispatch  of  business." 

18G6,  July  25.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  reviving  the  grade  of 
general  iu  the  army,  and  creating  the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice* 
admiral  in  the  navy. 

The  title  of  general  was  bestowed  upon  Grant,  and  llcutcnnnt-pcnoral  upon 
Sherman,  wliilo  those  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral  were  conferred  upon  Furrugut 
and  1).  D.  Porter. 

1866,  July  27.  — The  Atlantic  telegraph  was  successfully  com- 
pleted. 

In  18G5  an  unsncccssAil  attempt  hud  been  nudo,  the  insulation  having  failed 
after  paying  out  seven  hundred  miles  of  the  cable. 

1866,  July  28.  —  Congress  passed  a  civil  expenses  appropria- 
tion act. 

It  grunted  additional  bount'.es  to  the  soldiers,  and  raised  the  pay  of  members 
of  Congress  to  five  thousand  dollars  a  year,  the  Speaker  to  have  eight. 

1866,  July  28.  —  Congress  regulated  th'^  peace  establishment 
of  tlie  army. 

It  was  to  consist  of  Are  regiments  of  artillery,  ten  of  cavalry,  forty-five  of 
infantry,  and  the  professors  and  cadets  of  West  Point. 

1866,  July  28.  —  Congress  authorized  the  use  of  the  metric 
system  of  weights  and  measures. 

Tlie  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  fiirnish  to  each  state  a  set  of 
standards  for  tlie  weiglits  and  measures.  The  American  Metric  Bureau,  formed 
in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  was  incorporated  in  1876.  Its  object  is  "to  dissemi- 
nate information  concerning  the  metric  system,  to  urge  its  early  adoption,  and  to 
bring  about  actual  introductions  wiierever  practicable."  It  publishes  a  Monthly 
Bulletin,  supported  by  the  '*  voluntary  contributions  of  teachers  and  otiiers  who 
appreciate  tlic  vast  advantages  that  are  to  accrue  to  the  people  and  the  schools  by 
the  adoption  of  the  metric  weights  and  measures."  Though  John  Quiney  Adams, 
in  his  report  to  Congress  in  1821,  reported  unfavorably  to  tiiis  system,  yet  in  his 
report  he  said,  that  "  considered  merely  as  a  labor-saving^  machine,  it  is  a  new 
power  offered  to  man  incomparably  greater  than  that  wliich  he  Ims  acquired  by 
the  new  agency  which  he  has  given  to  steam.  It  is  in  design  the  greatest  inven- 
tion of  human  ingenuity  since  that  of  printing." 

1866,  August  16.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation 
declaring  the  blockade  of  Matamoras  and  other  Mexican  ports, 
decreed  by  Maximilian,  void. 

Maximilian  had  declared  the  ports  blockaded  on  the  9th  of  July. 

1867,  January.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  regulating  the  right 
of  suffrage  in  the  District  of  Columbia. 

The  bill  was  passed  by  the  Senate  December  13,  186C,  and  by  the  House, 


•  mm\ 


666 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1867. 


ji 


;!?};■ 


December  14,  1866.  The  President  having  returned  it  with  his  veto,  the  Sennto 
repassed  it  January  7,  and  the  House  Januarj  8,  by  two  thirds  vote.  Tlie  bill 
conferred  the  riglit  of  suffrage  on  all  male  citizens  of  the  District,  without  dis- 
tinction of  race  or  color. 

18G7,  January. — Congress  passed  an  act  repealing  the  au- 
thority  given  the  President  to  proclaim  amnesty  and  pardon,  by 
an  act  approved  July  17,  1862,  entitled  "  an  act  to  suppress  in- 
surrection," &c. 

This  act  was  presented  to  the  President  on  the  9th,  and,  as  ho  had  not  returned 
it  within  ten  days,  it  became  a  law  January  19. 

1867,  January  14.  —  Congress  passed  a  joint  resolution  sus- 
pending the  section  of  the  act  of"  March  3,  1863,  providing  for 
the  payment  of  moneys  as  compensation  to  those  claiming  the 
services  of  colored  volunteers  or  drafted  men. 

The  payment  of  tliree  hundred  dollars  to  loyal  owners  of  enlisted  slaves  was 
no  longer  to  be  made. 

1867,  January  24.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  the 
elective  francliise  in  the  territories. 

The  act  provided  that  after  its  passage  there  should  be  no  denial  of  the  elective 
franchise  in  any  of  the  territories  of  the  Unitcci  States,  now  or  hereafter  to  be 
organized,  to  any  citizen  tliereof,  on  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  condition 
of  servitude ;  and  all  acts  or  parts  of  acts,  either  of  Congress  or  the  legislative 
assemblies  of  said  territories,  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  act,  are  de- 
clared null  and  void."  The  act  having  been  sent  to  the  President  on  January  14, 
and  not  returned,  became  a  law  at  the  expiration  of  ten  days. 

1867,  February.  —  The  Tennessee  legislature  passed  a  bill 
striking  out  the  word  *'  white  "  from  the  franchise  law. 

The  lower  House  passed  it  on  the  6th,  and  the  Senate  on  the  18th.  On  March 
21,  tiie  Supreme  Court  sustained  the  constitutionality  of  it,  and  in  August  the 
negroes  voted  for  the  first  time,  at  the  election  for  governor. 

1867,  March  1.  —  Nebraska  was  admitted  to  the  Union. 

The  bill  for  its  admission  was  passed  over  the  President's  veto,  February  5. 
The  bill  contained  a  section  providing  that  ' '  it  shall  not  take  effect  except  on  tlie 
condition  that  there  be  within  the  state  of  Nebraskr,  no  denial  of  the  electivo 
franchise,  or  of  any  other  right  to  any  person,  by  reason  of  race  or  color,  except- 
ing Indians  not  taxed,  and  upon  the  further  condition  that  the  legislature  of  saiil 
state  shall,  by  a  solemn  public  act,  declare  the  assent  of  the  state  to  the  said 
condition ;  upon  receipt  of  an  authentic  copy  whereof  the  President  shall  issue 
a  proclamation  announcing  the  fact,  whereupon  the  said  condition  shall  be 
lield  as  Mart  of  the  organic  law  of  the  state,  and  thereupon,  without  further  pro- 
ceedirgs  of  Congress,  the  admission  of  said  state  shall  be  considered  complete."  I 
The  conditions  having  been  filled,  the  President  issued  a  proclamation  to  that  [ 
effect  March  1. 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  provide  efBcient 
gc'crnments  for  the  insurrectionary  states. 

It  stated,  Whereas,  no  lega'  state  governments,  or  adequate  protection  for  life 


[1867.    ■    1867.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


667 


his  veto,  the  Scnatn 
liirds  vote.  The  bill 
District,  without  dis- 

epealing  the  au- 
y  and  pardon,  by 
;t  to  suppress  in- 

18  he  had  not  returned 

ht  resolution  sus- 
863,  providing  for 
those  claiming  the 

of  enUsted  slaves  was 
Eict  regulating  tbe 

no  denial  of  the  elective 
now  or  hereafter  to  be 
)r,  or  previous  condition 
egress  or  the  legislative 
sions  of  this  act,  are  do- 
President  on  January  14, 
lays. 

iture   passed  a  bill 
chise  law. 
on  the  18th.     On  March 
,i  it,  and  in  August  the 
lor. 

to  the  Union. 

iidont'sveto,  FehruaryO. 

[take  cftoct  except  on  the 

lo  denial  ..f  the  electWo 
of  race  or  color,  except- 

It  the  legislature  of  said 
of  the  state  to  the  said 

ke  rresidcnt  shall  issue 

[said  condition  shall  k 
i)on,  without  further  pro- 
be considered  complete.' 

Id  a  proclamation  to  that 

to  provide  efficient] 

m 

equate  protection  forliM 


and  property,  now  exist  in  the  rebel  states  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Caro- 
lina, Georgia,  Alabama,  Mississippi,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Texas,  and  Arkansas, 
Therefore  these  states  should  be  "  divided  into  military  districts  and  made  subject  to 
tlie  military  authority  oi  the  United  States,  the  officers  in  command  to  be  appointed 
by  the  President.  That  whcTi  the  states  shall  form  a  constitution,  framed  by  a 
convention  of  delegates,  and  ratified  by  a  majority,  and  approved  by  Congress, 
and  when  the  legislatures  shall  have  adopted  the  fourteenth  amendment,  the 
states  shall  be  declared  entitled  tr  representatives  in  Congress.  Until  then,  their 
civil  governments  "  shall  be  deemed  provisional  only,  and  shall  be  in  all  respects 
subject  to  the  paramount  authority  of  the  United  States."  This  bill  was  passed 
over  the  President's  veto. 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  created  a  National  )3ureau  of  Edu- 
cation. 

By  the  terms  of  the  act,  the  bureau  ib  established  "  for  the  purpose  of  collect- 
ing such  statistics  and  facts  as  shall  show  the  condition  and  progress  of  education 
in  the  several  states  and  territories,  and  of  diffusing  such  information  respecting 
the  organization  and  management  of  school  systems  and  methods  of  teaching  as 
sha  1  aid  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  the  establishment  and  maintenance 
of  efficient  school  systems,  and  otherwise  promote  the  cause  of  education." 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  regulating  the  tenure 
of  civil  offices. 

It  provided  that  persons  holding  civil  offices,  or  appointed  to  them  by  and  with 
the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  them  until  a  suc- 
cessor shall  have  been  in  like  manner  appointed  and  duly  qualified.  That  the 
secretaries  of  st^-le,  treasury,  war,  navy,  interior,  post-office,  and  attorney-gen- 
eral, shall  hold  their  offices  during  the  term  of  the  President  appointing  them, 
and  a  month  after,  subject  to  removal  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Senate.  During  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  the  President  may  suspend  civil 
officers,  and  designate  some  one  to  temporarily  perform  the  duties,  but  must 
report  such  suspension  to  tbe  Senate  within  twenty  days  after  their  meeting ;  and 
if  the  Senate  concurs,  the  suspended  officer  can  be  removed  and  a  successor 
appointed.    This  bill  was  passed  over  the  President's  veto. 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  abolishing  peonage 
in  New  Mexico,  or  any  other  territory  or  state  in  the  Union. 

It  was  defined  as  the  holding  of  any  person  to  service  or  labor  under  the  sys- 
I  tern  of  service  or  labor  known  as  peonage. 

1867.  —  The  suspension  bridge  over  the  Ohio,  at  Cincinnati, 
I  was  completed. 

It  was  begun  in  1865,  is  2252  feet  long ;  the  floor  is  100  feet  above  low-water 
[mark,  and  the  cost  of  its  erection  was  $1,760,000. 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  payment  of 
[compound-interest  notes. 

For  this  purpose  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  "  directed  to  issue  tempo- 
Irary  loan  certificatoa,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  section  four  of  the  act  entitled 
I' An  act  to  authorize  the  issue  of  United  States  notes,  and  for  the  redemption  and 
[funding  thereof,  approved  February  25, 1862,  bearing  interest  at  a  rate  not  exceed- 


ai'>i 


\4h 


I'  '& 


it 


111 


6G8 


A'  ^ALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA, 


[1867. 


ing  three  per  centum  per  annum,  principal  and  interest  payable  in  lawful  monej" 
on  demand.'"  The  national  banks  were  allowed  to  use  such  certificates  as  three 
fifths  of  their  reserve.  Though  the  title  of  this  act  read,  *'  An  act  to  provide 
ways  and  means  for  the  payment  of  compound-interest  notes,"  yet,  under  its  pro- 
visions, tlie  three  per  cent,  certificates  were  issued  for  United  States  notes  (green- 
backs),  and  also  for  other  values.  The  act  provided  that  the  amount  of  such 
certificates  "at  any  time  outstanding  shall  not  exceed  fifty  millions  of  dollars." 

1867,  March  2.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  establish  a  uni- 
form system  of  bankruptcy  throughout  the  United  States. 

1867,  March  4.  —  The  liberal  army  of  Mexico,  under  Juarez, 
began  the  siege  of  Queratano. 

After  several  attempts  to  break  through  the  siege,  Queratano  was  surrendered, 
May  15.     Maximilian,  with  Mcjia  and  Castello,  surrendered  unconditionally. 

1867,  March-  23.  —  Congress  passed  a  supplementary  recon- 
struction act. 

It  was  passed  March  19,  vetoed  by  the  President  March  23,  and  repassed  by 
Congress  the  same  day,  by  a  vote  in  the  House  of  114  to  25,  and  in  the  Senate  by 
a  vote  of  40  to  7.    The  act  provided  for  the  registration  of  the  electors. 

1867,  March  30.  —  Congress  appropriated  one  million  of  dol- 
lars for  the  relief  of  the  destitute  of  the  South. 
It  was  distributed  in  supplies  of  food  principally. 

1867,  March  30.  —  The  purchase  of  Alaska  from  Russia  was 
completed. 

The  price  paid  was  seven  millions  of  dollars. 

1867,  April  6.  —  The  legislature  of  Ohio  passed  a  joint  reso- 
lution, proposing  an  amendment  to  the  constitution  of  the  state, 
by  striking  out  the  word  "  white  "  in  the  franchise  law. 

It  was  rejected  at  a  popular  vote  in  October.  A  vote  upon  a  similar  proposed 
amendment  to  the  state  constitutions  of  Minnesota  and  Kansas  was  rejected  in 
both  states.  Kansas  at  the  same  time  rejected  a  proposed  amendment  granting  | 
the  riglit  of  suffrage  to  women. 

1867,  April  12.  —  The  last  of  the  French  troops  embarked  | 
from  Mexico,  at  Vera  Cruz. 

They  had  evacuated  the  city  of  Mexico  on  the  Cth.     Maximilian  remained,  and  | 
placed  himself  at  the  head  of  an  army  raised  by  Generals  Mcjia,  Miramon,  i 
Marquez,  at  Queratano. 

1867,  April  13.  —  A  council  was  held  by  General  Hancockj 
witL  the  Cheyenne  Indians  at  Fort  Lamed. 

The  Indians  had  begun  hostilities  in  the  latter  part  of  1866,  and  General  Sliw-I 
man  had  sent  two  columns,  under  the  commands  of  Generals  Hancock  and  Sullr,! 
against  them.  The  Indians  at  the  council  expressed  a  desire  for  peace,  but,  tvi)l 
days  after  fled  west,  where  a  large  body  of  Indians  had  gathered  east  of  the  Kociif  | 
Mountaimi,  on  the  plains  between  the  Nebraska  and  Arkansas  rivers. 


pplementary  recon- 


,ka  from  Russia  was 


oh  troops  emc 


)y  General  Hancock 


1867.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


669 


1867,  Mat  14. — Jefferson  Da^^'s  was  released  on  bail. 

He  had  been  brought  before  the  United  States  Court  at  Richmond,  Virginia, 
for  trial  on  a  charge  of  treason.  The  counsel  for  the  government  not  being  ready, 
he  asked  to  be  released  on  bail,  which  was  granted,  the  bail  being  fixed  at  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  Twenty  persons  signed  the  bond  for  five  thousand 
dollars  each.    Horace  Greeley  headed  the  list. 

1867,  June  19.  —  Maximilian,  with  Mtiamon  and  Mejia,  were 
tried  by  a  court-martial,  condemned,  and  shot. 

The  decision  of  the  court  was  given  on  the  14th.  On  the  20th  the  city  of  Mex- 
ico surrendered  to  the  liberal  army,  and  Vera  Cruz  on  the  27th. 

1867.  —  The  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  was  in- 
corporated by  a  special  statute,  and  authorized  to  assess  the 
expense  of  maintaining  the  "  Salvage  Corps "  upon  all  lire  in- 
surance companies  transacting  business  in  the  city  in  proportion 
to  their  amount  of  business. 

Tlie  Patrol  has  three  stations  in  New  York  city,  and  publishes  each  year  an 
account  of  all  the  fires  that  have  occurred.  The  system  thus  inaugurated  has 
been  followed  by  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  Albany,  Boston,  Buffalo,  Baltimore,  St. 
Louis,  and  San  Francisco. 

1867.  —  George  Peabody,  of  London,  gave  about  two  millions 
of  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  education  of  the  southern 
states. 

George  Peabody  was  a  native  of  Danvcrs,  Massachusetts.  The  fund  is  distrib- 
uted by  a  board. 

1867,  July  1.  —  The  confederation  of  the  North  American 
colonies,  under  the  title  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  was  in- 
augurated. 

The  Queen  of  England,  on  the  23d  of  May,  issued  a  proclamation  declaring 
that  the  union  of  Upper  and  Lower  Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  and  Now  Brunswick, 
under  the  title  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  was  completed.  According  to  the 
bill  passed  by  Parliament,  the  members  of  the  Upper  House  of  the  Canadian 
Legislature  were  appointed  by  the  Queen. 

1867,  July  19.  —  Congress  passed  a  supplementary  recon- 
struction act. 

It  was  passed  July  13,  vetoed  by  the  Proeident  July  19,  and  repassed  by  Con- 
gress on  the  same  day,  by  a  vote  in  tlie  Senate  of  30  to  C,  and  in  the  House  of 
100  to  22.  The  act  declared  the  governments  existing  at  the  passage  of  the  act 
of  March  23,  in  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Georgia,  Mississippi, 
Alabama,  Louisiana,  Florida,  Texas,  and  Arkansas,  were  not  legal  state  govern- 
ments, and  that  thereafter  said  governments,  if  continued,  were  to  be  continued 
subject  in  all  respects  to  the  military  commanders  of  the  respective  districts,  and 
to  the  paramount  authority  of  Congress.  That  the  commanders  in  the  districts 
liad  the  power  of  suspension  or  removal,  and  that  the  general  of  the  army  of  the 
United  States  had  the  same. 

1867,  July  20.  —  An  act  of  Congress  creating  a  commission 
to  make  peace  with  the  Indiana,  was  approved. 


m 


670 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1867-8. 


1867,  August  5.  —  The  President  requested  the  resignation 
of  Mr.  Stanton  as  secretary  of  war. 

Mr.  Stanton  refused  to  resign  before  the  meeting  of  '^onrjress.  On  the  12tli, 
the  President  requested  General  Grant  to  take  the  posu.  .i  acting  secretary. 
General  Grant  having  informed  Mr.  Stanton  of  his  accepiL».ice,  Mr.  Stnnton 
retired. 

1867,  August  17. — ^The  President,  through  General  Grant, 
removed  General  Sheridan  from  his  command  in  the  fifth  district 
of  Louisiana,  and  assigned  General  Hancock  to  it. 

An  order  was  also  issued  by  the  President  removing  General  Sickles  from  the 
Carolina  district,  and  substituting  General  Canby  in  his  place.  General  Slieridan 
was  transferred  to  General  Hancock's  position,  in  command  of  the  district  of 
Missouri. 

1867,  September  8.  —  The  President  issued  an  amnesty  proc- 
lamation. 

It  extended  "the  full  and  beneficent  pardon,"  granted  by  the  proclamation  of 
May  29,  1865,  to  "a  larger  number  of  persons,  who  by  its  exceptions  had  been 
hitherto  excluded  from  executive  clemency." 

1867,  November  1.  —  At  this  date  the  fourteenth  amendment 
had  been  ratified  by  twenty-two  loyal  states,  rejected  by  three, 
and  not  acted  on  by  two.  Ten  insurrectionary  states  had  re- 
jected it. 

The  states  which  had  rejected  it  were  Kentucky.  January  8,  1867 ;  Delaware, 
February  6 ;  Maryland,  March  23.  Iowa  and  California  had  not  acted  upon  it. 
The  insurrectionary  states  had  rejected  it  as  follows :  Texas,  Oi  *,ober  13,  18CC; 
Georgia,  November  9 ;  Florida,  December  1 ;  Alabama,  December  7 ;  North 
Carolina,  December  13;  Arkansas,  December  17;  South  Carolina,  December  20; 
Virginia,  January  9,  1867 ;  Mississippi,  January  25 ;  Louisiana,  February  6. 

1867,  December  28.  —  Orders  were  issued  transferring  Gen- 
eral Ord  from  the  Fourth  District  to  the  Department  of  Califor- 
nia, and  General  McDowell  from  the  Department  of  California  to  j 
the  Fourth  District. 

General  Pope  was  also  removed  from  the  Third  District,  and  General  Meade  j 
transferred  to  it  from  the  Department  of  the  East. 

1868,  January  8.  —  The  military  committee  of  the  Senate,  toj 
whom  a  communication  from  the  President  concerning  the  (iij[ 
missal  of  Secretary  Stanton  had  been  referred,  reported. 

The  President  had  sent  the  communication  on  the  12th  of  December, 
In  it  he  detailed  the  circumstances  through  which  '*  that  unity  of  opinion  whidl 
upon  great  questions  of  public  policy  or  administration,  is  so  essential  to  ttel 
executive,"  had  been  destroyed.  The  report  declared  that  Mr.  Stanton,  in  refts-l 
ing  to  resign,  "  consulted  both  his  own  duty  and  the  best  interests  of  the  country,'! 
and  concludes  with  the  following  resolution :  "  That,  having  considered  the  cri 
dcnce  and  reasons  given  by  the  President,  in  his  report  of-the  12th  of  DecemteJ 
18G7,  for  the  suspension  from  the  office  of  secretary  of  war  of  Edwin  M.  Stantoij 


[1867-8. 
tbe  resignation 

^ess.    On  the  12tli, 

,f  acting  secretary. 

pvu-ice,  Mr.  Stanton 

General  Grant, 
1  the  fifth  district 
it. 

leral  Sickles  from  the 
ce.  General  Sheridan 
laiid  of  the  district  o' 

an  amnesty  proc- 

by  the  proclamation  of 
ts  exceptions  had  been 

rteenth  amendment 
'  rejected  by  three, 
nary  states  had  re- 

uaryS,  1867;  Delaware, 
had  not  acted  upon  it, 
^exa8,0.^oher  13,  18CG; 
na,  December  7;  North 
,  Carolina,  December  20; 
uisiana,  rcbruary  6. 

d  transferring  Gen- 
partmentof  Calitor- 
nent  of  California  to 

trict,  and  General  Meade 

ee  of  the  Senate,  to 
concerning  the  dis- 
■ed,  reported. 
.  12th  of  December,  186(1 
at  unity  of  opinion  vrlujl 
ion,  is  80  essential  to  thj 
that  Mr.  Stanton,  mreftij 
St  interests  of  the  country^ 
having  considered  the  crt 
rt  of-the  12th  of  Decern  ej 
war  of  Edwin  M.  Stantoi^ 


1868.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


671 


the  Senate  do  not  concur  in  such  suspension."  The  minority  of  the  committee 
reported,  advising  the  resolution  that,  "The  Senate  advise  and  consent  to  the 
removal  of  Edwin  M.  Stanton  as  secretary  of  war."  On  the  13th  of  January  the 
resolution  of  the  majority  was  passed  in  the  Senate,  by  a  vote  of  85  to  6 ;  and 
lit,  Stanton  resumed  the  position  of  secretary  of  war. 

1868,  January.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  declaring  "  that 
from  and  after  its  passage,  the  authority  of  the  secretary  of  the 
treasury  to  make  any  reduction  of  the  currency  by  retiring  or 
cancelling  United  States  notes  shall  be  and  is  hereby  suspended." 

The  circulation  of  United  States  notes  (greenbacks)  had  been  reduced  to  about 
$366,000,000,  and  $36,000,000  of  fractional  currency.  This  act  became  a  law  on 
February  4,  the  President  having  received  it  January  23,  1868,  and  liaving  retained 
it  in  his  possession  beyond  the  time  prescribed  by  the  Constitution. 

1868,  February  21. — The  President  removed  Mr.  Stanton 
from  the  position  of  Secretary  of  War,  and  appointed  L.  Tliomas, 
Adjutant  General,  to  fill  the  position  ad  interim. 

A  notice  of  this  action  being  sent  to  the  Senate,  they  passed  a  resolution  that, 
under  the  Constitution  and  laws,  the  President  had  no  power  to  remove  the  secre* 
tary  of  war  and  designr.te  any  otlier  officer  to  perform  the  duties  of  that  office 
ad  interim.    Mr.  Stanton  retained  possession  of  the  office. 

1868,  February  24.  —  The  House  of  Representatives  resolved 
to  impeach  the  President. 

The  resolution  read,  that  Andrew  Johnson,  President  of  the  United  States,  be 
impeached  of  high  crimes  and  ff'sdemeanors  in  office,  and  was  adopted  by  a  vote 
of  128  to  47.  On  March  2,  the  articles  of  impeachment  having  been  prepared 
by  a  committee  appointed  for  the  purpose,  were  presented  to  tlie  Senate.  Tlie 
trial  began  on  the  30tli  of  March.  The  articles  of  impeachment  consisted  of 
eleven  counts,  chiefly  devoted  to  charges  concerning  his  action  with  regard  to  the 
office  of  the  secretaryship  of  war. 

1868,  April  23.  —  The  President  nominated  John  M.  Schofield 
as  secretary  of  war. 

Mr.  Stanton  was  still  holding  the  position. 

1868,  May  8.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  admit  Arkansas  to 
representation  in  Congress. 

It  provided  that,  as  Arkansas  had  adopted  a  republican  constitution,  and  ratified 
the  fourteenth  amendment,  it  should  be  entitled  to  representation  upon  the  follow- 
ing fundamental  condition :  *'  That  the  constitution  of  Arkansas  shall  never  be 
so  amended  or  changed  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  class  of  citizens  of  the  United 
States  of  the  right  to  vote,  who  are  entitled  to  vote  by  the  constitution  herein 
recognized,  except  as  a  punishment  for  such  crimes  as  are  now  felonies  at  common 
law,  whereof  they  shall  have  been  duh"  convicted,  under  laws  equally  applicable 
to  all  the  inhabitants  of  said  state."  i  his  act  was  vetoed  June  20  and  repassed. 
In  giving  the  bill  his  veto,  the  President  said :  *'  If  Arkansas  is  not  a  state  in  the 
Union,  this  bill  does  not  admit  it  as  a  state  in  the  Union.  If,  on  the  other  hand, 
I  Arkansas  is  a  state  in  the  Union,  no  legislation  is  necessary  to  declare  it  entitled 


672 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1868. 


to  representation  in  Congress  as  one  of  tlie  states  of  the  Union."  On  the  22(1- the 
senators  from  Arkansas  appeared,  were  sworn  in,  and  took  tlieir  seats.  Tlie  rep- 
resentatives having  appeared  in  the  House,  their  claims  were  submitted  to  the 
committee  on  elections,  wlio,  reporting  next  day  in  their  favor,  tliey  were  sworn 
in.  Tlio  Democratic  members  of  the  House,  forty-five  in  number,  entered  a  pro- 
tost  against  "the  recognized  presence  of  three  persons  on  the  floor  of  the  House 
from  the  state  of  Arkansas,  sent  here  by  military  force  acting  under  a  brigadier- 
general  of  the  army,  but  nevertheless  claiming  to  be  members  of  this  Congress, 
and  to  share  with  us,  the  representatives  of  the  free  states,  in  the  imposition  of 
taxes,  and  customs,  and  other  laws  upon  our  people ;  counselling  and  advising 
all  friends  of  popular  government  to  submit  to  this  force  and  violence  upon  our 
Constitution  and  our  people  only  until,  at  the  ballot-box,  operating  througli  tlie 
elections,  this  great  wrong  can  be  put  right.  There  is  no  government  but  consti- 
tutional government;  and  hence  all  bayonet-made,  all  Congress-imposed  consti- 
tutions are  of  no  weight,  authority,  or  sanction,  save  that  enforced  by  arms.  We 
protest  against  the  now  proposed  copartnership  of  military  dictators  and  negroes 
in  the  administration  of  this  govei'nment." 

1868,  May  14.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  admit  North  Caro- 
lina,  South  Carolina,  Louisiana,  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Florida  to 
representation  in  Congress. 

This  act  was  substantially  the  same  as  that  admitting  Arkansas.  The  Presi- 
dent vetoed  it  on  the  24th  of  June,  when  it  was  repassed,  in  the  House  by  a  vote 
of  105  to  30,  and  in  the  Senate  by  a  vote  of  25  to  8. 

1868,  May  26.  — The  Senate  voted  "  not  guilty  "  on  the  second 
and  third  articles  of  impeachment  brought  against  the  President, 
Andrew  Johnson,  by  the  House  of  Representatives.  A  similar 
vote  had  been  given  on  the  16th  on  the  eleventh  article: 

The  trial  commenced  on  the  30th  of  March,  and  the  final  vote  stood :  Guihjr, 
85 ;  not  guilty,  19  :  which  was  not  a  majority. 

1868,  May  26.  —  Mr.  Stanton  retired  from  the  secretaryship  | 
of  war. 

He  notified  the  President  of  it. 

•  1868,  June  25.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  making  eiglit| 
hours  constitute  a  day's  work,  was  approved. 

May  19,  1809,  President  Grant,  by  proclamation,  directed  that  "no  deduction j 
shall  be  made  in  the  wages  paid  by  the  government  by  the  day  to  such  laborers, 
workmen,  and  mechanics  on  account  of  such  reduction  in  the  hours  of  labor." 

1868,  July  16.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  continue  the  exv 
istence  of  the  Bureau  for  the  Relief  of  Freedmen  and  Refugees. 

It  provided  that  it  should  continue  in  existence  a  year  from  July  IG,  ISCJS.  HI 
gave  the  power  to  the  secretary  of  war  to  re-establish  the  bureau  where  it 
been  discontinued,  if  lie  thought  it  necessary.  When  discontinued,  the  cduca-l 
tional  branch  shall  not  be  affected  until  the  state  had  made  suitable  provision  fori 
the  education  of  the  children  of  the  freedmen.  A  subsequent  act,  which  was  vc-j 
toed  and  repassed,  discontinued  the  bureau  on  the  Ist  of  January,  ISGO. 


[1868.  I  1868.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


673 


on."  On  the  22dthe 
ihcir  seats.  The  rep- 
ere  submitted  to  the 
,vor,  they  were  sworn 
umber,  entered  a  pro- 
he  floor  of  the  House 
ng  under  a  brigadier- 
)er8  of  this  Congress, 
,  in  the  imposition  of 
mselling  and  advising 
nnd  violence  upon  our 
operating  througli  the 
Tovernment  but  consti- 
mgr ess-imposed  const!- 
enforced  by  arms.  We 
(T  dictators  and  negroes 

admit  North  Caro- 
rgia,  and  Florida  to 

Arkansas.    The  Presi- 
in  the  House  by  a  vote 

ilty  "  on  the  second 
rainst  the  President, 
litatives.     A  similar 
3nth  article! 
final  vote  stood :  Guilty, 


n 


the  secretaryship 


jrcss 


making  eigtt 


scted  that  "no  deduction 
the  day  to  such  laborers, 
in  the  hours  of  labor." 

to  continue  the  ex- 
jdmen  and  Refugees. 
,r  from  July  1G.18«8.1' 

the  bureau  whore  it  m 
.  discontinued,  the  cduc«- 
hade  suitable  provision  foil 
;cquent  act,  which  was  Te-| 

f  January,  18(>9. 


1868,  July  20. — The  secretary  of  state  certified  the  adop- 
tion of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Constitution. 

It  had  been  ratified  by  two  thirds  of  the  tliirty-sevon  states  in  the  Union.  On 
the  21st,  Congress,  by  a  joint  resolution,  declared  the  amendment  a  part  of  the 
Constitution. 

1868,  July  25.  —  The  territory  of  Wyoming  was  organized. 

1868,  July  25.  —  The  provisions  for  the  conversion  of  treas- 
ury notes  was  extended  to  the  national  banks  by  Congress. 
The  banks  were  allowed  to  deposit  three  fifths  of  their  reserves, 

1868,  July  25.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  passed  by 
Congress  for  a  further  issue  of  temporary  loan  certificates. 

The  act  authorized  a  further  issue  of  twenty-five  million  dollars  of  temporary 
loan  certificates  on  the  same  conditions  as  the  act  of  March  2, 1867,  and  for  which 
the  same  use  was  made  of  greenbacks. 

1868,  July.  —  Congress  extended  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  to  Alaska,  and  formed  the  whole  territory  into  one  collec- 
tion district. 

The  President  was  given  power  to  regulate  the  importation  of  arms,  ammuni- 
tion, and  spirits  into  the  territory,  and  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  authorized  to 
regulate  the  fur  and  seal  hunting  there. 

1868,  July.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  concerning  the  rights 
of  American  citizens  in  foreign  states. 

It  disavowed  the  claim  of  allegiance  made  by  foreign  governments  upon  emi- 
grants, and  declared  that  all  naturalized  citizens,  in  foreign  states,  should  receive 
the  same  protection  aflbrded  to  those  native  born. 

1868,  October  7.  —  Governor  Holden,  of  North  Carolina,  wrote 
to  Colonel  Miles,  commanding  in  that  district,  requesting  tliat  the 
military  might  be  so  posted  as  to  aid  the  civil  authorities,  should 
the  occasion  arise. 

Colonel  Miles  replied  he  would  lay  the  matter  before  General  Meade,  who 
issued  an  order  that  the  United  States  forces  should  aid  the  civil  authorities  in 
preserving  tlie  peace. 

1868,  October  26.  —  Governor  Warmouth,  of  Louisiana,  tele- 
graphed to  the  secretary  of  war,  that  the  civil  authorities  were 
unable  to  preserve  the  peace  in  the  parishes  of  Orleans,  Jeffer- 
son, and  St.  Bernard. 

General  Rousseau,  in  command,  was  ordered  to  take  such  action  as  should  be 
necessary  to  preserve  the  peace. 

18G8,  October. — Cornell  University,  at  Ithaca,  New  York, 
was  opened  to  students. 
It  was  founded  by  Ezra  Cornell  as  an  industrial  college. 

1868,  November  6.  —  A  bequest  for  a  public  library  was  left 
to  Chicago,  by  Walter  L.  Newberry. 

43 


m 


'% 


674 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1868. 


By  the  temiB  of  his  will,  it  waa  contingent  upon  the  death  of  his  two  daughters, 
unmarried.  By  the  death  of  the  second,  on  April  4,  1876,  the  bcquoHt  amounts 
to  two  millions  of  dollars ;  and,  being  lartjely  in  real  estate,  it  is  estimated  that  in 
wen  years  it  will  be  worth  ten  millions.  This  is  the  largest  endowment  of  any 
library  in  the  United  States. 

1868,  November  27.  —  The  Indians  were  defeated  by  General 
Custer. 

Their  chief,  Black  Kettle,  was  killed,  and  their  entire  camp  captured.  Black 
Kettle,  it  was  said  in  opposition,  had  always  been  a  friend  to  the  whites,  and  on 
this  occasion  was  not  on  the  war-path,  but  on  an  expedition  to  receive  his  annuity. 

1868,  Decembeb  9.  —  The  President,  in  his  message  to  Con- 
gress, referred  to  the  political  and  financial  condition  of  the 
country. 

He  spoke  of  the  "  disorganized  condition  of  the  country  under  the  various  laws 
which  liave  been  passed  upon  the  subject  of  reconstruction,  which  after  a  fair 
trial  have  substantially  failed  and  proved  pernicious  in  their  results,  and  there 
seems  no  good  reason  why  they  should  longer  remain  upon  the  statute-book.  .  .  . 
The  attempt  to  place  the  white  population  under  the  domination  of  persons  of 
color  in  the  south  has  impaired,  if  not  destroyed,  the  kindly  relations  which  had 
previously  existed  between  them ;  and  mutual  distrust  has  engendered  a  feeling 
of  animosity  which,  leading  in  some  instances  to  collision  and  bloodshed,  has  pre- 
vented that  co-operation  between  the  two  races  so  essential  to  the  success  of  in- 
dustrial enterprises  in  the  southern  states."    Of  the  financial  condition  hesnid: 
"  Our  national  credit  should  be  sacredly  observed ;  but  in  making  provision  for 
our  creditors,  we  sliould  not  forget  what  is  due  to  the  masses  of  the  people.    It  may 
be  assumed  that  the  holders  of  our  securities  have  already  received  upon  their 
bonds  a  larger  amount  than  their  original  investment,  measured  by  a  gold  stand- 
ard.    Upon  this  statement  of  facts  it  would  seem  but  just  and  equitable  that  the 
6  per  cent,  interest  now  paid  by  the  government  should  be  applied  to  the  reduction 
of  the  principal  in  semiannual  instalments,  which  in  sixteen  years  and  eight 
months  would  liquidate  the  entire  national  debt.     Six  per  cent,  in  gold  would  at 
present  be  equal  to  nine  per  cent,  in  currency,  and  equivalent  to  the  payment  of 
the  debt  one  and  a  half  times  in  a  fraction  less  than  seventeen  years.     This,  in 
connection  with  the  other  advantages  derived  from  their  investment,  would  afford 
to  the  public  creditors  a  fair  and  liberal  compensation  for  the  use  of  their  capital; 
and  with  this  they  should  be  satisfied.   The  lessons  of  the  past  admonish  the  lender 
that  it  is  not  well  to  be  over-anxious  in  exacting  from  the  borrower  rigid  compli- 
ance with  the  letter  of  the  bond."    In  the  Senate  the  reading  of  this  document 
was  interrupted  by  an  adjournment,  but  resumed  the  next  day.     The  Senate 
passed  the  following  resolution,  by  42  to  6 :  ♦•  Resolved,  That  the  Senate,  properly 
cherishing  and  upholding  the  good  faith  and  honor  of  the  nation,  do  hereby  utterly 
disprove  of  and  condemn  the  sentiment  and  proposition  contained  in  as  much  of 
the  late  annual  messagn  of  the  President  of  the  United  States."    The  House  re- 1 
solved,  by  154  to  6,  "  That  all  forms  and  degrees  of  repudiation  of  the  national  j 
indebtedness  are  odious  to  the  American  people,and  that  under  no  circumstances  | 
will  their  representatives  consent  to  offer  the  public  creditor,  as  full  compensation, 
a  less  amount  of  money  than  that  which  the  government  contracted  to  pay." 

1868,  December  25.  —  The  President  proclaimed  a  complete  am- 1 
nesty  to  all  engaged  in  the  late  rebellion. 


[1868. 


1869.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


675 


f  his  two  daughters, 
le  bequest  amounts 
,  is  estimated  that  in 
,  endowment  of  any 

ated  by  General 

Tip  captured.  Black 
o  the  wiiites,  and  on 
o  receive  his  annuity. 

message  to  Con- 
condition  of  the 

inder  the  various  laws 
on,  which  after  a  fair 
tieir  results,  and  there 
the  statute-book.  .  .  . 
iiination  of  persons  of 
lly  relations  which  had 
}  engendered  a  feeling 
ind  bloodshed,  has  pre- 
il  to  the  success  of  in- 
icial  condition  he  said: 
a  making  provisioa  for 
.8  of  the  people.   It  may 
idy  received  upon  tlioir 
.asured  by  a  gold  stand- 
;  and  equitable  that  the 
applied  to  the  reduction 

sixteen  years  and  eight 
■  cent,  in  gold  would  at 
alcnt  to  the  payment  of 
^cnteeii  years.  This,  m 
investment,  would  afford 
the  use  of  their  capital; 
past  admonish  the  lender 

borrower  rigid  comph- 
■ading  of  this  document 
next  day.  The  Senate 
Chat  the  Senate,  properly 

nation,  do  hereby  utterly 

■ontained  in  as  much  ol 
States."  The  House  re- 
pudiation  of  the  national 
,t  under  no  circumstances 
Ltor,asfullcompen8aUon, 

contracted  to  pay." 

aimed  a  complete  am- 1 


The  proclamation  embraced  Jefferson  Davip,  whose  trial  had  commenced  De- 
cember 3  at  Richmond,  but  was  stayed  upon  a  motion  to  quash  the  indictment  on 
the  ground  that  the  fourteenth  amendment  punished  him  by  disfranchisement,  and 
that  he  could  not  bo  punished  twice  for  the  same  o£fence. 

1869,  February  10.  —  Both  houses  of  Congress  met  in  the 
hall  of  representatives  to  count  the  electoral  vote. 

The  vote  of  Louisiana  being  called,  objection  was  made,  and,  the  Senate  with- 
drawing for  consultation,  the  House  decided  to  count  the  vote,  and  the  Senate 
decided  in  the  same  way.  With  Georgia  objection  being  made,  it  was  finally 
decided  to  count  the  vote,  and  announce  it,  as  had  been  previously  decided,  by  a 
joint  resolution. 

1861-1869.  —  Fourteenth  administration. 


Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  died  April  15,  1866. 
f  Hannibal  Hamlin,  of  Maine,  March  4,  1861. 
\  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  March  4,  1865. 

William  H.  Seward,  of  New  York,  March,  1861. 
f  S.  P.  Chase,  of  Ohio,  March,  1861. 

W.  P.  Fessenden,  of  Maine,  September,  1864. 
.  H.  McCulloch,  of  Indiana,  March,  1865. 

■  Simon  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  March,  1861. 
Edwin  M.  Stanton,  of  Ohio,  January,  1862. 
U.  S.  Grant  (ad  interim),  August  12,  1867. 

,  John  M.  Schofleld,  of  Illinois,  1868. 

Gideon  Welles,  of  Connecticut,  March,  1861. 
f  Caleb  R.  Smith,  of  Indiana,  March,  1861. 

John  P.  Usher,  of  Indiana,  .January,  1863. 

James  Harlan,  of  Iowa,  May,  1865.  • 

O.  H.  Browning,  of  Illinois,  July,  1866. 
'  Montgomery  Blair,  of  Maryland,  March,  1861. 

W.  Dennison,  of  Ohio,  October,  1864. 
.  A.  B.  Randall,  of  Wisconsin,  July,  1866. 

■  Edward  Bates,  of  Missouri,  March,  1861. 
■  James  Speed,  of  Kentucky,  December,  1864. 

.  H.  F.  Stanbery,  of  Kentucky,  July,  1866. 
„  „  (•  Galusha  A.  Grow,  of  Pennsylvania,  1861. 

Speakers  of  the  House,  (s^huyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana,  1863. 

1869,  March    18.  —  The   President  approved  "  An   act  to 
strengthen  the  public  credit  of  the  United  States." 

It  provided:  "That  in  order  to  remove  any  doubt  as  to  the  purpose  of  the 
government  to  discharge  all  its  obligations  to  the  public  creditors,  and  to  settle 
conflicting  questions  and  interpretations  of  the  law,  by  virtue  of  which  such  obli- 
gations have  been  contracted,  it  is  hereby  provided  and  declared  that  the  faith  of 
the  United  States  is  solemnly  pledged  to  the  payment  in  coin,  or  its  equivalent, 
of  all  the  obligations  of  the  United  States  not  bearing  interest,  known  as  United 
States  notes,  and  of  all  the  interest-bearing  obligations,  except  in  cases  where  the 
law  authorizing  the  issue  of  any  such  obligations  has  expressly  provided  that  the 
Bame  may  be  paid  in  lawfhl  money,  or  in  other  currency  than  gold  and  silver ;  but 
j  none  of  the  said  interest-bearing  obligations,  not  already  due,  shall  bo  redeemed 
or  paid  before  maturity,  unless  at  such  times  as  United  States  notes  shall  be  cou- 


President, 
Vice-Presidents, 
Secretary  of  State, 

Secretaries  of  Treasury, 


Secretaries  of  War, 


Secretary  of  Navy, 


Secretaries  of  Interior, 


Postmasters-General, 


Attorneys-General, 


I 


G76 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1869. 


vcrtiblc  into  coin  at  tlic  option  of  tho  holder,  or  unless  nt  such  time  bonds  of  the 
United  States,  bearing  a  lower  rate  of  interest  tlian  tl>o  bonds  to  bo  redeemed,  can 
be  sold  at  ^ar  in  coin.  And  the  United  States  also  solemnly  pledges  its  faitli  to 
make  provision  at  the  earliest  practicable  period  for  tho  redemption  of  the  United 
States  notes  in  coin." 

1869,  March.  —  CongreBS  passed  a  joint  resolution  accepting 
the  fifteenth  amendment,  and  submitting  it  to  the  states. 

1869,  April.  —  A  bill  regulating  the  tenure  of  oflSce,  passed  by 
Congress,  was  approved. 

The  Houso  had  voted  to  repeal  the  Tcnuro-of-Offlco  Bill,  but  the  Senate 
amended  it,  and  a  compromise  was  effected.  It  provided  that  during  a  recess  of 
tho  Senate  the  President  may  suspend  an  officer,  and  apjwint  some  one  to  fill  liis 
place.  Tiic  President,  on  tho  meeting  of  tho  Senate,  must  present  a  nomination 
for  the  office. 

1869,  April  10.  —  A  bill  by  Congress  for  the  submission  of 
southern  constitutions  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  President  may  submit  the  constitution  of  Virginia  to  regis- 
tered electors,  or,  at  his  discretion,  submit  any  part  of  it.  That  at  the  election, 
members  of  the  general  assembly  and  members  of  Congress  should  be  voted  for. 
The  same  provisions  also  for  Texas  — no  election  to  be  held  there  until  tho  Pres- 
ident should  direct.  The  same  provisions  also  for  Mississippi.  Fixed  the  time 
for  the  mooting  of  their  legislatures.  It  also  provided :  "  Before  tho  states  of  Vir- 
ginia, Mississippi,  and  Texas  shall  be  admitted  to  representation  in  Congress, 
their  several  legislatures,  which  may  be  hereafter  lawfully  organized,  shall  ratify 
the  fifteenth  article,  which  has  been  proposed  by  Congress  to  the  several  states  as 
an  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States."  On  tho  14th  of  May,  a 
proclamation  designated  the  6th  of  July  for  the  election  in  Virginia,  and  submitted 
portions  of  the  Constitution  to  separate  votes. 

1869,  April.  —  A  bill  to  amend  the  judicial  system  of  the 
United  States,  passed  by  Congress,  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States  should  thereafter  con- 
sist of  the  chief  justice  and  eight  associate  justices,  any  six  of  whom  should  con- 
stitute a  quorum.  For  each  of  the  nine  existing  judicial  circuits  there  shall  be 
appointed  a  circuit  judge,  who  shall  preside,  and  have  the  same  power  and  juris- 
diction as  the  justice  of  the  supreme  court  for  the  circuit. 

1869,  May  10.  —  The  Union  Pacific  Railroad  was  completed. 

In  July,  1862,  Congress  passed  an  act  granting  aid  to  the  construction  of  a  line 
of  railroad  from  the  Missouri  River  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The  Union  Pacific 
Railroad  Company  was  formed  to  build  the  line  from  a  point  in  Nebraska  to  the 
western  boundary  of  Nevada,  and  then  connect  with  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad 
Company,  which  had  been  chartered  by  California.  The  whole  line,  from  the 
Missouri  to  the  Bay  of  Sacramento,  was  to  be  completed  not  later  than  July  1, 
1876.  The  company  to  have  tho  right  of  way  of  400  feet,  and  receive  a  grant  of 
ten  alternate  sections  to  the  mile  on  each  side  of  the  track,  and  the  right  to  use 
material  on  government  land.  It  was  also  to  have  $16,000  a  mile,  in  six  per  cent. 
gold  bonds  of  the  government,  for  the  whole  road;  and  for  about  150  miles, 
$48,000  a  mile.    For  the  California  section,  $32,000  a  mile  was  granted.    Tho 


[1869. 

time  bonds  of  the 
o  be  redeemed,  can 
pledges  its  faith  to 
iption  of  the  United 

ution  accepting 

)  states. 

office,  passed  by 

Bill,  but  the  Senate 
it  during  a  recess  of 
;  some  one  to  fill  liis 
present  a  nomination 


1869.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


677 


le 


submission  of 


n  ofVirgin'm  to  rcgis- 
That  at  the  election, 
,8  should  be  voted  for. 
d  there  until  the  Tres- 
iippi.     i'ixed  the  timo 
before  the  states  of  Vir- 
scntation  in  Congress, 
organized,  shall  ratify 
to  the  several  states  m 
On  the  Uth  of  May,  a 
irginia,  and  submitted 

lial  Bystem  of  the 

oved. 

8  should  thereafter  con- 

|ix  of  whom  should  con- 
circuits  there  shall  be 
same  power  and  juris- 

was  completed. 

L  construction  of  ft  line 
an  The  Union  Pacific 
Oint  in  Nebraska  to  the 
Central  Pacific  Railroad 
L  whole  line,  from  the 
Id  not  later  than  July  1, 
\  and  receive  a  grant  of 
pk  and  the  right  to  use 
00  ft  mile,  in  six  per  cent 

U  for  about  ir,0  miles, 
mUe  was  granted.    IM 


bonds  to  bo  issued  when  the  government  commissioncrB  certified  that  sections  of 
twenty  miles  were  built  and  equipped.  The  first  actual  work  was  begun  in 
August,  1864.  The  work  went  slowly  until  18G8,  when  an  average  of  four  miles 
a  day  was  kept  up  for  weeks.  The  point  of  junction  of  the  two  roads  was  at  tho 
heav.  of  the  Great  Salt  Lake.  The  final  tie  was  of  polished  laurel-wood,  bound 
with  silver  bands.  California  had  sent  a  golden  spike,  Nevada  a  silver  one,  and 
Arizona  one  of  gold,  silver,  and  iron.  On  tlie  morning  of  the  12th,  a  despatch 
lent  from  San  Francisco  was  printed  in  the  New  York  papers,  stating  that,  as  the 
last  spike  was  driven,  a  cargo  of  tea  had  been  shipped,  "inaugurating  tho  over- 
land trade  with  Cliina  and  Japan."  An  arrangement  had  been  made  l)y  which 
the  hanmier-strokes  connected  with  the  telegraph  wires,  so  that  the  driving  of  tlio 
last  spike  was  known  at  the  same  iuNtunt  at  both  ends  of  the  lino.  Apart  from 
the  grants  of  land  and  material,  the  bonds  of  tho  government,  amounting  to 
$52,000,000,  had  been  furnished  the  roads,  $2(!,000,000  to  tho  Union  Pacific,  and 
$20,000,000  to  the  Central  Pacific,  leaving  $6,000,000  still  due. 

The  Congress  of  1869-70  had  presented  to  it  projected  railway  schemes  ask- 
ing grants  of  the  public  lands  amounting  to  over  two  hundred  millions  of  acres. 

1869,  May  20.  —  A  convention  was  held  in  New  York  city  of 
the  two  V)ranche8  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  the  "  New  Scliool  " 
and  the  "Old  School." 

On  the  27th  a  plan  for  their  union  was  adopted,  to  be  submitted  to  tho  various 
presbyteries.  November  12,  the  union  was  consummated  at  Pittsburg,  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

1869,  June  21.  —  The  leaders  of  a  proposed  expedition  to  Cuba 
were  arrested  in  New  York  by  order  of  the  government. 

On  tbfl  16th  of  July,  a  portion  of  the  expedition,  which  had  rendezvoused  on 
Garderner's  Island,  were  arrested. 

1869,  July  6.  —  Virginia,  at  an  election,  adopted  a  new  con- 
Btitution.  • 

It  recognized  the  equal  civil  rights  of  all  persons,  irrespective  of  race,  color, 
or  former  condition.  Fifteen  colored  candidates  for  the  House  of  Delegates  were 
also  elected. 

1869,  August  27.  —  The  international  university  boat-race 
took  place  on  the  Thames,  England. 

The  contest  was  between  Harvard  and  Oxford.  The  match  had  been  arranged 
the  year  before.     The  Harvard  crew  lost  the  race. 

1869,  September  24.  —  A  financial  panic  in  New  York  city 
culminated  in  what  has  been  called  Black  Friday. 

The  financial  policy  of  the  government,  requiring  the  payment  of  duties  in 
gold,  offered  the  opportunity  to  speculators  to  monopolize  this  commodity.  A 
plot  for  this  purpose  was  entered  into  by  speculators  in  New  York,  the  chief  lead- 
ers of  which  were  James  Fisk  and  Jay  Gould.  The  banks  of  New  York  had 
only  about  fifteen  millions  of  specie,  and  the  government  had  in  tho  treasury 
about  one  hundred  more.  That  in  the  banks  could  easily  be  controlled,  and  the 
question  was  to  prevent  the  government  from  offering  its  gold  for  sale,  as  had 
I  been  done  from  time  to  time.    Though  the  facts  in  the  case  have  never  been 


If 


678 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTII  AMEBICA. 


[1869. 


rolittbly  investigated,  there  ia  no  doubt  that  the  conapiratori  had  succoeded  in 
assuring  tlienisolvcs  that,  by  underhanded  influences,  tiiey  could  confidently  roly 
on  tlio  assiMtance  of  tlioso  in  autl'urity  to  aid  their  Hchomc.  Tlio  gold  in  the  hanka 
they  coinmenoed  on  the  13th  to  purchase,  and  on  *.h  >  22d  had  raised  the  price  to 
140.  On  tlio  next  day  it  whs  raised  to  14 1  on  the  24th  the  price  was  advanced 
to  IGO,  and  the  speculators  felt  sure  of  carrying  t  t(>  200.  The  price,  however, 
was  broken  by  the  information  sent  by  telegraph  that  the  secretary  of  the  treasury 
would  sell  gold ;  and  in  a  few  hours  the  price  fell  to  132.  During  the  period 
of  exeiteniont,  it  has  been  estimated  that  contracts  were  made  for  the  sale  of  at 
least  Ave  hundred  millions  of  gold.  The  crisis  had  ruined  thousands,  disarranged 
the  business  of  the  entire  country,  and  showed  that  a  financial  system  wliicli 
places  the  legitimate  exchanges  of  industry  at  the  mercy  of  a  few  unscrupulous 
gamblers,  is  as  incompetent  for  the  needs  of  a  well-organized  society,  as  the  con- 
tests  of  antagonistic  feudal  barons  would  be  in  a  well-settled  political  common- 
wealth. 

1869.  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  created  a  Board  of 
Railroad  Commissioners. 

Their  reports  are  most  valuable  aids  in  educating  the  public  to  an  intelligent 
Comprehension  of  the  whole  railroad  question.  Their  report  for  1875,  speaking 
of  the  railroad  extension  and  their  method  of  keeping  accounts,  says :  "  Tiie 
necessities  of  development  should  be  provided  for,  as  the  original  construction 
was  provided  for,  by  the  investment  of  fresh  capital.  Upon  the  capital  required 
for  it,  that  development  should  pny  a  fair  profit ;  if  it  could  not  do  so,  it  should 
not  be  ventured  upon;  but  the  community  ought  not  to  be  called  upon,  as  it  nu\r 
is,  to  pay  in  that  capital  itself  under  the  disguise  of  surplus  earnings.  Thcso 
surplus  earnings  should  be  left  in  the  pockets  of  the  people.  Instead  of  paying 
interest  on  an  increased  railroad  system  built  by  private  capital,  the  community 
is  itself  furnishing  the  capital  to  develop  roads  which  are  the  property  of  the  private 
corporations."  In  their  last  report  they  say:  "  For  several  years  past  the  com- 
missioners have,  in  each  of  their  reports,  freely  criticised  the  methods  of  book- 
keeping in  use  by  the  various  railroad  corporations  of  the  state,  and  the  cliaracter 
of  the  returns  made  from  then).  The  railroad  returns  are,  and  nmst  continue  to 
be,  essentially  unreliable,  if  not  even  deceptive,  until  a  radical  reform  in  tlir 
methods  of  railroad  bookkeeping  is  efFected.  —  The  cause  of  the  difficulty  is  ob- 
vious. It  dates  from  the  very  origin  of  the  railroad  system,  when  it  was  not  at 
all  appreciated  what  that  system,  as  a  whole,  or  the  several  members  of  it  indi- 
vidually, were  destined  to  become.  Ilailroads  were  then  regarded  as  purely 
private  enterprises  managed  by  corporate  bodies,  in  the  doings  and  business 
affairs  of  which  the  holders  of  the  company's  stock  alone  were  interested.  They 
were  supposed  to  be  more  analogous  to  turnpike  corporations  than  to  anything 
else,  and  eiyoyed  much  the  same  exemption  irotn  public  supervision,  nominal 
returns  only  being  made  by  them.  Gradually,  however,  the  public  character  of 
the  functions  they  exercised  became  better  undcrpiood,  until,  as  long  ago  as  the 
year  1846,  only  eleven  years  after  the  first  three  loads  were  opened  in  Massachu- 
setts, the  corporations  were  called  upon  by  a  general  law  for  the  annual  statement 
of  their  doings  and  condition,  which  since  then  have  been  published  as  part  of  the 
records  of  the  state.  In  some  other  states  of  the  Union,  however,  no  such  re- 
turns have  ever  been  required,  and  nothing  is  known  of  the  railroad  companiei 
except  what  their  oiScials  see  fit  to  make  public.  Neither  has  provision  ever 
been  made,  in  Massachusetts  or  elsewhere,  to  secure  any  uniformity  in  the  bookJ 
and  the  methods  of  keeping  them,  which  lie  behind  the  returns.     A  system  might, 


[1869. 

rt  had  auccoedod  in 
Bould  confidently  rely 
Tlio  Rold  in  t\»c  i)anlc« 
,d  raised  the  price  to 
0  price  was  advanced 
Tlie  pricf,  lu)Wt'vcr, 
[irctary  of  the  treasury 
During  the  poriod 
iiado  for  tlic  solo  of  at 
tiiouaands,  disarranged 
inancial  system  which 
of  a  few  unscrupulous 
ted  society,  as  the  con- 
tied  political  common- 

reated  a  Board  of 

public  to  an  intelligent 
port  for  1876,  speaking 
accounts,  says:  "  Tl>e 
le  original  construction 
pon  the  capital  required 
uld  not  do  so,  it  should 
,e  called  upon,  as  it  now 
irplus  earnings.     These 
jple.     Instead  of  paying 
capital,  the  community 
10  property  of  the  private 
sral  years  past  the  com- 
;(1  the  methods  of  book- 
state,  and  the  character 
.,  and  must  continue  to 
a  radical  reform  in  tlif 
JO  of  the  difficulty  is  ob- 
3tem,  when  it  was  not  at 
eral  members  of  it  indi- 
hen  regarded  as   purely 
the  doings  and  busincsj 
e  were  interested.     Tliey 
rations  than  to  anything 
)lic  supervision,  nominal 
,  the  public  character  of 
until,  as  long  ago  as  the 
ere  opened  in  Massachu- 
7  for  the  annual  statement 
n  published  as  part  of  the 
on,  however,  no  such  re- 
(f  the  railroad  companiei 
lither  has  provision  ever 
J  uniformity  in  the  boob 
•eturns.    A  system  migH 


1869 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


670 


indo«d,  be  proscribed  by  law,  and  in  some  caaos  has  been ;  but  the  carrying  out 
of  the  system  is  left  practically  in  tho  discretion  of  the  several  corporation*. 
Until  1873,  tho  Massachusetts  returns  seem  to  have  been  accepted  as  they  woro 
sent  in,  and  accepted  for  what  they  were  worth,  without  scrutiny  or  comment.  It 
is  consequently  almost  needless  to  say  that  they  were  worth  very  little." 

1869,  December  1.  —  The  following  was  the  statement  of  the 
public  debt  of  the  United  States : 

DEIJT  UEAKINU  INTKltEST  IN   COIN. 


Authorizing  Acti. 

CharackT  of  Iiaiic. 

RoU). 

Am.  OuUfng. 

June  1-i,  lKfi8. 

liouds.     .   .   . 

5  per  ct. 

#JO,000,000 

Juno  22,  1800. 

Boiuls.     .   .   . 

6  per  ct. 

7,022,000 

Feb.  8,  1801. 

Honds,  1801.  . 

0  per  ot. 

18,415,000 

March  2, 1801. 

July  17,  and 
Aug.  6, 1801. 

lionds  (Ore- 
e:on)  1881.  . 

Uonda,  1801.  . 

6  perct. 
0  per  ct. 

945,000 
18l>,317,()00 

Feb.  25,  1802. 

Bonds,  6-20-8. 

0  perct. 

514,771,000 

March  3, 1803. 

Bonds,  1881.  . 

0  per  ct. 

76,000,000 

March  3,  1801. 

Bondit,  lO-^Cs. 

5  per  ot. 

1W,507,300 

March  3,  1804. 

Bonds,  6-20'8. 

0  per  ot. 

8,882,500 

June  30,  1804. 

Bonds,  6-20'8. 

0  per  ct. 

126,601,. TOO 

March  3, 1805. 

Bonds,  6-20's. 

0  per  ct. 

201,327,250 

March  3,  1805. 

Bonds,  S-SCb. 

Oporct. 

332,998,030 

March  3,  1805. 

Bonds,  6-20*8. 

0  i)er  ot. 

379,590,150 

March  3,  1805. 

Bonds,  6-20'a. 

0  per  ct. 

42,539  .."WO 

When  Redeemable  or  Payable. 


Accrued  Int'il 


Aggregate  of  Debt  bearing  Coin  Int.,  $2,107,9:18,000. 
Coupons  due,  not  presented  for  payment,    .  . 


Pnynbln  16  years  (Voin  Jan.  1, 
1869 

Tayablo  10  jroara  from  Jan.  1, 
1801 

Payable   after    December    31, 

18M0. 

Rcdcomablo  20  years  lW)m 
July  1,  IhOl 

Payable  at  option  of  (5o  v't  niter 
20  ycors  from  Juno  :iO,  lf<01. 

Uodoemnble  nftcrS  and  piiyiible 
20  veura  from  May  1,  1W52. . 

Payable  after  June  30,  1881.  . 

Redepinablo  nftor  10  and  pnya- 

l>Ic  lOyrH.  from  .Mar.  1,  ls(il. 
Itedeoniable  after  6  and  j)ay  iiblo 

20  yeara  from  Nov.  1,  1804. 
IlcdoomablonrtiT 5  ami  payable 

a<J  yeara  from  Nov.  1,  18(M. 
Itedcemablo  after 5  and  payable 

20  yoarB  from  Nov.  1,  ISOO. 
Kcdeemable  afterS  and  payable 

20  years  from  July  1,  18<i6. 
Kedeemablc  after  fi  and  payable 

20  years  from  July  1,  1807. 
Hcdeomable  after  6  and  payable 

20  years  from  July  1,  ls08. 


1410,060.07 
140,201.07 
400,376.00 

23,025.00 

4,732,940.00 

2,573,S6S.OO 
1,876,000.00 

2,432,091.26 
19,412J!0 
027,800.60 
1,010,030.26 
8,324,073.76 
9,480,753.76 
l,0a3,483.76 


3:1,202,914.00 
H,OC.7,o7i.OO 


Total, $41,270,480.00 


DEBT  BEARING  INTEREST 

IN  LAWFUL  MONEY. 

Authorizing  Acta. 

Character  uf  lasue. 

Bate. 

Am.  Outat'ng. 

When  Bcdeemablo  or  Payable. 

Accrued  Intiat. 

Marcli  2,  1807, 
and  July  2,1808 
July  23,  1808. 

Certificates. 
Navy    Pension 
Fund.    .  .  . 

3  perct. 
3  per  ct. 

$47,196,000 
11,(KX),000 

On  demand  (Infest  estimated). 

Interest  only  applicable  to 

payment  of  pensions.  .   . 

$94:1,900.00 
175,W)0.00 

Aggregate  ofdcbt  bearing  currency  int.,  $01,195,000.  Accrued  Interest $1,118,900.00 


DEBT  BEARING  NO   INTEREST. 


Authorizing  Acts. 


July  17, 1801,  Fob.  12, 1«02. 

Feb.  25,  1802,  July   11,  j 

1862,  March  3,  1803,  .   ( 

July  17, 1862,  March  3, 
1803,  June  30,  1864.   . 

March  3,  1863 


Character  of  laauo. 


Demand  Notes. 
U.  S.   Legal  Ten 
der  Notes,     ,  . 

Frao'al  Currency. 

Certlf.Gold  depos. 


No  interest. 

No  in-  K  Now  issue,  $:j50,9t«),000.00 

terest.  }  Series  1809. 


Am't  Outstanding. 


First  Series, 
Second  Series,  . 
Tliird  Series,    . 

I.  Fourth  Series, . 

No  interest,    .  , 


5.040,000.001 
.  4,534,9:J8.62  ' 
.  3,428,199.31 
18,275,213.75 
12,047,213,00  J 


$U3,'.W.60 
.150,000,000.00 

38,885 ,5(V4.e8 
36,862,040.00 


Aggregate  of  debt  bearing  no  interest $431,861,703.18 


m: 


I! 


i 


680 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1869-70. 


1869.  —  The  right  of  suffrage  was  granted  to  women  by  the 
legislatures  of  the  territories  of  Wyoming  and  Utah. 

The  same  year  women  were  ordained  as  deacons  in  the  First  Presbyterian 
church  of  Fliiladelphia. 

A  bill  passed  by  the  legislature  of  ■Wyoming  in  1871,  repealing  woman's  suf- 
frage,  was  vetoed  by  the  governor,  and  the  veto  sustained  by  the  council. 

1869.  —  Women  were  admitted  to  practise  law  in  Kansas  by  an 
act  of  the  legislature. 

1869.  —  A  State  Board  of  Health  was  organized  in  Massa- 
chusetts. 

1869,  —  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  created  a  Bureau  of 
Statistics  of  Labor. 

It  has  issued  yearly  reports,  wliich  have  been  most  valuable  contributions  to 
the  practical  literature  on  the  organization  of  labor. 

1870,  January.  —  The  joint  committee  of  the  House  and  the 
Senate  for  the  District  of  Columbia  granted  a  hearing  to  the 
advocates  of  woman's  suifrage. 

Mrs.  E.  C.  Stanton  made  the  argument  for  enfranchising  the  women  of  the 
District. 

1870,  January.  —  The  American  Press  Association  was  formed. 

It  was  organized  by  papers  which  were  deprived  of  the  advantages  of  the 
Associated  Press. 

1870.  —  There  were  five  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy- 
one  periodical  publications  issued  in  the  United  States. 

They  were  divided  thus:  Daily,  574;  three  times  a  week,  10/  ;  semi-weekly, 
116;  weekly,  4295;  semi-monthly,  96;  monthly,  622;  bi-monthly,  13;  quarterly., 
49.  They  were  classified  thus  :  Advertising,  79 ;  agricultural  and  horticultural, 
93;  benevolent  and  secret  societies,  81;  conmiercial  and  financial,  142;  illus- 
trated, literary  and  miscellaneous,  503 ;  nationality,  devoted  to,  20 ;  political, 
4333;  religious,  407;  sporting,  6;  technical  and  professional,  207. 

1870,  January  20.  —  The  Lennox  public  library  was  incorpo- 
rated by  the  state  of  New  York. 

The  library  is  not  yet  opened  to  the  public.  It  was  endowed  by  James  Len- 
nox with  his  private  library,  which  in  early  American  history,  and  other  depart- 
ments, is  understood  to  be  unrivalled  by  any  collection  in  the  world. 

1870,  January  24.  —  An  act  of  Congress  admitting  Virginia 
to  representation  in  Congress  was  approved. 

The  following  were  the  conditions :  That  the  constitution  shall  never  be  so 
altered  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  cKiss  of  citii'<.  ->f  the  United  States  of  the  | 
right  to  vote,  wl.o  are  entitled  to  vote  by  the  co  titution  herein  recognized, 
except  as  a  punishment  for  such  crimes  as  are  now  felonies  at  common  law, 
whereof  tlicy  shall  have  been  duly  convicted  under  laws  equally  applicable  to  all 
the  inhabitants  of  said  state.    That  it  shall  never  be  lawful  for  the  said  state  to  | 


[1869-70.    I    1870-] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMEJJCA. 


681 


,o  women  by  the 
Utah. 

le  First  Presbyterian 

opcaling  woman's  suf- 
y  the  council. 

w  iu  Kansas  by  an 
ganized  in  Massa- 

eated  a  Bureau  of 
luable  contributions  to 

:he  House  and  the 
L  a  hearing  to  the 

ising  the  women  of  the 

)ciation  was  formed. 
f  the  advantages  of  the 

mdred  and  seventy- 

ed  States, 
cek,  lO;  ;  semi-weekly, 
monthly,  13 ;  quarterly., 

iltural  ami  horticultural, 

tnd  financial,  142;  iUus- 
voted  to,  20;   poliUcal, 

Lonal,  207. 

library  was  incorpo- 

endowed  by  James  Lon- 
liistory,  and  other  depart- 
in  the  world. 

admitting  Virginia 

itution  shall  never  be  so  1 
the  United  States  of  the  ] 
tution  herein  recognized, 
felonies  at  common  la*. 
„  equally  applicable  to  aU 
wful  for  the  said  state  to 


deprive  any  citizen  of  the  United  States,  on  account  of  his  race,  color,  or  previous 
condition  of  servitude,  of  tho  riglit  to  hold  ofSce  under  the  constitution  and  laws 
of  said  state,  or  upon  any  such  ground  to  require  of  him  other  qualifications  for 
ofBce  than  such  as  are  required  of  all  other  citizens.  That  the  constitution  of 
Virginia  shall  never  be  so  amended  or  changed  as  to  deprive  any  citizen  or  clas'S 
of  citizens  of  the  United  States  of  the  school  rights  and  privileges  secured  by  the 
constitution  of  said  state. 

1870,  February  23.  — A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Mississippi 
to  representation  was  approved. 

One  of  the  senators  sent  from  Mississippi,  to  take  the  seat  formerly  occupied 
by  Jefferson  Davis,  was  H.  B.  Revels,  a  colored  man. 

1870,  March  30.  —  A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Texas  to  rep- 
resentation was  approved. 

1870,  March  30. — The  secretary  of  state  issued  a  proclama- 
tion announcing  the  ratification  of  the  fifteenth  amendment. 
It  had  been  ratified  by  twenty-nine  states. 

1870,  May  24.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  warning 
tliose  engaged  in  illegal  military  enterprises  against  Canada,  of 
the  consequences  of  such  acts. 

The  Fenians  made  an  attempt  on  the  26th,  26th,  and  27th  of  May  to  invade 
Canada.  General  O'Neill,  who  led  a  force  over  the  border  near  St.  Albans,  was 
arrested  by  a  United  States  marshal,  as  were  several  others. 

1870,  May  26.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  chartering  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad. 

1870,  June.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  to  reduce  internal  tax- 
ation. 

The  income  tax  was  to  cease  at  the  end  of  1871. 

1870,  June  24. — A  bill  by  Congress  admitting  Georgia  to 
representation  was  approved. 

The  representatives  from  Georgia  took  their  seats  in  January,  1871.  One  of 
them  was  colored. 

1870,  June  30,  —  An  industrial  school  for  girls  was  formally 
opened  at  Middletown,  Connecticut. 

It  was  for  the  industrial  education  of  such  girls  as,  by  the  beginning  of  a  ca- 
I  reer  of  crime,  had  made  themselves  ami^nable  to  the  control  of  the  state, 

1870,  July  2.  —  Illinois  adopted  a  new  constitution. 

It  provided  for  a  minority  representation  in  the  legislature;  p    Jiibitcd  special 
lalion  in  cases  where  a  general  law  would  produce  the  result ;  forbade  the 
[lending  of  the  public  credit  to  corporations,  or  making  of  public  subscriptions  to 
[their  stock ;  and  regulated  railroads. 

1870,  July  8.  —  An  act  of  Congress,  transferring  the  registry 
lof  copyrights  to  the  office  of  the  librarian  of  Congress,  was  ap- 
Iproved. 


! 


ii 


m^ 


682 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


[1870. 


The  registry  of  the  copyright  and  the  deposit  of  two  copies  in  the  library  of 
Congress  are  required  to  complete  the  copyright. 

1870,  July  12.  —  An  act  to  provide  for  the  redemption  of  the 
three  per  cent,  temporary  loan  certificates,  and  for  an  increase 
of  national  bank-notes,  which  was  passed  by  Congress,  was 
approved. 

It  authorized  an  increase  of  fifty-four  millions  of  dollars  of  national  bank- 
notes, in  addition  to  the  three  hundred  millions  already  authorized,  to  be  fur- 
nished banking  associations  organized,  or  to  be  organized,  in  those  states  and 
territories  having  less  than  their  proportion  under  the  apportionment  of  the  act 
of  March  3,  18G5.  No  banking  association  organized  after  tlic  passage  of  the  act 
to  have  a  circulation  of  more  than  five  hundred  thousand  dollars.  The  secretary 
of  the  treasury  was  authorized  each  month  to  call  in  and  cancel  an  amount  of  the 
three  per  .-cnt.  certificates  equal  to  the  notes  distributed  to  the  banks ;  and  in 
order  to  call  them  in.  to  give  notice  to  their  holders  that  interest  upon  them  would 
cease  after  a  certain  day  to  be  designated,  and  that  from  that  time  they  would  not 
be  counted  in  tlie  reserves  of  the  banks. 

1870,  July  14.  — An  act  by  Congress  to  authorize  the  refund- 
ing of  the  national  debt  was  approved. 

The  secretiiry  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  issue  two  hundred  millions  of 
dollars  of  coupon  or  registered  bonds,  bearing  five  per  cent,  interest,  payable 
after  ten  years,  the  principal  and  interest  in  coin;  and  also  three  hundred  millions 
of  dollars  in  bonds,  bearing  four  and  a  half  per  ccn*^  interest,  payable  after  fifteen 
years ;  and  also  ore  thousand  millions  of  dollars  of  bonds,  bearing  interest  at  four 
per  cent.,  and  payable  at  thirty  years,  tlie  principal  and  interest  in  coin.  "Noth- 
ing in  this  act,  or  in  any  other  law  now  in  force,  shall  be  construed  to  authorize  any 
increase  whatever  of  the  bonded  debt  of  the  United  States."  By  a  section  of  this 
act,  the  secretary  of  the  treasury  was  authorized  to  receive  on  deposit,  at  any 
time  witliin  two  years,  and  for  not  less  than  thirty  days,  gold  coin  on  deposit,  in 
sums  not  less  than  one  hundred  dollars,  and  give  certificates  of  deposit  drawing 
interest  at  two  and  a  half  per  cent.,  the  excess  over  twonty-fiv^e  per  cent,  of  tlie 
gold  thu?  deposited  being  used  at  the  discretion  of  the  secretary  in  redeeming  the 
five-twenty  bonds  of  the  United  States. 

In  the  spring  of  1873,  an  association  of  domestic  and  foreign  bankers,  calling  I 
themselves  a  syndicate,  was  formed,  chiefly  by  the  agency  of  the  Hon.  A.  G.  j 
Cattell,  who  went  to  Europe  for  the  purpose,  to  obtain  the  control  of  the  disposi- 
tion of  the  bonds  to  be  issued  in  the  refunding  of  the  debt.  Tlie  parties  to  tliis  I 
arrangement  were  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  (representing  Rothschild  &  Sons),  Jay  Cooke,  I 
McCuUoch  &  Cc,  and  themselves,  for  one  half  the  amount;  and  L.  P.Morton  and  | 
J.  P.  Morton  (representing  Baring  Brothers  &  Co.),  J.  S.  Morgan  &  Co.,  Morton, 
Rose  &  Co.,  Drexcl,  Morgan  &  Co.,  and  Morton,  Bliss  &  Co.,  for  the  other  half. 

1870. — The  ninth  census  of  the  United  States  was  taken. 

The  population  was  38,555,983.  The  number  of  emigrants  who  had  arrived  in  j 
the  country  from  the  commencement  of  the  government  to  December  31,  I8I0,r 
was,  by  the  Bureau  of  Statistics,  7,863,865.  They  had  come  from  seventy-tT«j 
specified  different  countries  of  the  world. 

1870,  December.  —  A  memorial  to  Congress,  asking  the  rig 


[1870.  ■  1870-1.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


«8d 


ne8  in  the  library  of 

edemption  of  the 
d  for  an  increase 
ly  Congress,  was 

lars  of  national  bank- 
authorized,  to  be  fur- 
3d  in  those  states  and 
portionment  of  the  act 
r  the  passage  of  the  act 
dollars.  The  secretary 
cancel  an  amount  of  the 
d  to  the  banks ;  and  in 
nterest  upon  them  would 
iat  time  they  would  not 

ithorize  the  refund- 
two  hundred  millions  of 
r  cent,  interest,  payable 
so  three  hundred  millions 
(rest,  payable  after  fifteen 
8,  bearing  interest  at  four 
interest  in  coin.     "Notk- 
[onstrued  to  authorize  any 
;es."    By  a  section  of  this 
sccivo  on  deposit,  at  any 
,,  gold  coin  on  deposit,  in 
.catcs  of  deposit  drawing 
enty-flt'e  per  cent,  of  the 
;cretary  in  redeeming  the 

I  foreign  bankers,  calling 
tigency  of  the  Hon.  A.  G. 
[he  control  of  the  disposi- 
■ebt.  The  parties  to  tiiis 
[child  &  Sons),  Jay  Cooke, 
mt;  andL.r.Mortonand 
.Morgans- Co.,  Morton, 
Co.,  for  the  other  half. 

Itates  was  taken, 
kgrants  who  had  arrivedinj 
U  to  December  ai,  l^id'l 
come  from  seventy-W| 

less,  asking  the  rig 


of  sufiFrage  for  women,  was  presented  bv  Victoria  C.  Woodhull, 
and  referred  to  the  committee  on  the  judiciary. 

A  majority  of  the  committee  reported  against  it ;  a  minority  in  its  favor. 

1870.  —  State  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Louisiana 
and  in  CaUfornia. 

1870,  December.  —  The  Supreme  Court  decided  that  the  ten- 
der of  United  States  notes  on  debts  contracted  previous  to  the 
passage  of  the  Legal  Tender  Act  of  February  25,  1862,  was  a 
valid  tender  in  payment  of  such  debts. 

The  decision  was  made  by  a  full  bench  —  five  to  four.  It  was  made  in  the 
cases  Knox  v.  Lee,  and  Barker  v.  Davis,  and  overruled  the  previous  decision  of 
the  court  in  the  case  Hepburn  v.  Griswold. 

1870.  —  The  legislature  of  the  state  of  Illinois  created  a  Rail- 
road and  Warehouse  Commission. 

1871.  —  The  Progressive  Community  was  organized  at  Cedar 
Vale,  Kansas. 

1871,  January  20.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  to  amend  the 
act  for  the  refunding  of  the  national  debt  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  the  five  per  cent,  bonds  authorized  by  the  amended  act  should 
be  increased  to  five  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 

1871,  February  21.  —  A  bill  passed  by  Congress  to  provide  a 
territorial  government  for  the  District  of  Columbia  was  ap- 
proved. 

1871,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  the  Appropriation  Bill. 

a  clause  in  it  authorized  the  President  to  prescribe  such  rules  and  regulations 
for  the  admission  of  persons  into  the  civil  service  of  the  United  States  aa  will  best 
promote  the  efficiency  thereof,  and  ascertain  the  fitness  of  each  candidate  in 
respect  to  age,  health,  character,  knowledge,  and  ability  for  the  service  into  wliich 
he  seoks  to  enter.  The  President  appointed  G.  W.  Curtis,  Joseph  Medill,  A.  G. 
Oattell,  D.  A.  Walker,  E.  B.  Elliott,  and  J.  H.  Blackfan,  to  prepare  such  rules 
and  regulations. 

1871,  March  3.  —  A  joint  resolution  by  Congress  to  enable 
owners  of  lost  or  destroyed  registered  bonds  to  obtain  others 
was  approved. 

1871,  March  3. —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  to  provide  foi* 
celebrating  the  one  hundredth  anniversary  of  American  Inde- 
pendence was  approved. 

It  provided  for  holding  an  international  exhibition  of  arts,  manufactures,  and 
products  of  the  soil  and  mines  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  A  memorial  had 
been  sent  to  Congress  on  February  24,  1870,  from  the  select  and  common  coun- 
cils of  Philadelphia,  committees  of  the  Franklin  Institute  and  of  the  legislature 
of  Pennsylvania,  calling  attention  to  Philadelphia  as  the  fit  place  for  holding  the 
celebration  of  the  nation's  centennial  anniversary.  The  act  of  Congress  created 
the  Conteimial  Commiasioo,  to  consist  of  one  delegate  from  each  state  and  terri- 


"-ft 


r 


1 1 


'■ii 


■w 


684 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1871. 


tory,  to  prepare  and  superintend  the  execution  of  a  plan  for  holding  the  exhibition. 
The  delegates  to  be  appointed  within  a  year  by  the  President,  on  the  nomination 
by  their  respective  governors,  together  with  a  substitute  for  such  as  could  not 
attend.  Their  meetings  to  be  held  in  Philadelphia.  The  commissioners  to  serve 
without  compensation  from  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  and  "  the  United 
States  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  expenses  attending  such  exhibition,  or  by  reason 
of  the  same." 

1871,  March  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  regulating  inter- 
course with  the  Indians. 

The  Senate  renounced  its  right  to  make  treaties  with  the  Indian  tribes  as  inde- 
pendent powers,  and  it  was  declared  that  "  hereafter  no  Indi-n  nation  or  tribe 
within  the  territory  ot  the  United  States  shall  be  acknowledged  or  recognized  as 
an  independent  nation,  tribe,  or  power,  with  whom  the  United  States  may  con- 
tract by  treaty." 

1871,  April  20. — A  bill  passed  by  Congress  "more  fully  to 
enforce  the  provisions  of  the  fourteenth  amendment  to  the  Con- 
stitution of  the  United  States,  and  for  other  purposes,"  was 
approved. 

It  gave  the  President  power  to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  act,  declare  martial 
law,  and  assess  damages  in  such  portions  of  the  states  as  the  civil  authorities 
found  it  impossible  to  keep  the  peace  in. 

1871,  May  17.  — The  Senate  ratified  the  Washington  Treaty. 

It  had  been  framed  by  a  c*  mmission  appointed  by  the  British  and  United 
States  governments.     It  provi-jed  for  the  settlement  of  the  Alabama  claims  Ly  a 
tribunal  of  arbitration  of  five,  one  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  United" 
States,  one  by  tlic  Queen  of  England,  one  by  the  King  of  Italy,  one  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  Swiss  Confederation,  and  one  by  the  Emperor  of  Brazil.     It  was  to  I 
meet  at  Geneva,  Switzerland,  and  decide  by  a  majority  all  questions  laid  before  it 
by  the  two  governments.     The  treaty  also  provided  for  a  commission  to  settle  I 
other  claims  than  the  Alabama  ones ;  another  to  settle  the  fishery  question ;  opened  I 
the  navigation  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  other  rivers;  and  submitted  the  questionl 
of  the  northern  boundary  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany.    The| 
President  proclaimed  the  treaty  on  July  4. 

1871,  May  24.  —  A  congress  of  state  commissioners  and  su-l 
perintendents  of  insurance  met  at  New  York. 

It  had  been  called  by  the  New  York  state  superintendent.  Eighteen  stateil 
were  represented.  The  purpose  the  of  congress  was  to  investigate  the  whole  matteil 
of  insurance  as  a  subject  for  governmental  supervision.  It  adjourned  to  meet  ii| 
October. 

1871,  October  9.  — The  great  fire  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  destroyeJj 
a  large  part  of  the  city. 

The  Are  was  the  most  destructive  one  in  the  history  of  the  country.  Tin 
burned  district  was  four  and  a  half  miles  long  by  a  little  over  a  mile  broad,  cor| 
ering,  by  the  marshal's  report,  two  thousand  acres,  including  the  main  businesj 
portion  of  the  city,  and  destroying  property  valued  at  $190,526,500.  The  toti 
insurance  was  $90,000,000.  About  twenty-five  tl)0usand  buildings  were  destroye* 
and  over  one  hundred  thousand  persons  rendered  homeless  and  destitute.    Onl 


s. 


[1871.  ■  1871.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


685 


LoWing  the  exhibition, 
nt,  on  the  nomination 
it  Buch  as  could  not 
jmmissioners  to  serve 
Ltes,  and'Hhe  United 
ihibition,  or  by  reason 

regulating  inter- 

e  Indian  tribes  as  inde- 
Indi-n  nation  or  tribe 
idgcd  or  recognized  as 
Jnited  States  may  con- 

ess  "  more  My  to 
[idraent  to  the  Con- 
Ler  purposes,"  was 

pus  act,  declare  martial 
as  the  civil  authoriUes 

Washington  Treaty. 

r  the  British  and  United 
[the  Alabama  claims  by  a 
President  of  the  United 
f  Italy,  one  by  the  Presi- 
ror  of  Brazil.     It  was  to 
ill  questions  laid  before  it 
,r  a  commission  to  settle 
D  fishery  qxiestion;  opened 
,d  submitted  the  question 
iperor  of  Germany.    The] 


a  single  house  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  was  left  standing,  and  it  was  esti- 
mated "that  scventy-flve  thousand  people  spent  the  morning  arl  most  of  Monday 
crouching  in  Lincoln  Park,  or  half  immersed  in  the  waters  of  the  lake,  to  save 
themselves  from  the  heat  and  showers  of  burning  cinders  driven  upon  them  by 
the  tempest."  The  loss  of  life  was  very  large,  but  no  accurate  estimate  can  be 
made-  of  it;  it  was  certainly  some  hundreds.  Within  ton  days  after  the  fire,  mil- 
lions of  dollars  were  contributed  to  aid  the  sufferers.  Contributions  were  tent 
from  all  over  the  country,  and  also  from  Europe,  of  money,  provisions,  clothes, 
and  other  articles.  Hardly  had  the  fire  ceased  before  a  beginning  was  made  to 
rebuild  the  city,  and  at  this  date  (187G)  the  work  has  been  about  completed;  the 
new  city  being  better  than  the  old ;  the  disaster  having  given  an  opportunity  for 
improvement. 

1871.  —  The  gold  product  of  the  United  States  for  this  year 
was  $66,000,000. 

1871,  October  12.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  call- 
ing upon  the  bands  in  South  Carolina,  organized  to  prevent  tho 
freedom  of  the  ballot,  to  disperse  within  five  days. 

They  were  also  required  to  deliver  to  the  marshal  or  military  officers  of  the 
[  United  States  all  arms,  ammunition,  uniforms,  disguises,  and  other  means  and 
implements  used  by  them  for  carrying  out  their  unlawful  purposes.     A  special 
investigation  had   been  made  concerning  these  organizations,  and  information 
ol)tained  that  in  nine  counties  of  South  Carolina  there  were  existing  active  com- 
binations, strong  enough  to  "control  the  local  authority."     On  the  17th  another 
I  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  President,  suspending  tho  writ  of  habeas  corpus 
I  in  the  nine  counties  of  South  Carolina,  and  for  tlie  arrest  by  tho  military  of  the 
jUnitcd  States  of  the  members  of  these  unlawful  combinations.     One  hundred  and 
Isixty-cight  persons  were  so  arrested,  some  of  whom  were  released,  and  many 
|of  them  confessed.     The  others  were  held  for  trial. 

1871,  October.  —  This  month  was  memorable  for  the  exten- 
Isive  fires  which  raged  in  northern  Wisconsin,  Michigan,  and 
lllinnesota. 


The  dry  weather  was  unfavorable,  and  everything,  even  the  soil,  was  burned. 
lie  loss  of  life  was  terrible,  over  fifteen  hundred  people,  men,  women,  and  chil- 
mmissionerS  and  SH'Bken,  having  been  burned,  it  is  said,  in  Wisconsin  alone.     Seven  counties  in  that 

^tate  were  in  great  part  desolated.  The  little  town  of  Peshtigo,  in  Wisconsin, 
as  utterly  destroyed,  between  six  and  seven  hundred  persons,  unable  to  escape, 
ving  perished  in  the  flames  ;  and  this  was  one  instance  of  many. 


k. 


tondent.     Eighteen  stateil 
ivestigate  the  whole  mattetl 

It  adjourned  to  meet  ml 

go,IUinoi8,de8troyei| 

tory  of  the  country.    Th 
Ic  over  a  mile  broad,  cotj 
jluding  the  main  businej 
$iyO,526,500.     ThctoJ 
„  buildings  were  destroye^ 

leless  and  destitute.    0^ 


t 


1871,  October. — Juarez  was  elected  president  of  Mexico  by 
tie  congress. 

He  received  all  the  votes  cast ;  at  tho  popular  election  in  June  there  was  no 
|ection,  so  that  it  was  thrown  into  congress. 

1871,  October  27.  —  William  M.  Tweed  was  arrested  in  New 
fork  city. 

I  The  corrupt  ring  which  had  had  control  of  the  city  was  broken.     His  bail- 
knds  were  fixed  at  §2.000,000. 


f 


ii 


686 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1871-2. 


1871,  November  10.  —  The  report  of  the  civil-service  reform 
commission  was  handed  to  the  President's  cabinet. 

The  President  in  his  annual  message  said  that  it  was  believed  the  plan  would 
be  a  "  great  relief  to  the  executive,  the  heads  of  the  departments,  and  menibera 
of  Congress,"  and  "redound  to  the  true  interests  of  the  public  eervice.  At  all 
events  tlie  experiment  should  have  a  fair  trial." 

1871.  —  A  RAILWAY  of  three  feet  gauge  was  opened  in  Colo- 
rado, between  Denver  and  Colorado  Springs. 

It  was  the  first  narrow-gauge  railroad,  and  the  commencement  of  a  line  to 
extend  south  to  the  Rio  Grande  and  Mexican  boundary. 

1872,  January  30.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  setting  aside  a 
portion  of  the  Yellowstone  valley  as  a  nationnl  park. 

1872,  January  30.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  providing  for  a 
new  apportionment. 

The  ratio  of  137,800  was  fixed,  which  gave  the  House  a  membership  of  283. 
The  electoral  college  to  consist  of  357.  The  bill  to  take  effect  March  3,  1878. 
The  number  of  the  House  was  subsequently  raised  to  292,  giving  an  extra  con- 
gressman (at  large)  to  several  states  with  large  fractions. 

1872,  February  19.  —  A  select  committee  of  Congress  to  in- 
quire into  the  condition  of  affairs  at  the  South,  reported. 

The  majority  reported  that  organizations  known  as  Ku-Klux  Klnns,  Knights  of 
the  White  Camelia.  and  Democratic  clubs  of  various  names,  existed  in  all  the  late 
insurrectionary  states,  and  in  Kentucky.  They  advised  that  the  President's  au- 
thority to  suspend  the  habeas  corpus  be  extended.  The  minority  rcporteil  that 
five  of  the  southern  states,  Virginia,  Tennessee,  Arkansas,  Louisiana,  and  Texas, 
were  free  from  any  suspicion  of  lawlessness.  They  did  not  deny  that  lawless  acts 
had  been  performed  by  bodies  of  disguised  persons,  but  denied  that  these  bodies 
have  any  general  organization  or  political  significance,  or  that  their  conduct  is 
indorsed  by  any  respectable  number  of  white  people  in  any  state. 

1872,  May  1.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  repealing  the  duty  on 
tea  and  coffee. 

The  act  was  to  go  into  effect  July  1,  1872,  and  all  goods  in  bond,  duty  paid,  to 
be  subject  to  a  rebate. 

1872,  June  1.  —  An  act  by  Congress  relating  to  the  centennial 
exhibition  at  Philadelphia  was  approved. 

It  created  the  Centennial  Board  of  Finance  as  a  body  corporate,  with  authority 
to  secure  subscriptions  to  a  capital  stock  not  exceeding  ten  millions  of  dollars,  the 
proceeds  to  be  used  in  the  construction  of  suitable  buildings,  and  in  carrying  out  | 
the  objects  of  the  act  of  March  3,  1871.     "Nothing  in  this  act  shall  be  so  con- 
strued as  to  create  any  liability  of  the  United  States,  direct  or  indirect,  for  any  I 
debt  or  obligation  incurred,  nor  for  any  claim  by  the  Centennial  International 
Exhibition,  or  the  corporation  hereby  created,  <br  aid  or  pecuniary  assistance  from 
Congress  or  the  treasury  of  the  United  States,  in  support  or  liquidation  of  any 
debts  or  obligations  created  by  the  corporation  hereby  authorized."  The  depressed 
condition  of  the  industry  of  the  country  made  the  task  of  raising  the  money  I 
needed  for  the  expenses  of  the  exhibition  one  of  great  diflSculty.    By  strenuoui 


[1871-2.    ■   1872.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


687 


il-service  reform 

let. 

icved  the  plan  would 

tments,  and  juenibers 

iblic  service.     At  all 

opened  in  Colo- 
ncement  of  a  lino  to 

;t  setting  aside  a 
park. 
11  providing  for  a 

a  memborship  of  283. 

effect  March  3,  1873. 

2,  giving  an  extra  con- 

of  Congress  to  in- 
,  reported. 
Klux  Klnns,  Knights  of 
;b,  existed  in  all  the  late 
that  the  rresident's  au- 
minority  reported  that 
J,  Louisiana,  and  Texas, 
ot  deny  that  lawless  acts 
lenied  that  these  bodies 
)r  that  their  conduct  is 
ly  state. 

)ealing  the  duty  on 

Is  in  bond,  duty  paid,  to 

g  to  the  centenniiJ 

'orporate,  with  authority 
n  millions  of  dollars,  the 
ngs,  and  in  carrying  out  | 
his  act  sliall  be  so  con- 
•cct  or  indirect,  for  any  I 
_jntcnnial  International 
.ecuniary  assistance  from 
,rt  or  liquidation  of  any 
horized."  The  deprcsseil 
_)k  of  raising  the  money 
difficulty.    By  strenuow 


Acres, 

The  main  building,  21  K 
The  Art  Gallery,        1  >i 
Machinery  Hall,       14 
Agricultural  Hnll,    10  >i 
Horticultural  Hall,    \  K 

48M 


Punished. 

Cost. 

Jan.  1,  1876. 

$1,000,000 

Jan.  1,  1876. 

1,500,000 

Oct.  1,  1875. 

800,000 

March  25,  1876. 

300,000 

Jan.  1,  1876. 

300,000 

efforts,  however,  the  board  obtained  subscriptions  amounting  to  $2,400,000  from 
individuals  and  corporations  other  than  municipal.  Tlic  city  of  Pliiladelphia  and 
the  state  of  Pennsylvania  contributed  generously.  New  Jersey  sxibscribed  one 
hundred  tliousand  dollars,  and  many  of  the  other  states  contributed  the  sums 
necessary  for  the  structures  erected  on  the  grounds  fo  •  the  use  of  their  v^itizens, 
and  adding  to  the  attractions  of  the  occasion.  In  con.iection  with  the  centennial 
commission,  contracts  were  made  for  the  erection  of  th6  buildings.  These  com- 
prised the  following : 

Begun. 

May  8,  1875. 

July  4,  1874. 

April  7,  1875. 

Oct.  15,  1875. 

April  1,  1875. 

$4,500,000 

Besides  the  expense  of  construction,  the  cost  of  fitting,  the  preparation  of  the 
grounds,  and  the  operating  expenses,  were  estimated  at  $4,000,000,  making  the 
whole  cost  $8,500,000.  On  February  16,  1876,  Congress  appropriated  ."$1,500,000 
for  the  purposes  of  the  exhibition.  The  exhibition  opened  May  10,  1876,  and 
closed  November  10,  1876.  Though  the  full  account  has  not  yet  been  made,  yet 
this  nmch  i&  known :  Of  the  buildings.  Memorial  Hall  was  intended  as  a  perma- 
nent structure,  and  will  so  remain.  Horticultural  Hall  and  Machinery  Hall  are 
the  property  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia ;  the  former  was  intended  to  be  perma- 
nent, but  both  will  bo  preserved  for  annual  and  permanent  exhibition  places, 
under  the  auspices  of  a  corporation.  The  main  building  will  also  be  preserved 
for  tlie  same  purposes  and  under  the  same  control.  Mr.  Goshorn,  the  director- 
general,  reports  a  surplus  of  $2,000,000  on  hand  over  operating  expenses ;  so  that 
the  financial  result  is,  that,  unless  the  $1,500,000  appropriated  by  Congress  is 
finally  held  to  be  a  prior  lien  to  tliat  of  the  stockholders,  —  a  point  over  which 
there  is  a  difference  of  opinion,  —  it  will  be  possible,  not  to  pay  a  dividend  on  the 
investment,  but  to  return  about  80  per  cent,  of  the  $2,400,000  stock  subscription 
made  by  individuals  and  corporations  not  municipal. 

1872,  June  4.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  reducing  the  duties  on 
imports,  and  lessening  the  internal  taxes. 

Its  provisions  were  to  go  into  effect  on  the  1st  of  August,  1872. 

1872,  July  1.  —  Up  to  this  time  the  quantity  of  South  Caro- 
lina phosphate  shipped  from  Charleston  was  242,415  tons,  in  the 
crude  state,  and  90,000  tons  of  manufactured. 

The  first  shipment  was  made  in  1807. 

1872,  July  18.  —  The  president  of  Mexico,  Juarez,  died  of 
apoplexy. 
Lerdo  do  Tejada  acted  as  president  until  congress  ordered  a  now  election. 

1872.  —  The  epidemic  among  horses  reached  the  United  States 
I  this  year. 

It  had  been  terribly  severe  in  Canada,  and  early  in  October  was  reported  from 
oston,  Buffalo,  Rochester,  and  Syracuse.     In  some  of  the  large  cities  it  almost 
I  put  an  entire  stop  to  traffic,  and  in  some  cases  the  horse-railroads  ceased  entirely 
for  a  time. 


.ill 

lit 


688 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEKICA. 


[1872-3. 


1872,  November  9,  —  A  great  fire  in  Boston,  Massachusetts, 

destroyed  the  business  portion  of  that  city. 

It  raged  twenty-four  hours.  The  loss  was  estimated  by  comniissionors  at 
seventy  millions.  Sixty  acres,  comprising  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  were 
burned.  Thirteen  persons  were  reported  killed.  As  with  the  city  of  Ciiieago, 
the  opportunity  afforded  by  the  disaster  was  taken  advantage  of  to  rebuild  the 
burned  district  in  a  hotter  manner,  both  in  the  arrangement  of  the  streets  and  the 
charnoter  of  the  constructions. 

1872.  —  Lerdo  de  Tejada  was  elected  president  of  Mexico. 

The  commencement  of  his  administration  was  celebrated  with  the  opening  of 
the  railway  from  the  city  of  Mexico  to  Vera  Cruz. 

1872.  —  The  patents  'ssued  this  year  for  improvements  in 
agricultural  machinery  were  over  a  thousand  in  number. 

36  were  for  rakes,  IGO  for  hay  and  grain  harvesters,  177  for  seed  planters  and 
drills,  30  for  hay  and  straw  cutters,  90-  for  cultivators,  73  for  beehives,  90  for 
churns,  IGO  for  ploughs. 

1872.  —  The  Big  Bonanza  was  discovered  in  the  consolidated 
Virginia  silver  mine  in  Nevada. 

1872.  —  A  STATE  board  of  health  was  organized  in  Virginia. 

1873,  January  24.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress  abolishing 
the  grades  of  admiral  and  vice-admiral  in  the  navy  was  ap- 
proved. 

1873,  February  12.  — The  electoral  vote  was  counted  in  the 
House,  the  Senate  being  present. 

The  votes  of  Georgia,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana  were  excluded  from  the  count. 

1873. — The  Pennsylvania  legislature  es*  blished  a  bureau 
of  labor  statistics. 

Its  limitations  rendered  it  practically  worthless. 

1873.  —  The  New  Jersey  legislature  passed  a  general  railroad 
bill. 

It  also  passed  an  act  making  railroads  subject  to  local  taxation,  from  which 
they  had  up  to  this  time  been  exempt. 

1873,  February  12.  —  Congress  revised  and  amended  the  mint 
laws. 

The  silver  trade  dollar  was  created,  to  contain  four  hundred  and  twenty  grains, 
The  act  provided  that  "the  silver  coins  of  the  United  States  shall  be  a  legal 
tender  at  their  nominal  value  for  any  amount  not  exceeding  five  dollars  in  any 
one  payment." 

The  act  contains   sixty-seven  sections.     It  specifies  the  gold  coins  as  tlie| 
dollar,  two  and  a  half,  three,  five,  ten,  and  twenty.     The  dollar  to  be  the  standard, 
and  to  weigh  twer.ty-five  a'   '  eight-tenths  grains,  and  that  when  by  use  they  hare  I 
lost  more  than  a  half  of    ae  per  cent.,  they  shall  be  recoined,  and  be  a  legal 


[1872-3. 


1873.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


689 


,  Massachusetts, 

Ijy  comniissionors  at 
ion  of  tho  city,  were 
the  city  of  Cliicago, 
igc  of  to  rebuild  tlie 
uf  the  streets  and  the 

ent  of  Mexico. 

1  with  the  opening  of 

improvements  in 
I  number. 
7  for  seed  planters  and 
3  for  beeliives,  90  for 

n  the  consolidated 

zed  in  Virginia. 

ongresa  abolishing 
the  navy  was  ap- 

as  counted  in  the 
xcluded  from  the  count. 

blished  a  bureau 


1  a  general  railroad 

:al  taxation,  from  wliich 

1  amended  the  mint 

ndrcd  and  twenty  grains. 

States  shall  be  a  legal 

ding  five  dollars  in  any 

p  the  gold  coins  as  the 
dollar  to  be  the  standard, 
It  when  by  use  they  have 
recoined,  and  be  a  legal 


tender  for  their  proportional  weight.  Tho  silver  coins  arc  the  trade  dollar,  hnlf 
dollar,  quarter  dollar,  dime,  and  are  a  legal  tender  for  five  dollars.  The  minor 
coins  are  five-cent  piece,  three-cent,  and  one  cent,  and  are  legal  tender  for  twenty- 
fire  cents. 

The  act  established  the  mint  as  a  bureau  of  tho  treasury,  and  provided  for  being 
known  as  tho  coinage  act  of  1873.  It  created  a  trade  dollar,  for  use  in  the  China 
trade,  demonetized  silver,  and  was  passed  by  the  House  without  being  read. 

1873,  February  18.  —  The  Poland  credit  mobilier  committee 
reported  to  the  House. 

They  advised  the  expulsion  of  Messrs.  Ames  and  Brooks. 

1873,  March  2.  —  Congress  repealed  the  Bankruptcy  Act. 

1873,  March  3.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  raising  the  compen- 
sation of  tho  officers  of  the  government. 

It  is  commonly  known  as  the  "  salary  grab."  It  gave  the  president  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars  a  year,  the  vice-president  ten  thousand;  the  chief  justice  of  the 
supreme  court,  ten  thousand  five  hundred;  the  justices  of  the  supreme  court, 
ten  thousand ;  the  secretaries  of  the  cabinet,  ten  thousand ;  the  assistant  secreta- 
ries, six  thousand ;  the  speaker  of  the  house,  ten  thousand ;  the  senators,  repre- 
sentatives, and  delegates  in  Congres.s,  seven  thousand  five  hundred.  The  salaries 
of  the  clerks  were  also  increased,  together  with  various  other  employes  of  Con- 
gress. It  was  also  provided  by  the  act  that  the  increase  of  pay  "  shall  begin  with 
the  present  Congress,"  which  carried  it  back  to  March  4,  1871. 

1873,  March  4.  —  The  M'Enery  militia  took  possession  of  the 
seventh  precinct  station-house  in  New  Orleans. 

The  contest  began  the  next  day  between  the  two  factions.  On  the  6th,  the 
Kellogg  authorities  took  possession  of  tho  hall  occupied  by  the  M'Enery  legisla- 
ture, and  arrested  the  speaker  and  many  of  the  members. 

1873,  March.  —  Congress  authorized  the  establishment  of 
signal-service  stations  at  the  light-houses  and  life-saving  stations 
on  the  coast. 

Thirty  thousand  dollars  were  appropriated  for  connecting  them  by  telegraph. 
rrom  fragmentary  lc},'islation  of  this  character  the  signal-service  bureau  has  been 
able,  by  persistent  endeavor,  to  reach  its  present  efliicicncy. 

1873.  —  Congress  abolished  the  franking  privilege. 

The  act  to  take  effect,  on  and  after  July  1,  1873. 

1873,  April  11.  —  The  peace  commissioners,  Major-General 
Canby,  and  Rev.  E.  Thomas,  were  massacred  by  the  Modoc  In- 
dians, at  the  lava  beds,  in  Oregon. 

The  peace  commission  had  been  organized  March  16.     On  the  12th  of  April 

I  General  Sherman  issued  an  order  to  General  Gillom  to  punish  the  Modocs.     "  You 

"ill  be  fully  justified  in  their  utter  extermination."     "All  Indians  must  be  made 

to  know  that  when  the  government  commands  they  must  obey ;  and  until  that  state 

[of  mind  is  reached,  through  persuasion  or  fear,  we  cannot  hope  for  peace."    Cap- 

44 


li 


::3ti 


ir^ 


690 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1873. 


tnin  Jack,  tho  Modoc  chiuf,  was  captured  with  others  Juno  1.    Thoy  woro  tried 
by  a  court-martial  August  23,  and  four  of  them  executed  October  3. 

1873,  Apktl  13.  —  A  collision  took  place  at  Colfax  Court  House, 
in  Grant  Parish,  Louisiana. 

Sheriff"  Sliaw  hud  callod  for  a  body  of  colored  men  to  dcfond  tho  court-liome, 
which  was  threatened  by  tiic  supporters  of  tho  M'Encry  govorninent.  Tho  col- 
orcd  men  were  defeated  and  massacred.  Tho  United  States  niarsliul,  8.  B. 
Packard,  states  they  wcro  shot  after  their  surrender.  Tiio  court-liouso  vu 
burned. 

1873,  April.  —  A  storm  in  Nebraska  was  very  destructive. 

It  was  80  intensely  cold  that  persons  were  frozen  to  death  a  few  rods  from  their 
houses,  while  engaged  in  tending  their  stock.  Numerous  houses  were  blown 
down,  and  great  numbers  of  cattle  perished.  On  this  occasion,  as  well  as  with 
the  other  disasters  to  the  people  of  the  West,  contributions  to  aid  the  sufferers 
were  quite  general  all  over  the  country. 

1873.  —  Congress  passed  an  act  for  the  encouragement  of 
timber-growing  on  the  western  prairies. 

It  provides  that  any  on  planting,  and  preserving  for  ten  years,  forty  acres  of  tim- 
ber on  the  public  lands,  the  trees  not  more  than  twelve  feet  apart,  shall  be  entitled 
to  a  patent  for  the  land.  And  that  land  may  be  entered  for  such  planting,  by  pay- 
ing a  fee  for  the  register  of  ten  dollars.  Thiit  settlers  under  the  homestead  act, 
who,  at  the  end  of  three  years,  shall  have  had  for  every  sixteen  acres  one  simi- 
larly planted,  shall  receive  a  patent  for  the  homestead. 

1873.  —  State  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Minnesota  | 
and  Michigan. 

1873.  —  The  suspension  bridge  connecting  the  cities  of  New| 
York  and  Brooklyn  was  begun. 

In  187G  the  two  towers  were  united  by  an  endless  wire  rope,  for  the  use  of  the  I 
workmen  in  finishing  the  structure. 

1873.  —  During  the  spring  of  this  year  there  were  variousj 
strikes  for  the  practical  introduction  of  the  eight-hour  law. 

March  19,  the  legislature  of  Illinois  passed  a  bill  attaching  sevare  penalties  tol 
intimidation  used  by  strikers.  On  the  5th  of  April,  the  workmen  of  the  Ncwl 
York  gas  company  struck  for  eight  hours.  They  claimed  that  the  excessive  houril 
shortened  their  lives.  They  were  dismissed.  At  Knightsville,  Indiana,  the  opoJ 
atives  of  the  Western  Iron  Company  struck,  and  their  places  being  filled  with! 
negro  laborers  from  Virginia,  a  collision  took  place,  which  was  put  down  forcibltf 
by  police  and  militia  from  Indianapolis.  A  committee  of  the  Massachusetts  logl 
islature,  appointed  to  investigate,  reported  there  was  no  need  for  legislative  interj 
ference  in  the  hours  of  labor,  or  the  employment  of  women  and  children. 

1873,  May  22.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamation  ordering 
che  disorderly  and  turbulent  in  Louisiana  to  disperse  withil 
twenty  days. 


[t873.  I 

3  1.    They  wcro  tried    ■ 
ctobcr  3.  H 

)lfax  Court  House,   I 

Icfond  tho  court-house,  ■ 

govcrniiu-nt.     The  col-  ■ 

States  inarshiil,  S.  B.  ■ 

The  court-house  was  ■ 

3ry  destructive.       I 

vth  a  few  rods  from  their  ■ 
•ous  houses  were  i)lowii  ■ 
,ccasion,  ns  well  as  with  ■ 
ons  to  aid  the  sufferers  ■ 

encouragement  of  ■ 

,1  years,  forty  acres  of  tim-l 
,et  apart,  sluiU  be  entitled  ■ 
for  sucli  phvntinf,',  by  pay  ■ 
,  under  the  homestead  act,  ■ 
ry  sixteen  acres  one  Bimi-  ■ 

anized  in  Minnesota  ■ 

the  cities  of  Ne^  I 

e  rope,  for  the  use  of  tlic  ■ 

there  were  various  | 
eight-hour  law.        I 

laching  scvDre  penalties  tol 
Uhc  workmen  of  the  Nc*| 
L.d  that  the  excessive  houril 

Ltsville,  Indiana,  the  ope  J 
L  places  being  fiUed  ^  fl 
fhich  was  put  down  forciblfl 
1;  of  the  Massachusetts  m 
L  need  for  legislative  intcrj 
loinen  and  children. 

Iprodamation  orderinj 
\a  to  disperse  witbi^ 


1873.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


691 


1873,  SEPTEMBEn.  —  A  commercial  panic,  beginning  in  tho 
Stock  Exchange  of  Now  York,  spread  throughout  the  whole 
country. 

Jay  Cooke  &  Co.  failed  on  the  18t!j ;  on  tho  19th,  scores  of  firms  identified  with 
various  stocks  failed,  and  on  the  20th  the  stock  exchange  was  closed,  and  not  ro« 
opened  until  the  80th.  During  the  panic  such  was  the  necessity  for  some  legal 
tender  with  which  to  settle  indebtedness,  that  greenbacks  wcro  hoarded  and  sold 
at  a  premium. 

1873,  July  3,  —  Tho  President  issued  a  proclamation  announc- 
ing tho  International  Exhibition  of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Prod- 
ucts of  tho  Soil  and  Mino,  and  commending  it  to  the  people  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  all  nations. 

On  the  5th  of  July,  the  secretary  of  state  addressed  a  circular  note  to  all  the 
foreign  ministers,  containing  a  copy  of  the  President's  proclamation,  for  the  in- 
formation of  their  governments.  The  plan' of  the  exhibition  decided  upon  by  tho 
Centennial  Commission  provided  thnt  it  should  open  May  10,  187C,  and  close  No- 
vember 10,  187G.  The  plan  for  the  J  uildings  comprised  five  chief  buildings  cov- 
ering forty-eight  and  three-quarters  acres.  Besides  these,  tho  various  annexes 
covered  twenty-six  and  a  quarter  acres,  and  consisted  of  the  United  States  Exhibi- 
tion Building,  in  which  were  exhibited  collections  illustrating  tho  functions  of  the 
government  in  times  of  peace,  and  its  power  in  times  of  war.  Here  the  Smith- 
sonian Institute  occupied  an  important  place.  Besides  these,  the  United  States 
cxliii)ited  a  model  army  hospital  and  a  model  laboratory.  Twenty-one  of  tho 
states  had  also  their  own  buildings  for  the  accommodation  of  their  respective  cit- 
izens. The  visitors  to  these  buildings  found  in  them  files  of  tho  papers  of  tho 
state.  L.e*t..  foreign  nations  had  also  each  their  own  building.  Ten  restaurants 
also  occupied  separate  buildings  in  the  grounds,  together  with  those  in  the  chief 
buildings.  Besides  these,  twelve  otlier  structures,  designed  for  various  exhibitions, 
were  in  the  grounds.  The  grounds  themselves,  consisting  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty-six  acres  fenced  in  from  a  portion  of  West  ITairmount  Park,  were  beautifully 
laid  out  and  admir.ably  decorated,  forty  acres  being  devoted  for  the  display  of 
tropical  plants  and  every  kind  of  garden  decoration.  An  original  system  of 
awards  was  also  adopted.  Two  hundred  judges,  one  half  citizens  of  tho  United 
States,  and  one  half  foreigners,  were  to  assign  the  awards,  based  on  merit.  The 
awards  to  consist  of  a  diploma  and  bronze  medal,  accompanied  by  a  special  report. 
The  exliibition  was  open  one  hundred  and  fifty-nine  days,  and  was  visited  by 
OjOlO.'JGG  persons.  The  receipts  for  admission  reached  the  sum  of  $3,813,750, 
almost  double  the  higliest  receipts  of  any  one  of  the  six  former  international 
exiiibitions  held  in  London,  Paris,  and  Vienna.  One  account  gives  the  number 
of  visitors  at  the  Piiris  exposition  of  18G7  as  8,80.5,nG»,  and  another  at  10,000,000. 
This  was  the  largest  number  that  had  visited  any  internation.al  exposition  before 
this ;  and  even  tho  largest  figures  given  for  th.at  would  have  been  outnumbered  by 
this  had  tliis  remained  open  two  hundred  and  ten  days,  as  that  did.  The  largest 
number  of  visitors  any  one  day  at  the  former  exposition,  was  one  Sunday,  when 
173,923  persons  attended  tlie  Paris  exposition ;  but  at  the  Philadelphia  exposition, 
on  the  Pennsylvania  day,  257,286  persons  were  admitted.  This  was  the  largest 
.ingle  day's  admissions.     The  visitors  on  the  closing  day  numbered  216,924. 

1873,  September  7.  —  Tho  payment  was  made  by  Great  Britain 


m 

mf 

I 

■?!'! 

i  1 

692 


ANNAJ.S  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1873-4. 


of  the  award  for  the  Alabama  claims  made  by  the  commission  at 
Geneva,  Switzerland. 

The  Enf^Iish  government  had  notiflcd  that  of  the  United  States  that  the  amount 
($15,500,000)  could  nut  be  paid  in  coin  without  too  seriously  deranging  the  bu::i- 
ncsH  intercHts  of  the  empire.  In  conHcqucncc,  the  piiynient  was  arranged  by  tho 
return  to  the  United  States  by  England  of  a  special  bond  for  the  amount,  made 
for  the  purpose  by  the  treasury  department,  for  tho  purchase  of  which  the  British 
government  had  opened  a  credit  for  the  United  States  at  tho  Bank  of  England. 

1873,  September  10.  —  At  a  public  sale,  at  New  York  Milla,  New 
York,  of  short-horn  cattle,  one  hundred  and  nine  head  sold  for 
about  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  thousand  dollars. 


This  was  an  average  of  over  $3500  a  head, 
for  a  cow,  and  $2700  for  a  calf  five  months  old. 


The  highest  price  was  $4G00 


1873.  —  The  number  of  nQrmal  schools  in  the  United  States 
was  this  year  reported  to  be  114.  Of  these  51  were  state  and 
16  city  institutions. 

Of  these,  Massachusetts  had  7;  Illinois,  10;  Ohio,  9;  New  York,  11 ;  Pcnnsyl- 
\ania,  8;  Wisconsin  and  West  Virginia,  cuch  5;  Tennessee  and  lown,  each  4j 
Vermont,  Indiana,  Kentucky,  and  MinncHota,  each  3 ;  California,  Louisiana,  Mifl- 
sissippi,  Florida,  Maine,  Maryland,  New  Jersey,  Oregon,  Virginia,  and  North 
Carolina,  each  2;  Arkansas,  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Georgia,  Kiinsas,  Nebrnskd, 
New  Hampshire,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Michigan,  District  of  Columbia, 
and  Utali,  each  1 ;  Texas  and  Nevada,  none.  From  the  ccnsvs  of  1870  the  Com- 
missioner of  Educatioii  reports  fhat  there  were  in  the  United  Str.tes  1,554,931  male 
adults  unable  to  either  read  or  write.  In  California  alone  tiicrc  was  no  distinc- 
tion made  between  women  and  rinn  teachers  in  their  salaries. 

1873,  September  25.  —  The  congress  of  Mexico  passed  a  law 
requiring  all  deputies  to  taku  an  oath  to  support  the  constitution, 
and  the  laws  of  reform. 

The  laws  of  reform  consist  in  tlie  separation  of  church  and  state ;  making 
marriage  a  civil  contract;  disenabling  congress  to  establish  or  prohibit  any  re- 
ligion ;  forbidding  religious  institutions  to  possess  any  property ;  substituting  a 
promise  to  speak  the  truth  in  place  of  the  religious  oath ;  prohibiting  contracts 
which  interfere  with  liberty  of  labor,  education,  or  religious  vows.  It  also  or- 
dered the  Jesuits  to  leave  the  country. 

1873,  November  19.  —  In  New  York,  William  M.  Tweed  was  j 
found  guilty. 

November  22,  he  was  sentenced  to  twelve  years  imprisonment  in  the  peniten- 
tiary.    He  escaped  December  4,  1875,  and  was  arrested  in  Spain,  and  brouglit  | 
back  November  24,  1876. 

1874,  January  14.  — The  order  of  the  Sovereigns  of  Industry] 
was  organized  at  Springfield,  Massachusetts. 

It  is  a  secret  order  to  unite  the  various  mechanical  trades  in  co-operating  fo;| 
their  mutual  benefit. 


[1873-4. 
>  coramission  at 

,tc8  that  the  amount 
Icranning  tl>e  hu.i- 
as  nrran«cd  by  tho 
,r  the  amount,  made 
of  wliich  the  British 
liank  of  England. 

York  Mills,  New 

ne  head  sold  for 

ollars. 

licst  price  vras  $4G00 

the  United  States 
31  were  state  and 

ewYork,ll;  renmy^ 
;scc  and  Iown,each4; 
ifornia,  Louisiana,  Mih- 
,n,  Virginia,  and  North 

•Kift,  Kunsas,  Nebrnskiv, 
,  District  of  Columbia, 
bcnsvs  of  1870  the  Corn- 
ed Stf.tes  1,554,931  male 
,e  there  was  no  distmc- 
•ics. 

exico  passed  a  lavr 
ort  the  constitution, 

arch  and  state;   making 
blish  or  prohibit  any  re- 

property,    substitutmga 

h-    prohibiting  contracts 

'.glous  vows.     It  also  or- 

Lam  M.  Tweed  was  I 

Lonment  in  the  poniten- 
^d  in  Spain,  and  brougn 

irereigns  of  Industryj 
[trades  in  co-operating  fo^ 


1874.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


093 


1874,  January  20.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  repealing  tho 
increase  of  salaries,  was  approved. 

T!ie  act  repealed  Iho  increase,  excepting  that  given  to  tho  President  and  tho 
justices  of  the  Supreme  Court.  It  also  provided  that  such  increase  of  compenBa- 
tion  for  members  of  Congress,  as  had  not  been  already  drawn,  or  wliich  had  been 
returned,  should  be  covered  into  the  treasury  of  the  United  States. 

1874,  January  23.  —  The  Prosidont  appointed  a  Bop.rd  for 
perfecting  a  collective  exhibition  to  illustrate  tho  functions  and 
administrative  faculties  of  the  government  in  time  of  peace  and 
its  resources  as  a  war  power,  ibr  tho  International  Centennial 
Exhibition. 

It  was  composed  of  a  representative  from  tho  war,  treasury,  navy,  interior, 
post-offlco,  and  agricultural  departments,  and  from  tho  Smithsonian  Institute.  On 
June  5,  Congress  requested  ti'o  President  to  extend  an  invitntion  to  otiier  gov- 
ernments to  take  part  in  tho  Centennial  Exposition,  and  on  tiie  16th  of  .Jirne 
passed  an  act  orderiiig  the  medals  commemorative  of  the  centennial  to  bo  struck 
at  the  Piiiladelphia  mint.  On  the  IStli  of  June,  an  act  admitting  articles  intended 
for  tlie  Exposition  free  of  duty  was  approved. 

1874,  February  4.  —  The  National  Grange  met  in  annual  ses- 
sion at  St.  Louis. 

It  remained  in  session  nine  days.  This  was  the  seventh  session  of  the  National 
Grange,  but  the  first  of  a  purely  national  character,  tlic  representatives  present 
coming  from  the  state  granges  in  thirty-two  status  and  two  territories,  having 
under  their  jurisdiction  nearly  twelve  thousand  snoordinate  granges,  representing 
a  membership  of  probably  over  a  million  of  porsons  actively  engaged  in  agri- 
culture. 

1874,  March  14.  —  Congress  amended  the  act  "  to  encourage 
the  growth  of  timber  on  the  western  prairies." 

The  provisions  were  made  somewhat  easier,  and  the  fees  less. 

1874,  April  15.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a 
compulsory  educational  law. 

The  New  Jersey  legislature  also  passed  a  compulsory  education  bill,  giving 
authority  to  the  local  school  officers  to  enforce  attendance. 

By  the  constitution  of  Nevada,  adopted  in  1864,  it  is  provided  that  the  legisla- 
ture "  may  pass  such  laws  as  will  tend  to  secure  a  general  attendance  of  the  chil- 
dren in  each  school  district."  Virginia,  by  her  constitution,  as  amended  in  1870, 
provides:  "The  general  assembly  shall  have  power,  after  a  full  introduction  of 
tho  public  free-school  system,  to  make  such  laws  as  sluill  not  permit  parents  and 
guardians  to  allow  their  children  to  grow  up  in  ignorance  and  vngrancy."  North 
Carolina,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provides  ;  '♦  The  general  assembly 
is  hereby  empowered  to  enact  that  every  child  of  sufficient  mental  and  physical 
ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  between  the  ages  of  six 
and  sixteen  years,  for  a  term  not  less  than  sixteen  months,  unless  educated  by 
other  means."  Arkansas,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provided  that 
"  the  general  assembly  shall  require  by  law  that  every  child  of  sufficient  mental  and 
physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  tiie  period  between  five  and 
eighteen  years,  for  a  term  equivalent  to  three  years,  unless  educated  by  other 


694 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1874. 


means."  Missouri,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1865,  provides  that  "the gen- 
eral assembly  shall  have  power  to  require  by  law  that  every  child  of  s_fflcient 
mental  and  physical  ability  shall  attend  the  public  schools  during  the  period  be- 
tween five  and  eighteen  years,  for  a  term  equivalent  to  sixteen  months,  unless 
educated  by  other  moans."  Texas,  by  her  constitution  amended  in  J869,  pro- 
vide" :  "  The  legislature,  at  its  first  session,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  may  be  possible, 
shall  pass  such  laws  as  shall  require  the  attendance  on  the  public  free  schools  of 
the  state  of  all  the  scholastic  population  thereof  for  the  period  of  at  least  four 
months  of  each  and  every  year ;  Provided,  That  when  any  of  the  scholastic  inhab- 
itants may  be  shown  to  have  received  regular  instruction  for  said  period  of  time 
in  each  and  every  year  from  any  private  teacher  having  a  proper  certificate  of 
competency,  this  shall  exempt  them  from  the  operation  of  the  laws  contemplated 
by  this  action."  South  Carolina,  by  her  amended  constitution  of  1868,  provides: 
"It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  general  assembly  to  provide  for  the  compulsory  at- 
tendance, at  either  public  or  private  schools,  of  all  children  between  tlio  ages  of 
six  and  sixteen  years,  not  physically  or  mentally  disablod,  for  a  term  equivalent 
to  twenty-four  months  at  least :  Provided,  That  no  law  to  that  effect  shall  be 
passed  until  a  system  of  public  schools  has  been  thoroughly  and  completely  or- 
ganized, and  facilities  afi'orded  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  state  for  the  free  erl  v 
cation  of  their  children." 

1874,  April  24.  —  Congress  ordered  the  report  of  the  select 
committee  on  transportation  routes  to  the  seaboard  to  be 
printed. 

The  committee  had  been  appointed  on  December  16,  1872.  In  their  report 
the  committee  says :  "  Perhaps  the  most  extraordinary  feature  of  our  govern- 
mental policy,  touching  the  vast  internal  trade  of  the  nation,  is  th2  apparent 
indifference  and  neglect  yrith  which  it  has  been  treated.  While  detailed  informa- 
tion has  been  obtained  by  the  government,  under  customs  and  revenue  laws,  in 
relation  to  commerce  with  foreign  countries,  no  means  have  been  provided  for 
collecting  accurate  statistics  concerning  the  vastly  more  important  interests  of 
internal  commerce.  No  officer  of  the  government  has  ever  been  charged  with 
the  duty  of  collecting  information  on  this  subject ;  and  the  legislator  who  desires 
to  inform  himself  concerning  the  nature,  extent,  value,  or  necessities  of  our 
immense  internal  trade,  or  of  its  relations  to  foreign  commerce,  must  patiently 
grope  his  way  through  the  statistics  furnished  by  boards  of  trade,  chambers  of 
commerce,  and  transportation  companies.  Even  the  census  reports,  which  pur- 
port to  contain  an  inventory  of  the  property  and  business  pursuits  of  the  people, 
and  which  in  some  matters  descend  to  the  niiiuitcst  details,  are  silent  witli  regard 
to  the  billions  of  dollars  represented  by  railways  and  other  instruments  of  internal 
transportation,  and  to  the  much  greater  values  of  commodities  annually  moved  by 
them. 

"We  have  no  means  of  measuring  accurately  the  magnitude  of  this  trade; 
but  its  colossal  proportions  may  be  inferred  fiom  two  or  three  knov/n  facts.     The 
value   of  commodities   moved  by  the   railroads   in    1872  is   estimated  at  over 
$10,000,000,000,  and  their  gross  receipts  reached  the  enormous  sum  of  #473,241,- 
055.     The  commerce  of  the  cities  of  t!ie  Ohio  River  alone  has  been  carefully  esti- 
mated at  over  $1,600,000,000  per  annum.    Some  conception  of  the  immense  tnidel 
carried  on  upon  the  northern  lakes  may  be  formed  from  the  fact  that,  during  thel 
entire  season  of  navigation  in  1872,  an  average  of  one  vessel  every  nine  niinutesJ 
day  und  night,  passed  Fort  Gratiot  Lighthouse,  near  Fort  Huron.    The  value  of  | 


[1874. 

ovides  that  "  the  gen- 
cry  child  of  p-.-fflcient 
during  tlie  period  be- 
ixteen  months,  unless 
mended  in  1869,  pro- 
ber as  may  be  possible, 
public  free  schools  of 
[leriod  of  at  least  four 
3f  the  scholastic  inhab- 
tbr  said  period  of  time 
a  proper  certificate  of 

the  laws  contemplated 
ttionof  1868,  provides: 

for  the  compulsory  at- 
en  between  tho  ages  of 
il,  for  a  term  equivalent 

to  that  effect  shall  be 
rhly  and  completely  or- 
le  state  for  the  free  ed  i- 

■eport  of  the  select 
le  seaboard  to    bo 

6,  1872.    In  their  report 
r  'feature  of  our  govern- 
,  nation,  is  th3  apparent 
While  detailed  informa- 
nis  and  revenue  laws,  in 
,  have  been  provided  for 
re  important  interests  of 
I  ever  been  charged  with 
the  legislator  who  desires 
ue,  or  necessities  of  our 
commerce,  must  patiently 
(Is  of  trade,  chambers  of 
'cnsus  reports,  which  pur- 
ss  pursuits  of  the  people, 
ils,  are  silent  with  regard 
lier  instruments  of  internal 

lodities  annually  moved  by 

magnitude  of  this  trade; 
r  three  known  facts.  The 
872  is  estimated  at  over 
normous  sum  of  $473,241,- 
one  has  been  carefully  csti- 
ption  of  the  immense  trade 

n  the  fact  that,  during  the 
vessel  every  nine  minutes, 
•ort  Huron.    The  value  of  | 


1874.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


695 


our  internal  commerce  is  many  times  greater  than  our  trade  with  all  foreign 
nations,  and  the  amount  annually  paid  for  transportation  is  more  than  double  the 
entire  revenues  of  the  government." 

The  last  number  of  Poor's  Railroad  Manual,  as  good  authority  as  wo  have,  gives 
the  tonnage  of  all  the  railroads  in  the  United  States  for  1876  as  200,000,000  tons, 
having  increased  forty-fold  in  the  past  twenty-five  years.  At  $50  per  ton  the  value 
would  be  $10,000,000,000.  The  canals  of  the  country  transported  not  less  than 
10,000,000  tons,  worth  $500,000,000,  of  which  the  Erie  took  one  half.  The  ton- 
nage of  vessels  employed  in  the  domestic  trade  of  the  United  States  is  4,000,000 
tons.  Estimating  four  voyages  a  year,  and  allowing  for  light  freights,  the  tonnage 
moved  this  way  may  be  placed  at  15,000,000  tons  per  annum,  worth  $760,000,000. 
This  gives  a  grand  total  of  $11,250,000,000  per  annum  as  the  volume  of  the  inter- 
nal commerce  of  the  United  States,  which  is  ten  times  as  great  as  our  exports 
and  imports  combined. 

1874,  May  19.  —  The  conflict  in  Arkansas  between  the  rival 
candidates  was  ended  jy  the  occupation  of  the  state  house  by 
Governor  Baxter. 

The  conflict  had  existed  a  month,  and  resulted  in  much  bloodshed. 
1874.  —  The  locusts  in  Minnesota  destroyed  the  crops. 

On  the  8th  of  July,  the  governor  wrote  the  secretary  of  war ;  "  A  terrible  ca- 
lamity has  befallen  the  people  of  the  several  counties  in  the  northwest  part  of  this 
state.  The  locusts  have  devoured  every  kind  of  crop,  and  left  the  country  for 
miles  perfectly  bare.  They  did  the  same  thing  last  year  in  the  same  area.  Many 
thousands  are  now  suffering  for  food,  and  I  am  using  every  public  and  private 
source  that  I  can  lawfully  command  to  send  immediate  supplibs  of  food." 

1874,  June  18.  —  Congress  passed  a  bill  repealing  the  provis- 
ion by  which  moieties  were  paid  informers. 

1874,  June  20.  —  An  act  of  Congress  established  an  assorting 
[bureau  in  the  treasury  department,  for  the  redemption  of 
[national  bank  currency. 

The  banks  pay  the  expense.     Worn  and  defaced  notes  are  replaced  by  new 

I  ones. 

1874,  June  20.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  passed  by 
jCongrcoS  ••  fixing  the  amount  of  United  t^tates  notes,  providing 
|for  a  redistribution  of  the  national  bank  currency." 

It  removed  the  obligation  to  keep  a  reserve  for  the  redemption  of  the  circula- 
n,  and  made  the  reserve  depend  upon  the  deposits.  It  required  the  hanks  to 
ecp  ck'positeu  in  the  treasury,  in  g.cenbacks,  five  per  cent,  of  their  circulation, 

br  its  redemption.  The  act  provided  that  "the  amount  of  United  States  notes 
utstanding,  and  to  be  used  as  a  part  of  the  circulating  medium,  shall  not  exceed 

|tbe  sum  of  three  hundred  and  eighty-two  million  dollars,  which  said  sum  shall 
ppear  in  each  monthly  statement  of  the  public  debt,  and  no  part  thereof  sliall 
e  hold  or  used  as  a  reserve."  The  act  also  provided  for  a  redistribution  of  tlio 
ircuhition,  fifty-five  millions  more  being  provided  for  e  ich  states  and  territoriea 
8  had  not  their  due  proportion. 


11 


I 


696 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1874. 


1874.  —  The  legislature  of  Connecticut  created  a  Bureau  of 
Labor  Statistics. 

1874,  July  4.  —  The  bridge  over  the  Mississippi,  at  St.  Louis, 
was  formally  opened. 

1874,  July  22.  —  The  court  of  commissioners  of  Alabama 
claims  met  and  organized. 

1874,  September  14.  —  The  opposition  in  Louisiana  to  the  Kel- 
logg government  culminated  in  violence. 

An  armed  force  wnder  D.  B.  Penn,  who  was  elected  vice-governor  with 
M'Enery,  took  possession  of  the  state  house.  Governor  Kellogg  appealed  to  the 
President  for  help.  A  proclamation  was  issued  ordering  the  armed  force  to  dis- 
perse, and  a  body  of  the  national  troops  was  sent  to  New  Orleans  to  enforce  the 
proclamation.  At  the  assembling  of  the  legislature  in  December,  the  disturbance 
was  renewed,  and  the  troops  were  again  called  on  to  quiet  it. 

1874,  September  16. — The  President  issued  a  proclamation 
calling  upon  the  disturbers  of  the  peace  in  New  Orleans  to  dis- 
perse within  five  days. 

On  the  14th,  a  niivss  meeting  of  citizens  of  New  Orleans  had  appointed  a  com- 
mittee to  call  upon  Governor  Kellogg  and  ask  him  to  resign.  This  he  refused.  The 
militia  of  the  state  having  been  called  upon  by  D.  B.  Penn  to  assemble,  a  collis- 
ion occurred.  Barricades  were  erected,  the  police  were  defeated,  and  Governor 
Kellogg  forced  to  take  refuge  in  the  custom-house.  On  the  18th,  without  any 
conflict  between  the  citizens  and  United  States  troops,  the  government  was  sur- 
rendered to  Governor  Kellogg  under  protest. 

1874,  October  15.  —  A  court  of  arbitration,  in  connection 
with  the  New  York  Chamber  of  Commerce,  was  opened. 

Enoch  L.  Fancher  was  appointed  the  judge. 


1874. 
land. 


A   STATE  board   of  health  was  organized   in  Mary- 


1874. —  The   Social   Freedom   Community  was  organized  in 
Chesterfield  County,  Virginia. 

1874,  December.  —  The  President  in  his  annual  message  al- 
luded to  civil- service  reform. 

He  said  that  if  Congress  adjourned  without  positive  legislation  on  the  subject,  | 
he  would  regard  their  non-action  as  a  disapproval  of  the  system,  and  would  aban- 
don it. 

1874,  December  21.  —  The  President  issued  a  proclamatioDj 
commanding  the  disturbers  of  the  peace  at  Vicksburg,  Missis- 
sippi, to  disperse  in  five  days. 

1874,  December.  —  A  society  was  organized  in  New  York  forj 
the  prevention  of  cruelty  to  children. 

Its  object  was  to  seek  out  and  rescue  children  suffering  from  abuse. 


[1874. 
ted  a  Bureau  of 

ippi,  at  St.  Louis, 

lers  of   Alabama 

lisiana  to  the  Kel- 

}A  vice-governor  with 

:ollogg  appt*'^*^'^  ^^  *''^ 
the  armed  force  to  dis- 
Orleans  to  enforce  the 
lember,  tlie  disturbance 
it. 

ed  a  proclamation 
lew  Orleans  to  dia- 
ls had  appointed  a  com- 
I.  Tins  be  refused.  The 
;nn  to  assemble,  a  coUis- 
defeated,  and  Governor 
n  tlic  18th,  witbout  any 
the  government  was  sur- 

tion,  in  connection 
hvas  opened. 

Drganized  in  Mary- 
was  organized  in 

annual  message  al- 

legislation  on  the  subject,  I 
system,  and  would  aban- 

sued  a  proclainationi 
xt  Vicksburg,  Missis- 


1875.] 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


697 


1875,  January  4.  —  The  legislature  of  Louisiana  met  to  or- 
ganize, when,  there  being  some  disturbance.  Governor  Kellogg 
ca^'ed  upon  the  military  to  eject  certain  members.  This  being 
done,  the  democratic  members  retired  in  a  body,  and  General 
Slierraan  assumed  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  Gulf. 

On  the  19th  of  December  the  house  had  authorized  the  sending  of  a  select 
committee  to  Louisiana  to  investigate.  They  were  present  on  January  4th,  and  on 
the  15tli  reported  to  the  house.  On  the  13th,  the  Prt'sident  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress concerning  the  interference  of  the  military  with  the  Louisiana  legislature. 

1875,  January  14.  —  The  President  approved  an  act  of  Con- 
gress "  to  provide  for  the  resumption  of  specie  payments." 

It  required  the  coinage  of  silver  coins  to  replace  the  fractional  currency; 
provided  for  the  formation  of  other  national  banks,  and  for  every  hundred  dol- 
lars they  issued  as  a  circulation,  eighty  dollars  of  greenbacks  to  be  withdrawn, 
until  tlie  greenbacks  in  circulation  shall  not  exceed  .$300,000,000.  Also  that  on 
and  after  January  1,  1879,  the  greenbacks  be  redeemed  in  coin,  and  to  prepare  for 
80  doing  by  selling  the  bonds  of  the  United  States. 

1875,  February  8.  —  The  President  sent  a  message  to  Con- 
gress relating  to  the  condition  of  affairs  in  Arkansas. 

It  took  the  ground  tliat  the  election  in  1872  of  Mr.  Brooks  as  governor  was 
lawful,  and  that  the  constitution  of  1874,  and  tlio  government  established  under 
it,  were  illegal.  It  also  asked  Congress  "to  relieve  tlie  executive  from  acting 
upon  questions  which  should  be  decided  by  the  legislative  branch  of  the  govern- 
ment." 

1875,  February  9.  —  The  first  train  passed  through  the  Hoosac 
Tunnel,  Massachusetts. 

The  tunnel  is  foip  ind  three  quarter  miles  long,  twenty-five  feet  high,  and 
twenty-seven  feet 

1875,  March  1.  —  An  act  passed  by  Congress,  "  to  protect  all 
citizens  in  their  civil  and  legal  rights,"  was  approved. 

It  provided  that  "  all  persons  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  United  States  shall 
be  entitled  to  the  full  and  equal  enjoyment  of  the  i.  'commodati  ,»ns,  advantages, 
facilities,  and  jirivileges  of  inns,  public  conveyances  on  land  or  water,  theatres, 
I  and  other  places  of  ijublic  amusement,  subject  only  to  the  conditions  and  liniita- 
tions  established  by  law,  and  applicable  alike  to  citizens  of  every  race  and  color, 
regardless  of  any  previous  condition  of  servitude." 

1875,  March  3.  —  Congress  authorized  Captain  James  B.  Eads 
[to  open  the  Soutli  Pass  of  the  Mississippi  at  an  expense  of  five 
milHon  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 


The  work  is  said  to  be  progressing  well. 


Captain  Eads  is  an  engineer  of  St. 


ied  in  New  York  foB   1875,  March  3.  —  Congress  authorized  the  people  of  Colorado 


ing  from  abuse. 


|to  form  a  constitution  and  state  government. 

The  act  provided  for  the  admission  of  the  state  into  the  Union  as  soon  as  the 


h 


698 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1875. 


constitution  was  framed  and  adopted, 
the  state  was  issued. 


August  1,  1876  the  proclamation  admitting 


1874.  —  The  fifth  report  of  the  commissioner  of  education,  for 
this  year,  was  published. 

It  was  tlie  completest  report  up  to  this  time.  It  gave  the  school  population  of 
the  fifty  states  and  territories,  including  the  Cherokee  and  Choctaw  nations,  as 
13,875,050.  Those  enrolled  in  the  public  schools,  at  8,099,981 ;  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  at  4,521,604.  The  number  of  teachers  was  241,300.  The  ex- 
penditure for  education  was  $74,974,338.  The  number  of  normal  schools  was 
124,  of  teachers  9GC,  and  of  students  24,405.  The  number  of  commercial  and 
business  colleges  was  12G ;  of  instructors,  577 ;  of  students,  25,892.  Tlie  number 
of  Kindergarten,  55;  of  instructors,  125;  of  pupils,  1,G36.  The  number  of  institu- 
tions for  secondary  instruction  was  1,031 ;  of  instructors,  5,4GG ;  of  students,  98,179. 
The  number  of  preparatory  schools  was  91 ;  of  instructors,  G97 ;  of  students,  11,414. 
The  number  of  i  .stitutions  for  the  superior  education  of  women  was  209 ;  of  instruc- 
tors, 2,285 ;  of  students,  23,445.  Tlie  number  of  universities  and  colleges  was  343; 
of  iostructors,  3,783 ;  of  students,  66,692.  The  number  of  schools  of  science  was 
72 ;  of  instructors,  609 ;  of  students,  7,244.  The  number  of  schools  of  theology,  113; 
instructors,  570;  students,  4,356.  The  number  of  schools  of  law,  38;  of  instruc- 
tors, 181 ;  of  students,  2,585.  The  number  of  schools  of  medicine,  99 ;  of  in- 
structors, 1,121;  of  students,  9,096.  Number  of  institutions  for  the  instruction 
of  (he  deaf  and  dumb,  40;  of  instructors,  275;  of  pupils,  4,900.  Number  of 
schools  for  the  blind,  29;  instructors,  525;  of  pupils,  1,942.  Tlie  number  of 
reform  schools,  56 ;  of  instructors,  693 ;  number  committed  during  the  year, 
9,8f6.  Number  of  infant  asylums,  11;  number  of  teachers,  19;  number  of  in- 
mates, 546.  Number  of  industrial  schools,  26;  of  teachers,  259;  of  inmates, 
6,016.  Number  of  schools  for  the  feeble-minded,  9 ;  of  instructors,  312;  of  in- 
mates, 1,265. 

1875. —  Congress  authorized  the  coinage  of  twenty-cent 
pieces  of  silver. 

1875,  March  22.  —  The  legislature  of  New  York  passed  a 
bill  "  to  establish  specie  payments  on  all  contracts  or  obligations 
pa}  able  in  this  state  after  January  1,  1879." 

It  provided  that  after  that  date  all  taxes  shall  be  collected  in  gold.  United 
States  gold  certificates,  or  national  bank  notes,  which  are  redeemable  in  gold  on  | 
demand.     That  every  contract  made  after  that  date,  and  payable  in  dollars,  with- 
out any  specification  of  the  kind  of  dollars,  shall  be  payable  in  United  States  coin,  i 

1875,  March  23.  —  Congress  passed  a  resolution  approving  j 
the  action  of  the  President  in  Louisiana. 

The  House  passed  it  March  1,  and  the  Senate  March  23. 

1875.  —  State  boards  of  health  were  organized  in  Georgiii| 
and  Alabama. 

1875,  August  26.  — The  Bank  of  California  failed. 

1875,  September  7.  —  Governor  Ames,  of  Mississippi,  telej 
graphed  the  President  that  he  was  compelled  to  appeal  to  the  geoj 
eral  government  for  assistance. 


[1875. 


1875.] 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


699 


;lamation  admitting 
f  education,  for 

chool  population  of 
Choctaw  nations,  as 
il;  and  the  average 
3  241,300.    The  ex- 
normal  schools  was 
r  of  commercial  and 
25,892.     The  number 
'he  numher  of  institu- 
of  students,  98,179. 
of  students,  11,414. 

209 ;  of  instruc- 
i'and  colleges  was  343; 
schools  of  science  was 
chools  of  theology,  113; 
oflaAV,38;  ofinstruc 
3f  medicine,  99;  of  m- 
ons  for  the  instruction 
Is,  4,900.     Number  of 
942       The  number  ot 
lutted  during  the  year, 
liers,  19;  number  of  in- 

259  •    of  inmates, 
312;  of  in- 


6 

i7 

en  was 


chers, 
instructors 


g° 


of   twonty-cent 

cw  York   passed  a 
Itracts  or  obligations 

collected  in  gold,  United ' 

•e  redeemable  in  gold  on  I 
payable  in  dollars,  ^v.th■ 
Iblc  in  United  SUtes  com. 

lesolution  approving  I 


23. 

jrgani 


zed  in  Georgw 


lia  failed, 
of  Mississippi, 


tele' 
to  appeal  t6  the  gen-l 


He  asked  if  the  proclamation  of  the  previous  December  was  in  force.  The 
matter  being  referred  to  tlie  Attorney-General,  he  decided  that  it  was  not,  and  so 
telegraphed  Governor  Anios.  On  the  9th,  the  Democratic  Slate  Executive  Com- 
mittee telegraphed  the  Attorney-General  that  there  was  no  disturbance  in  the 
state.  On  the  14th,  the  Attorney-General  wrote  to  Governor  Ames,  promising 
him  aid  if  necessary,  but  reminding  him  of  the  necessity  of  confining  liimself 
strictly  within  the  constitution  and  the  laws. 

1875,  September.  —  Wellesley  College  wr,s  opened  for  students 
at  Wellesley,  Massachusetts. 
The  college  is  intended  to  give  a  collegiate  education  to  young  women. 

1875,  September  15.  —  The  "Direct  United  States  Cable 
Company "  completed  their  line,  and  opened  it  to  the  public. 

1875,  September  16.  —  The  system  of  fast  trains  for  the  deliv- 
ery of  the  mails  went  into  operation. 

The  speed  of  these  trains  was  such  that  the  mail  from  New  York  was  delivered 
1  in  St.  Louis  in  less  than  thirty-four  hours.     From  a  dispute  with  the  railroads 
concerning  their  compensation,  the  system  has  been  abandoned. 

1875,  November  22.  —  Yice-President  Henry  Wilson  died. 

1875.  —  This  year  the  first  volume  of  the  geological  survey 
I  of  New  Hampshire,  by  Professor  Hitchcock,  was  published. 

The  survey  of  Pennsylvania,  under  Professor  Leslie,  had  been  in  operation  a 
I  year.  Tlie  reports  of  the  Missouri  survey,  and  that  of  the  first  survey  of  Texas 
Iby  Professor  Buckley,  were  also  published.  The  report  of  Professor  Cook  was 
Ipresented  to  the  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  New  Jersey.  A 
Iroport  by  Dr.  Haydcn  of  his  geological  explorations  in  1873,  in  the  government 
Icxpedltion  to  the  West,  was  printed  by  the  government. 

1875,  December  7.  —  President  Grant's  annual  message  was 
presented  to  Congress. 

It  recommended  a  constitutional  amendment  making  it  the  duty  of  the  states 
lo  establish  and  forever  maintain  adequate  free  public  schools  for  the  education 
p  all  children  irrespective  of  sex,  color,  birthplace  or  religion.  It  also  called 
Ittention  to  the  increasing  amount  of  untaxed  church  property,  which  had  risen 
[rom  $83,000,000  in  1850  to  $1,000,000,000  in  1875. 

1875.  —  The  work  of  excavation  at  Hallett's  Point  Keef,  at 
Jell  Gate,  New  York,  was  completed. 

The  first  appropriation  for  the  work  was  made  by  Congress  in  18C9.  The 
Jork  liad  been  done  under  the  direction  of  General  Newton.  The  design  was  to 
Jnilernihie  the  reef  by  a  series  of  channels  opening  from  a  central  shaft,  some- 
|liiit  in  the  fashion  of  the  sticks  of  an  ordinary  fan.  ilie  length  of  the  headings, 
t  straight  channels,  was  4857  feet,  and  of  the  circular  galleries  or  cross-cuts  con- 
ping  them,  2568  feet,  making  a  total  of  7425  feet.  In  making  these  channels, 
MOI  cubic  yards  of  rock  were  removed.  From  the  character  of  the  rock,  it 
[ing  intersected  by  numerous  quartz  veins,  the  excavations  had  to  be  performed 
|tli  great  care,  so  as  to  avoid  sliattcring  the  roof.  For  the  want  of  an  appropri- 
lon,  tlie  explosion  was  delayed  until  September  24,  1876,  when  the  galleries, 


ri' 


% 


t:i 


700 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


[1876. 


Vice-Presidents, 
Secretary  of  State, 

Secretaries  of  Treasury, 

Secretaries  of  War, 
Secretary  of  Navy, 


beiii^  hargcd  with  cartridges  of  nitro-glycerin,  connected  by  wires  with  a  bat- 
tery,  were  simultaneously  flrcd.  General  Newton's  little  daughter,  a  child  of  four 
or  five  years  old,  laid  her  small  hand  on  the  key  completing  the  circuit,  and  fired 
the  largest  blasting  charge  ever  exploded.  There  had  been  great  fear  of  the 
possible  effects  upon  the  neighborhood  of  so  large  a  blast,  but  nothing  was  injured 
except  the  dangerous  reef.  That,  it  appears,  was  so  effectually  shattered,  tlint 
the  experiment  can  be  called  a  perfect  success. 

1869-76.  —  Fifteenth  administration,  (unfinished.) 

President,  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois,  18C9. 

C  Schuyler  Colfax,  of  Indiana,  1869. 

Henry  Wilson,  of  Massachusetts,  1873. 

Thomas  W.  Ferry,  of  Mich.  (Pres.  of  Senate),  1875. 

Hamilton  Fish,  of  New  York,  18G9. 

George  S.  Boutwell,  of  Massachusetts,  1869. 

William  A.  Richardson,  of  Massachusetts,  1873. 

Benjamin  H.  Bristow,  of  Kentucky,  1874. 
.  Lot  M.  Morrill,  of  Maine,  1876. 

William  W.  Belknap,  of  Iowa,  1869. 

Alphonso  Taflt,  of  Ohio,  1875. 
.J.  Donald  Cameron,  of  Pennsylvania,  1876. 

George  M.  Robeson,  of  New  Jersey,  1869. 
r  Jacob  D.  Cox,  of  Ohio,  1869. 
Secretaries  of  Interior,   ]  Columbus  Delano,  of  Ohio,  1870. 

I  Zachariah  Chandler,  of  Michigan,  1876. 

E.  Rockwell  Hoar,  of  Massachusetts,  1869. 

Amos  T.  Akerman,  of  Georgia,  1870. 

George  H.  Williams,  of  Oregon,  1871. 

Edwards  Pierrepont,  of  New  York,  1876. 
L  Alphonso  Taft,  of  Ohio,  1876. 
(  John  A.  J.  CreswcU,  of  Maryland,  1869. 

Marshall  Jewell,  of  Connecticut,  1874. 

William  A,  Tyner,  of  Indiana,  1876. 

James  G.  Blaine,  of  Maine,  1869. 

Michael  C.  Kerr,  of  Indiana,  1875. 
.  Samuel  J.  Randall,  of  Pennsylvania,  1876. 


Attorneys-General, 


Postmasters-General, 


Speakers  of  the  Uouse, 


1  by  wires  with  a  bat- 
lugliter,  a  cliilil  of  four 
g  the  circuit,  and  fired 
)een  great  fear  of  the 
jut  nothing  was  injured 
Actually  shattered,  that 


ished.) 

1869. 

18G9. 

letts,  1873. 

(Pres.  of  Senate),  1875. 

:,  1869. 

sachusttts,  1869. 

Massachusetts,  1873. 

sntucky,  1874. 

876. 

va,  1869. 

'5. 

nsylvania,  1876. 

fF  Jersey,  1869. 

9. 

1870. 
jhigan,  1875. 
mchusetts,  1869. 
rgia,  1870. 
egon, 1871. 
w  York,  1875. 
76. 

iryland,  1869. 
:ticut,  1874. 

na,  1876. 
1869. 

I,  1875. 


APPENDIX. 


Insylv 


ama. 


DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 
July  4th,  1776. 

A  Declaration  bt  the  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
IN  Igenerall  Congress  Assembled.* 

When,  in  the  course  of  human  events,  it  becomes  necessary  for 
one  people  to  dissolve  the  political  bands  which  have  connected 
them  with  another,  and  to  assume,  among  the  powers  of  the  earth, 
the  separate  and  equal  station  to  which  the  laws  of  nature  and  of 
1  nature's  God  entitle  them,  a  decent  respect  to  the  opinit)ns  of  man- 
kind, requires  that  th  y  should  declare  the  causes  wh.ich  impel  them 
I  to  the  separation. 

Wc  hold  these  truths  to  bo  self-'    '  li^nt :  that  all  men  are  created 
I  equal ;  that  they  are  endowed  by  t  '^ator  with  \_tnherent  a?id]         certain 

unalienable  rights ;  that  among  tla  life,  liberty,  and  the  pur- 

suit of  happiness;  that  to  secure  these  rights,  governments  are  in- 
stituted among  men,  deriving  their  just  powers  from  the  consent  of 
I  the  governed;  that  whenever  any  form  of  government  becomes 
I  destructive  of  these  ends,  it  is  the  rigat  of  the  people  to  alter  or 
j abolish  it,  and  to  institute  a  new  government,  laying  its  foundit- 
Ition  on  such  princii)lcs,  and  organizing  its  powers  in  such  form, 
as  to  them  shall  seem  most  likely  to  effect  their  safety  and  happi- 
Iness.    Prudence,  indeed,  will  dictate,  that  governments  long  estab- 

isheJ  should  not  be  changed  for  light  and  transient  causes ;  and 
Itccordingly  all  experience  hath  shown,  that  mankind  are  more  dis- 
Iposed  to  suffer  while  evils  are  sufferable,  than  to  right  themselves, 
m  abolishing  the  forms  to  which  they  are  accustomed.  But  when 
lilong  triiin  of  abuses  and  usurpations  [^begun  at  a  distinguished 
Ipen'orf  and  ]  pursuing  invariably  the  same  object,  evinces  a  design 
|lo  reduce  them  under  .absolute  despotism,  it  is  their  right,  it  is 
duty,  to  throw  off  such  government,  and  to  provide   new 

Jiards  for  their  future  security.    Such  has  been  the  patient  suffer- 

Mc  of  these  colonies ;  and  such  is  now  the  necessity  which  con- 

*Thl8  is  a  copy  of  tlic  original  draft  of  Jefforson,  as  reported  to  congress.  The  parts 
■ack  out  by  congress  arc  printed  in  italics,  and  inclosed  in  brackets;  and  tlv  parts  added 
^placed  in  the  margin,  or  in  a  concurrent  column. 

701 


702 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


alter  strains  them  to  [expunge']  their  former  systems  of  government. 

The  history  of  tiie  present  king  of  Great  Britain,  is  a  history  of 
repeated  ^unremitting']  injuries  and  usurpations,  lamong  which  appears 
no  solitary  fact  to  contradict  the  ttniform  tenor  of  the  rest,  but  all 
all  having  have]  in  direct  object  the  establishment  of  an  absolute  tyranny 
over  these  states.  To  prove  this,  lot  facts  be  submitted  to  a 
candid  world,  [for  the  truth  of  which  we  piedge  a  faith  yet  un- 
sullied by  falsehood.  ] 

Ho  has  refused  liis  assent  to  laws  the  most  wholesome,  and 
necessary  for  the  public  good. 

He  has  forbidden  his  governors  to  pass  laws  of  immediate  and 
pressint?  importance,  imless  suspended  in  their  operation,  till  liis 
assent  sliould  be  obtained ;  and  when  so  suspended,  he  has  utterly 
neglected  to  attend  to  them. 

He  has  refused  to  pass  other  laws  for  the  accommodation  of 
large  districts  of  people,  unless  those  people  would  relinquish  the 
right  of  representation  in  the  legislature,  a  right  inestimable  to 
them,  and  formidable  to  tyrants  only. 

He  has  called  together  legislative  bodies  at  places  unusual,  un- 
comfortable, and  distant  from  the  depository  of  their  public 
records,  for  the  sole  purpose  of  fatiguing  them  into  compliance 
with  liis  measures. 

He  has  dissolved  representative  houses  repeatedly  [and  con- 
tinually] for  opposing,  with  manly  firnmess,  his  invasions  on  the 
rights  of  the  people. 

He  has  refused,  for  a  long  time  after  such  dissolutions,  to 
cause  others  to  be  elected,  whereby  the  legislative  powers,  in- 
capable of  annihilation,  have  returned  to  the  people  at  large  fur 
their  exercise,  the  state  remaining,  in  the  mean  time,  exposed  to 
all  the  dangers  of  invasion  from  without,  and  convulsions  within. 

He  has  endeavored  to  prevent  the  population  of  these  states; 
for  that  purpose  obstructing  the  laws  for  naturalization  of  foreign- 
ers, refusing  to  pass  others  to  encourage  their  migration  hither, 
and  raising  the  conditions  of  new  appropriations  of  lands. 
obstructed  He  has  [siiffered]  the  administration  of  justice,  [totally  to  ccast\ 

by  in  some  of  these  states,]  refusing  his  assent  to  laws  for  establish- 

ing judiciary  powers. 

He  has  made  [our]  judges  dependent  on  his  will  alone  for  tliej 
tenure  of  their  offices,  and  the  amount  and  payment  of  tlieirj 
salaries. 

He  has  erected  a  multitude  of  new  offices,  [by  a  self-assmm 
power]  and  sent  hither  swarms  of  new  officers,  to  harass  our  pec 
pie,  and  eat  out  their  substance. 

He  has  kept  among  us  in  times  of  peace,  standing  armies  [am 
ships  of  war]  without  the  consent  of  our  legislatures. 

He  has  affected  to  render  the  military  independent  of,  and  supe 
rior  to,  the  civil  power. 

He  has  combined  with  others,  to  subject  us  to  a  jurisdiction  for 
eign  to  our  constitutions,  and  unacknowledged  by  our  laws,  givinj 
his  assent  to  their  acts  of  pretended  legislation,  for  quartennj 
large  bodies  of  armed  troops  among  us;  for  protecting  them  by 
mock  trial  fiom  punishment  for  any  murders  which  theyshoul 


DECLARATION   OP  INDEPENDENCE. 


703 


nost  wholesome,  and 


commit  on  the  inhabitants  of  these  states ;  for  cutting  off  our 
trade  witli  nil  parts  of  the  world ;  for  imposing  taxes  on  us  witliout 
our  consent;  for  depriving  us  [  ]  of  the  boncflts  of  trial  by  jury ; 
for  transporting  us  beyond  seas,  to  be  tried  for  pretended  offenses ; 
for  abolisliing  the  free  system  of  English  laws,  in  a  neighboring 
province ;  establishing  tliercin  an  arbitrary  government,  and  enlarg- 
ing its  boundaries,  so  as  to  render  it  at  once  an  example  and  fit  in- 
strument for  introducing  the  same  absolute  rule  into  these  f  states ;] 
for  taking  away  our  cliarters,  abolisliing  our  most  valuable  laws, 
and  altering  fundamentally  the  forms  of  our  governments ;  for  sus- 
pending our  own  legislatures,  and  declaring  themselves  invested 
with  power  to  legislate  for  us,  in  all  cases  wliatsoevcr. 

IIo  liiis  a))dicated  government  here,  [withdrawing  his  governors, 
and  declaring  vs  out  of  his  allegiance  and  protection.^ 

He  has  plundered  our  seas,  ravaged  our  coasts,  burnt  our  towns, 
and  destroyed  the  lives  of  our  people. 

He  is  at  this  time  transporting  large  armies  of  foreign  merce- 
naries, to  complete  the  worlvs  of  death,  desolation,  and  tyranny, 
already  begun  with  circumstances  of  cruelty  and  perfidy,  [  ]  un- 
worthy the  head  of  a  civilized  nation. 

He  lias  constrained  our  fellow-citizens  taken  captive  on  the  high 
seas,  to  bear  arms  against  their  country,  to  become  the  execu- 
tioners of  their  friends  and  brethren,  or  to  fall  themselves  by  their 
hands. 

He  lias  [  ]  endeavored  to  bring  on  the  inhabitants  of  our  fron- 
tiers, the  merciless  Indian  savages,  whose  known  rule  of  warfare, 
i?  an  undistinguished  destruction  of  all  ages,  sexes,  and  conditions 
[of  existence.'] 

[lie  has  incited  treasonable  insurrections  of  our  fellow-citizens, 
with  the  allurements  of  forfeiture,  and  confiscation  of  our  property. 

lie  has  waged  cruel  war  againni  human  nature  itself,  violating 
its  most  sacred  rights  of  life  and  liberty,  in  the  inrsons  of  a  dis- 
tant people,  who  never  offended  him,  captivating  and  carrying 
them  into  slavery  in  another  hemisphere,  or  to  incur  miserable 
death  in  their  transportation  thither.  This  piratical  warfare,  the 
opprobrium  of  m^Cml  powers,  is  the  warfare  of  the  Christian  king 
of  Great  Britain.  Determined  to  keep  open  a  market,  where  men 
should  be  bought  and  sold,  he  has  prostituted  his  negative  for  sup- 
pressing every  legislative  attempt  to  prohibit  or  to  restrain  this  exe- 
crable commerce.  And  that  this  assemblage  of  horrors  might  want 
no  fact  of  distinguished  die,  he  is  now  exciting  those  very  people 
to  rise  in  arms  among  us,  and  to  purchase  that  liberiy  of  which  he 
has  deprived  them,  by  murdering  the  jycople  on  whom  he  also 
obtruded  them  :  thus  paying  off  former  crimes  committed  against 
the  lilierties  of  one  people,  with  crimes  which  he  urges  them  to  com- 
mit against  the  lives  of  another.] 

In  every  stage  of  these  oppressions,  we  have  petitioned  for  re- 
dress, in  tlic  most  humble  terms ;  our  repeated  petitions  have  been 
answered  only  by  repeated  injuries. 

A  prince  whose  cliaracter  is  thus  marked  by  every  act  which 
may  define  a  tyrant,  is  unfit  to  be  the  ruler  of  a  [  ]  people,  [who 
mean  to  be  free.     Future  ages  will  scarcely  believe,  that  the  hardi- 


in  many  cases 


.  colonies 


by  declaring 
us  out  of  his 
protection, and 
waging  war 
against  us 


scarcely  par- 
alleled in  the 
most  barbar- 
ous ages,  and 
totally 

excited  domes- 
tic insurrec- 
tions among 
us,  and  has 


'M 


free 


704 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


an  unwarrant- 
ablc 

us 


have 

and  we  have 
conjured 
them  by 

would  inevi- 
tably 


We  must 
therefore 


and  hold  them 
as  we  hold  the 
rest  of  man- 
kind, enemies 
in  war,  in 
peace  friends. 


ness  of  one  man  adventured,  within  the  shoi-t  compass  of  tweht 
years  only,  to  lay  a  foundation  so  broad  and  so  undisguised  for 
tyranny,  over  a  people  fostered  and  fixed  in  principles  of  fret- 
dom,'] 

Nor  have  wo  been  wanting  in  attentions  to  onr  British  brethren. 
We  have  warned  them  from  tune  to  time  of  attemjjta  by  tlicir 
legislature,  to  extend  [a]  jurisdiction  over  [these  our  states.] 
We  liave  reminded  them  of  the  circumstances  of  our  emi^jration  and 
settlement  here,  [no  one  of  which  could  warrant  so  strange  a  pre- 
tension :  that  these  were  effected  at  the  expense  rf  iwr  own  Hood  and 
treasure,  unassisted  by  the  wealth  or  the  strength  of  Great  Britain : 
that  in  constituting  indeed  our  several  forms  of  government,  tee 
had  adopted  one  common  king,  thereby  laying  a  foundation  for 
perpetual  league  and  amity  with  them,  but  that  submission  to  their 
parliament,  was  no  part  of  our  constitution,  nor  ever  in  idea,  if 
history  may  be  credited,  and'\  wo  [  j  appealed  to  their  native 
justice  and  magnanimity,  [««  well  as  to"]  the  ties  of  our  com- 
mon kindred  to  disavow  these  usurpations  which  [^were  likely 
to'\  interrupt  our  connection  and  correspondence.  They  too  have 
been  deaf  to  the  voice  of  justice  and  of  consanguinity,  {^attd  when 
occasions  have  been  given  chem,  by  the  regular  course  of  their 
laws,  of  removing  from  their  councils  the  disturhei's  of  our  har- 
mony, they  have  by  their  free  election  reestablished  them  in 
power.  At  this  very  time,  too,  they  are  permitting  their  chief 
magistrate  to  send  over  not  only  soldiers  of  our  common  blood, 
but  Scotch  a.id  foreign  mercenaries,  to  invade  and  destroy  us. 
These  facts  have  given  the  last  stab  to  agonizing  affection,  and 
manly  spirit  bids  us  to  renounce  forever  these  unfeeling  brethren. 
We  must  endeavor  to  forget  our  former  love  for  them,  and  hold 
them  as  we  hold  the  rest  of  mankind,  enemies  in  war,  in  peace 
friends.  We  might  hare  been  a  free  and  a  great  people  to- 
gether;  but  a  communication  of  grandeur  and  of  freedom,  ii 
seems,  is  below  their  dignity.  Be  it  so,  since  they  will  have  it. 
The  road  to  happiness  and  to  glory  is  open  to  us  too.  We  will 
tread  it  apart  from  them,  and'\  acquiesce  in  the  necessity  which 
denounces  our  [^eternal]  separation  [     J  ! 


We  therefore,  the  representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  gen- 
eral congress  .assembled,  appealing  to 
the  Supreme  Judge  of  the  wor)  J.  for  the 
rectitude  of  our  intentions,  do  in  the 
name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good 
people  of  these  colonics,  solemnly  pub- 
lish and  declare,  th.at  these  united  colo- 
nies are,  and  of  riglit  ought  to  be,  free 
and  independent  states ;  that  they  are 
absolved  from  all  allegiance  to  the 
British  crown,  and  that  all  political 
connection  between  them  and  the  state 


We  therefore,  the  representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America,  in  gen- 
eral   congress    assembled,    do    in   the  j 
name,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  good  | 
people  of  these  [^states  reject   and  re- 
nounce all  allegiance  and  subjection  to  I 
the  kings   of  Great  Britain,   and  all\ 
others,   who  may   hereafter  claim  iy.  I 
through,   or  under  them;    we   uiierlu 
dissolve   all  political  connection  w/nVil 
may  heretofore  have  suu   '"ted  Iciwet'^l 
us  and  the  people  or  parliament  of  Grei\ 
Britain  ;  and  finally  we  do  assert  anil 


•DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE. 


705 


ort  compass  of  iweht 
d  so  undisguised  for 
in  principles  of  fitt- 

)  our  British  brethren. 

of  atteniiits  by  tlieir 
er  [_thcse  our  states.] 
sofourcmi'n'rationand 
rrant  so  strange  ajtrc- 
e  r'^itr  own  blood  and 
ngthof  Great  Britain: 
rms  of  government,  m 
ying  a  foundation  for 
that  submission  io  their 
m,  nor  ever  in  idea,  if 
ppealcd  to  tlicir  native 
]  tlie  tics  of  our  coiti- 
ons vriiich   iwere  likely 
n(k'nce.    They  too  have 
jnsanguinity,  \_and  when 

regular  course  of  their 
^e  disturbers  of  our  har- 
,,    reestablished   them  in 

permitting  their  chief 
rs  of  our  common  blood, 

invade  and  destroy  us. 
agonizing  affection,  and 

these  unfeeling  brethren. 

r  love  for  them,  and  hold 

nemies  in  war,  in  peace 

and   a  great  people  to- 

leur  and  of  freedom,  «( 
since  they  will  have  it. 
open  to  us  too.     We  mil 

ice  in  the  necessity  wluch 


.c,  the  representatives  of 
tales  of  America,  in  gen- 
,  assembled,  do  in  m 
tlic  autliority  of  the  good 
■so  Istates  reject  and  n- 
legiance  and  subjection  to  \ 

Great  Britain,   and  «" 
may  hereafter  claim  H 
under  them;    we   uitcm 
political  connection  wiivH 

re  have  suo  '^ted  bctm*\ 
yplc  cr  parliament  of  GmA 

finally  vie  do  assert  anit 


of  Great  Britain  is,  nnd  ouKht  to  be, 
totally  dissolved ;  and  that,  as  free  and 
iiulopcndcnt  states,  tlioy  have  ftiU  power 
to  levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract 
nlllances,  establish  commerce,  and  to 
do  all  otlior  acts  and  things,  which  in- 
dependent states  may  of  right  do. 

And  for  tlio  support  of  this  declara- 
tion, witli  a  firm  reliance  on  the  protec- 
tion of  Divine  Providence,  wo  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  for- 
tunes, and  our  sacred  honor. 


declare  these  colonies  to  be  free  and  indc 
pendent  states]  and  that,  as  free  and  inde- 
pendent states,  they  have  full  power  to 
levy  war,  conclude  peace,  contract  alli- 
ances, establish  commerce,  and  to  do  all 
other  acts  and  tilings  which  independent 
states  may  of  right  do.  And  for  tho 
support  of  this  declaration,  wo  mutually 
pledge  to  each  other  our  lives,  our  for- 
tunes, and  our  sacred  honor. 


Tho  foregoing  declaration  was,  by  order  of  congress,  engrossed  and  signed  bjr 
tlic  following  members : 

JOHN  HANCOCK. 


Nbw   Hampshirg. 
Josiah  Bartlctt,  William  Whipple,  Mat- 
tlicw  Thornton. 

Massachusetts  Bat. 
Samuel  Adams,  John   Adams,  Robert 
Treat  Paine,  Elbridgc  Gerry. 

Rhode  Island. 
Stcplien  Hopkins,  William  EUery. 

Connecticut. 

Roger  Sherman,   Samuel  Huntington, 

Willl;im  Williams,  Oliver  Wolcott. 

New  Youk. 

I  William     Floyd,     Pliilip     Livingston, 
Francis  Lewis,  Lewis  Morris. 

New  Jersey. 

Ricliard  Stockton,  John  Withcrspoon, 
Francis  Ilopkinson,  John  Hart,  Abra- 
ham Clark.  • 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert  Morris,  Benjamin  Rush,  Benja- 
min Franklin,  John  Morton,  George 
Clymer,  James  Smith,  George  Taylor, 
James  Wilson,  George  Ross. 

45 


Delaware. 
Ciesar  Rodney,  George  Read,  Thomas 
M'Kean. 

Maryland. 

Samuel  Chase,  William  Pnca,  Thomas 
Stone,  Charles  Carroll,  of  Carrollton. 

Virginia. 
George  Wythe,    Richard    Henry  Lee, 
Thomas  JefTorson,  Benjamin   Harri- 
son,  Thomas    Nelson,   Jr.,    Francis 
Lightfoot  Lee,  Carter  Braxton. 

North  Carolina. 

William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hcwes,  John 
Pcnn. 

South  Carolina. 
Edward  Rutledge,   Thv^mas  Heyward, 
Jr.,    Thomas    Lynch,    Jr.,     Arthur 
Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button  Gwinnett,  Lyman  Hall,  George 
Walton. 


ill 


706 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMEltlCA. 


ARTICLES  OF   CONFEDERATION. 


To    ALL    TO    WHOM    TIIKSE    PllESENTS     BIIAIX     COME,  We,     THE    UnDEUSIONKD, 

Deleoates  or  tub  States  affixed  to  oun  Names,  send  Guektinu. 

Wheheas,  the  delegates  of  the  United  States  of  America  in  congress  assembled 
did,  on  tlio  fifteenth  day  of  November,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  and  in  the  second  year  of  tlio  independence 
of  America,  agree  to  certain  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union  be- 
tween the  states  of  New  Ilampsiiire,  Massaclmsetts  Bay,  liliodu  Island  and  Prov- 
idenco  Plantations,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Dela- 
ware, Maryland,  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia,  in  tiic 
words  following,  viz. : 

* 

Articles  of  Confederation  and  perj^etual  Union  between  the  States  of  New 
Hampshire,  Massachusetts  Day,  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations, 
Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylrania,  Delaware,  Maryland,  Vir- 
ginia, North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  and  Georgia. 

Article  1.  The  style  of  this  confederacy  shall  be,  "  the  United  States  of 
America." 

Art.  2,  Each  state  retains  its  sovereignty,  freedom  and  independence,  and 
every  power,  jurisdiction,  and  right,  which  is  not  by  this  confed. -ration  expressly 
delegated  to  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled. 

Art.  3.  The  said  states  hereby  severally  enter  into  a  firm  league  of  fricndsliip 
with  each  other  for  their  common  defense,  the  security  of  their  liberties,  and  their 
mutual  and  general  welfare ;  binding  themselves  to  assist  each  other  against  all 
force  ofiered  to,  or  attacks  made  upon  them,  or  any  of  them,  on  account  of  reli- 
gion, sovereignty,  trade,  or  any  other  pretence  whatever. 

AiiT.  4.  The  better  to  secure  and  perpetuate  mutual  friendship,  and  intercourse 
amonji  the  people  of  the  different  states  in  this  union,  the  free  inhabitants  of  each 
of  tliese  states,  paupers,  vagabonds,  and  f\igitives .  from  justice,  excepted,  shall 
be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  immunities  of  free  citizens  "in  the  several  states; 
and  the  people  of  each  state  shall  liave  free  ingress  and  regress  to  and  from  any 
other  state,  and  shall  enjoy  therein  all  the  privileges  of  trade  and  commerce,  sub- 
ject to  the  same  duties,  impositions,  and  restrictions,  as  the  inhabitants  thereof 
respectively,  provided  that  such  restrictions  shall  not  extend  so  far  as  to  prevent 
the  removal  of  property  imported  into  any  state  to  any  other  state,  of  which  the 
owner  is  an  inhabitant ;  provided  also,  that  no  imposition,  duties,  or  restriction, 
shall  be  laid  by  any  state  on  the  property  of  the  United  States  or  either  of  them. 

If  any  person  guilty  of  or  ciiarged  witl.   treason,  felony,  or  other  high  misde-  j 
mcanor,  in  any  state,  shall  flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  any  of  the  United 
States,  he  shall,  upon  demand  of  the  governor  or  executive  power  of  the  state 
from  whicli  he  fled,  be  delivered  up  and  removed  to  the  state  having  jurisdiction  | 
of  his  offense. 


ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION. 


707 


[ON. 


THE  Undeusionkd, 

BEND    GUEBTINO. 

in  conffross  ftsspinblcd 
ir  Lord  one  thousnnd 
r  of  the  imli'p<''><lcnce 
d  pcrpt'tdiil  union  be- 
Lliodi)  Island  and  Trov- 
r,  PennsylvHnift,  Dcla- 
na,  and  Goorgia,  in  the 

en  the  States  of  New 
*rovidcnce  riantations, 
laware,  Maryland,  Vir- 


'« the  United  States  of 

and  independence,  and 
confcd --ration  expressly 

irni  leagao  of  friendship 
[their  liberties,  and  their 
,t  each  other  against  all 
hem,  on  account  of  reli- 

i-ndship,  and  intercourse 
[free  inhabitants  of  each 
justice,  excepted,  shall 
Ins  In  the  several  states; 
I  regress  to  and  from  any 
[ade  and  commerce,  sub- 
the  inhabitants  thereof 
[tend  so  far  as  to  prevent 
lotlier  state,  of  which  the 
m,  duties,  or  restriction, 
ftatcs  or  either  of  them. 
hy,  or  other  high  misde- 
Ud  in  any  of  the  United 
[utive  power  of  the  state 
]  state  having  jurisdiction 


Full  faith  and  credit  «Jiall  bo  given  in  each  of  theno  ntaton  to  the  records,  acta, 
and  judicial  proceedings  of  the  courts  and  magistrates  of  every  other  state. 

AiiT.  6.  For  tiu!  nioro  convenitnt  manngement  of  the  general  interests  of  tho 
United  8tatei>,  delegates  sliall  be  annually  appointed  in  such  manner  as  the  legis- 
lature of  each  statu  shall  direct  to  meet  in  congress  on  tho  first  Monday  in 
November,  in  every  year,  with  a  power  reserved  to  eadi  state  to  rccnll  its  del- 
egntoB,  or  any  of  tliem,  at  any  time  within  the  year,  and  to  send  others  in  their 
stead  for  tho  renuiinder  of  the  year. 

No  state  shall  bo  ri'i)resonted  in  congress  by  less  than  two,  nor  by  more  than 
seven  members  ;  and  no  person  shall  bo  capable  of  being  a  delegate  for  more  than 
three  years  in  any  term  of  six  years ;  nor  shall  any  person,  being  a  delegate,  be 
ciipablo  of  holding  any  office  under  tho  United  States,  for  whicli  he,  or  another 
for  iiis  benefit,  receives  any  salary,  fees,  or  emoluments  of  any  kind. 

p]ach  state  shall  maintain  its  own  delegates  in  a  meeting  of  the  states,  and  while 
they  act  as  members  of  the  committee  of  t!ie  states. 

In  determining  questions  in  tiie  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  each  state 
sliall  have  one  vote. 

Freedom  of  speech  and  debate  in  congress  shall  not  be  impeached  or  qiiestioned 
in  any  court  or  place  out  of  congress  ;  and  tlie  members  of  congress  slinll  be  pro- 
tected in  their  persons  from  arrests  and  imprisonments,  during  the  time  of  their 
going  to  and  from  and  attendance  on  congress,  except  for  treason,  felony,  or 
breach  of  the  peace. 

Akt.  6.  No  state  without  the  consent  of  tlic  United  States  in  congress  assem- 
bled, shall  send  any  embassy  to,  or  receive  any  embassy  from,  or  enter  into  any 
conference,  agreement,  alliance,  or  treaty,  with  any  king,  prince,  or  state ;  nor 
elinll  any  person  holding  any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  the  United  States,  or 
any  of  them,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office  or  title  of  any  kind  what- 
ever, from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state ;  nor  shall  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  or  any  of  them,  grant  any  title  of  noliility. 

No  two  or  more  states  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  confederation,  or  alliance 
whatever,  between  tliem,  witliout  the  c(msent.  of  the  United  States  in  'iongress 
assembled,  specifying  accurately  the  purposes  for  which  tho  same  is  to  be  entered 
into  and  how  long  it  shtill  continue. 

No  state  sliall  lay  any  imposts  or  duties  which  may  interfere  with  any  stipula- 
tions in  treaties  entered  into  by  tho  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  with  any 
king,  pri;^ce,  or  state,  in  pursuance  of  any  treaties  already  proposed  by  congress 
to  tlic  courts  of  France  and  Spain. 

No  vesscl-of-war  shall  be  kept  up  in  time  of  peace  by  any  state,  ;  xc^'pt  such 
number  only  as  shall  be  deemed  necessary  by  the  United  States  in  cong  viss  as- 
sembled for  tho  defense  of  such  state  or  its  trade ;  nor  shall  any  body  of  forces  be 
kept  up  by  any  state  in  time  of  peace,  except  such  number  only  as  in  the  judg- 
ment of  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  shall  be  deemed  requisite  to 
garrison  the  forts  necessary  for  the  defense  of  such  stuic ;  but  every  state  shall 
always  keep  up  a  well-regulated  and  disciplined  militia,  sufllciently  armed  and 
accoutred,  and  shall  provide  and  have  constantly  ready  for  use,  in  public  stores,  a 
duo  number  of  field-pieces  and  tents,  and  a  proper  quantity  of  arms,  ammunition 
and  camp  equipage. 

No  state  shall  engage  in  any  war  without  the  consent  of  the  United  States  in 
congress  assembled,  unless  such  state  be  actually  invaded  by  enemies  or  shall 
have  received  certain  advice  of  a  resolution  being  formed  by  some  nation  of  In- 
dians to  invade  such  state,  and  the  danger  is  so  inmiincnt  as  not  to  admit  of  a 
delay  till  tho  United  States  in  congress  assembled  can  be  consulted;  nor  shall  any 
state  grant  commissions  to  .iny  ships  or  vcsscls-of-war,  nor  letters  of  marque  or 


708 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


ill 


reprisal,  except  it  bo  after  a  declaration  of  war  by  the  United  States  in  confess 
assembled,  and  then  only  against  the  kingdom  or  state,  and  the  subjects  thereof, 
against  whicli  war  has  been  so  declared,  and  under  sucli  regulations  as  sliall  bo 
established  by  tlie  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  unless  such  state  be  in- 
fested by  pirates,  in  which  case  vessels-of-war  may  be  fitted  out  for  that  occasion, 
and  kept  so  long  as  tho  danger  shall  continue,  or  until  the  United  States  in  coa- 
grcss  assembled  shall  determine  otherwise. 

AuT.  7.  When  land  iorccs  are  raised  by  any  state  for  the  common  lefensc,  all 
officers  of  or  under  the  rank  of  colonel,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  legislature  of 
each  state  respectively,  by  whom  such  force  shiill  be  raised,  or  in  sue  a  manner 
as  such  state  shall  direct,  and  all  vacancies  shall  be  filled  up  by  the  state  vthlch 
first  made  the  appointment. 

Art.  8.  All  charges  of  war,  and  all  other  expenses  that  shall  be  incurred  for 
the  common  defense  or  general  wdfare,  and  allowed  by  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  shall  be  defrayed  out  of  a  common  treasury,  wliich  shall  be 
supplied  by  the  several  °tatcs  in  proportion  to  tlie  value  of  all  land  within  each 
state  granted  to  or  surve>ed  for  any  person,  as  such  h.nd  and  the  buildings  and 
improvements  thereon  shall  be  estimated  according  to  such  mode  as  the  United 
States  in  congress  assembled  shall  from  time  to  time  direct  and  appoint. 

The  taxes  for  paying  tiiat  proportion  sliall  be  laid  and  levied  by  the  .nutbority 
and  direction  of  the  legislatures  of  tlie  several  states,  within  the  time  agreed  upon 
by  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled. 

Art.  9.  The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  have  the  sole  and  ex- 
clusive right  and  power  of  determining  ov.  peace  or  war,  except  in  the  cases 
mentioned  in  the  sixth  article  —  of  sending  and  receiving  ambassadors  —  entering 
into  treaties  and  alliances ;  provided,  that  no  treaty  of  commerce  shall  be  made 
wherel)y  the  legislative  power  of  the  respective  states  shall  be  restrained  from 
imposing  such  imposts  and  duties  on  foreigners  as  their  own  people  are  subjected 
to,  or  from  prohibiting  the  exportation  or  importation  of  any  species  of  good^i  or 
commodities  whatsoever  —  of  establisliiiig  rules  for  deciding  in  all  case^,  what 
captures  on  land  or  water  shall  be  It-gal,  and  in  what  manner  prizes  taken  by  land 
or  naval  forces  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  shall  bo  divided  or  appropri- 
ated—  of  granting  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  times  of  peace  —  appointing 
courts  for  the  trial  of  piracies  and  felonies  comirntted  on  the  higii  seas,  and  estiib- 
lishing  courts  for  receiving  and  determining  finally  uppeais  in  all  cases  of  caj)- 
tures  :  provided,  that  no  member  of  congress  shall  be  appointed  a  judge  of  any  of 
the  said  courts. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  also  be  the  last  resort  on  appeal 
in  all  disputes  and  differences  now  subsisting  or  that  hereafter  may  arise  between 
two  or  more  states  concerning  boundary,  jurisdiction,  or  any  other  cause  what- 
ever ;  which  authority  shall  always  be  exercised  in  the  manner  following :  when- 
ever the  legislative  or  executive  authority  or  lawful  agent  of  any  state  in  contro- 
versy with  another  shall  present  a  petiiion  to  congress,  stating  tise  matter  in 
question,  and  praying  for  a  hearing,  notice  thereof  shall  be  given  by  order  of ! 
congress  to  the  legislative  or  executive  authority  of  the  other  state  in  controversy, 
and  a  day  assign  d  for  the  appearance  of  the  p.artics,  by  their  lawful  agents,  who 
shall  then  be  directed  to  appoint  by  joint  consent  commissioners  or  judges  to 
constitute  a  court  for  hearing  and  determining  the  matter  in  qui  stion ;  but  if  they  j 
Cftnnot  agree,  congress  shall  name  tliree  persons  out  of  each  of  the  United  Spates, 
nud  from  the  list  of  such  persons  each  party  shall  alternald;'  strike  out  one,  the  I 
petitioners  beginning  until  the  number  shall  be  reduced  to  thirteen ;  and  fruni 
that  number  not  less  than  seven  nor  more  than  nine  names,  as  congress  sliall 
direct,  shall,  in  tho  presence  of  congress,  be  drawn  out  by  lot;  and  the  personil 


ARTICLES   OF  CONFEDERATION. 


709 


d  States  in  coni?Te88 
the  8\il)jcct8  thereof, 
}gulation9  as  shall  bo 
less  such  state  be  in- 
out  for  that  occasion, 
United  States  in  co.i- 

I  common  lefensc,  all 
[  by  the  legislature  of 
;d,  or  in  sue  ii  manner 
up  by  the  state  wliich 

t  shall  he  incurred  for 
United  States  in  con- 
isury,  wliich  shall  be 
3f  all  land  within  each 
and  the  buildings  and 
;h  mode  as  the  United 
aud  appoint, 
levied  by  the  authority 
n  the  time  agreed  upon 

II  have  the  sole  and  ex- 
,r,  except  in  the  cases 
imbaasadors  —  entering 
ommcrce  shall  be  made 
liall  be  restrained  from 
,n  people  are  subjoctcd 
any  species  of  goods  or 
fdng  in  all  casc^,  what 
ler  prizes  taken  by  land 
.  bo  divided  or  appropri- 
s  of  peace  —  appointing 
;hc  higli  seas,  and  estab- 
.^ais  in  all  cases  of  cap- 
,ointed  a  judge  of  any  of 

the  last  resort  on  appeal 
.after  may  arise  between 
>r  any  other  cause  wbat- 
nanncr  following :  when- 
It  of  any  state  in  contro- 
ls,  stating  the  matter  in 
lall  be  given  by  order  of 
iu<r  state  in  controversy, 
their  lawful  agents,  who 
miissioncrs  or  judges  to  i 
r  in  question ;  butiftUcy 
.ach  of  the  United  Spates, 
•niitcl:'  strike  out  one,  the 
;cd  to  thirteen  ;  and  from 
names,  as  congress  shall 
It  by  lot;  and  the  persoDi 


whose  names  shall  be  so  drawn,  or  any  five  of  them,  shall  be  commissioners  or 
judges,  to  hear  and  finally  de'  ^rmine  the  controversy,  so  always  as  a  major  part 
of  the  judges,  who  shall  hear  he  cause,  shall  agree  in  the  determination  :  and  if 
either  party  shall  neglect  to  attend  at  the  day  appointed,  without  showing  reasons 
which  congress  shall  judge  sufficient,  or  being  present  shall  refuse  to  strike,  the 
congress  shall  proceed  to  nominate  three  persons  out  of  each  state,  and  the  sec- 
retary of  congress  shall  strike  in  behalf  of  such  party  absent  or  refusing;  and  the 
judgment  and  sentence  of  the  court  to  be  appointed  in  the  manner  before  pre- 
scribed, ehall  be  final  and  conclusive ;  and  if  any  of  the  parties  shall  refuse  to 
submit  to  the  authority  of  such  court,  or  to  appear,  or  defend  the  claim  or  cause, 
the  court  shall  nevertheless  proceed  to  pronounce  sentence  or  judgment,  which 
shall  in  like  manner  be  final  and  decisive,  the  judgment  or  sentence  and  other 
proceedings,  being  in  cither  case  transmitted  to  congress,  and  lodged  among  the 
acts  of  congress  for  the  security  of  the  parties  concerned :  provided,  that  every 
commissioner,  before  he  sits  in  judgment,  shall  take  an  oatl  ,  to  be  administered 
by  one  of  the  judges  of  the  supreme  or  superior  court  of  tlie  state,  where  the 
cause  shall  be  tried,  "  well  and  truly  to  hear  and  determine  the  matter  in  question, 
according  to  the  best  of  1  s  judgment,  without  favor,  affection,  or  hope  of 
reward  :  "  provided  also,  that  no  state  shall  be  deprived  of  territory  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  United  States. 

All  controversies  concerning  the  private  right  of  soil,  riaimed  under  different 
grants  of  tivo  or  more  states,  whose  jurisdiction  as  they  may  respect  such  lands 
and  tlie  states  which  passed  such  grants  .ire  adjusted,  the  said  grants  or  either  of 
them  being  at  the  same  lime  claimed  to  have  originated  antecedent  to  such  settle- 
ment of  jurisdiction,  shall,  on  the  petition  of  either  party  to  the  congress  of  the 
United  States,  be  finally  determined,  as  near  as  may  be,  in  the  same  manner  as 
is  before  prescribed  f  deciding  disputes  respecting  territorial  jurisdiction  be- 
tween different  states. 

The  United  Slates  in  congress  assembled  shall  also  have  the  sole  and  exclusive 
right  and  power  of  re?riilating  the  alloy  and  value  of  coin  struck  by  their  own 
ruthority,  or  by  that  of  >  e  respective  states  —  fixing  tlie  standard  of  weights  and 
measures  throughout  the  United  States  —  regulating  the  trade  and  managing  all 
affairs  with  the  Indians  not  members  of  any  of  tl'.e  states ;  provided  that  the 
legislative  right  of  any  state  within  its  own  limits  be  not  infringed  or  violated  — 
establishing  and  r(  ;:ulating  i)ost-offices  from  one  state  to  another  throughout  all  the 
United  States,  and  exacting  such  postage  oii  the  papers  passing  tlirough  the  same, 
as  may  bo  requisite  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  said  office  —  appointing  all 
officers  of  the  land  forces  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  excepting  regi- 
mental ofticers — aiipoiiiting  all  the  officers  of  the  naval  forces,  and  connnission- 
ing  all  officers  whatever  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  —  nuiking  rules  for 
tlie  government  and  regulation  of  the  said  land  and  naval  forces,  and  directing 
their  operations. 

The  Uni  id  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  have  authority  to  appoint  a  com- 
mittee to  sit  in  the  rer-ess  of  congress,  to  be  denominated  ''a  committee  of  tlie 
states,"  and  to  consist  of  one  delegate  from  each  state;  and  to  appoint  such  other 
eonnnittees  and  civil  officers  as  may  be  necessary  for  "lanaging  the  general  affairs 
of  the  United  States,  under  their  d  rection  —  to  appoint  one  of  their  number  to 
preside,  pri.'vidcd  that  no  person  be  .allowed  to  serve  in  the  office  of  president  more 
than  one  year  in  any  term  of  three  years  —  to  ascertain  tb.e  necessary  sums  of 
money  lo  be  raised  for  the  service  of  the  United  States,  and  to  appropriate  and 
apply  tlie  same  for  defraying  the  public  expenses  —  to  borrow  money  or  emit  bills 
on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  transmitting  every  half  year  to  the  respective 
states  an  account  of  the  sums  of  money  so  borrowed  or  emitted — to  build  and 


710 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


equip  a  navy  — to  agree  upon  the  number  of  land  forces,  and  tu  make  requisi- 
tions from  each  state  for  its  quota,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  wliite  inhabi- 
tants in  such  states  ;  wliich  requisition  shall  be  binding,  and  thereupon  the  legig- 
lature  of  each  state  shall  appoint  the  regimental  officers,  raise  the  men,  and  clothe, 
firm,  and  equip  them,  in  a  soldier-like  manner,  at  the  expense  of  tlie  United 
States;  and  the  officers  and  men  so  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped,  shall  march  to 
the  place  appointed,  and  wit)iin  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United  States  in  con- 
gross  assembled :  but  if  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  shall,  on  con- 
sideration of  circumstances,  judge  proper  tliat  any  state  should  not  raise  men  or 
should  raise  a  smaller  number  than  its  quota,  and  tliat  any  other  state  should  raise 
a  greater  number  of  men  than  tlio  quota  tliercof,  such  extra  number  shall  be 
raised,  officered,  clothed,  armed,  and  equipped,  in  tlie  same  manner  as  tlie  quota 
of  such  state,  unless  the  legislature  of  such  state  shall  judge  tliat  such  extra 
number  can  not  safely  be  spared  out  of  the  same;  in  wliich  case  they  sliall  raise, 
officer,  clothe,  arm,  and  equip,  as  many  of  such  extra  number  as  they  judge  can 
be  safely  spared.  And  the  officers  and  men  so  clotlied,  armed,  and  equipped, 
shall  march  to  the  jilace  appointed,  and  within  the  time  agreed  on  by  the  United 
States  in  congress  assembled. 

The  United  States  in  congress  assembled  shall  never  engage  in  a  war,  nor  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  in  time  of  peace,  nor  enter  into  any  treaties  or  alli- 
ances, nor  coin  money,  nor  regulate  the  value  thereof,  nor  ascertain  the  sums  and 
expenses  necessary  for  the  defense  and  welfare  of  the  United  States  or  any  of 
them,  nor  emit  bills,  nor  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States,  nor  ap- 
propriate money,  nor  agree  upon  the  numlier  of  vessels-of-var  to  be  built  or 
purchased,  or  the  number  of  land  or  sea  forces  to  be  raised,  nor  appoint  a  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  army  or  navy,  unless  nine  states  assent  to  the  same;  nor 
shall  a  question  on  any  other  point,  except  for  adjourning  from  day  to  day,  be 
determined,  unless  by  the  votes  of  a  majority  of  tlic  United  States  in  congress 
assembled. 

The  congress  of  the  United  States  .shall  have  power  to  adjourn  to  any  time 
within  the  year,  and  to  any  place  within  tlie  United  States,  so  that  no  period  of 
adjournment  be  for  a  longer  duration  than  the  space  of  six  montl's ;  and  shall 
publisli  the  journal  of  their  proceedings  monthly,  except  such  p.iits  thereof  re- 
lating to  treaties,  alliances,  or  military  operations,  as  in  their  judgment  require 
secrecy ;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  delegates  of  each  state  on  any  question 
shall  be  entered  on  the  journal,  when  it  is  desired  by  any  delegate ;  and  the  dele- 
gates of  a  st.ate,  or  any  of  them,  at  his  or  their  request,  shall  be  furnished  with  a 
transcript  of  tlie  said  journal,  except  such  parts  as  are  aljove  excepted,  to  lay 
before  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states. 

Art.  10.  The  committee  of  the  states,  or  any  nine  of  them,  sii.all  be  author- 
ized to  execute,  i"  the  recess  of  congress,  such  of  the  powers  of  congress  as  the 
United  States  in  congress  assembled,  by  the  consent  of  nine  states,  shall  frora 
time  to  time,  think  expedient  to  vest  them  witli ;  provided  tliat  no  power  be  dole- 
gated  to  the  said  committee,  for  the  exercise  of  which,  by  the  articles  of  confeder- 
ation, the  voice  of  nine  states  In  the  congress  of  the  U  nited  States  assembled  is 
requisite. 

Art.  11.  Canada,  acceding  to  this  confederation,  and  joining  in  the  measures 
of  the  United  States,  shall  be  admitted  into,  and  entitled  to,  all  the  advantages  of 
this  Union;  but  no  other  col' my  shall  be  admitted  into  the  same  unless  such  ad- 
mission be  agreed  to  by  nine  state 

Art.  12.  All  bills  of  credit  emitted,  moneys  borrowed,  and  debts  contracted, 
by  or  under  the  authority  of  congress,  before  the  assembling  of  the  United  States, 
in  pursuance  cf  the  present  confederation,  shall  be  deemed  and  considered  as  a 


ARTICLES  OF  CONFEDERATION. 


711 


and  tv>  make  requisi- 
nber  of  white  inhabi- 
I  thereupon  the  Icgis- 
c  the  men,  and  clothe, 
xpense  of  the  United 
lipped,  shall  march  to 
United  Slates  in  con- 
umbled,  shall,  on  con- 
)uld  not  raise  men  or 
ther  state  should  raise 
itra  number  sliall  be 
)  manner  as  the  quota 
judge  that  such  extra 
I  case  they  shall  raise, 
ber  as  they  judge  can 
armed,  and  equipped, 
reed  on  by  the  United 

igc  in  a  war,  nor  grant 
ito  any  treaties  or  alli- 
iscertain  the  sums  and 
lited  States  or  any  of 
United  States,  nor  ap- 
of-var  to  be  built  or 
!d,  nor  appoint  a  com- 
isent  to  the  same ;  nor 
g  from  day  to  day,  be 
od  States  in  congress 

o  adjourn  to  any  time 
so  that  no  period  of 
ix  monH's ;  and  sliall 
uch  parts  thereof  re- 
K'ir  judgment  require 
state  on  any  question 
elegate ;  and  the  dele- 
11  be  furnished  with  a 
bove  excepted,  to  lay 

hem,  shall  be  author- 
srs  of  congress  as  the 
ine  states,  shall  from 
liat  no  power  be  dole- 
10  articles  of  confeder- 
:d  States  assembled  is 

aining  in  the  measures 
,  all  the  advantages  of 
!  same  unless  such  ad' 

and  debts  contracted, 
g  of  the  United  States, 
1  and  considered  as  a 


charge  against  the  United  States,  for  payment  and  satisfaction  whereof  the  said 
United  States  and  the  public  faith  are  licreby  solemnly  pledged. 

AuT.  13.  Every  state  shall  abide  by  the  decision  of  the  United  States  in  con- 
gress assembled,  on  all  questions  which,  by  this  confederation,  are  submitted  to 
them.  And  the  articles  of  tliis  confederation  shall  be  inviolably  observed  by 
every  state,  and  the  union  shall  be  perpetual ;  nor  shall  any  alteration  at  any 
time  hereafter  bo  made  in  any  of  them,  unless  such  alteration  be  agreed  to  in  a 
congress  of  the  United  States,  and  be  afterwards  confirmed  by  the  legislature  of 
every  state. 

And  whereas  it  has  pleased  the  great  Governor  of  the  world  to  incline  the 
.loarts  of  the  legislatures  wo  respectively  represent  in  congress,  to  npprove  of  and 
to  authorize  us  to  ratify  the  s.aid  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union  : 
know  ye,  that  we,  the  undersigned  delegates,  by  virtue  of  Jie  power  and  authority 
to  us  given  for  that  purpose,  do,  by  these  presents,  in  tlie  name  and  in  behalf  of 
our  respective  constituents,  fully  and  entirely  ratify  and  confirm  each  and  every 
of  the  said  articles  of  confederation  and  perpetual  union,  and  all  and  siajular  the 
matters  and  things  therein  contained ;  and  we  do  further  solemnly  plight  and  en- 
gage the  faith  of  our  respective  constituents,  that  they  shall  abide  by  the  deter- 
minations of  the  United  States  in  congress  assembled,  on  all  questions  which,  by 
the  said  confederation,  are  submitted  to  them ;  and  that  the  articles  thereof  shall 
be  inviolably  observed  by  the  states  we  respectively  represent;  and  that  the  union 
be  perpf«tual. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands,  in  congress.  Done  at 
Philadelphia,  in  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  the  ninth  day  of  July,  in  the  year 
of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-eight,  and  in  the  third 
year  of  the  independence  of  America. 


New  Hampshiue.' 
Josiali  Bartlett,  John  Wentworth,  Jr. 

MAssAciirssTTS  Bav. 
John    Hancock,    Samuel    Adams,   El- 
bridge  Gerry,  Francis  Dana,  James 
Lovell,  Samuel  Holtcn. 

RnoDE  Island. 
^yilliam  Ellery,  Henry  Marchant,  John 
Collins. 

Connecticut. 
Roger   Sherman,    Samuel   Huntington, 
Oliver  Wolcott,  Titus  Hosmer,  An- 
drew Adams. 

New  Y:)rk. 
James  Duane,  Francis  Lewis,  William 
Duer,  Gouverneui  IfiorrJs. 

New  Jersey. 
John  Withcrspoon,  Nath.  Scvidder. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert  Moiris,  Daniel  Iloberdeau,  Jon- 
athan  Bayard   Smith,  William  Clin- 
gau,  Joseph  Reed. 


Delaware. 
Thomas     M'Kean,     John     Dickinson, 
Nicholas  Van  Dyke. 

Maryland. 
John  Hanson,  Daniel  Carroll. 

Virginia. 
Richard    Henry   Leo,   John    Banister, 
Thomas  Adams,  John  Harvie,  Fran- 
cis Lightfoot  Lee. 

North  Carolina. 
Jolm   Penn,  Constable   Harnett,   John 
Williams. 

South  Carolina. 
Henry  Laurens,  William  Henry  Dray- 
ton, John  Matthews,  Richard  Hudson, 
Thomas  Ileyward,  Jr. 

Georgia. 
John  Walton,  Edward  Telfair,  Edward 
Langworthy. 


712 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES  OF 

AMERICA. 


We,  v'he  People  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  tlie  common  defense, 
promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  ourselves  and 
our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the  United  States  of 
America. 

ARTICLE   I. 

Sectiok  1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a  congress 
of  the  United  States,  wliich  shall  consist  of  a  senate  and  house  of  representatives. 

Sec.  2.  The  house  of  representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members  chosen 
every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  states ;  and  the  electors  in  each 
state  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous 
branch  oi"  the  state  legislature. 

No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of 
twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  in  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  states 
which  may  be  included  within  this  union,  according  to  their  respective  numbers, 
which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  w  hole  number  of  free  persons,  in- 
cluding those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years,  and  excluding  Indians  not 
taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enumeration  shall  bo  made 
within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  congress  of  the  United  States, 
and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten  years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by 
law  direct.  The  number  of  repi  jsentrtives  sliall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty 
thousand,  but  each  state  shall  hav*  at  leas'„  one  ropresentativt  ;  and  until  such 
enumeration  sliall  be  made,  the  state  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to 
choose  three;  Massachusetts  eight ;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations  one; 
Connecticut  five;  New  York  six;  New  Jersey  four;  Pennsylvania  eight;  Dela- 
ware one;  Maryland  six;  Virginia  ten;  North  Carolina  five;  Soath  Carolina 
five ;  and  Georgia  three. 

When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  state,  the  executive  | 
authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

The  house  of  representatives  shall  choose  their  speaker  and  other  officers,  and  | 
shall  liave  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

Sec.  3.  The  senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  senator;  | 
from  each  state,  chosen  by  the  legish  .*e  thereof,  for  six  years ;  and  each  senator  | 
shall  have  one  vote. 

Immediately  after  they  shall  bo  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first  election, 
they  sliall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.     The  seats  of  the  I 
senators  of  the  first  class  sb.all  be  vacated  at  tiie  expiraticm  of  the  second  year,! 
of  tlic  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year,  and  of  the  tliird  class  all 
the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be  chosen  every  secouii| 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


713 


rATES  OF 


I  more  perfect  union, 
the  common  defense, 
bcrty  to  ourselves  and 
.  the  United  States  of 


be  vested  in  a  congrcBB 
)use  of  representatives, 
sod  of  members  diosen 
id  tlie  electors  in  each 
of  the  most  numerous 

attained  to  the  age  of 
[[nited  States,  and  who 
hich  he  shall  be  chosen, 
mong  the  several  states 
jir  respective  numbers, 
ber  of  free  persons,  in- 
1  excluding  Indians  not 
nieration  shall  be  made 
ss  of  the  United  States, 
manner  as  they  shall  by 
iced  one  for  every  thirty 
;ntativc  ;  and  until  such 
lire  shall  be  entitled  to 
vidence  Plantations  one; 
nnsylvania  eight;  Dela- 
la  five;    Soath  Carolina 

any  state,  the  executive 
vacancies. 
:er  and  other  officers,  and 

imposed  of  two  senator: 
years;  and  each  senator 


cncc  of  the  first  election, 

lasses.     The  seats  of  the 

ition  of  the  second  year, 

ami  of  the  third  class  at 

be  chosen  every  secr" 


year;  and  if  vacancies  happen,  by  resignation  or  otherwise,  during  the  recess  of 
the  legislature  of  any  state,  the  executive  thereof  may  make  temporary  appoint- 
ments until  the  next  meeting  of  the  legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  var 
cancies. 

No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years, 
and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who  shall  not,  when 
elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  state  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen. 

Tlie  vice-president  of  the  United  States  shall  be  president  of  the  senate,  but 
sliall  have  no  vote  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

The  senate  shall  cliooso  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  president  pro  tempore  in 
tlie  absence  of  the  vice-president,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the  office  of  presi- 
dent of  the  United  States. 

The  senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When  sitting 
for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation.  When  the  president  of  the 
United  States  is  tried,  the  chief  justice  shall  preside ;  and  no  person  shall  be  con- 
victed without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  present. 

Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to  removal 
from  office,  and  disqualification  to  luld  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit 
under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall,  nevertlicle&s,  be  liable  and 
subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

Sec.  4.  The  timea,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  senators  and 
representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  state  by  the  legisl.ature  thereof;  but 
the  congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  j.lter  such  regulations,  except  as  to 
the  place  of  choosing  senators. 

The  congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year ;  and  such  meeting 
shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law  appoint  a  dif- 
ferent day. 

Sec.  5.  Each  hou'^^o  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns  and  qualifica- 
tions of  its  own  meiL.ors,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do 
business ;  but  a  sniisller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  autJior- 
ized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  i/\  such  manner  and  under  such 
penalties  as  each  house  may  provide. 

Each  house  maj'  determine  tlie  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its  members  for 
disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  con'iurrence  of  two-thirds,  expel  a  member. 

Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to  time  pub- 
lish the  same,  exempting  such  parts  at,  may  in  their  judgment  require  secrecy ;  and 
the  yeas  and  nays  -;f  »hc  members  of  either  house  on  any  question,  shall,  at  the 
desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on  the  journal. 

Neither  house,  during  the  session  r  congress,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  ...ja,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in  which 
the  two  liouses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sec.  6.      The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation  for 

I  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  treasury  of  tlie  United 

[  States.     They  shall,  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony,  and  breacli  of  the  peace, 

be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  their  respective 

houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  nn.i  for  any  speech  or  dc- 

Ibate  in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  tlie  time  for  wliich  he  was  elected,  be 

[appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  <>f  the  United  States,  which  sliall 

Ihiive  been    reated,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have  been  increased  during 

I  such  time ;  ax\^  no  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  shall  be  a 

joulHmeraber  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  office. 


714 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Sec.  7.  All  bills  for  raising  rcvcme  shall  originate  in  the  house  of  represen- 
tatives; but  the  senate  may  propose  ii  concur  with  amendments  as  on  otiier  bills. 
Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  house  of  representatives  and  the  senate, 
shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States; 
if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it  with  his  objections,  to 
that  house  in  which  it  shall  have  originated ;  who  shah  enter  the  objections  at 
large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after  such  reconsidera- 
tion, two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent,  together 
with  tiie  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  it  shall  likewise  be  reconsi  l"red; 
and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  tliat  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  cases, 
the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of 
the  persons  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journal  of  each 
house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  president  witliin  ten 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall 
be  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  congress,  by  tlieir  ad- 
journment, prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  senate  and 
house  of  representatives  may  be  necessary,  (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment,) shall  be  presented  to  the  president  of  the  United  States;  and  before  the 
same  shall  take  effect,  shall  bo  approved  by  him ;  or  being  disapproved  by  him, 
shall  be  repassed  by , two-thirds  of  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives,  accord- 
ing to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  caso  of  a  bill. 

Sicc.  8.     The  congress  shall  have  powiT 

To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts,  and  excises;  to  pay  the  debts,  and 
provide  for  the  common  defense  and  general  welfare  of  *he  United  States ;  but  all 
duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  United  States. 

To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States. 

To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several  states,  and 
with  the  Indian  tribes. 

To  establish  an  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  the  subject 
of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States. 

To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix  the 
standard  of  weights  and  measures. 

To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and  current  | 
coin  of  the  United  States. 

To  establish  post-offices  and  post-roads. 

To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts,  by  securing  for  limited  I 
times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective  writings  | 
and  discoveries. 

To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  supreme  court;  to  define  and  punish  I 
piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high  seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of  | 
nations. 

To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marq 'c  and  reprisal,  and  ma'. e  rules  conccn- 
ing  captures  on  land  and  water. 

To  raise  and  support  armies;  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that  use  shall! 
be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years. 

To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy. 

To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  i      he  land  and  naval  forces! 

To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  ■  laws  of  the  Unioi,  s.'p| 
press  insurrections,  and  repel  invasion. 

To  provide  for  organizing,  arming  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and  for  govem-l 
ing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  StatesiF 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


716 


ic  house  of  reprcsen* 
snta  as  on  otlier  bills, 
.tives  and  the  senate, 
of  the  United  States; 
with  his  objections,  to 
nter  the  objections  at 
^er  such  rcconsidera- 
shall  be  sent,  together 
jwische  rcconsilTcd; 
I  law.    But  in  all  cases, 
ays,  and  the  names  of 
on  the  journal  of  each 
lie  president  within  ten 
1  to  him,  the  same  shall 

congress,  by  their  ad- 

a  law. 

jnce  of  the  senate  and 
a  question  of  adjourn- 
States ;  and  before  the 
ig  disapproved  by  him, 
representatives,  accord- 

biU. 

.  to  pay  the  debts,  and 
e  United  States ;  but  all 
he  United  States. 

g  the  several  states,  and 

form  laws  on  the  subject  I 

brcign  coin,  and  fix  the 

c  securities  and  current 

by  securing  for  limited 
their  respective  writings 

rt;   to  define  and  punish 
iviises  against  the  law  of 

and  ma^ -e  rules  concern. 

,f  money  to  that  use  shall 

he  land  and  naval  forces,! 
laws  of  the  Unio.,  su? 


he  militia,  and  for  govern- 
ice  of  the  United  States;! 


reserving  to  the  states  respectively  the  appointment  of  the  officers  and  the  author« 
ity  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  prescribed  by  congress. 

To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  over  such  district  (not 
exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may,  by  cession  of  particular  states,  and  the 
acceptance  of  congress,  become  the  seat  of  government  of  the  United  States ; 
and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased,  by  the  consent  of  the 
legislature  of  the  state  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the  erection  of  forts,  mag- 
azines, arsenals,  dockyards,  and  other  needful  buildings ;  and 

To  niiiko  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying  into  execu- 
tion the  foregoing  powers  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this  constitution  in  tho 
government  of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  department  or  officer  thereof. 

Sec.  9.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  states 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  congress 
prior  to  tho  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight ;  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be 
imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 

The  privilege  of  tho  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended,  unless  when, 
in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

No  bill  of  attainder,  or  exjjost  facto  law,  shall  be  passed. 

No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  bo  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to  the  cen- 
sus or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken. 

No  tax  or  duty  siiall  bo  laid  on  any  articles  expoited  from  any  state.  No  pref- 
erence shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue  to  the  ports  of 
one  state  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to  or  from  one  statu,  bo 
obliged  to  enter,  clear  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

No  money  shall  bo  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in  consequence  of  appropria- 
tions made  by  Ir.w;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the  reccii)ts  and 
expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to  time. 

No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States ;  and  no  person  hold- 
ing any  office  of  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  con- 
gress, accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title  of  any  kind  whatever, 
from  any  king,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

SiiC.  10.  No  state  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance  or  confederation ;  grant 
letters  of  marque  and  reprisal ;  coin  money ;  emit  bHls  of  credit ;  make  anything 
but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts ;  pass  any  bill  o^'  attainder, 
a  post  faclo  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts ;  or  gr.ant  any  title 
of  nobility. 

No  state  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  congress,  lay  any  imposts  or  duties 
Ion  imports  or  exports,  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for  executing  its 
inspection  laws ;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imposts  laid  by  any  state 
on  imports  or  oxports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  treasury  of  the  United  States ; 
[and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and  control  of  the  congress.  No 
tate  shall,  without  the  consent  of  tho  congress,  lay  any  duty  of  tonnage,  keep 
ro  >ps  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement  or  compact  with 
mother  state,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war,  unless  actually  invaded, 
ir  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  of  delay. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Sec.  1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  ,  osted  in  a  President  of  the  United 
Ptatcs  of  America.  lie  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four  years ;  and, 
together  with  the  Vice-President  chosen  fov  ihe  same  term,  be  elected  as  follows  : 

Each  state  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof  may  direct, 
i  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  senators  and  representatives 


1 


? 


•;i 


716 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


to  which  tho  state  mny  bo  entitled  in  the  congress  ;  but  no  sennior  or  representa- 
tive, or  person  iiolding  an  ofQce  of  trust  or  profit  under  tho  United  States,  shall 
bo  appointed  an  elector. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respeciivo  states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  two 
persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same  state  with 
themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for,  and  of  tlic 
number  of  votes  for  eacli ;  wliieh  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit 
sealed  to  tho  seat  of  government  of  tho  United  States,  directed  to  tho  president 
of  the  senate.  Tiie  president  of  tho  senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  stnute 
and  house  of  representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  tlien  bo 
counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President, 
if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  tho  wliole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if 
there  be  more  than  one  who  have  such  majority,  and  have  an  equal  number  of 
votes,  then  tho  house  of  representatives  shall  immediately  choose,  by  ballot,  one 
of  them  for  president ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then,  from  the  flvu  liigh- 
est  on  the  list,  the  said  house  shall,  in  like  manner,  choose  the  president.  But  in 
choosing  the  president,  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation  from 
each  state  having  one  vote ;  a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member 
or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  states,  and  a  nuijority  of  all  the  states  shall  be 
necessary  to  a  clioice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  oi  a  president,  the  person 
having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors  shall  be  the  vice-president. 
But  if  there  should  remain  two  or  more  who  have  equal  votes,  the  senate  shall 
choose  from  them,  by  ballot,  the  vice-president. 

The  congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors,  and  the  day  on 
which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be  the  same  throughout  the 
United  States. 

No  person,  except  a  natural  bom  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  at 
the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the  oflice  of  pres- 
ident; neither  shall   any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who  shall   not  have 
attained  to  tho  age  of  tliirty-fivo  years,  and  been  fourteen  years  a  resident  within  | 
the  United  States. 

In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  president  from  office,  or  of  his  death,  resignation, 
or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the  same  sliall 
devolve  on  the  vice-president;  and  the  congress  may,  bylaw,  provide  for  the 
case  of  removal,  death,  resignation  or  inability,  both  of  tho  president  and  vice- 1 
president,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as  president ;  and  such  officer  I 
shall  act  accordingly,  until  the  disability  bo  removed,  or  a  president  shall  be  I 
elected.  I 

The  president  sliall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compensation,  I 
which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  fur  whicii  he  I 
shall  have  been  elected ;  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period  any  other  I 
emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them.  I 

Before  he  enter  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  following  oath  I 
or  affirmation :  I 

"  I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office  of  pres-l 
ident  of  the  United  States;  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve,  protect  I 
and  defend  the  constitution  of  the  United  States."  B 

Sec.  2.  The  president  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  a  d  navy  of  the  I 
United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  tho  several  states,  when  called  mto  the  actual! 
service  of  tho  United  States,  lie  may  requ'ro  the  opinion,  in  writing,  of  the! 
principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon  any  subject  relating  1 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices  ;  and  he  shall  have  power  to  grant  reprieves  I 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


717 


11  take  the  following  oath 


and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United  States,  except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment. 

He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  senate,  to  mako 
treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  tho  senators  present  concur;  and  he  sliall  nom- 
inate, and,  by  and  witli  tlio  odvico  and  consent  of  tlio  senate,  sliall  appoint  anibas- 
gadors,  otlier  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  tlie  supfemc  court,  and  all 
otiier  offlcers  of  the  United  States  wliosc  appointments  arc  not  lierein  otlierwiso 
provided  for,  and  which  shall  bo  cstablislied  by  law.  But  the  cmgress  mny,  by 
law,  vest  tlie  appointment  of  sucli  inferior  officers  as  they  tliinl  proper,  in  tho 
president  alone,  in  tho  courts  of  law,  or  in  the  heads  of  departments. 

The  president  sliall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancic.i  tliat  nviy  happen  during^ 
the  recess  of  the  senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall  ,'xpiro  at  the  end 
of  their  next  session. 

Sec.  3.  lie  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  congress  information  of  tho 
state  of  tlie  Union,  nnd  recommend  to  their  consideration  sucli  measures  as  ho 
gliall  judge  necessary  and  expedient.  He  may,  o'  \'traordinary  occasions,  con- 
vene both  houses,  or  either  of  them;  and  in  case  isagreement  between  them, 
with  respect  to  tlie  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  :  irn  tliem  to  such  time  as  ho 
shall  think  proper.  He  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public  ministers. 
He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faitlifully  executed ;  and  shall  commission  all 
the  offlcers  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  The  president,  vice-presidont,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  nnd  conviction  of  trea- 
son, bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Sec.  1.  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme 
court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  tho  congress  may,  from  time  to  time,  ordain 
and  establish.  Tlio  judges,  both  of  the  supreme  and  inferior  courts,  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  good  behavior ;  and  shjill,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  their 
services  a  compensation,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office. 

Skc.  2.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases  in  law  and  equity  arising 
under  tliis  constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  nnd  treaties  made,  or  which 
shall  be  made,  under  their  authority;  to  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other 
public  ministers  and  consuls ;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty  and  maritime  jurisdiction ; 
to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall  be  a  party;  to  controversies 
between  two  or  more  states ;  between  a  state  and  citizens  of  another  litate,  be- 
tween citizens  of  different  states,  between  citizens  of  the  same  state  claiming 
lands  under  grants  of  different  states,  and  between  a  state,  or  the  citizens  there- 
of, and  foreign  states,  citizens  or  subjects. 

In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  and 
those  in  which  a  state  shall  be  a  party,  the  supremo  court  shall  have  original  ju- 
risdiction. In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned,  the  supreme  court  sliall  hivvo 
appellate  jurisdiction,  botli  as  to  Law  and  fact,  with  such  exceptions  and  under 
j  such  regulations  as  the  congress  shall  make. 

The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  bo  by  jury,  and 
I  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  state  where  the  said  crimes  shall  have  boon  com- 
mitted ;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  state,  tho  trial  shall  be  at  such  place 
or  places  as  the  congress  may  by  law  have  diiected. 

Sec.  3.  Treason  against  tlio  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war 
I  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  tliem  aid  and  comfort.    No 


: 


718 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


person  Bhall  bo  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two  witnesses  to 
the  sumo  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

Tlio  congress  slmll  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason ;  but  no 
attainder  of  treason  sliall  worlc  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture,  except  during 
the  life  of  tlio  person  attainted. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Seo.  L  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  bo  given  in  each  state  to  the  public  acts, 
records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  state ;  and  the  congress  niiiy,  l)y 
general  laws,  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records,  and  proceediugs 
shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sf.o.  2.  The  citizens  of  each  state  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and  im- 
munities of  citizens  in  the  several  states. 

A  person  charged  in  any  state  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime,  who  slmll 
flee  from  justice,  and  be  found  in  another  state,  shall,  on  demand  of  the  executive 
authority  of  the  state  from  which  he  fled,  bo  delivered  up,  to  be  removed  to  the 
state  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  state  under  the  laws  thereof,  escap- 
ing into  another,  shall  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein,  be  dis- 
charged from  such  service  or  labor ;  but  shall  be  delivered  up  on  claim  of  the 
party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  3.  New  states  may  be  admitted  by  the  congress  into  this  Union;  but  no 
new  state  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any  other  state, 
nor  any  state  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  states  or  p;irts  of  states, 
without  the  consent  of  the  legitjlatures  of  the  states  concerned,  as  well  as  uf  the 
congress. 

The  congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of,  and  make  all  needftil  rules  and 
regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to  the  United 
States ;  and  nothing  in  this  constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as  to  prejudice  any 
claim  of  the  United  States,  or  of  any  particular  state. 

Sec.  4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  state  in  this  Union  a 
republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  invasion; 
and,  on  application  of  the  legislature,  or  of  the  executive  (when  the  legislature 
cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  viok-nce. 

ARTICLE  V. 
The  congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  houses  shall  deem  it  necessary, 
shall  propose  amendments  to  this  constitution ;  or,  on  the  application  of  the 
legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  states,  shall  call  a  convention  for  pro- 
posing amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses .as  part  of  this  constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  legialatures  of  three- 
fourths  of  the  several  states,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths  thereof,  as  the 
one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the  congress ;  provided 
that  no  amendment  wliich  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  eight,  shall  in  any  manner  affeci  the  first  and  fourth  clauses  in  the 
ninth  section  of  the  first  article ;  and  that  no  st.ate,  without  its  consent,  shall  be 
deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the  senate. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

All  debts  contracted  and  engngcments  entered  Into  before  the  adoption  of  thii 
constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this  constitution,  as 
under  the  confederation. 

This  constitution,  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be  made  in 


1 


CONSTITUTION  OP  THE  UNITED   STATES. 


719 


jr  of  two  witneiios  to 

nt  of  treason ;  but  no 
fciture,  except  during 


;ato  to  th«  public  acts, 
,  tho  con^rL'ss  nmy,  by 
jords,  and  proceedings 

all  privileges  and  im- 

jthcr  crime,  wbo  shall 
smand  of  the  executive 
p,  to  be  removed  to  the 

ho  laws  thereof,  escap- 
ilation  therein,  be  dis- 
!red  up  on  claim  of  the 

into  this  Union  -,  but  no 
lion  of  any  other  state, 
states  or  parts  of  states, 
;erned,  as  well  as  of  the 

Ice  all  needful  rules  and 
elonging  to  the  United 
rued  as  to  prejudice  any 

state    in  this  Union  a 

them  against  invasion; 

re  (when  the  legislature 


shall  deem  it  necessary, 
tho  application  of  the 
1  a  convention  for  pro- 
1  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
le  legialatures  of  three- 
e-fourths  thereof,  as  the 
■f  the  congress ;  provided 
year  one  thousand  eight 
md  fourth  clauses  in  the 
lout  its  consent,  shall  he 


pursuance  thereof,  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  bo  made,  undir  tho 
authority  of  tho  United  States,  shall  be  tho  supreme  law  of  tho  land ;  and  tho 
judges  in  every  state  nhall  he  l)(»und  thereby,  anytliing  in  tho  constitution  or  laws 
of  any  state  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

Tiie  senators  and  representatives  before  mentioned,  and  tho  members  of  tho 
leveral  state  legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both  of  tlio 
United  States  and  of  the  several  states,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  ufllrmation  to 
support  this  constitution ;  but  no  religious  test  shall  over  bo  required  as  a  qualifi- 
cation to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  tiie  United  States. 

ARTICLE  VII. 
The  ratification  of  the  conventions  of  nine  states  shall  bo  sufficient  for  tho 
establishment  of  this  constitution  between  the  states  so  ratifying  tlie  same. 

Done  ill  convention  by  the  unanimous  consent  of  the  states  present,  the  seven- 
teenth day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  Independence  «)f  the  United  States  of  America, 
the  twelfth.     In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereimto  subscribed  our  names. 

GEORGE   WASHINGTON, 
President,  and  Deputy  from  Virginia. 


New  Hampshirb. 
John  Langdon,  Nicholas  Gilnmn. 

Massaciidsetts. 
l.atlianiel  Gorham,  Rufus  King. 

Connecticut. 
William  Samuel  Johnson,  Roger  Sher- 
man. 

New  York. 
Alexander  Hamilton. 

New  Jersey. 

William  Livingston,  David  Brearley, 
William  Paterson,  .Jonathan  Dayton. 

Pennsylvania. 

Benjamin  Franklin,  Thomas  Mifflin, 
Robert  Morris,  George  Clymer, 
Thomas  Pitzsimons,  Jared  Ingersoll, 
James  Wilson,  Gouveriieur  Morris. 

Attest : 


Delaware. 

George  Reed,  Gunning  Bedford,  Jr., 
John  Dickinson,  Ricliard  IJassett, 
Jacob  Broom. 

Maryland. 
James  M'llonry,   Daniel  of  St.   Tho. 
Jenifer,  Daniel  Carroll. 

Virginia. 
John  Blair,  James  Madison,  Jr. 

NoRTki  Carolina. 

William  Blount,  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight, 
Hugh  Williamson. 

South  Carolina. 
John  Rutledge,    Charles   C.  Pinckncy, 
Charles  Pinckncy,  Pierce  Butler. 

Georgia. 
William  Few,  Abraham  Baldwin. 

WILLIAM  JACKSON,   Secretary. 


;foTO  the  adoption  of  this 
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ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED 

STATES. 


U 
1 


[The  following  amendments  were  proposed  at  the  first  session  of  the  first  con- 
gress of  the  United  States,  which  was  begun  and  held  at  the  city  of  New  York 
on  the  4th  of  March,  1789,  and  were  adopted  by  the  requisite  number  of  states. 
Laws  of  the  U.  S.,  vol.  i..  page  82.] 

[The  following  preamble  and  resolution  preceded  the  original  proposition  of  the 
amendments,  and  as  they  have  been  supposed  by  a  high  equity  judge  (8th  Wen- 
dell's Reports,  p.  100)  to  have  an  important  bearing  on  the  construction  of  those 
amendments,  they  are  here  inserted.  They  will  be  found  in  the  journals  of  the 
first  session  of  the  first  congress. 

CONGRESS   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 
Begun  and  held  at  the  city  of  New   York,  on  Wednesday,  the  4th  day  of 

March,  1789. 

Tlie  conventions  of  a  number  of  the  states  having,  at  the  time  of  their  adopting 
the  constitution,  expressed  a  desire,  in  order  to  prevent  misconstruction  or  abuse 
of  its  powers,  th.at  further  declaratory  and  restrictive  clauses  should  be  added, 
and  as  extending  tlie  ground  of  public  confidence  in  the  government  will  best  in- 
sure the  beneficent  ends  of  its  institution : 

Resolved,  By  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United  States  of 
America,  in  congress  assembled,  two-thirds  of  both  houses  concurring,  that  the 
following  articles  be  proposed  to  the  legislatures  of  the  several  states,  as  amend- 
ments to  the  constitution  jf  the  United  States ;  all  or  any  of  which  articles,  when 
ratified  by  three-fourthfj  of  the  said  legislatures,  to  be  valid  to  all  intents  and  pur- 
poses, as  part  of  the  f  aid  constitution,  namely :] 

ARTICLE  I. 
Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  proliib- 
iting  the  free  exercise  thereof;   or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech  or  of  the 
press ;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  gov- 
emment  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II. 
A  well  regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  state,  the  j 
right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  b  •  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III. 
No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the  con- 
Bent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be   secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers  and 
efiects,  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated ;  and  no  | 
warrants  shall  issue  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation, 
and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons  or  things  to  | 
be  seized. 


AMENDMENTS   TO   THE   CONSTITUTION. 


721 


p  THE  UNITED 


ARTICLE   V. 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous  crime, 

unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in 

the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war 

or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offense  to  be 

I  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  he  be  compelled,  in  any  criminal 

case,  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property, 

without  due  process  of  law ;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken  for  public  use, 

I  witliout  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI. 
In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and 
I  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  state  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall 
have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously  ascertained  by 
law ;  and  to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  con- 
fronted with  tl  c  witnesses  against  him ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining 
I  witnesses  in  his  'i/or,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  Ids  defense. 

ARTICLE  VII. 
In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  twenty 
I  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved;  and  no  fact  tried  by  a  jury 
shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  than  according 
I  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  and 
I  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX. 
The  enumeration  in  the  constitution  of  certain  rights,  shall  not  be  construed  to 
I  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X. 
The  powers  not  deltgated  to  the  United  States  by  the  constitution,  nor  prohib- 
lited  by  it  to  the  states,  are  reserved  to  the  states  respectively,  or  to  the  people. 

[Tiie  following  amendment  was  proposed  at  the  second  session  of  the  third  con- 
iress.    It  is  printed  in  the  Laws  of  the  United  States,  vol.  i.  p.  73,  as  article  11, 
[and  was  adopted  in  1798.] 

ARTICLE  XI. 
The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend  to  any 
Irak  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the  United  States 
|by  citizens  of  another  state,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any  foreign  state. 

[The  three  following  sections  were  proposed  as  amendments  at  the  first  session 
lof  the  eighth  congress.  They  are  printed  in  the  Laws  of  the  United  States  an 
Ivticle  12,  and  were  adopted  in  1804.] 

ARTICLE  XII. 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  states,  and  vote  by  ballot  for  presi- 
bt  and  vice-president,  one  of  whom,  at  least,  shall  not  be  an  inhabitivnt  of  tlie 
»me  state  with  themselves.  They  shall  name  in  their  ballots  tlie  person  voted 
^r  as  president,  and  in  distinct  ballots,  the  person  voted  for  as  vice-president; 
iDd  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  president,  and  of  all 

46 


JliSi"- 


722 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


persons  voted  for  as  vice-president,  and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each ;  which 
lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit  sealed  to  the  scat  of  the  government 
of  tlie  United  States,  directed  to  the  president  of  tlie  senate.  Tlie  president  of  the 
senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  senate  and  house  of  "I'presentatives,  open 
all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall  then  he  counted.  o  person  having  tlio 

greatest  number  of  votes  for  president  shall  be  the  pres'dent,  fsuch  number  bo  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  appointed ;  and  if  no  person  liave  sucli 
majority,  tlien  from  tlie  persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three 
on  the  list  of  tlioso  voted  for  as  president,  the  house  of  representatives  b!ia!'. 
choose  immediately,  by  balh)t,  the  president.  But,  in  choosing  tlic  president,  tlie 
votes  shall  be  taken  by  states,  the  representation  from  each  state  having  one  vote  • 
a  quorum  for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  states,  and  a  majority  of  all  tlie  states  shall  i^e  necessary  to  a  clioice.  And 
if  the  house  of  representatives  shall  not  choose  a  president  whenever  the  right 
of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March  next  following, 
then  the  vice-president  slinll  act  as  president,  as  in  the  case  of  the  death  or  other  j 
constitutional  disability  of  the  president. 

The  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  vice-president  shall  he  the  | 
vice-president,  if  such  number  be  a  uiiijority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors  I 
appointed ;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majoritj',  then  from  the  two  highest  numbers 
on  the  list,  the  senate  shall  choose  the  vice-president.     A  quorum  for  the  purpose 
sliall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  wliole  number  of  senators,  and  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 

But  no  person  constitutionally  ineligible  to  the  offlce  of  president,  shall  be  | 
eligible  to  that  of  vice-president  of  the  United  States. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 
[Adopted  in  1865.] 

Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  I 
whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within  the  United  | 
States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  tliis  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

[Adopted  in  1868.] 

Sec.  1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to] 
the  jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  state  wherein  j 
they  reside.  No  state  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the  ] 
privileges  or  immunities  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  nor  shall  any  stiite  de- 
prive any  person  of  life,  liberty  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law,  nor] 
deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

Sec.  2.     Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the   several  states  ac- 
cording to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  inj 
each  state,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.     But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any  elec-j 
tion  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  president  and  vice-president  of  the  Unhed] 
States,  representatives  in  Congress,  tlie  executive  and  judicial  officers  of  a  state, 
or  the  members  of  the  legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of  the  male  inhal.itanta  j 
of  such  state,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in  rebellion  or  other  crime,  tlwj 
basis   of  representation  therein  shall   be  reduced  in  the  proportion  which  tlioj 
number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the  whole  number  of  male  citizens  ( 
twenty-one  years  of  a,;je  In  such  state. 


AMENDMENTS   TO  THE  CONSTITUTION. 


723 


votes  for  each ;  \rhich 

eat  of  the  government 

The  president  of  the 

reprcsentivtivL's,  open 
'a  e  person  having  tho 
it,  if  such  number  be  a 
I  no  person  liave  such  ' 
s,  not  exceeding  tliree, 
f  representatives  slia!'.  1 
sing  the  president,  the 

state  having  one  vote; 
nibers  from  two-thirds 
isary  to  a  choice.  And 
int  whenever  the  right ' 
'  March  next  following, 
ic  of  the  death  or  other  ] 

;c-president  shall  be  the 
ole  number  of  electors 
le  two  highest  numbers 
quorum  for  the  purpose  I 
8,  and  a  majority  of  the  \ 

!  of  president,  shall  be 


Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  or  representative  in  Congress,  or  elector 
of  president  and  vice-president,  or  liold  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under  the 
United  States,  or  under  any  state,  who  having  previously  taken  an  oath  as  a  mem- 
ber of  congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  member  of  any  state 
legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any  state,  to  s  pport  the  con- 
stitution of  the  United  Slates,  shall  have  engaged  in  insurrection  or  rel)ellion 
against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  enemies  thereof;  but  congress 
may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house,  remove  such  disability. 

Sec.  4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  autliorized  by 
law,  including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in 
suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  But  neither  tho 
United  States  nor  any  state  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation  incurred  in 
»i'\  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  claim  for  the 
loss  or  emancipation  of  any  slave ;  but  all  such  debts,  obligations  and  claims 
shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

Sec.  5.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce,  by  appropriate  legislation, 
the  provisions  of  this  article. 

ARTICLE  XV. 
[Adopted  in  1870.] 

Sec.  1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied 
or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  state  on  account  of  race,  color,  or 
previous  condition  of  servitude. 

Sec.  2.  The  congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 


|L  punishment  for  crime, 
exist  within  the  United  j 

iropriate  legislation. 


d  States,  and  subject  to 
aul  of  the  state  wherein 
Inch  shall  abridge  the] 
nor  shall  any  state  de- 
lue  process  of  law,  norj 
tion  of  the  laws, 
the   several  states  ac- 
number  of  persons  in  I 
ight  to  vote  at  any  elec-l 
>resident  of  the  United 
dicial  officers  of  a  state, 
of  the  male  inhabUants 
of  the  United  States, 
lion  or  other  crime,  the 
e  proportion  which  tho 
lumber  of  male  citizens 


IS 


I 


INDEX. 


A.. 

PAOK 

Abolition  Bociety  formed  at  Philaclclphla,  43:i 
Abolition  of  sliivory,  petition  lor    ....  493 
Abolition  of  slavery,  petition  from  Dis- 
trict of  ColumbKi Sno 

Abolition,  President  refers  to 651 

Aljolition  of  sluvory  ofTiciully  announced  6(50 
Abolitionists,  riot  against,  in  New  York  .  672 
Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  in  Connec- 
ticut    480 

Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  at  Philadel- 
phia    517 

Acndic,  colony  to 21 

Aciulie,  name  <fivcn c  .  .  21 

Acadie,  aided  by  MaHsnchusetts 78 

Acaiiie,  restored  to  the  French 121 

Acadie,  expedition  against,  from  Massa- 

chusettB 178 

Acntiie,  l-'ronch  in.  <\'»rricd  away 240 

Ackworth,  Geor^jia^  occupied (M5 

Act  concerning  fugitives  irom  service  .  ,  450 
Ai!t  prohibiting  importation    of   British 

goodH  suspended, 601 

Actors,  English,  in  Williamsburg  ....  253 
Actors  classed  as  vagrants  in  South  Caro- 
lina      434 

Acta  of  Trade,  refused  in  Massachusetts  ,  ]()5 

Acta  of  parliament,  motion  to  revise  .  .   .  357 

Adiims,  John,  sent  to  Holland 402 

Artiims,  John,  presides  overthe  Senate  .   .  441 

Ailiims,  John,  inaugurated 408 

Adams,  John  Quiucy,  reports  concerning 

weights  and  measures 638 

Address  to  people  of  Quebec 313 

Address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain  .  .  313 

Adiioudaek  Iron  and  Steel  Company  .  .  .  SOS 

Adirondack  region,  hlast-furnaco  in  .  .  .  5S0 

Admiral,  grade  of,  created 005 

Admiral,  grade  of,  al)olished 088 

Ad  valorem  duties  by  Rhode  Island.  .  .  411 
Adventurers,   London,   sell  out  to  asso- 
ciates    37 

Advertiser,  Weekly,  published  in  Phila- 
delphia   225 

Advertiser,    Independent,    published    at 

Boston 232 

Advertiser,  Boston  Weekly,  published    .  250 

Advertiser,  New  York  Daily 310 

Advertiser,  American  Daily,  published  in 

Philadelphia 413 

Advertiser,  New  York  Daily,  published  .  418 

Advertiser,  General,  published 445 

Advertiser  nublishetf  in  Mobile 570 

Afflrm,  Quakers  allowed  to,  in  North  Caro- 
lina    185 

Afflrm,  Quakers  not  allowed  to,  in  Penn- 

sylviinin 185 

Africa,  trade  to,  thrown  open 107 


PAOB 

AgamentlcuR  grant  to  Gorges 85 

Agreement,    articles  of,   in   Providenc, 

Uhodc  Island 68 

Agreement  of  nonimportation 270 

Agricultural  society  in  Mnssachi'setts  .  .  452 
Agricultural  societies,  appropriation  for, 

in  New  York 539 

Agricultural  College  of  Michigan  optncd,  013 

Agricultural  Colleges,  act  for 831 

Agricultural  machinery,  patents  for  .  .  .  688 
Agriculture,  society  for  promotlou  of  .  .  417 
Agriculture  and  manufactures,  appropria- 
tion for,  in  New  Hampsliire 643 

Agriculture,  committee  on,  in  Congress  .  640 
Agriculture,  application  of  chemistry  to, 

by  Professor  Johnston 590 

Agriculture,  Department  of,  established  .  028 
Aid  fiiniishod  Massachuaetts  by  Conuec- 

Udlli    ••••■••••••••••••  jVO 

Aid   voted   Virginia  by  New  York   and 

Maryland 244 

Aillon,  Viisquozde,  visits  America  .  ...  14 

Alabama  liiver,  settlement  on 184 

Alabama  territory  formed 638 

Aittbami!  admitted  to  the  Union 547 

Alabama  protests  against  the  tarill'    .   .  .  601 

AlabMDa  sunk 046 

Alabama  abolishes  slavery 659 

Alabama  claims  to  be  settled  by  comnds- 

sion 659 

Alabama  admitted  to  representation  .   .  .  672 

Alabama  claims  paid 091 

Alabama  claims,  commission  for 695 

Alabama,  State  Board  of  Health  in    .   .  .  697 

Alamo,  massacre  at,  by  Santa  Anna  .   .  .  676 

Alaska,  liussian  traders  in :j53 

Alaska,  purchase  of 608 

Alaska,  United  States  laws  extended  to  .  673 

Albany,  fort  at 20 

Albany,  New  York,  settled 33 

All)any,  name  of 3.3 

Albany,  New  Y^ork,  settled 44 

Albany,  New  York,  given  a  charter  ...  146 

Albany,  asks  aid  from  Connecticut .   ...  150 

Albany,  congress  with  Indians  held  at .  193 

Albany,  bricks  in 202 

Albany,  congress  at,  with  Indians  ....  232 
Albanv,  convention  of  delegates  I'rom  the 

colonies 243 

Albany  Uegister  published 485 

Albany  Argus  published 618 

Albany  regency,  organ  of  ........  .  518 

Albany  Uepublican  published 618 

Albany,  Plough-Boy  published  in   ...  .  661 

Albany  Kvening  Journal  published    .   .  .  608 

Albany  Cultivator  published 671 

Albany,  Dudley  Observatory  at 611 

Aldcn,  John,  one  of  the  associated  ....  37 

725 


;i;iv: 
i  h.. 


726 


ANNALS   OF  NOiiTII   AMERICA. 


Ale  first  raado  , 310 

Alcxnndor  VI.,  I'opo,  ^rautH  lauJH  dis- 
covered      10 

Alexander,  Sir  W.,  grimt  to 35 

Alexander,  Sir  W.,  expedition  by  ...  .  38 

Alexandria  Hurrendered  ,  .  .   .' 027 

Alexandria,  LouiHiann,  cnptin-td 038 

Al^iert)  declareR  war 421 

Altfiers,  tribute  paid  to 481 

Aliena^'e,  children  boru  abroad  relieved 

from fi07 

Aliens  nllowod  to  hold  real  estate  .  .   .  .-412 

Allatoona  PanH,  Oeor^ia,  hatth?  at ...   .  04» 

Allertou,  Isaac,  one  ol'tlio  asKoelatert  .   .  .  37 

Almanac,  I'oor  Kicliard's,  published  ,   .   .  211 
Almaute,     Mexicjm     minister,     protests 

against  annexation  of  Texas    .  .  •.   .  flO^ 

Amana,  Iowa,  community  lit fiW 

Amboy,  New  .Jersey,  (irst  ['loop  in  .  .   .   ,  172 
AmbriHter,  executed    by  General   .lack- 
son    543 

Amelia  Island,  settlement  at,  suppressed,  540 

Amendment,  li)iirteentli,  adopted    ....  CO;} 

America,  diseoA  cry  of,  l)y  Northmen  .  .   .  9 

America,  orifjiral  settlers  of 9 

America,  disccvery  of,  by  Columbus.  .  10 

America-,  "aine  of 11 

America,  independent,  proposed  iu  Par- 
liament      ,373 

American  Philosophical  Society  at  Pliil- 

adelphiu 220 

American  Citizen  in  New  Yorlt  nity  .   .   .  483 

American  Uutanical  Society  formed    .  .  .  i'.)\) 

American  Patriot  published 505 

American  Antiquarian  Society  at  Wor- 
cester     517 

American  vessels  captured,  number  of .   .  533 
American  Colonization  Society  at  Wash- 
ington   637 

American  Farmer  published  at  liiiitMnu.c,  Cll 

American  .Igurnal  of  Science  and  Arts  .  .  543 

American  Traveller  publislied  in  Doston  .  555 

American  Institute  in  New  York 5'U 

American  Institi'to  of  Instruction  founded,  504 

American  Bible  Union  in  New  York  .  .   .  580 
American   and  Foreijju  Ilible  Society  in 

New  York C80 

American  Art  Union  In  New  York  ....  584 
Americiin    Short-horn    Ilerd-liook   pub- 

lisliod 505 

American  Bible  Union  in  New  York  .   .   .  (iol 

American  Nautical  Almanac  publi»Iied  .   .  0U5 

American  Press  Association t580 

Americans  repulsed   at    La  Cole  Kivcr, 

Canada 525 

Americans,  ri<rhts  in  foroi<rn  states    .  .   .  (i73 

'Amherst  College.  Massuchusctts,  founded,  537 

Amnesty  proclamation 042 

Amnesty  granted 067 

Amnesty,  President's  riglit  to  proclaim, 

repealed      OOfl 

Amnesty,  proelnmation  of 670 

Amnesty,  complete,  proclaimed 074 

Andersouville  prison  opened 0-14 

Andros,   Sir  ICdmund,  head-quarters   at 

New  York 147 

Andros,  Sir  Edmund,  a  new  commission 

given  to 147 

Andros,  summoned  to  surrender  the  gov- 
ernment    .  .  149 

Andros,  Sir  Kdmund,  imprisoned  ....  150 
Andros,  Sir  li^dmund,  sent  as  prisoner  to 

Kngland 151 

Andros,   Sir  Edmund,  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia    15<J 

Animals,  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to.  So- 
ciety for. 662 

Annapolis  made  the  capital  of  the  state 

of  Maryland 161 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  o  port  of  entry  .   ,  162 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  printing-press  in  .  222 

Annapolis,  Maryland,  flaj;  of  truce  at   .  .  523 


Annapolis,  naval  school  nt g^ 

Ann    Arbor,  Mlclil;.'an,  observatory  nt    .  (<itj 
Anthracite  coal  used  in  a  hot  bliist ....  5;() 
Anthracite  coal  used  as  fuel  for  locomo- 
tives    5;; 

Antietam,  Maryland,  battle  at (n^j 

Autinomian  controversy ^ 

Autioch  College  at  Yellow  Springs,  Oliio, 

founded ^ 

Anti-Masonic  convention  at  LeHoy,  New 

York 55.J 

Anti-lottery  society  In  Philadelpliia  ...  COS 

Anti-slavery  society  iu  New  York  ....  569 
Anti-slavery  documents  destroyed  in  iliu 

mail 5711 

Anti-slavory  National  Woman's  Conven- 
tion held  at  Pliilai!cii)lila 584 

Anti-renters  in  New  York fcio 

Appeals  to  tlu' king  relused i(;ij 

Api)onuittox  Court  House,  Lee  surrenders 

at C'.'ii 

Apportionment,  now,  provided  for  ....  iVso 

Appraisement  at  eiiftumli.iiiHe  lir^un  .  .  Hi 
Api)rentlces,    dcatli    penalty  against,  iu 

Maryland 7;; 

Apprentices'  Library  in  Philadelpliia    .  .  547 

Appropriation  for  increase  of  navy  ....  535 
Arbitration  suggested  by  Massachusetts 

Peace  Society 638 

Arbitration  made  compulsory  in  Pennsyl- 
vania      577 

Arbitration,  Court  of,  in  New  York   .  .  .  Ci)9 

Arbutlmot  executed  by  Geuc.al  Jackson  543 

Arctic  expedition  IVom  New  Yoi-k  .  .  .  .  COl 
Arctic  expedition  iu  search  of  Sir  .John 

Franklin 005 

Argall,  Captain,  captures  Pocahontas    .  .  21 
Argall,  Captain,  destroys  French  settle- 
ments    25 

Argus,  the,  captures  vessels  in  the  British 

channel S:.>2 

Arg'us,  the,  captured  by  the  Pelican  .  .  .  n.li 

Anzoua  made  a  territory       tiOd 

Arkansas  made  a  tenito          547 

Arkansas    Gazette   publiu.  .'d    at     Little 

Uock 571 

Arkansas  admitted  to  the  Union r>*' 

Arkansas,  Confederate  ram (BO 

Arkansas  Post  captured 0::ii 

Arkansas  admitted  to  representation  .  .  .  Pri 

Arkansas,  vote  not  counted CW 

Arkansas,  conflict  in fiiiii 

Arkansas,  message  on  affairs  of (1D7 

Armistice,  plan  for,  modi (ied S15 

Armistice  proposed 516 

Armistice  between  Kngland  and  I'ranco  .  Zfi 

Arms  made  in  Massachusetts 'iSi 

Armstiong,  John,  resigns 5'.i8 

Army  of  observation  in  llhodo  Island  .  .  321 

Army  hospital  organized 328 

Army  reorganized SO 

Army  withdraws  to  Tieonderoga  ....  351 

Army,  another,  enliitti  d M 

Army  withdrew  from  Newport 3?li 

Army,  condition   of 381 

Army,  depreciation  of  pay  made  good  .  .  3S) 

Army,  report  on  condition  of SIX) 

Army,  condition  of  south 30'' 

Army,  plan  of  organization 314 

Army,  condition  of '195 

Army,  meeting  in S'Jfi 

Army,  condition  of 405 

Army,  provisional 1"'-' 

Army  reduced 486 

Army,  addition  to SO:) 

Army  increased 512 

Army,  whipping  in,  abolished 6i:i 

Army,  new  levies  consolidated  with   .  .  .  511 

Army,  liquor  prohibited  in 511 

Army  ordered  to  left  bank  of  Itio  Grande,  5'Jl 
Army  of  the  Potomac,  McCiellan  iu  com- 
mand    , .  .  •  6'i- 


INDEX. 


727 


lol  nt 594 

n,  obrtprvatory  nt    .  Wp? 

In  a  liot  bliiKt ....  6T0 
lis  fiifl  I'ut  locomo- 

677 

l)iitt.li-  nt (iTi 

rHy liX 

L'llo\vSprin};»,()lilo, 

C0.1 

tion  at  LeUoy,  New 

m 

n  PlilliuldpUiii  .  .  .  f)08 
in  New  York  ....  600 
ntH  (listroyt'il  in  thy 

673 

il  Wonuiu'8  Coiivin- 
MU'lphiu.  ......  BM 

York fr.!0 

■clnsiMl Wi 

louHO,  Leo  Burrimdcrs 

m 

,  ]iroviilr<l  (or  ....   iVsO 
tuni  li.insc  l-.r^iiu  .  .  6i-i 
penalty  i!};ainst,   in 

.•'ill  I'liiludelpliirt  .  .  M7 
crenBeoiimvy  ....  535 
ed  bv  MiiasnoUusctts 

638 

inpulaory  iu  PenuByl- 

.'.  , 677 

f,  in  New  York   .  .  .  ClW 

by  (jour.iil  Jackson  543 
nm  Now  Yovk .  .  .  .  COl 
1  Bcnrch  of  fciir  .John 

005 

turoB  I'oculiinitiia  .  .  Zi 
Btroys  French  scttle- 

'^ 

I  vosBcls  ill  the  British 

622 

d  by  the  I'olicau  .   .  .  f>:i 

•itory       ^, 

nito         .ail 

pnbliB.  .'d    nt     Littlo 

571 

[o  the  Union 6" 

It  I'  ram <1^"' 

iired «•* 

to  representation  .   .  .   Cil 

eonnted C^ 

u 6i>» 

on  alTairs  of ^ij? 

modi  (led 8  J 

610 

KiiLjlami  and  I'ranco  .  232 

u'linsettB '■J'j'" 

^•'118 "'•'' 

in  Rhode  Island  .  .  321 

,ni.ed.  ;;;;;:;  ^ 

TiVonderosn  .  .  •  ■  351 

»ted.  . f 

m  Newport •>'',' 

of  "pa'y  made  good  .  .  M 

ondition  of ;;™ 

sonth f- 

nii/.:ition ■■;* 

...  3* 

...  405 

472 

...  480 

.  .  .  60:i 

•  •  •  ; ; ; 512 

,  abolished If. 

)usolidatcd  with  •••?!; 

lited  ill :  'fui 

a  bank  of  Ulo  Grmi<ie,  o'-'t 
lac,  Mc(  lellan  iucom- 


Army  of  tho  Potomnc,  McClcllnn  In  com- 
mand      C27 

Arniy  not  to  reBfore  fn^itlve  slaven  .  .  .  (V27 

Army  of  Virf;lnla,  Pope  in  eominaml  .  .  (l^U 
Anay  of  (.umberliind,  llioinns  jjlven  eoni- 

inand (HI 

Army,  peaee  eBtahliHlinicut  of 6(15 

Aiaiy,  firade  of  general  revived CiC'Ci 

Aradlil,  lienedlct,  at  West  Point :ilil 

Ai'iioid'H  treachery Wl 

Arti'Hian  well  in  .St.  LouLs  completed    ,   .  (KHi 

Artillery  HtorcB  made  In   Providence  .  .   ,  ;):)7 

AHlibarton  treaty,  terms  of 680 

Aseeiiibly  In   Virglnlii  orders  miilbcrry- 

trees  planted S.*) 

AKSoiiibly  in  Maryland 65 

AufciiiMy  of  Maryland  divided "5 

Ansi'iuldy  In  New  .lerscy 122 

Aeneiiibly  iu  South  ('nrolina 128 

AHsc'inbly  of  notables  in  ('unada l:M 

Asifi'iiibly  in  Now  York 1:W 

Asuenibly  <.'alled  in  New  York 150 

Aniii'inbiy  in  New  York 165 

Assembly  of  Pcnnsylvauia,  right  to  oii- 

ginatti  laws 162 

Associated  Press  in  New  York 000 

Associates  buy  out  London  adventurers.  37 

AsKoeiateB,  Hundred,  purchase  Quebec  .   .  .17 

Association  ill  North  Carollnii .T27 

Assorting  Uiireau  created ('4)5 

Assumption  of  state  debts  objeeti'd  to  .   .  448 

Aster  Library  opened  in  New  York  .    .   .  fiOtl 

Astor-I'iiiee  riot  in  New  York 001 

Asylum,  Ueal  and  Dumb,  at  Hartford  .  ,  5.30 
Alliciucum  Library  at  Providence,  Uliode 

Island 242 

Atheiia;um  Library  forme<i  in  Bustou   .  .  4U5 

Atlienian  Society  in  ISaltimorc SOO 

Athens,  Missouri,  battle  at 022 

Atlanta  entered 048 

Atluntio  coast  blockaded 618 

Atliintio,  lirst  steam  pass:i      over    ....  6S2 

Ati.mtie  telegraph  laid 065 

Attorney-general  decides  it  citizen  can  re- 
nounce his  citi/enship 014 

Aiitv.Mt,  Thomas,  explores  St.  Lawrence  .  12 
Auburn,  New  York,  competition  of  mow- 
ers at    004 

Audience,    Uoyal,    given  government  of 

Mexico 15 

Au^'uata,  (Jeorgia,  settled 21U 

Augusta  deserted ;t"l) 

Augusta  captured 400 

Austin,    Foster    ll.,    settles    Austin    in 

Texas 552 

Austria  frees  Martin  KoBzta  as  nn  Anieri- 

CM11  citizen 605 

Auto-da-fe  in   Mexico 18 

Avorysborough,  North  Carolina,  battle  of  Ou.t 

Azores  made  starting-point  of  boundary,  10 


Bacon,  insurrection  in  Virginia  .....  129 
Biiiiiliridge,  William,  commands  the  Con- 
stitution    518 

Bakers  regulated  in  Now  Y''ork  city  .  .  .  140 

liiildwin,  J.  O.,  "Ancient  Amerioa"  ...  9 

I  liallou,    Hosca,    publishes     Univerr.alist 

Magazine 640 

t  Balls' Hluir,  battle  of 623 

lialtimore,    Maryland,   settled 20:J 

llaltiinore  incorporated 228 

Baltimore,  lottery  In 241 

Baltimore,  brick  buildings  in 244 

Ilalthnore,  mills  in ioT,  202 

I  H.iltiniore,  pottery  at 20.3 

Baltimore,  Nllcs' Register  publislied  in  .  511 

Baltimore,  riot  in 511 

I  Baltimore,  Maryland,  commercial  associa- 
tion formed  in 530 


naltlmoro,  flrat  unvIngR  bank  In 841 

llaltiinore,  iintional   convention  of   silk- 
growers  at 583 

lialliiiiore.  Sixth  MuBsachusettB  mobbed 

III 621 

Bancroft,  II.  II.,  "  Native  Uaocs  of  I'tt- 

cidc  Stateu" 9 

lliiiik  ill  Itostoii,  Slnssachiisetts 140 

Kaiik  of  bills  of  credit  In  South  Cnrollna  .  182 

li.nik  of  bills  of  credit  in  Massachiisi  tts  .  184 
Hank  of  bills  of  credit  created  in  Hliodc 

Island 188 

Hank  of  bills  of  credit  in  MassacIiusettB  .  187 

H.uik  of  bills  of  credit  in  New  Ilnmpshire,  187 
Hank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  liliode 

Island 103 

ll.ink  of  bills  of  credit  created  In  Kliodu 

Island 206 

Hank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  Kliode 

Island 213 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  created  by  I'hodu 

Island 220 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  create<l  by  IMiodo 

Island 227 

Bank  of  I'ennsylvania H\»0 

Hank  of  North  America  incorporated    .   .  404 

Hank  of  Nortii  America  chartered  ....  409 

Bank  of  bills  of  credit  in  Uhodc  Island    .  42:) 

Bank,  National,  created 450 

Baiik-bills,  issue  of,  liii'.ited  in  Massachii- 

setts 50a 

Bank,  National,  chartered 635 

Bank  of  Savings  formed  at  New  York  .  .  fl:t6 

Hank,  rejiort  on  the  alfairs  of 644 

Bank,  looses  reporte<l 5(i0 

Bank,  SutVolk,  system  Introduced    ....  564 
Bunk,  committee  report  in  lavor  of  rc- 

chartcring 502 

Bank,  based  on  the  resources  of  the  coun- 
try, Buggetted  by  President 502 

Bank,  petitions  for  a  renewal  of  charter  .  606 

Bank,  charter  ofj  vetoed 506 

Bank  claims  damages  irom  United  States,  668 

Bank,  report  concerning  its  affairs  .  .  .   .  608 
Bank,  government  directors  report  they 
were  excluded  from  knowing  its  coii- 

dilion 670 

Bank,  House  resolves  not  to  re-charter  .   .  671 
iiank,  committee  to  investigate,  appointed 

by  Senate 571 

Bank,  committee  reports  on,  to  the  House,  572 

Bank  wound  up 572 

Bank-notes,  denominations  of,  allowed  in 

the  states 673 

Bank  chartered  by  Pennsylvania 676 

Bank  continues  with  title  "  United  States 

Bank  of  PennBylvania  " 676 

Bank  pays  off  shares  owned  by  govern- 
ment   680 

Bank  sends  agent  to  England 682 

Bauk-noteB  less  than  twenty  dollars  not 

received  by  govertnneiit 582 

Bank,  i)rosident  of,  resigns 584 

Bank,  the  new,  forbidden  issuing  notes  of 

old 685 

Bank,  bills  of,  on  Franco,  protested    .  .   .  585 

Bank,  report  on  its  niamvgeinent 686 

Bank  of  California  tailed 607 

Banking  schemes  in  Musaachusetts  forbid- 
den      223 

Banking  system  of  New  York  reported 

"outrageous" 541 

Banking  law,  free,  in  New  York 684 

Bankrupt  law  passed  iu  Uhode  Island,  132,  248 

Bankrutit  law  passed 480 

Bankrupt  act  repealed 4'.i4 

Bankruptcy  law  in  Rhode  Island     ....  288 
Bankruptcy  law  in  Uhode  Island  repealed,  2tK) 

Bankruptey  law  passed 5K7 

Bankruptcy  act  repealed HS'i 

Bankruptcy  law 0<<8 

Bankruptcy  act  repealed 680 


728 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMEUICA. 


Bnnks  In  New  York  nnd  Mn»(inoliii«cttii   .  410 

Itnnka  in  UnltLMl  8tatoM       4S1 

IlaiikH  III  (inltcd  HtiitcH 612 

UniikH.  Hpccle-payiiij^,  chiirti-rud  by  IViin- 

Hyivaiiiii S'24 

BnnkN,  Rpcc.io-pnyiii^,  I'liil 6'J4 

Bunks  of  Now  OrloniiH  HUHpciidcii    ....  6:^5 

ItiinkN  NUHpoiid  Hpociupiiyrncnt 6'J7 

liunkii  in  DiNtrict  oCColuiiibiii  simpond  .   .  riJ7 

liinikH  clmrtcrtid  in  Ki<ntuoky A40 

JiiinkH,  K<'iii'rid  failuru  ul' 667 

Bankrt  HiiHpond  pnymcnt 080 

Bnnkx  roHumed  piiynieut 6VJ 

Itiinka  of  I>liila<l*>lpliia  rcHtiniod 683 

BankH,   Rtnull  notus  of,  not   rccvived  by 

irovcrnmont 083 

UiiiikH  In  tliu  United  Stntcx 086 

Unuka  in  I'liiladclphiaBiixpond  Hpcciopay- 

niciitH 685 

DankH  in  I'liiladolplila  run  on 580 

BankH  in  I'hiladolpliia  Huxpond  Hpcoiupay- 

mcntH 580 

Bnnkx  in  I'liiladclphia  nmiimrd 088 

BankH  of  riilladolplda  FUHpcnd  payinontt*,  013 

Banks  In  tiio  country  BUftpend 013 

Banks,  circulation  of 0:.*'^ 

Bunks,  General,  at  Now  Orleans 030 

Banks,  atatc,  circulation  taxed 053 

Baptist  cliurch  in  Providonco (Kl 

Baptist  churcli  in  Boston 110 

Baptist  cliuroli  in   Boston 133 

Baptists,   Scvcnth-day I2i 

Baptists  forl)idden  to  meet  In  Boston  .  .  135 
Baptists  in  Massachusetts  nllowoil  to  pay 

taxes  for  their  own  ministors  ....  202 

Baratiiria  Biiy,  settlement  at,  dispcii.ed    .  0,'9 

Bnrrc,  Isaac,  speech  against  Stamp  Act .  204 

Baton  Rouge  captured 381 

Baton  Kouge,  battle  of 031 

Bottle  of  Otumba,  in  Mexico 13 

Battle  of  Lexington 320 

Battle  of  Hunker  Hill 320 

Jtattlc  of  Great  Bridge 331 

Battle  of  Brooklyn  lought 3:13 

Buttle  on  Luke  Chainplain 3'>S 

Battle  of  White  Plains 350 

Battle  at  Trenton 300 

Battle  nt  Princeton 300 

Battle  of  Bennington 305 

Battle  of  Brantiywino 300 

Battle  of  Bomus'  Heights  fouglit ....  30? 

Battle  at  Germantowu 3(i7 

Battle  of  Monmouth  Court  llouae  .  .  .   ,  375 

Battle  of  Kettle  Creek,  Georgi  i 370 

Battle  at  Hanging  Uock 3U1 

Battle  at  Sanders  Creek 31)1 

Battle  at  Fish-Dam  Ford 3'.)5 

Battle  of  Cowpens 397 

Battleof  Guilford  Court  House 3U9 

Battle  of  Camden 399 

Battle  of  Eutaw  Springs 402 

Battle  of  Tippecanoe 512 

Jiattle  at  Brownstown,  Michigan    ....  515 

Battle  of  Qiioenstowu  Heights 510 

Battle  of  Tallasehatchc  fouglit 522 

Battle  of  the  Tliames,  Upper  Canada  .   .   .  522 

Battle  of  Lake  Erie 522 

Battleof  Cln-ysler's  Field,  Canada,  fought,  523 

Battle  of  Lundy's  Lane  fought 520 

Jtattle  of  Chippeway  fought 620 

Battle  of  Bridgewater  fought 620 

Battle  of  Bladen  sburg 527 

Battle  of  Pliittsburg  fought 528 

Battle  of  New  OrliJiins 530 

Jiattle  of  San  Jacinto f)77 

Battle  of  Churubusco  fought 597 

Battle  of  Kosaca  de  la  Pal.ati  fought  .   .   .  597 

Battleof  Palo  Alto  fought 597 

Battle  of  Ccrro  Gordo  (ought 597 

Battle  of  Bueua  Vista  fought 597 

Battle  of  El  Molino  del  Itoy  fought    .  .   .  598 

Buttle  of  Coutreras  fought 698 


Bnttlo  of  nijT  Bethel ^21 

Battle  at  Boonevllte,  Missouri dm 

Battle  at  (Vntrevillc,  Virginia oh 

Battle  of  Manassas .lunction om 

Battle  of  Bull  Kun o^ 

Battle  at  Athens,  Missouri (^Z 

Battle  of  Uich  Mountain,  Virginia  ....  0^ 

Battle  at  Carthoge,  Missouri ',  cm 

Battle  of  Belmont,  MiHslssippi lyTi 

Battle  of  Carnilex  Kerry azi 

Battleof  Ball's  Blulf cn 

Battle  of  Wilson's  Creek m 

Battle  ot  Mill  Spring,  Kentucky <]•{ 

Battle  at  Middle  Creek,  Ki-nfucky  ....  fi24 
Battle  at  Newbern,  Nortli  ('ari)liua    .  .  ,  n~i; 

Battle  at  Itoanoke  Island (',.15 

Battle  at  I'ea  Kitlge,  Arkansas c^o 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia (L7 

Battle  at  Pittsburg  Landing 027 

Battle  at  Stilloh 027 

Battle  at  Cliiineellursville 0:^ 

Battle  at  Hanover  (.'ourt  House fiaj 

Battle  of  Seven  Pines fi^j 

Battle  at  Williamsburg,  Virginia    ....  oat 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia 028 

Battle  at  Cross  Keys,  Virginia oa 

Battle  of  Prazler's  Kann     (i^ 

Battle  at  Colli  Harbor itt) 

IJattle  at  Alechaniosvilio,  Virginia  ....  0:.«J 

Battle  at  ('erro  de  Borgo 02!/ 

Battle  of  Savage's  Station,  Virginia  .  .  .  fJ 

Buttle  of  Malvern  Hill fl^u 

Battle,  Seven  Days',  at  Uichmond  ....  0;«j 

Battle  at  Scccssionville 6jfi 

Battle  of  Cedar  3Iountaiu Ki 

Battleof  Baton  Itouge ftjl 

Battle  at  Manassas ftj;! 

Battle  at  South  Mountain,  Maryland    .  .  G3'j 

Battle  at  Uroviiton,  Virginia     , ffi 

Battle  at  Aiitietam,  Maryland 0.y> 

Battle  at  Chantilly,  Virginia 0.12 

Battloat  Ox  Hill,  Virginia (i:t2 

Battle  at  Uichmond,  kiutucky 632 

Battle  of  Corinth,  Mississippi fttt 

Battle  at  luka,  Mississippi Oil  j 

Battle  of  Perry  ville,  Kentucky ftB 

Battle  at  Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas  ....  (M 

Battle  at  Chickasaw  Bayou OM 

Battleof  Stone  Kiver,  Tennessee   ....  035 

Battle  (second)  of  Stone  Ki.er C3j 

Battle  of  Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee    ...  037  I 

Battle  at  Somerville,  Kentucky 637 

Battle  of  Kayinond.  Mississip])! Tits 

Battle  of  Chamjiion's  Hill,  Missis8i|)pi    .  638 

Battle  of  Chancollorsville OW 

Battle  of  Big  Black  Kiver,  Mississipiii .  .  (VIS 

Battle  of  Port  Gibson (£« 

Battle  at  Winchester,  Virginia SB 

Battle  of  Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania  ...  6)0 1 
Battle  of  Hanover  .Tunction,  Virginia    .  .  OiO  I 

Battle  of  Lookout  Mountain lill  [ 

Battle  of  Missionary  Ridge Oil 

Battle  of  Chickamnuga  Creek (HI  I 

Battle  of  Campbell's  Station (HI  | 

Battle  at  Olustoe,  Florida dl'.' , 

Battle  at  Sabine  Cross  Roads 613 1 

Buttle  of  Spottsylvania,  Virginia    .  .  .  .  6H| 

Battle  of  Resaca,  Georgia Oil  | 

Battle    of  New    Hope    Church    Station, 

Georgia 6151 

Battle  of  Cold  Harbor,  Virginia 615  ( 

Battle  of  Dallas,  Georgia Oil  I 

Battle  ut  Kenesaw  Mountain 619 1 

Battle  of  .Jonesborough 618 1 

Battle  of  Docatur,  Georgia 6HJ 

Battle  of  Peach  Tree  Creek,  Geo.gia     .  .  Otill 

Battle  at  Winchester 0B| 

Battle  of  Mouocacy  River,  Maryland    .  . 

Battle  at  Cedar  Creek,  Vir":inia 

Battle  at  Allatoona  Pass,  Georgia  ....  (Hill 
Battle  at  Holston  Kiver,  Virginia  ....  (H9l 
Battle  at  Fisher's  Creek,  Virginia  .  .  .  .  014| 


INDEX. 


729 


m 

MlsBonrl an 

Viriiinlii da 

notion fiil 

•  •  •  C'*** 

nourl'.  '.  "•'.'....  n5 
iiln,  Virginia  .  .  .  .  (lii 

isBoiirl <Vi! 

isBiHHippi «a 

rry fiil 

(la 

TOk fia 

,  Kimtiiclcy iW 

;k,  Ki'iitncK)'  ....  W4 

lortli  ('iiri)lin:i    .   .  .  «i) 

l.u\(l '"'■S 

ArkiiiiHiiH am 

,  Virs?i»i;' ''-' 

-mxling *.  ■  o"7 

wifio"  !'.!'.!'...  fi!a 

jurt  House d'^ 

.g fia 

ir"',  Vlri,'iiiiii    ....  fiat 

r.'X'Iriiiniii ^'^ 

*,  Vii-ijinia «;» 

''»rm     ::S 

9r ''-^ 

ivillc,  Virtjluiii .  .  .  .  O^J 

or<'0 ^•' 

Stiitiou,  Vii-|,'lnia.  .  .  Ml 

liu  •••••••••;:;•! 

ut  Ulcluiioml  ....  WJ 

■ille ""J 

•untain ';.'| 

uiitiiiii,  Miiryland    .  .  «3i 
,  Virginia     t l'- 

;  Virginia | 

|1,  luutncky o.,2 

liHHisHippi ":" 

sisaippi- ^^' 

e,  Kontuoky »;» 

rovo,  ArkauHaH  •  •  •  •  ^'^ 

er,  Tonnpssee    .  .  .  .  •'•s 

tone  Ki, or M^ 

rove,  Ter.nossi'e    •  •  •  ™' 

,  KiMitiioky ™ 

MisKissippi  ..;..••  "•» 
'8  Hill,  MisHlssippi    .  B38 

rHvillo ''■''' 

Kivcr,  Mississippi .  .  6« 

er,  Virginia  •.•■••  ^S 
rg,  I'euuayivaiiia  •  •  •  »« 
lum-.tion,  Virgnua  .  .  6W 
iMountaiii '; 

lu.ga  Creek « 

Station fl\ 

ll-'lorida V,:\ 

OHsUoads Wj 

ania,  Virginia   •  •  •  •  ^1] 

eorgiii •.••"*' 

opo    Church    Station, 

bor.Virgiui'J «5l 

corgia ^il 

Mountain J'5| 

ough ;j 

Georgia  ....•••  '*1 
ee  Creek,  Geo.gia     .  .  wsj 

y  River,  Maryiand  .  .  W«l 
ok,  Vir<'inia  •  •  •  -  ...ji 
,  Pass,  (loor''ia  .  .  .  •  f'\ 
liver,  Virginia  •  •  •  '  S! 
:rcck,  Virginia  .  .  .  •  m»I 


Bftttlo  nt  Pechlog  Fnrm 019 

Kattle  nt  Nanhvllle,  TcnneRiec (UO 

KatMe  at  Hatcher's  Kun,  Virglnlii  ....  060 

Itattleat  llatolier's  Ituii 052 

Iliittli!  of  Avery»l)orougli,  North  Carolina  OM 

Uiittlo  of  IJentonvllle,  Nortli  Carolina  .   .  AM 

Hattle  of  l-'ive  Forks,  Virginia (J5.'J 

llattic  of  Karmvllle,  Virginia ftH 

ItattU'R  of  tlie  Wilderness <H4 

llonrs,  bounty  on,  in  Uhoiln  Island  ....  2U\ 
iloaiiinarcliais  advances  to  colonies  .  .  .  34:) 
lleatiinont,    William,    pnhllHhes    experi- 
ments on  iligesti(ni 6(10 

Beaver  Dam,  AmiTlcans  captured  ut .  .  .  6J1 

Iti'averwyek,  I  Hitch  name  of  Albany  .  .  .  ■'t.'l 

Itodford,  Duke  of,  head  of  colonial  atl'airs,  L'.'U 

lli'o  pul)llHhed 471 

licer  lire  wed  In  I'ennsylvanla 1(H» 

llccr,  price  of,  In  N<MV  Kngland I'M 

Itivr,  price  flxed   In  I'ennsylvaniii  ....  l:w 

lii'iT,  price  of,  in  Maryland 107 

Beer  in  (ieorgia 222 

ISeir  in  Maryland 2'JS 

Belli  ing'a  second  voynco  of  discovery  .  .  224 

Beli^lier,  governor  of  New  .lersey  ....  2.'I0 

Belfast,  on  renobscot  Hay,  captured  .   .  .  61^ 

Bill  cast  ill   Philadelphia 231) 

Bi'lis  lirst  manufactured 218 

Bellamont,  Karl  of,  governor  of  New  Eng- 
land    164 

Rellamont,  Karl  of,  in  New  York  city  .  .  I(i5 

Uelinont,  Mississippi,  battle  ol O'.'.'t 

Bcntonville,  North  tiaroliiia,  battle  of   .  .  OS.'l 

Berkeley,  Sir  W.,  governor  of  Virginia    .  1(15 

Berkeley,  Kir  W.,  condition  of  Virginia  .  VH 

Berkeley  sold  part  of  New  .lersey   ....  I'-iH 

lleriin  decree  issued 4>.)'.) 

Berlir   iiid  Milan  decrees  revoked    ....  6()l> 

Berlin  and  Milan  decieea  repi'aled  ....  Si:i 

Bernard,  Krancis,  governor  of  New  .lersey  260 

Berwick,  Miiine,  attacked  by  Indiana  .   .   .  161 

llethel,  .Missouri,  n community  at    ....  61)1 

liettcrniciit  law  in  Massachusetts    ....  6u:) 
Bibb,  VV.  \V'.,  lirst  governor  of  Alabama 

territory 5ns 

Bible,  Inrllan  version  of 100 

Bililc  priiiteii  in  Indian 114 

Bible  in  (lerinan,  at  Hermnntown,  Penn- 
sylvania    22C 

Bible,  Knglish,  printed  in  IJoston  ....  2:iO 

Bible  printed  in  Pliiladelphia 400 

Biddle,  iiresident  of  Ilaek,  resigns  ....  fiSl 

Big  Hefliel,  battle  of 621 

Bi;,'  ISIaek  Kiver,  Mississippi,  battle  of.  .  63S 
Bill  to  regulate  the  government  of  iMassa- 

cliusetts  Ittiy 301 

Bill  of  Kiglits  in  Virginia 347 

liiil  to  collect  the  revenue 608 

Bill  drawn  by  United  States  on   Franco 

protested 608 

Bill  to  secure  civil  rights 0('i;i 

Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Maasachuaetts  .  lo'J 

Hills  of  credit  in  Carolina 172 

Itlils  of  credit,  redemption  postponed  .  .  174 

iiills  of  credit  in  (.laroiinn 177 

iliils  of  credit  issued  by  Khede  Island  .   .  178 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  New  llanipshire,  178 
iiills  of  credit  Issued  liy  New  York,  New 

.Jersey,  and  Connecticut 170 

Iiills  of  credit   Issued  by  Massachusetts 

and  New  York 181 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  ...  184 
Bills  of  credit  redeemed  by  Rhode  Island,  184 
Bills  of  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  .  .  185 
Ililia  of  credit  issued  by  South  Carolina.  185 
imisof  credit  issued  by  New  York  .  ...  188 
11111b  of  credit  forbidden  In  tiie  colonics  .  11)1 
Hills  of  credit  issued  by  New  florsey  .  ,  .  192 
llillM  of  credit  issued  by  I'ennsylvanla  .  .  194 
I  Bills  of  credit  forbidden  in  South  Caro- 
lina      194 

I  Bills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania  .  .  195 


UllU  of  credit  vetoed  by  council  In  South 
Cnroliiiii 

Hills  of  credit,  bank  of,  In  Rhode  Island  . 

Hills  of  credit   Issued  by  iMussaeliiisetts  . 

•Ills  of  credit  Issued  by  North  Carolina    . 

l.Mii  of  credit  Issued  liy  Pennsylvania  .   . 

ll/'i. '  of  credit  issued  by  Soiitli  (  aioliiia  . 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Maryland.  .  .  . 

Hillsof  credit  in  Louisiana 

Hills  of  credit  Issued  by  North  Ciiroliiui . 

Hills  of  credit  Issued  by  New  York  .  .  . 

Hillsof  credit  In  Rhode  Island 

Hills  of  credit  forbidden  the  coloniis  .   . 

Hills  of  credit  in  Rhode  Island 

HillH  of  credit  Issued  by  MiissaehuKPtts  . 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Massaelmselts  , 

Hills  of  credit  burned  In  Rhode  Island  .   . 

Hills  of  credit  in  Khode  Island 

Hills  of  credit  forbidden  In  New  Knglaiul, 

Hills  ol  credit  in  Rhode  Island  .  .  ,  ,   ,   . 

Hills  of  credit  regulated 

Hills  of  cre«lit  by  the  colonieg 

Hills  of  credit  in  (Jeorgin 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Marvinnd  .  .  .  . 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Kho'de  Inland  .  , 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Pennsylvania.   . 

Hillsof  credit  forbidden 

Hills  of  credit,  Frnnkiin's  evlilence  on  .  . 

Hills  of  credit  in  Massachusetts 

HIIIh  of  credit  In  Rhode  Island 

Hills  of  credit  by  New  Hnnipsliirc  .... 

Hills  of  credit  by  Congiesi' 

Hills  of  credit  by  Ithode  island 

Hills  of  credit  by  New  York 

Hills  of  credit  by  New  Jersey 

HilU  of  credit  JKsued 

Hills  of  credit  issued  by  Coiigrcsa  .  .  .  . 

Hills  of  credit  in  Hhode  Island 

Iiills  of  credit 

Hills  of  credit  by  Congress 

Hills  of  credit 

Hills  of  credit  issued 

Hills  of  credit  issued 

Rills  of  credit  connterfeited 

Hills  of  credit,  limit  placed  on 

Rills  of  credit  couiitcrieited 

Bills  of  credit,  repeal  of  legal  tcrdi  r  ad- 
vised   ". 

Hills  of  credit,  depreeintion  of,  fixed.  .  . 

Hills  of  credit,  eliaiige  ill 

Hills  of  credit  isKued  by  Pennsyivnnia  .  . 

Hills  of  credit  in  Hhode  Island 

Hills  of  credit,  preparation  for  new  issue, 

Hills  of  credit,  depreciation  of 

Iliils  of  credit  in  I'eiinsylvnnia 


100 
201 
20^ 
203 
204 
208 
214 
218 
218 
219 
220 
22? 
222 
224 
228 
2:t4 
230 
Z'I8 
238 
238 
245 
245 
248 
248 
240 
268 
284 
320 
321 
.323 
327 
327 
3.30 
.331 

at4 

333 
XiS 
3:10 

343 
3(i8 
372 
378 
379 
•.>M 
.3!-6 


Hills  of  credit  in  Rliodc  Island 

liillR  of  credit  in  Hliodc  Island 

Hiiighaniptoii.  New  York,  settled    .... 

Ririiey,  .lanu^  G.,  puOlislics  The  Philan- 
thropist   

Hisliop,  KplBcopnl,  consecrated 

|!isli(.)is  ordained 

HIack  Friday 

lilack  Hawk  cpptnred 

Jilaek  Republican,  origin  of  term    .  .  .  . 

Hiaek  Rock,  Hritish  batteries  captured  at, 

Hbickwell,  .loiin,  petitions  for  a  bank    .   . 

Hladeii,  Thomas,  governor  of  Maryl.iiid  . 

Hlanehard,  Thomas,  invents  tackmaking 

maeliinc 

Hlank  books  made  in   Hostoii 

Hlind,  Perkins  Institute  for,  in  Hofton    . 

Hloek,  Adrien,  iiuilds  n  vessel 

Hloek  Island  named 

Hlockade  removed 

Hloiint,  trial  of 

Hliie  laws  of  New  Haven 

Hliie  Ridge  crossed 

Hlue  Uidge  crossed 

Hoard  of  nine  men  in  New  York 

Board  of  Trade  and  Plantations  organ- 
ized     


38.S 
:i88 
388 
.•',89 
391 
302 
395 
399 
407 
';23 
431 

671 
410 

428 
078 
507 
518 
618 
140 
226 

517 
210 
6(!0 

25 

25 
650 
470 

()3 
120 
180 

02 

163 


730 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


n 


1\onr<\  of  Trndo  mado  n  comtnlttoo  ,  ,  .  .  184 

lloiinl  ol' Will- cri'iitcd  by  ('<>ii'^ri'.4.4  .  .  .   .  :HT 

Ito.iril  1)1'  Will'  iir;,'iuiUi'il :|<M 

I'.o:inl  ol  Will',  cliiiiiK)'  ill -'iri 

lloiird  of  llr.iltli  ill  Ciilirorniii (V'2 

Itoiird  oi'  IIimIMi  in  Loiilsiiiiiii Wi 

Itoiiidor  llialtlilii  Miirylaiid (HM) 

lldiirilH,  |ii'ic'u  (>r,  llxod  III  Kliodc  Ihlitnd  .  .  (U) 

IloiirdH,  |iri<'<M>l,  ill  Virj^inlii lit 

ItOlirilN,  pi'il'l*  ol',  In   MllHHMI'llllBl'tlil  .    .    .    .  lol 

Itiiiii'dH,  |irii-c  III',  III  New  Kn};liiiid  .   .   .   .  ^'^^ 

Koardrt,  prlui'  uf,  In  Miiiiio i:)' 

lldiii-d.s,  cxjiort  fui'biddcii  by  Now  .lorsoy  liH 

iioatM  Hcixc-d  1)11  till-  MiiHlvin^iim 4Ut) 

liody  (if  I.ibcrticH  adopted  In  MaHKiioliu- 

HCttM 73 

IIdUIii'^  I'lotli  III  Didavvaru 4(11) 

llonaiiza,  Hi;;,  dlHi^ovcred (WH 

KdikIh  to  bo  ('xcbaii<;cd  for  noti'ii     ....  ll(l:i 

JIoikIh,  loHt,  to  III!  rojiliiced 0.s:i 

Jtoiidiul  wai'choiiHU  Nvstoni  lnuitp:unitrd    .  5(>lt 

Hook  of  Mormon  |>iibliHlii<d Git:l 

Jlooksi'lliTH,  lii-gt  c'oiivuiiUon  oC liMl 

liooiicvllli.',  MlHHOiiri,  buttle  lit 021 

lioHtoii  iiaiiied 4:) 

BoHtmi  iiiailc  onpltal  or  MosiincliuaettB  •  47 

ItoHtoii,  liousi'H   ill 01 

JioHtoii,  diMi'ri|itioii  oT 10^ 

ItOHtoii,  Kaptirtl  diiircU  in Vi-i 

lioHtoii,  bank  hi 140 

BoHtoii  NuwH-Kcttcr 174 

lioHton  Uazctto  publtiilind IHU 

IIOHtoii,  wiiid'inill  ill 2~Z 

Kostoii,  lULMi  liiipri'HHi'd  lor  UritUli  uir/y  .  2'tl 

BoHtoii,  ltll)li;  printud  iu U'iO 

liOHtoii,  luUltjiry  council  iit 'JiU 

lioftton,  (K'inon.stration  In 'M7 

liOHton,  ti'ou|i8  Irom  Halifax  arrived  .  .  .  WO 

Iloston  iiia.sxaure '2H0 

lioHton,  toa  doHtroycd  In 2.17 

Boston  port  bill  proposed :i00 

Uootou  port  bill  pasxed .'100 

liostoii  |>ort  bill  sunt  to  nRHcmblloA  .  .  .  :i0:i 

Itoritoii  port  bill  iu  operatlou 304 

Boston,  L'Ouditi>)U  of :  .  •  30,S 

BoHtoii  evacuated S^tU 

BoHtoii,  position  of  alTairs  In 314 

Boston  Daily  Advertiser  published    .   .  .  fi','0 

BoBtou  M.iniifacturiu^i  <;o.,  works  erected  6'Jl 
Boston,   I'i'ovldent   lustitutioa    tor  6av- 

iii^^.M.at 636 

Boston  Approntiees'  Library 640 

Boston,  Jlercantile  Library  in 640 

Boston  ( :(.nirier  publihhed 053 

Boston  Transcript  published 60.i 

Boston  Atlas  published 600 

Boston  Daily  Journal  published b'M) 

Boston  Cocliituate  Water  Works  built  .  .  61H) 

Boston  l'ut)lio  Library  forined 003 

Boston  I'liblio  Library  opened 015 

Boston,  fire  at IVos 

Botanical  Society e0'.J 

Bouudaries  settled 03 

Boundaries   of  Connecticut   and    Uliodo 

iMland 1'.'4 

Boundaries  iissi^fned  to  Pounaylvania   .  •  144 

Boundaries  of  Maryland 2U\ 

Boundaries  of  New  ilaiupshircand  MusHa- 

chusctts  settled 210 

Bound.iries  of  Carolina  and  Florida  dis- 
puted      221 

Boundaries  of  Rhode  Island  and  Alas.sa- 

ehnsetts 222 

Boundaries  of  Massacliusutts  and  Uliodc 

Island  settled 224 

Boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  Uhode 

Island  conlirnied 227 

Boundaries  of  Massachusetts  and  IMiodo 

Island  conlirmed 2'2& 

Boundaries  of  New  York  and  Massachu- 
setts settled 298 

Bouuduries  of  stuteii 393 


noundorlen,  dliiputrd,  hi  Mn«aa''hnR:'tt9  ,  488 
Itouiidarles,  illspnte  I,  in  New  York  ...  423 
Itouiidarics,  (picMlloii  of,  left  to   kin;;  of 

the  Ncthi'rl.iiidM fi^g 

Houndary,  northern,  of  Massachusi'tis  ,  .  67 
lloundary  between  Uhode  Uliiid  and  Con- 

iieetliMit 17,1 

lloundary   of  MasHachuHetta  uiid   Kho.le 

IslaiKl  Ni'ttlrd IMu 

lloundary  between  Itliodu  IslaiKl  and  <,'oii- 

ni'ctleiit  prixdaiined igy 

Kouiidary  between  IChode  Island  and(  ou- 

iiect  lent  settled lUO 

lioiiiidary  between  New  York  and  New 

Jersey  settled 28.1 

Houndaiy,  marked,  of  Virginia  and  North 

Carolina .18'^ 

Itoundary  of  Vlr|,'inia  and  I'eiinnylvaniii 

a<rreed  on 387 

lloundary  of  Klori  la 4tH 

lloundary,  eastern,  si^ttled 476 

I'onndary  between  the  United  States  and 

.SpanlHli  territory Hio 

Itountiary  between  tlic  United  States  and 

liritish  America 615 

Boundary    between     Massachusetts    ami 

(^oiinectieut  settled 558 

Houuilary,  north  eastern,  survey  of  ...  58.) 
Itoundary,  iiorMi-western,  coinpk'tcd  .  .  6)<i) 
lloundary  of  Mexico  and   United  States 

settled 509 

Itouiity  on  indlo'o 2:12 

Hoiinty  in  the  states .'V<7 

Ilowdoln  Coll.>;fe  chartered 401 

Itruddoek,  Uenenil,  takes  coininnnd  of  ex- 
pedition   246 

llradilock's  expedition  defeated 247 

llradford,   William,   jjovernor   of   Plym- 
outh   31 

Bradford,  William,  one  of  the  assoeiates  ,     37 

llradford,  William,  printer 14<i 

llradford,  WiUiain,  Imiirisoned 157 

llradlbril,  William,  press  in  Nev.'  Yor.'f  .  .  15!) 
llradford,    Andrew    Soules,     printer    in 

I'hiladelphia 182 

Mranehes  of  United  States  Hank 5:ifl 

Hrandy  made  in  New  York (H) 

Itrazos,  ,Santia;40,  taken (ill 

Hrazos,  Texas,  skirml.sli  at Im7 

Hreiid  riot  in  New  York 575 

Ureinen,  discriininatin<;  duties  aj^aiust,  re- 

pealeil 642 

Brewery  in  Massachusetts 71 

HrewHter,  elder,  ;^raee  by 32 

Hrewster,  William,  one  of  the  associates     37 

Hrick'honsc  built  at  Wicjico 107 

Hrick-hoiise  in  Uuddonlleld,  New  Jersey    ls.1 

Hrick-kiln  in  Salem 41 

Hrick-makin;;  niiichinn 482 

Ilricks  sent  to  Hoston 41 

Hricks,  price  of,  in  New  York 69 

Hricks,  price  of,  In  New  Amsterdam  .  .  .    la? 

Hricks  made  in  Massachusetts \~0 

Hricks  made  in  Maine 128 

Hricks,  duty  on,  in  New  York H7 

Hricks  in  Albau)^, 202 

Hricks,  |>rice  of,  in  (!harleston 4<12 

Hricks  iii.ide  by  mauhinery  in  Now  York  .  6()1 
Hrid;;e  from  Charlcstown  to  Hostoii ...  419 
Hrid^fo,  railway  Buspension,  at  Nia^fara  .  007 
Hridj^e,  wire  suspension  over  the  Miauis- 

sii>pi Oil 

Hrld^fe,  suspension,  over  the  Ohio  ....  007 
Hrid;;c,  suspension,  at  New  York    ....   (190 

Hridgc  over  the  Mississippi 005 

Urid;;eport,  ('onnccticut,  settled <i6 

Bristol  cannonaded Xil 

British  troops  quartered  in  the  colonies  .  '250 
British  troops  in  Hoston,  condition  of  .  .  >f>l 

Hritish  vessels  declared  prizes 810 

British  fleet  enters  Hostoii  harbor  ....  'M'i 
British  land  la  New  York 319 


INDEX. 


731 


N«  w  Vi)ik  ...  42.1 
f.  kft  to  kln^'  of 

'. 680 

MuHHiiohuscMx  .  .     67 
Ic  iBliiiJuuilCon- 

1711 

iHL-ttg  uud   Ulio.te 

■      •••*■■        *tftl 

ill)  I'sliiml  mill  <;oti 
liolBliIntliiniK'Dii- 

"wYork  luifl  Ni;'.¥ 

283 

J'irg'hiUiinii  North 

and  I'lMinisylvanla 

; ; ; ;  l '. !  *, '.  *.  m 

tieli ;   *'8 

United  StMti'H  imd 

I'.W 

United  Stntes  iiml 

615 

HiiKSi"icUut40tti«    nnd 

1 nM 

.rn.'durvcyof  .  .  .  ^\ 
vni,  computed     .  .   OSJ 
and  Uultod  Stiitcg 

699 

*  ■  *  '     u;!.: 

•  ■  '  ■ :W 

-tend"   .......   Wl 

kcB  command  ol  ix- 

246 

a  doVeatcd   .....   247 
■roveruor  of   I'lym- 

"     31 

no'  of  the  asBOi  iatoB  .     37 

rliitcr \r, 

mprisonod    .   .   .  •  •    \->' 

SoMlon,     priutir    m    ^^^ 

StatcH  "Uauk  '....•   JM 

York ,'.'« 

0,1 '"1 

lishat IH;! 

i)rk .  .  .   6<» 

nj;  dutlos  ayiilust,  re- 

^f 

•c!  by •  •  ■     *; 

>iu'  or  the  associatcH     .1/ 

Wioaco   .....••    ™ 
ioulleld,  New  Jersey    IM 

^•••••■••;^" 

low  York  ......     f 

«iew  AniHterdum  .  .  .    i"' 
*acUu8ctt8 '-" 

le \f. 

^ew  York ,^^ 

harle»toii  '.....•  *« 
hineryiu  Now  York,  f^ 
itownto  IJostoii.  .  .  *l^ 
jension,  at  Niau'r.rn  .  W)7 
8ion  over  tlie  Misiits-   ^^^ 

over  the  Ohio  •  •  •  •  f^ 
at  New  York    •  •  •  •    !^ 

aissippi "j: 

llout,  settled ^|^ 

ercd  in 'tllo 'colonies  .   '^ 
ston,  condition  of  •  •   *?! 

jired  prizes *!r, 

Boston  harbor  •  •  •  •  ^J^ 
Yorlf 5" 


Brltlnh  enter  JpMoy n67 

I1rll'<4li  croHM  the  SoliiiylklU m7 

llri'lHhHt.Saratot,'a 'Am 

llrlllsli  .it  .Sanito;,'a  Hurri'iider 318 

iir  liHh  provinccH,  poHt-ofBw  hi 'H^ 

Ittitlsli  floods,  Importation  l)roliiblted  .  .  4l>8 
Drii'nii  ships  of  war  ordered  from  Aiaorl- 

ran  waters .  602 

Drltixh  minister  asks  his  pasiiport  .  ,      ,  fio." 

l!rltlM!i  vessels  captured  on  l.aki'  Erie  .  .  51(1 

llritish  batteries  captured  at  Itlack  Itock  .  618 

jli'itisli  lioinl)ardeil  Lewiston 6'JU 

llrltish  posts  on  the  Niaj^ara  evacuated   .  021 

Itritisli  slilps  hi  tliu  CliesapeaUe 621 

liritlnh  ri'pulsed  in  au  attack  on  (y'raney 

island 621 

Itrltlhli  troops  land  at  Deuedict 6.7 

Itrilish  troops  withdrawn  I'roni  (JSeur^'ia  .  632 

liritish  vesKcts  captured,  number  of  .  .  .  6.').3 

liritlsli  at  VeruCrni!     024 

llrltisli  consuls  rtlsndssed  tJonl'odi'racy     .  tlil 

Uritisli  {,'overnnient  revokcH  r('UOi,'nition  058 

Di'doklyn,  iijiuie  of ,'(6 

liruouis  inanulactured 47'i 

llrowu  University,  In  Khndo  Island  .   .  .  '.'(to 

lirovvu  University,  first  class  (jradnated  .  282 

llrowu,  Antoinette,  (U'dalued  a  iniuistcr   .  Ck)-! 

llrown,  .lohu,  ciptures  Harper's  Ferry    .  (11(1 

l^ruwii,  John,  executed (Ul) 

ilruwnstown,  Michi<ran,  b:>ttle  at  ....  615 
lirownsville,  ou  thu  Mouon<;ahela,  Fcrt 

at   ...•.•«.......•...  ix i 

liruce,  I).  &  J.,  stereotype  founders   .   .  .  520 

Dranswick  destroyed 1U4 

liudianan,  James,  nej^otiutes  treaty  with 

lliisHia QOO 

Buckner,  Jolm,  forbidden  to  print  la  Vir- 

tjlnia i:!7 

Iliu'iia  Vista,  battle  foujjht b\)7 

Iluirdo  settled 480 

'liatiUlo,  trial  of  reapers  nt 61H> 

lluildiiij^  In  New  Amsterdam 88 

Iliillilint^s,  laws  for,  in  Massachusetts  .  .  167 
liull,  William,  {{overiior  of  South  C'aro- 

Ihia 210 

Hull  IJuii,  battle  of 022 

liuaker  Ulll  monument,  corner-stouc  laid  6,V.l 

r.urcau  of  Free  Imen's  A  flairs Oi.'l 

liareau,  National,  of  Education CiHt 

Bureau,  rroedmeu's,  act  to  cimtinuo  .  .  .  072 

Bureau  of  Labor  in  Slassa'jhusetts     .  .  .  (iSiJ 

BurtjcHses,  house  of,  in  Virginia 27 

iturlia^ftou,  New  Jersey,  settled 130 

Burlln;j;ton,  Vermont,  settled    ......  4C9 

Burlin}{ton,  Iowa,  settled £71 

I'.urliajjton  University  founded £71 

Burnet,  governor  of  Massachusetts  .  .  ,  200 

Buniside,  General,  slveu  army  ofrotomao  034 

Burr,  Aaron,  arrested 500 

Burr,  Aaron,  acquitted 502 

BuBtamente,  president  of  Mexico    ....  581 

ilutler.  General,  in  New  Orleans 0;il 

Butler,  GiMierai,  sequestration  order     .   .  o;(l 

Butler,  tieueriU,iu  (M>mmaud  at  New  York  050 


O. 

Cabinet  offlcers  romovcxl 481 

Cabinet  appointed 484 

Cable,  direct  United  States,  opened    .  .  .  008 

Ciibot,  .John,  voyajjo  of 10 

Ciller,  Kobcrt,  on  witchcraft in« 

Calendar,  chan<jrc  in 2:18 

Calhoun  prohiolts  use   of  liquor  iu  the 

army 641 

Calico  printiiifj  aided  by  rcnnsylvania  .  .  431) 

Ciilicoprintint; 440 

California  discovered 10 

California,  movement  forindcptudence  of  501 

California,  gold  found  in 507 

Cr'iforu/a  ceded  to  the  United  States  ,  .  .  5SW 


(.'allfomlannprptu  constitution 001 

Calilbrnia  admitted  to  (iiilini 002 

Cidifornia,  lloardof  llcidth  in 08.) 

(^ulllbrnla,  Itank  of,  failed Oi)7 

Call  for  men  to  enlist 021 

Call  for  men  by  the  rrcHldcnt 0.10 

Call  lor  men (;:iu 

Call  for  volunlecm Oil 

("all  lor  men (t-j:) 

Cidl  ior  men mh 

Callender,  . I.  (;.,  (,'iiilty  of  sedition  .   .   .   .  4ol 

CatlieiiH,  },'(>vernor  of  Canud.i 107 

Calves  not  to  be  killed  in  Connecllcut    .   .  74 

Calvert,  riilllp,  (,'overnor  of  .Maryland  .   .  105 

Cambrld^'e,  Indian  colli^^^-  iit 100 

Cambridge,    Massachusi'tts,    glass    com- 
pany at 64.1 

Campliell,  .Itihn,  seiidb  UMVNh  Iters   .   .   .  17.1 

Campbell.  ,l()hn,  issues  lirst  new.Hpnpi'r    .  174 

Campbell's  Station,  battb  of 041 

Cainp-meetlng  in  Virginia 270 

Canada  asks  aid  from  New  Knij;land  ...  US 
Canada  transferred  to  V.'est  India  Com- 
pany    110 

Cnnadi  revcrte<l  to  the  rrrnch  crown  .   .  120 

Canada,  expedil  ion  against 152 

Canada,  expedition  against 17U 

(  anada,  expedition  against 181 

('anada,  condltiun  of 202 

Canada,  population  of 202 

Canixla,  troops  raised  f(u-  an  attack  on  .   .  229 

(Canada  passes  to  the  Kiigllsh 267 

Canada  asked  to  join  colonies 340 

Caniula,  arinv  retreats  from 341) 

(.'nuada  diviiled 449 

Canada  ni.ide  a  bishopric 450 

Cimada  divided  into  I'ppcr  and  Lower  .  .  514 
Canada,    rapiucau's    rebellion    in,    sup- 
pressed      581 

Canada,  Upper  and  Lower,  united  ....  686 

Canada,  cliTgy  reserves  abolished  in  .   .  .  (103 

Canada,  Granil  Trunk  railway  opened  .   ,  Oil 

Canada,  lasf  parliament  of 051 

Canada,  l'"eii..ii'  ey.peditlon  against ....  081 

(.'anada,  Domi   ion  of,  inaugurated  .  .  .   .  009 

Canal  in  Masi.:i  :  usetts 47 

Canal  in  Musk  ;..:iuhi  its 07 

Canal,  lOrie,  Chiunplain,  and  Hudson,  in 

New  York 639 

Canal,  Chesai)eake  and  Ohio,  charteretl 

by  Virginia 663 

Canal,  Delaware  and  Chesapeake,  opened  601 

Canal,  Illinois  imd  Micliigan,  liiiisiied  .  .  509 

(.anida  in  Massachnsetts 462 

Canandaigna  land-oflico  opened 438 

Cannon  seized  in  Uhode  Island 314 

Cannon,  expedition  to  capture 318 

Cannon  secured 3.''0 

Ciinso,  fort,  captured  by  French 228 

Cantonment,  Leavenworth,  built 646 

Capital  of  banks 612 

Cape  llroton  discovered  by  lislierinen    .  .  11 

Cape  Ann,  settlement  at 36 

Cape  Breton  made  separate  government  .  413 

Cape  Cod,  settlements  on,  pay  ransom  .   .  528 

Cape  Breton  annexed  to  Nova  .Scotia    .  .  549 

Capital  on  the  I'otoinao 440 

Cards,  machine  for  making 415 

Cards  made  in  Massachusetts 439 

Caribbeo  Islands  captured 250 

Carnifex  Ferry,  battle  of 023 

Carolina  granted  to  a  company Ill 

Carolina  charter  of 118 

Carolina  divided  into  counties 137 

Carolina    assembly    rejects    the     Grand 

Model 146 

Carolina,  assembly  of,  refractory 147 

Carolina,  martial  law  In 148 

Caroliua  abandons  tho  Grand  Model  .   .  .  159 

Carolina  coined  liaifpence 161 

Carolina,  French  Protestant  settlers  nat- 
uralized    183 


f' 


732 


ANNALS  OP  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Carolina,  billo  of  credit  in 173 

Coruiiiiii,  cliurclips  in 1*2 

Carolinn,  expeditlou  froni,ni;!iin8t  St,  Au- 

•rustinu 172 

Cnrolina,  Cliurch  of  Knprlar.d  HUHtaiucd    .    175 

Caroiinii  divided  into  pari8lies 175 

Carolinn,  exnedition  from,  a<;nin8t  Flori- 
da .  . 176 

Carolina  is.supH  bills  of  credit 177 

('Broiina,  charter  vacated lUl 

Carolina,  proprietors  relinquish 203 

Carolina,  lirst  royal  governor  in 203 

Carpets  in  New  York 263 

Carpets,  inj,'ruin,  mnchi,:';  for,  patented  .  5'.I6 
Carpets,  UriiRBels,  machine  for,  patented  .    5U8 

Carrera,  president  ot  Mexico ('(07 

Carriagt's  manufactured  in  New  Yorlc  .  .   27(1 

Carthaiifc,  MixHourl,  battle  at C22 

(^artier,  Jaques,  visits  Newfoundland  .  .  16 
Cartier,  Jaques,  second  voyage  to  New- 

foundlaud 16 

Cartier    isita  Canada 17 

Caatinc,  on  Penobecot  Bay,  captured  .  .  .  528 
Oastleton,  Staten  Island,  quarautiuu  de- 

stro/ed  by  a  mob (503 

Catccliis'm,  Indian,  printed 98 

Caterpillar  in  (Icorj^ia 455 

Cathay,  America  supuosed  to  bn 10 

Catholic  churcii  in  rhiladelphia 216 

Cattle  in  Virginia 28 

Cn'.tle  introduced  into  Plymouth    ....     31 

Cattle  to  New  Netheilauds 30 

Cattle  to  Massachusetts 43 

Cattle  to  New  Hanipsliire 48 

Cattle  in  Vir};inia 235 

Cattle,  fine,  to  Kentucky     4(i0 

Cattle,  line,  imported  by  Ohio  Company  .   571 

Cattle,  sale  of  shorthorn 092 

Cattle-plajjfue  in  Maryland 1(')2 

Caucus  of  Koptiblicau  members  uominr.te  .    553 

Cedar  Mountain,  battle  of 031 

Cedar  Creek,  Virginia,  battle  at 019 

Censor  published  in  Boston 288 

Censorship  of  the  press  in  Massachusetts    193 

Census  in  IMiode  Island 205 

Census  of  Now  York 209 

Census  in  Khode  Island 302 

ijeiisus  taken 452 

Census  taken 50S 

Census (i02 

Centennial  to  bo  celebrated 0.i3 

Centennial  Exposition,  act  creating  board 

of  iinancc 681' 

Centennial  Exhibition,  proclamation  con- 

eerning C91 

Centennial  E.-chibition,  United  States'  ex- 
hibit   693 

Centinel,  MassachuBettSjpublished  in  Bos- 
ton      413 

Centinel  of  tin  Xorth-west  Territory  pub- 
lished   458 

Central  America  explored  by  Cortcz  ...      15 

Central  Park  in  New  York 619 

Ceiitreville,  Virginia,  battle  at 022 

Cerro  (ionlo,  battle  fought 597 

Cer.-o  de  llorgo,  battle  at 6v.'9 

Chaint)ersburg,  Pennsylvania,  raid  on  .  .  (ilH 
Chambersburg,  Pennsj^lvania,  captured  .•  6119 
Champion's  IMll,  Mississippi,  battle  of    .   038 

Cliamplaiii,  Lake,  n"ine  of 23 

Chancellorsvillc,  battle  at 0.'8 

Chnucoiiorsville,  battle  of &J8 

Chancery,  court  of,  in  New  York  city  •  .  1()5 
Channel,  British,  vessels  captured  in,  by 

the  Argus 622 

Chantilly,  Virginia,  battle  at (!;12 

Cliapultepec.  fortress  of,  captured  ....  6'.'S 
Charles  lI.apuoiutH  governors  for  coUmies  94 
Charles  II.  pi-oclainied  at  Boston  ,  •  •  .  100 
Charles  1 1 .  forbade  Quaker  persecution  .  .  100 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Dutch  settle- 
ment in '    1.25 


Charleston,  South  Carolina,  named  .  ,  igj 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  royal  custum- 

hounc  established  in 144 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  attacked  by 

French  and  ,jpaniards 177 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Gazette  pub- 
lished in 20s 

Charleston,  South  Caiolina,  groat  (ire  in     223 
Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Society  Li- 
brary in 233 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  Gazette  pub- 
lished in 271 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  invested  .  .  380 
Charleston,    South    Carolina,    "lege    of, 

raised 382 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  surrendered     Sm 

Charleston  evacuated 408 

Charleston  Mercury  published .56;$ 

Charleston  harbor  blocked  up oti 

Charleston,  South  Carolina,  bombardei'    .   640 

Cliarleston  surrendered 6&2 

Ciiarlestown,  navy-yard  at 473 

Cliarlotte,  mint  at 572 

Charter  of  Massachusetts  Company  trans- 
ferred   40 

Charter  of  priv'leges  and  exceptions  in 

New  York 70 

Charter  of  Providence  Plantations  ....     81 

Charter  of  Carolina 118 

Charter  of  Pennsylvania  granted  to  Penn  138 
Cliarterof  privileges  for  IVuusylvaiua  .  .   169 

tiharter  vacated  in  Carolina 191 

Charter  sent  to  Massachusetts  ......   199 

Charter  issued  for  Georgia 210 

Charters  of  the  colonies  threatened  ...    167 

Chase,  Judge,  acquitted 496 

Chase,  secretary  of  treasury,  resiirns  .  ,  047 
Chattc,  M.  de,  made  governor  of  (^iin;ula  20 
Chauvin,  M.  cie,  takes  colony  to  Caniiiia  .  20 
Chelsea,  Massacltusetts,  incorporated  .  .  220 
Cherokee  nation  repeal  secession  ....  036 
Cherokces  move  west  of  tlie  Mis.sitislpp;  646 

Cliesnpeake  Bay,  British  land  at 366 

Cliesiipeake,  the,  fired  upon 5Cl 

Chesapeake,  British  agent  to  settle  ...  502 
Chesapeake,  reparation  for,  accepted  ,  .  .  512 
Chesapeake,  seamen  returned  to  lier  ...  515 
Chesapeake  Bay,  lights  on,  extinguiNlied  520 
Chesapeake,  the,  captured  by  the  Slianuon   521 

(Chesapeake,  British  Heet  in 527 

Cliicago  settled 526 

Cliicago,  first  steamboat  at 606 

Chicago  Times  suppressed 036 

Cliicago  Times  suppressed 639 

Chicago,  bequest  for  a  library  left  to  .  .  .   07.? 

Chicago,  fire  at (W4 

Chickamauga  Creek,  Tennessee,  battle  at    641 

ChicJiasaw  Bayou,  battle  at 034 

Children,  training  of,  in  Massachusetts  .  74 
Cliihlreu  working  in  factories  to  go  to 

scliool  in  Massachuf^etts 573 

Chillicothe,  first  religious  newspaper  pub- 
lished at ....  ■ 631 

Chilpauzingo,  congress  at,  declares  Mexi- 
co iudependeiit 523 

China,  trade  opened  with 411 

Cliippeway,  battle  of,  (ought .')26 

Cliloroform  made  by  S.  (jutiiric  .  .  .  .  .'J64 
Christian  liegister  published  in  Boston  .  f>50 
Christian  Intelligencer  published  in  New 

York 562 

Chronicle,  Boston,  nublislted 274 

Chronicle,  Pennsvlvaiiia,  and   Universal 

Advertiser,  published  in  Pliiladelphia  276 
Chronicle,  Tlie  United  States,  i)ublislied 

in  Providence,  Uliodc  Island 27il 

Chronicle,  New  York,  published     ....   2f0 

Clironicle,  Jersey W 

('hrysler's  Field,  battle  of,  fought  ....  523 
Cliurubuseo,  battle  of,  fought    ......   597 

Church  in  Albany 74 

Church  of  stone  in  New  York  city  ....    "5 


INDEX. 


733 


•otina,  nnmcrt  .      .  184 
olinn,  royal  custom- 

in 144 

rolina,  nttiickid  by 

iirdtt 177 

roliou,  Gazette  pub- 

208 

lOlintt,  greiit  fire  in     223 
iroliuu,  Society  Li- 

,  .  . 233 

iroUna,  Gazette  piib- 

.  .  . 271 

rolina,  invested    .  .  380 
Carolina,    I'Vge    of, 

382 

.rolina,  gurrendered     3H« 

, -108 

publiHiied i*! 

oelced  up "•i* 

irolina,  bonibiirdLi"    .   (HO 

•ed 052 

ardat «3 

672 

setts  Company  triins- 

40 

>8  and  exceptions  in 

70 

ce  Plantations  ....    81 

rdniaRriinted  to  IViin  138 
i  lor  lVnns>lvauia  .  .   169 

'arolina 191 

saehusetts l'J9 

leorgia '■^10 

onies  threatened  ...    167 

tted : ff 

treasury,  resiirus  .  .  617 
>  o-overnor  of  Cliiiuula  20 
es  colony  to  Canada  .  20 
etts,  incorporated  .  .  220 
ileal  secession  ....  036 
est  or  tlie  .Mississippi   546 

ritish  land  at 366 

ed  upon a*^ 

I  assent  to  settle    •   •  •   502 

ion  for,  accepted  ...   512 

n  returned  to  her  .   .  .   515 

hts  on,  extin'/uislied    520 

tared  by  the  Slianiion   521 

Meet  in    .......   527 

iboatat 686 

[)ressed V;* 

i)ressed •'•^ 

r  a  library  left  to  .  .  .   673 
_  , 6!<4 

|c,  Tennessee,  battle  at    641 

)attleat w4 

)f,  in  Massachusetts  .     71 
in   factories  to  t;o  to 

(ehusefts .578 

li^rious  newspaper  pub- 

ress' at,  declares  Mexi- 

52.1 

1  with'  !  ! t'.J 

f  i'ou"lit 5* 

y  s.  Cuturl';  .  .  .  .  J« 
published  in  Boston  .  5o0 
icer  published  in  New   _^^_ 

f,-i 

Biubllslu'd •  -'* 

vania,  and    lj>''^';'''«f  ,,,,, 

lished  in  IMuladelpliia  2(0 
ited  Slates,  published 

llhode  Islanil -/» 

rk,  published     •   •  •  •  jjjj 

I'ttie'of,  foutrht  .  .  .  .   5-a 

of,  fought  ••••;;  74 

New  York*  city  ....    75 


Church,  Colonel,  leads  expedition  against 

Ind'ans 155 

Church  of  liugland  established  In  South 

Carolina   " 177 

Church  property,  taxation  of 008 

Clnirches,  support  of.  In  Massachusetts  .  (U 

Churches  In  New  York 158 

Churches  in  Massaohusctts 150 

Churches  in  Now  Enffland 159 

Church-numbers  only  allowed  freedom  In 

Massachusetts 45 

Cincinnati,  Order  of 410 

Cincinnati,  fort  nt 438 

Cincinnati,  General  Pike  launched  ut    .  .  540 

Cincinnati,  Prices  Current  in 672 

Circular  to  the  colonies  by  Massachusetts  205 
Circular  letter,  Massachusetts  refuses  to 

rescinil  it 278 

Circular  letter  to  the  colonies 302 

Circulation  of  banks 512 

Circulation  of  bunks     022 

Circulation  of  state  banks  taxed 6,'>3 

Citizenship,  ri^'ht  to,  renounced 014 

City  Point  occupied 044 

City  Point  attacked 045 

City  ofhces,  bill  to  regulate  tenure  of    .  .  007 

Civil  code  for  Louisiana  adopted .551 

Civil  expenses,  act  to  pay 005 

Civil  service  reform 0.s3 

Civil  service  reform,  report  of 086 

Civil  service  reform,  President  alludes  to  000 

Civil  HIghts  Dill  pttsscd 00.3 

Civil  Hights  Bill 007 

Claims,  Alabama,  to  bo  settled  by  com- 
mission      0.50 

Clay-pipe  in  Virginia 148 

Clay,  Henry,  introduces  tariff  bill    ....  508 

Clayton-Hulwer  Treaty 001 

Clearing  house  established  in  New  York,  000 

Clergy  reserves  abolished  in  Canada  .   .  .  005 

Clermont,  the,  first  stejmship 502 

Cleveland,  Ohio,  settled 407 

Clinch,  Colonel,  destroys  fort  on  the  Ap- 

palachicola 6.30 

Clinton,  George,  governor  of  New  York  .  227 

Clinton  superseded 404 

Clocks,  wooden,  made  in  Connecticut    .  .  443 

Cloth  in  Connecticut 07 

Cloth  in  Massachusetts 08 

Cloth,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  ...  00 

Cloth  made  in  Massachusetts 70 

Cloth,  inspectors  of,  in  Connecticut  ...  82 

Cloth,  woollen,  in  Massachusetts    ....  83 

Cloth,  manufacture  of,  in  Virginia  .       .   .  06 
Cloth,  manufacture  of,  opposed  in      ir- 

gini'- 105 

Cloth,  manufacture  of,  In  llhode  Island  .  238 

Cloth  manufactured  in  Khodc  Island     .   .  437 

Cloth,  spinning  and  weaving,  tirst  united  521 

Clothnig  for  the  army 335 

Clover  introduced 320 

Cual  in  Rhode  Island 270 

Coal,  anthracite,  used 323 

Coast  Pilot  published 4()0 

Coast  survey  ordered ,500 

Coast  declared  blockaded  by  British  .  .   .  624 

Coast  of  United  States  blockaded    ....  525 

Coasting  trade  prohibited 52:1 

Coasting  trade  limited  to  Americans  .   .  .  5.14 

Cobbett,  William,  warrant  a-jaiust .  .  .  .  470 

Cochituate  water-works  for  TJoston    .  .  .  690 
Cockbuin,  Admiral,  destroys   towns  on 

the  coast 618 

Cocoo"s,  bounty  on,  in  Georgia 257 

Coddington,  VViJliam,  governor  of  Khodo 

Island 05 

Coddington,  William,  submits 100 

Code,  civil,  adopted  >or  Louisiana  ....  564 

Cod-llshery  at  Newfoundland 11 

Coeymans,  New  York,  settled 127 

Coffee,  (ieneral,  defeats  the  Creeks  in  Ala- 
bama       522 


Coffee,  duty  on,  repealed ■.  .  ,  686 

Cohoes  Company  in  New  York 557 

Coin  in  treasury,  amount  of :iSO 

Coin  requisition  on  the  states 307 

Coin,  gold,  government  paid  in 508 

Coinage  in  Boston 00 

Coinage,  metallic,  by  United  States    .  .  .  431 

Coinage  altered 572 

Coinage  of  U-iited  States  alteied 579 

Coinage,  gohi  and  silver  , 024 

Coining,  right  granted  in  Khodc  Islunti    .  428 

Coins  valued 174 

Coins,  copper,  struck  ..l  Connecticut .  .  .  220 

Coins,  silver  three-cent  piece  added  to  .  .  .102 
Coins,  Sliver,  made  legal  tender  for  live 

dollars 004 

Coins,  three-dollar  gold  pltce  added  to     .  004 

Coins,  nickel  cent  added  to 01.3 

Coins,  live-cent  added  to 003 

Cold  Harbor,  battle  at 020 

Cold  Harbor,  battle  at 045 

Colfax  Court-House,  collision  at 090 

Collector  of  customs  appointed  for  New 

England 131 

Collector  at  Boston  returned  to  England  .  136 

Collega,  Don  F.  M.,  viceroy  of  Mexico  .  .  .520 

College  chnrtered  in  Virginia 154 

College,  Dickenson,  incorporated    ....  410 

Collins'  line  of  steamers 001 

Colonies,  siippliet.  for,  free  of  duty  .  ...  79 
Colonies,  (.flairs  of,  regulated  by  Parlia- 
ment   80 

Colonies,  union  of,  snj'gosted 154 

Colonies  ordered  to  aid  New  York  ....  156 

Colonies, population  of 107 

Colonies,  plan  for  the  government  of .  .  .  170 

Colonies,  plan  for  the  government  of .  .  .  170 
Colonies    complained    of    by    Board    of 

Trade 170 

Colonies,  union  of,  suggested 184 

Colonies,  population  of 180 

Colonies,  i)lan  for  the  government  of  .  .  104 

Colonies,  convention  of,  suggested  ....  105 

Colonies,  report  on  condition  of 205 

Colonies,  governors  of,  instructed  ft"om 

England 212 

Colonies  forbidden  bills  of  credit 222 

('olonies  called  on  for  quotas 223 

Colonies  ordered  to  raise  troops  against 

Canada 2-28 

Colonies,  iron-mills  forbidden  in     ....  2-36 

Colonies,  plan  for  dividing 240 

Colonies,  plan  for  a  union  of 241 

Colonies,  plan  of  union  of,  by  Franklin    .  243 
Colonies  granted  their  expenses  by  Par- 
liament      248 

Colonies  called  on  for  twenty  thousand 

troops 2.50 

Colonies  raise  quota 251 

Colonies,  jealousy  of 252 

Colonies  paid   war  expenses  by   Parlla- 

i-.;nt 263 

Colonies  paid  war  expenses  by  Parlia- 
ment   250 

Colonies,  expenses  paid  by  Parliament    .  2-58 

Colonies,  pajier  money  forbidden  in  .   .  .  200 

Colonies,  union  of,  suggested 201 

Colonies  remonstrate  against  Stamp  Act .  203 

Colonies,  correspondence  of 273 

Colonies,  circular  letter  to,  by  Massa^ihu- 

setts 275 

Coloi'.ies  ordered  to  treat  circular  letter 

with  contempt 277 

Colonies,  uaner  mills  in 285 

Colonies,  Independence'  of 200 

Colonics,  first  act  of  resistance 200 

(Colonies,  shipping  in 292 

(Colonies,  independence  of  .......   .  293 

Colonies,  feeling  for  Boston  in 300 

Colonies,  population  of 314 

Colonies,  petition  of,  presented 31S 

Colonies,  ports  opened  to  couunerco  •  .  .  311 


w 


734 


ANNALS   OF  NOP.TH  AMERICA. 


Colony  for  Carolina 133 

Colony  fur  l>onii8ylvnnia  set  sail 130 

Colorado  made  a  lorritory 0)0 

"olorado.  IiulianN  hoHtilo  in 044 

Colorado  lulmittud  tu  Union 007 

Coloroil  voluiitt-crs,  pnyinont  to  owners 

of,  fliiRpcnik-il AM 

Colt's  revolver  patented 574 

ColiimbiaCollejjfo  founded  in  New  York  .  235 
Colnniliia,    Ijaneasfer,   and    I'liiladoliiliiii 

Uailroad  incorporated 657 

Columbia  captured Hiyi 

Colutubian  AL'rieultural  Society  f'ormod  .  607 
Columbian  In.ttituto  at  VVnshiu'jton,  Uiri- 

trict  of  Columbia 63* 

Columbus  discovered  laud lU 

(.'olumbus,  second  voyaife  of 10 

Columbus,  third  voyajre  of 11 

Columbus,  I'ourtli  vbyapre  of 11 

Combs,  horn,  mule  in  MasaachusettH  .  .  253 
Commerce  restricted  in  the  coiouies  ...  107 
Commerce  defended  by  Massachusetts  .  .    IL'O 

Commi'rce,Con<;fress  torey:ulate i'ii 

Commercial  convention  witli  Great  Britain   533 
Commercial  convention,  laws  inconsist- 
ent with,  repealed 634 

Commercial  Register  published  in  Cincin- 
nati     557 

Commercial  failnrtis  for  the  year     ....    014 

Commercial  failures 610 

Commissary     certificates     received      for 

tuxes 300 

Conimiasiou,  Eufflish.  disbanded    ....    479 

Commission,  centennial,  created 683 

Commissioners  to  the  colonies 0(i 

CoinmissioncrH  to  Virmnia 131 

Commissioners  of  coloaies,  meetin<j  of, 

called 160 

Commissioners  to  Franco ,   .    ;t5(i 

Commissioners  to  foroi^jn  courts 362 

Commissioners  publish  a  manifesto    .   .  .    377 

Commissioners  to  Europe 384 

ComuiissioncrB  appointed 465 

Comniissioners  for  peace  appointed  .  .  .  5'ii 
Commissioners,    Confederate,    Presiilcut 

refuses  to  see 6'JO 

Committee  of  Correspondence    in    New 

York 263 

Committee  of  Correspondence  In  Massa- 
chusetts   202 

Committee  of  Correspoudencc  iu  Uliodo 

Island 262 

Committee  of  Correspondence   in   New 

York 202 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  North 

Carolina 263 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Slassa- 

chusetts 201 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Virginia  203 
Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Uliodc 

Island 204 

Committee  of  Correspondeucc,  senteuco 

from 204 

Committee  of  Correspoudencc  iu  Connec- 
ticut   204 

Committee   of   Correspoudencc   in    New 

Hampshire 204 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Georg-ia   205 
Committee  of  Correspondence  ni   Massa- 
chusetts   205 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in   South 

Carolina 205 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Mary- 
land   200 

Committee  of  Correspondence  of  Massa- 

chiisettH 200 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in   Dela- 
ware   200 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  No.th 

Carolina 297 

Committee  of  Correspondenco   iu    New 
York 290 


Committee  of  Correspondenco  in   New 

Jersey 299 

Committee  of  Correspondence  in  Georgia  30; 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Massaclmsetts"  .  .'(il 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Massachusetts  .  .  313 
Committee  of  Safety  in  I'liiladelphia  .  .  .  321 
Committee  of  Safety  in  Maryland  ....  sag 
Committee  of  Koreifjn  Correspondence  .  .  xjs 
Committee  in  absence  of  Gonfjress  ...  414 
Committee  of  Ways  and  Means  first  or- 
ganized      ....  409 

Committees  of  Correspondence,  confer- 
ence of 302 

Common  Sense  published 333 

Common-school  system  in  Illinois  ....   555 
Common-school  system  adopted  iu  Penn- 
sylvania   583 

Commonwealth,  or  I'ittsburo'  Gazette    .  .   423 
(Community  settled  at  IJethel,  Missouri    .   51)1 
Community  settled  at  liishop  Hill,   Illi- 
nois   505 

Community  settled  at  Oneida,  New  York  51)5 

Community  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois 002 

Community  settled  at  Aurora,  Orc^jon  .  .   HOS 
Community,  I'roffressivc,  iu  Kansas  ...  683 

('ommutntion  in  New  Jersey 302 

Coinonfort    confiscates  church    property 

h)  Mexico CIO 

Company  of  the  West  gfranted  Louisiana   188 
Compensatiou     of    government    ofTicers 

raised 6$9 

Competition  of  reapers  and  mowers  at 

Syracuse r>l2 

Comi)ul8ory  education  law CU3 

Conciliation,  plan  of 318 

Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  Pennsylvania  .  .   321 
Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  New  .Jersey  ...  321 

(Conciliation,  plan  of,  in  Vir<j;inia 32C 

Conciliation,  plan    of,  rejected   by   Con- 
gress   338 

Conciliation,  plan  of 372 

Conciliation,  plan  of 373 

Concord,  Massachusetts,  settled 54 

Concord,  New  Hampshire,  settled  ....   199 
Confederate  congress  meets  at  Mouttjorn- 

ery 619 

Confederate  coramissioaers,  President  re- 
fuses to  sec O'.'O 

Confederate  privateers  to  bo  treated  as 

pirates C20 

Confederates  held  as  belligerents  by  Eng- 
land   621 

Confederation,  form  of,  in  Congress  ...  347 
Confederation,  copies  of  plan  to  states  .  .  368 

Confederation  ratified 375 

Confederation  agreed  to  by  Maryland    .  .  397 

Confederation  organized 398 

Confederation,  articles  of,  amended    ...  410 

Confederacy,  flag  of 019 

Confederacy,  postal  communication  closed 

with 621 

Confederacy,   British  recognition  of,  re- 
voked     658 

Conference  with  the  Five  Nations  ....   141 

Conference  for  peace 652 

Confiscate,  bill  to,  property 613 

Confiscation  of  Tory  property 369 

Confiscation  act  apjirovod 630 

Congregational   ministers  in    Massachu- 
setts, taxes  paid  for  their  supi)i)rt  .  .  611 
Congressional  Library  at  Washington  .  .  602 
Congress  of  the  colonics,  first  call  lor    .  .   161 

Congress  of  the  colonies  met 152 

Congress  of  governors  at  New  London  .  .    179 
Coiigress  of  governors  at  Now  London  .  .   181 

Congress  with  Indians  held 193 

Couyfress  to  treat  with    Indians  held  at 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania 227 

Congress  at  Albany  with  Indians    ....  212 

Congress  with  the  Indians 238 

Congress  of  delegates  advised  by  Macsa- 
chusetts 265 


INDEX. 


735 


londence  in  New 

299 

lurtenco  in  Goorgia   307 

MnsBiicliusotts  .  .   311 

MiisBiicliusPtts  .  ,   3W 

I'liiliKlolpIiia .  .  .   321 

Miiryliiiul  .  .  .  .  3'29 
SorreHpoiMifnce  .  .  335 
}f  Con<;reas  .  .  .  4H 
ind  Menus  tlrst  or- 

409 

BDondeuce,  couCor- 

^ 302 

lied 3M 

m  in  lilinoia  ....   555 
m  adopted  in  Ponn- 

583 

ttsburg  Oii/..'ttii    .  .   4'i3 

IJethel,  Missouri    .   591 
;  nisliop  Hill,  llli- 

595 

;  Oneidn,  New  Yorlc  595 

o,  lllinoiH 002 

;  Aurora,  Orcj^ou  .  .  (108 
jivc,  ill  KiuisiiM  .  .  .  flSi 

Jersey 502 

C8  cliurcli    property 

t  granted  Ijouisiaua   188 
governuieni    officers 

lers  aiid  mowers  at 

<'12 

,nlaw........««3 

'in  Pennsylvania  .  .   321 
,'  in  Now  ,Jer»ey  •••^23 
,  in  Virginia  .....   J^O 
of,  rejected  by  Con- 
^, 

f  : '. :.......  37» 

^etta.Vettlod  •  •  •  •  •  ^ 
pHliire,  settli  d  ....  199 
is  meets  at  Jloutgoni-   ^^^ 

Bioaers*  President  re-  ^^ 

era*  to  bo  treated  as   ^^ 

bc'lligercnts  by  Eng-  ^^^ 

of,*in  Congress  •  ■  •  ^ 

s  of  plan  to  states  .  .   388 

L.(J '>'» 

d  to  by  Maryland   .  .  W 

Hized  •••••:•••  5m 
les  of,  amended    •  •  •   j[j 

commuiiieaiiouelosed  ^^^ 

li*  recognition  of,  re- 

Too 

Five  Nations  ....  J<1 

ropWty  *.  ••'••••  S 

Vyop^riy  ^ 

roved .  0J« 

iiisters  in   MasHacIiu- 
for  llieir  support  .  .  on 
ry  at  Wasliington  .  .  wi 
mies,  first  call  for    .  .   161 

..uiesinet.  ••••••   !Ej 

ors  at  New  London.  .    7a 

rs  at  New  London  .  .   l»l 
mslield  •■••;,•  1  ^^ 
w:tli   Indians  held  at 
iisylvania *:' 

witli  Indians   •  '  -  •  j^ 
.iidians  ...••••••"' 

tes  advised  by  Macsa- 


ConprresR  met  at  New  York 2(58 

Congress,  gcMieral,  propose  1 295 

Congress,  itoston  Gazette  on 290 

Congress,  general,  proposed ,  30O 

Coni^rCBS  voted  in  Providence;,  Ittiode  Is- 
land    302 

Congress,  Philadelplda  for 303 

Congress,  New  York  for 303 

Congress,  Virginia  for 303,  304 

(Jongresa,  Connecticut  for 305 

Congress,  New  York  for 305 

CongresR,  liliode  Island  for 305 

Congress,  delegates  to,  from   llliode   Is- 
land    305 

Congress,  Massachusetts  for 305 

Congress  convenes  at  Pliiladelpiiia     .   .  .  :w 

Congress,  resolutions  of,  to  IJoston  ...  311 

Congress  approved  in  Maryland 314 

Congress  approved  in  Massaohnsctts    .  .  314 

Congress  approved  mi  Delaware 314 

Congress  approved  in  New  Jersey  ....  314 

Congress  approved  by  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  315 

Congress  approved  by  South  Caroli-ia  .  .  315 

Congress  approved  in  Rhode  Island  .  .   .  315 

Congress  approved  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  310 

Congress  approved  in  Now  Jersey  ....  310 

Congress  approved  in  New  Hampshire  .  .  310 

Congress  approved  in  (Jeorgia •.  310 

Congress,  petition  of,  refused 317 

Congress  approved  by  Delaware 318 

Congress  approved  by  Virginia 31!) 

Congress  approved  in  North  Carolina  .  .  319 

Congress,  delegates  from  Now  York  .  .  •  .320 

Congress,  letter  to,  from  Massaeliusctts  .  321 

Congress  met  at  Philadelphia 322 

Congress,  provincial,  in  New  York    .  .  .  323 

Congress  elects  oflBcers 323 

Congress  commissions  officers .323 

Congress,  provineial,  in  Now  Jersey  .  •  .  324 

Congress  adopts  rules  for  the  army    .  •  .  324 

Congress  resolves  on  defence 324 

Congress,  provincial.  In  South  Carolina   .  325 

Congress,  representatives  for,  elected  .  .  327 

Congress  adjou.-ned 329 

Congress,  petition  from 330 

Congress  refuses  to  admit  Transylvania  .  332 

Congress  advises  New  Hampshire  ....  332 

Congress  receives  news  of  its  petition  .   .  3:!2 

Congress  pledges  secrecy 334 

Congress  on  state  petitions 33.5 

Congress  threatens  to  retaliate 330 

Congress  organizes  a  fleet 330 

Congress  appoints  a  marine  committee  .   .  337 
Congress   advises  the   colonies  to  form 

governments 344 

Congress,  resolutions  for  independence    .  345 

Congress  considered  inti'jpendence  ....  350 

Congress  votes  on  indep.  ndencd ;i60 

Congress,  plan  of  confet  eratlou  reported 

to 352 

Congress  orders  Decliiraiion  engrossed    .  362 

Congress  provides  for  soldiers 354 

Congress  proposed  a  convention 3.57 

Con'^rcss  gives  extraordinary  power  to 

Washiiigtcm 358 

Congress  at  IlaUimore :!o9 

Congress  proposed  conventions :!(11 

Congress,  places  of  its  meeting 362 

Congress  orders  an  inquiry .  305 

Congress,  action  of 300 

Congress  refuses  to  treat 374 

Congress  declined  to  treat  with  commis- 
sion       .....  370 

Congress  reorganizes  the  treasury  ....  3r0 

Congress  calls  upon  the  states 381 

Congress  approves  scale  of  prices  ....  1380 
Congress    calls    for    supplies     from    the 

states 388 

Congress  calls  for  tuxes 394 

Congress  asks  tlie  right  to  lay  duties    •  ,  397 

Congress  reorganized 401 

Congress  calls  on  the  states ■,  iUi 


Congress  reorg.inlzed 403 

Congress  calls  oii  tho  states 40A 

Congress  accepts  lands  from  New  York  .  400 

Congress  met 4o7 

Congress  commuted  offlcers'  lialf-pay    .  .  408 

Congress,  ntidress  to  the  states 410 

Congress  resolves  on  places  to  hold  its 

sessions  in 411 

Congress  adjourns  to  Princeton 411 

Congress  ratifies  treaty 412 

Congress  accepted  land  ceded  by  Virginia,  413 
Congress     apportioned     quotas     to    the 

states 414 

Congress  asked  power  to  regulate  foreign 

trade 414 

Congress  at  Trenton 416 

Congress  makes  a  requisition 421 

C  jugress  coiivenes 421 

Congress  to  regulate  coniinercc 422 

Congress  calls  on  the  slates 424 

Congress  ncccpts  lands  ceded  by  Connecti- 
cut    425 

Congress  sends  circular  to  states    ....  430 

Congress  sends  resolutions  to  tho  states  .  430 

Congress  in  New  York  city 440 

Congress  accepts   territory  from   North 

Carolina 444 

Congress,  debates  of 449 

Congress,    letters   from    members,    pre- 
sented by  grand  jury 409 

Congress,  first  personal  encounter  in     .  .  472 
Congress  votes  a  sword  to  ,1.  I).  lOlliot    .  516 
Congress  inereases  pay  of  mcmbi'rs   .   .  .  535 
Congress  of  nations  for  arbitration  sug- 
gested    538 

Congress  fixes  pay  of  members 540 

Congress,  rigiit  of,  to  vote  money  for  in- 
ternal improvements 641 

Congress,  first  committee  on  agriculture  .  640 
Congress  of  representatives  from  South 

American  republics  and  Jlcxico   .   .   .  567 
Congress  informed   by  tho  President  of 

South  Carolina's  action 507 

Congress  resolved  it  had  no  authority  to 

interfere  with  slavery 575 

Congress,  extra  session  of 581 

Congress  convened  by  proclamation  .   .   .  586 

Congress  increases  pay  of  its  niembors    .  009 

(Congress  forbids  sale  of  gold  on  time  .  .  046 

Congress,  pay  of  members  raised    ....  Ci>5 

Connecticut,  ponnliition  of 50 

Connecticut,  cone  of  laws  in   - 94 

Connecticut,  sawmill  for 106 

Connecticut  charter 110 

Connecticut  petitions  the  king 145 

Connecticut,  charter  of,  hid  at  Hartford   .  147 

Connecticut  resumes  the  charter 149 

Connecticut  aids  Albany 150 

Connecticut,  charter  of,  not  revoked  .   .  .  152 

Connecticut,  assembly  divided 166 

Connecticut,  Y'ale  College  founded  ....  168 

Connecticut  issues  bills  of  credit 179 

Connecticut,    sects    allowed    to    support 

their  own  clergy 203 

Connecticut,  law  of  Inheritance  coiilirmetl,  204 

Connecticut,  iron-works  in 215 

Connecticut,  salt  in 22i> 

Connecticut,  towns  asking  to  bo  received 

by 231 

Connecticut,  tinware  made  in 285 

Connecticut,   Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 294 

Connecticnt  acceptf.  independence   ....  348 

Connecticut  refuses  to  treat  separately  .   .  373 

Connecticut  ravaged 382 

Connecticut  ri'giments  ♦hroaten  to  leave  .  389 

Connecticnt  cedes  territory 394 

Connecticut  ravaged 402 

Connecticut,  judges  to  give  written  opin- 
ions    414 

Connectic'if,  slavery  abolished  in   ...  .  415 

Couuecticut,  mint  in  .   , 410 


736 


ANNALS  OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


Connrctlout,  silk  mnnufac.turc  in 435 

Contiecticiit  ratilicd  coiiRtitutiuu -J.'IS 

ConiuTtidit,  wooden  clocks  in 4-i-"{ 

Connecticut   relinquishes   wcBtc'rn    Innd 

claims 480 

Connecticut  Hirer,  Tesselg  in,  burned  by 

British 626 

Connecticut  ratifies  u  conHtitution  ....  514 

Conrectiout,";ooloffionl  report  of ohl 

Connecticut,  hibor  uureiui  in C0& 

Conscription  act e:)(i 

Coiisiderntion  pnld  Indians  for  their  l^ndii,  543 

ConKideration  paid  Indians  Cor  their  hiuds,  541 

Considcrution  paid  Indians  fortlielr  lands,  544 

Consideration  paid  Indians  for  territory  .  54? 

Constitution,  written,  for  Connecticut  .   .  03 

Constitution  of  New  Hampshire 338 

Constltutiuu,  states,  ucccptcd 431 

Constitution  to  be  submitted  to  conven- 
tions    433 

Constitution  seit  to  state  legislatures  .  .  433 

Constitution  accepted  by  Maryland    .  .  .  430 

Coustitutioii  accepted  by  South  Carolina  .  436 

Constitution  accepted  by  New  Hanipsliire,  430 

Constitution  accepted  by  Virginia  ....  437 

Constitution  put  in  force 437 

Constitution,  acceptance  celebrated    .  .  .  437 

Constitution  accepted  by  Now  York  .  .  .  438 

Constitution  accepted  by  North  Carolina  .  438 

Constitution  accepted  by  North  (Carolina  .  442 

Constitution  accepted  by  Khode  Island    .  445 

CouHtitution  accepted  by  Tennsylvauia    .  447 

Constitution  accepted  by  Vermont ....  450 

Constitution  accepted  by  Cortez  for  Spain,  513 

Constitution  captures  Guerriero 515 

Crnstitution  destroys  the  Java 618 

Cjnstitution  ratilioa  by  Connecticut  .  .  .  544 

ijonstltution  for  Mexico  framed 053 

Constitution   for   Kansas    submitted   to 

Congress 016 

Consul  to  Paris 403 

Consuls,  American,  duties  of .  453 

Contiiv-ntnl  bills  made  legal  tender    .  .  .  S^JO 

Contraband  of  war,  slaves  held  to  be    .  .  021 

Contraction,  system  of,  begun 603 

Contraction  of  currency  suspended    .  .  .  070 

Contreras,  battle  of,  fought 5'J8 

Convention  of  l)ook8ellers 100 

Conveution  of  tlie  colonies  suggested    .  .  190 
Convention  at  Albany  of  delegates  of  the 

colonies 243 

Conventions,  town,  censured  by  House  of 

Lords 280 

Convention  in  Virginia  assumes  author- 
ity    328 

Convention  in  Pennsylvania  assumes  the 

power 352 

Convention  on  currency  in  Providence    .  300 

Convention  at  Yorktown 302 

Convention  in  New  Haven 371 

Convention  at  Hartford 385 

Convention  to  revise  confederation     .  .  .  425 

Convention  called  by  Virginia 427 

Convention  to  revise  confederation    .   .  .  429 
Convention  at  Pliiladelphia  to  form  a  con- 
stitution    430 

Convention  of  New    England    states  at 

Hartford 529 

Convention  in  South  Carolina  i)a8se8  nul- 
lifying resolves 507 

Convention  made  between    Mexico  and 

United  States 583 

Convention  in  Kansas  to  form  constitu- 
tion authorized 610 

Convention  of  governors 033 

Convention,  constitutional,  at  New   Or- 
leans       643 

Convention,  constitutional,  in  Louisiana  .  OiS 

Conway  resigns 373 

Cooper,  Thomas,  guilty  of  libel 479 

Copper-works  in  Massachusetts 94 

Copper  mine  opened 190 


Copper  added  to  list  of  enumerated  articles  104 

Copper  mines  in  <;;onnecticiit -jiis 

Copper  mines  at  Lake  Superior JUl 

Copyright  law  passed  by  Khode  Island    .  412 

Copyright  law  in  South  Carolnia    ....  415 

Copyright  law  by  Congress 445 

Copyright  law jg; 

Copyright  law  an.cnded 571 

Copyright  law  extended  to  plays    .  .  .  .  e09 
Copyright  transferred  to  library  of  Con- 
gress      681 

Cordage  made  in  Boston 71 

Cordova,  Hernandez  dc r^ 

Corinth,  retreat  from 628 

Corinth,  Mississipu',  battle  of 633 

Corn  made  a  legal  tender  in  Massachu- 
setts    45 

Corn,  its  culture  in  Maryland 69 

Corn  exportation  forbidd<'n  in  New  Am- 
sterdam    98 

Cornbury  removed  from  offlcc 178 

Cornell  University  opened  to  students  .  .  673 

Corning,  Iowa,  loarlatt  community  at  .  .  002 

Cornwallis  surrenders 403 

Cortereal,  Gaspar,  voyage  of U 

(Cortez,  Hernando,  sails  on  expedition  .  .  12 

Cortez  sets  out  to  capture  Mexico  ....  13 

Cortez  lands  at  Vera  Cruz 13 

Cortez  marches  to  city  of  Mexico    ....  13 

(Cortez  made  governor  of  New  Spain  ...  14 

Cortez  transports  his  fleet 14 

Cortez  lands  in  Mexico 15 

Cortez  made  captain-general IS 

Cortez  returns  to  Spain lli 

Cortez  ut  Cadiz,  Spain 506 

Cortez  at  Cadiz,  Spai'i,  accepts  a  consti- 
tution    513 

Cosby,  William,  governor  of  New  York  .  210 

Cost,  of  transportation 416 

Cost  of  Croton  aqueduct 58S 

Cost  of  Seminole  war 588 

Cottage  Grove,  Tennessee,  battle  of .   .  .  (ii? 

Cotton  in  Connecticut (18 

Cotton,  share  of  towns  In  Connecticut  .  .  75 

Cotton  in  South  Carolina l:)8 

Cotton  gin  in  Louisiana '225 

Cotton  shipped  from  colonies 2SC 

Cotton  woven  in  Massachusetts 387 

Cotton  shipped  to  England  seized  ....  415 

Cotton  sent  to  England 420 

Cotton,  Madison's  prophecy  concerning  .  424 

Cotton,  Sea-Island,  in  Georgia ,424 

Cotton  manufacture  in  Massachusetts    .   .  i'if 

Cotton  manufacture 440 

C'otton  gin  invented 4iH 

Cotton  sewing-thread 4fi0 

Cotton  worm  in  South  Carolina 482 

(Cotton  gin  purchased  by  South  Carolina  .  486 

Cotton  gin  purchased  by  North  Carolin.i .  489 

('ottou  gin,  sale  of 401 

Cotton  gin  purchased  by  Tennessee   .   .  .  402 

Ci   .on  seed,  patent  for,  food  from  ....  647 

Council  of  the  Indies  constituted 12 

Council  elected  in  Massachusetts    ....  3','8 
Counril  with  Indians  held  at  iJaytou  ...  524 
Courant,  New  England,  published  in  Bos- 
ton       102 

Courant,  Wilmington,  published  in  IJela- 

warc 255 

Courant,  Connecticut,  published 201 

Courant,  Constitutional,  in  New  York  .  .  208 

Courier,  Charleston,  published 483 

Court  of  Ciiaucery  in  New  York  city  .   ,  .  105 

Court  of  inquiry 303 

Court,   Federal,    decides  Jurisdiction    of 

Wyoming 407 

Courts  of  vice-admiralty  in  the  colonies    .  164 

Cv  I  rts  created  in  Massachusetts 405 

Courts  prevented  sitting   in    Massachu- 
setts   425 

Cows,  value  of,  in  Massachusetts    ....  4o 

CowB,  treatment  of,  in  New  England    .  .  671 


INDEX. 


737 


•numerated  articles  IW 

cticut a.i8 

Superior 691 

)y  Rliailc  Isluiid    .   412 
1  Carolnm    ....   415 

{rc88 445 

487 

d 671 

'd  to  plnys     ....  009 
to  library  of  Cou- 

681 

m 71 

B 12 

628 

iftttle  of 633 

ndor  In  Massaehu- 

45 

iryinnd 69 

jidd<'n  in  New  Am- 

98 

iin  offloe 178 

encd  to  students  .  .  673 
n  community  at   .  .   602 

, 403 

irH;j;eof 11 

is  on  expedition  .  .     12 
turc  Mexico  .  .  .  •     13 

Crui! W 

f  of  Mexico    ....     13 
•  of  New  Spain  ...     14 

fleet 14 

!0 IS 

'cneral 15 

in l'> 

1  . 508 

•1.  accepts  a  consti- 

.'.... 513 

•rnorof  New  Yorlc  .   210 

n 4l» 

uet 588 

• &;8 

.esHce,  battle  ol .  .  .  ti:!7 

t •« 

b  in  Connecticut  .  .  75 

lina ™ 

na --? 

colonies 286 

sacluisetts 387 

laud  seized  ....  415 

nd •  •   if. 

upliecy  concerning  .   424 

1  Georjjia 424 

a  Massacliutictts   .  .  4.t' 

449 

■ 454 

460 

th  Carolina 482 

by  South  Carolina  .  486 
1  by  Nortli  Ciiioliu.i .   4S9 

' 491 

by  Tcnnesseo  .  .  .  492 
ar,  food  iroin  ....   647 

constituted 12 

ssachuKottH  ....  3-8 
held  at  Dayton  ...  624 
id,  published  in  Uos- 

i',  published  in  Dela- 

^ 255 

published 2«l 

ial,  in  New  York  .  .  2(18 

published *»? 

New  York  city  .   .  .  ll» 

ides* Jurisdiction    of 

407 

ity  In  the  colonies    .   IM 

Bsacliusetts 404 

tting    in    Massachu- 

.       .......   425 

assachusetts    ....     43 

u  New  Kugland    .  .  671 


Crsncy  Island  attacked  by  the  Hritls1i .  .  621 

Credit  hales  of  public  lauds  abollrtlicd    .  .  &jl 

Credit,  public,  act  to  «trenp;t!iei 075 

Credit  Jlobilier,  report  on (i8<J 

Creeks  defeated  by  (ieucval  Colleo  ....  Srj 

Creek  war  ended  by  Jackson fia4 

Creeks   defeated  by   (Jcneral  Jackson  at 

Talladega 523 

Creeks  surrender  territory 527 

Crime,  penalties  for 447 

Crojjhnn,  Lieutenant,  ileCends  I'ort  Steven- 
sun     522 

Cromwell  makes  gnnit  of  Nova  Scot i:i  .  .  101 
Cromwell,    Uichard,  accession    aeknowl- 

edfiod  by  Virginia 101 

Crops,  failure  of.   .   . 3!H 

Cross  Keys,  Virginia,  battle  at O-iS 

Croton   water,  company  to  supply   New 

York  with,  chartered 572 

Croton  aqueduct  (inished 588 

Crown  I'oint  settieil  by  French 200 

Crozat,  Antliony,  monopoly  of  trailewKh 

Louisiana 182 

Crozat  relinquishes  Louisiana 187 

Cruisers  against  friendly  powers  ibrbid- 

den 635 

Crystal  Palace  in  New  York 005 

Cuba,  Moro  Castle  captured 2.il> 

Cuba,  expedition  against,  forbidden  ...  001 
Cuba,  expedition  against,  forbidden  .  .  .  007 
Cuba,  leaders  of  expedition  against,  ar- 
rested    077 

Culpeper  deprived  of  ofBeo     l;t7 

Cumberland  Mountains  crossed 231 

Cumberland  turnpike 600 

Cumberland    turnpike  to  Whoelnig,  u\)- 

propriation  for 645 

Cumberland  Gap  occupied 0.'!) 

( umberland  Gap  vacated 0:j3 

Currency,   fractional,   issued    by    Massa- 
chusetts    1!)3 

Currency,  convention  on,  iu  I'rovideuee,  ;.'()0 

CuiTency,  conviiitiou  on,  in  I'luladelpiila,  387 

CurreiK  y,  contraction  of 545 

Currency,  contraction  of,  suspended  .  .  .  (171 

Currier's  oil  made  in  New  Jersey   ....  3^7 

Cuater,  General,  del'eats  Indians 074 

Custom-house  appralsemeut  begun    .  .  .  542 

Customs  advised  in  Massachusetts     .  .  .  405 

Cutlery,  table,  lirst  made 671 

I>. 

Daldonega,  mint  at 572 

Daily  Advertiser  published  in  UocUester,  557 

Daily  Courier  published  at  Portland  ...  501 
Diiilv   Evening  Advertiser  published  in 

Portland 504 

Dally  Morning  Post  pulillshcd  in  Uoston,  5()j> 

Dakota  organized  as  a  territory OIU 

Dalliousio  College,  in  Halifax,' founded    .  64'.> 

Dallas,  Georgia,  battle  at 04 j 

Danbury,  stores  destroyed  at 303 

Dark  day 389 

Dartmouth  Collegi  >ounded  in  Hanover, 

New  Hampshire 283 

Dartmouth  College  endowed 280 

Dartmouth    College,    Uiune   clianged  to 

University 535 

Daughters  of  Liberty  in  Providence  .  .  .  272 

Davenport,  Iowa,  settled 575 

Davis,  .Jefferson,  captured 057 

Davis,  Jelferson,  released  on  bail    ....  000 

Day's  work,  eight  hours  made  a 072 

Dayton,  council  held  at,  with  Indians    .  .  524 

Dean,  Silas,  agent  to  France 318 

Debt,  public,  payment  provideil  for    .   .  .  448 

Debt,  public,  amount  of 450 

D>'bt,  public,  redemption  of 402 

Debt,  national 404 

Debt,  imprisouuieat  for,  abolished  ....  474 

47 


Debt  of  the  United  states 684 

Debt,  actions  for,  in  Pennsylvania  .  .   .  .    545 

Debt,  pnlilic,  extinguished'. 574 

Debt,  national 000 

Debt,  national 002 

Debt,  national,  maximum 604 

Debt,  national,  act  to  refund 682 

Decatur,  Captain,  captures   the   Alacedo- 

niaii 517 

Decatur  in  command  of  the  President  .  .  530 
Decatur  forces  the  Dey  to  sign  a  treaty    .    533 

Decatur,  (ii'ori-'ia.  battle  of 048 

Declaration  ol  Uights  adopted  by  Con- 
gress      312 

Declaration  of  Independence  before  Con- 
gress     349 

Declaration  of  Indepenuv   cc  accepted  by 

Congn^ss ".    351 

Declaration,  news  of,  in  New  York  .  .  .  361 
Declaration,    copies  of,    to  each  of  tlio 

states 301 

Deed  of  Aquedneck  to  purchasers  ....  07 
Deor-skiUH,  export  ibrbiddeii  in  Pennsyl- 

vania 162 

Deertield,    Massachusetts,    defitroycd    by 

Indians 174 

De  la  Jonquiere,  "overnor  of  New  France,  235 
Delaware  IJay,  colony  of  Swedes  on  ...  30 
Delaware,  a  colony  of  Swedes  settles  at  .  37 
Delaware,  settlement  on,  destroyed  ...     47 

Delaware,  trade  of 82 

Delaware,  Swedish  settlement  at,  taken 

possession  of  by  the  Dutch 100 

Delaware,  saw  mill  in 104 

Delaware,  beer  brewed  in 109 

Delaware  exporting  bread 158 

Delaware,  assembly  in  .  . 173 

Delaware,  petitions  for  royal  governor  .  .    175 

Delaware,  paper-mill  in 184 

Delaware,  iron-works  in 198 

Delaware,  printing-press  in  Wilmington,  255 
Delaware,  committee  of   corresponaence 

in 290 

Delaware  against  independence 340 

Delaware  accepts  independence 347 

Delaware  adopted  a  constitution 354 

Delaware,  the,  ohstructlons  in,  removed  .    .308 

Delaware,  constitution  revised 453 

Delaware,  society  ibr  promoting  Aineri- 
caii  manufactures  formed  in  Wilming- 
ton      .638 

Delaware  and  Uaritan  Canal  chartered  .  .    554 

Delaware  breakwater  begun 501 

Delaware  and  Ciiesapeake  Canal  opened  .    601 

Di'laware,  geological  report  of 581 

Delawares  removeil  west  of  Slissi.-'sippi  .  544 
Delegates  elected  by  South  Carolina  .  .  .  208 
Delegates  to  Congress  to  be  presented  .  .  315 
Democracy  established  in  liliode  Island   .      70 

Democrat  published  in  (Chicago 570 

Denioeratic  societies  lormed 457 

Demologaa,  battery  built  by  Fulton  .  .  .  624 
De  Monimagiiy,  governor  of  Canada  .  .  .  57 
Dennys,  Jean,  map  of  St.  Lawrence  ...      12 

Dentist,  lirst,  in  United  States 430 

Department  of  Foreign  AlVair.'j 402 

De|>artnient  of  Foreign  All'airs 441 

Department  of  War 441 

Department  ol  Treasury  organized    ,  .   .    442 

Department  buildings  burned 48.3 

Department  of  the  Interior  created  .  .  .  000 
Department  of  Agriculture  estulilislied  .  028 
Department  of  Gulf  ;^iveu  General  liiniks  d^'.i 
Departments,  chinges  in  "overinnent  of.  070 
Deposits,  public,  reinovecllroiii  l!ie  iJauk,  600 
Deposits,  reasons  given  by  Seerelary  ot 

Treasury  for  withdrawing 670 

Deposits,  Senate  censures  the  President 

for  removing 571 

Depreciation  of  pay  made  good 389 

Dernier,  Thomas,  explores  Long  Ishmd 
Sound 27 


738 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


-J 


Designs  made  subject  to  patent 

Dcspard,  Lambert,  iron-fiiniuce  In  Pom- 
orokc , 

Detroit,  Michif^nn,  settlctl 

Detroit,  population  oi' 

Detroit,  council  liclU  at,  witli  IiKliauH  .  . 

D'lbberville  miikes  lirHt  gcttlemoiit  lu 
liOuisiaDH 

DiekuiiHon  c;olle<je  Incorponitcil 

DlgfHtioM,  Beaumont  publlhlu'H  experi- 
ments on 

Dlscii)line  in  MassacliUBettH 

Discontent  with  Uellamont's  lulminiBtra- 
tion 

DiBcriminations  in  trade  aboliaiicd  .... 

Digpatclies,  telo";rapiiic,  seized 

Dispensary  in  I'Tiiiudclpiiia 

Dispensary  in  New  York 

Dispute  bt>tween  New  York  and  N'crniout, 

Dispute  settled  between  Clcor^iu  and 
Soutli  Carolina 

Dissenters  in  South  Curoliun  iippcal  to 
House  of  Lords . 

Distress,  public,  report  on,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania     

District  of  Columbia,  laws  of 

I,,  Distiiict  of  Columbia,  slavery  abolished  In 
l|  District  of  Columbia,  riirlit  of  siiirriifje  in, 
5r  District  of  Columbia,  territorial  jjovern- 
ment  for 

Dogs  used  In  Connecticut  in  hunting'  In- 
dians     

Dollar,  the,  adopted 

Dollar,  gold,  authorized  by  Congress    .   . 

Dominion  of  Canada  innugiirnted    .... 

Dorchester,  Carolina,  settled 

Dorr's  rebellion  in  Khode  Island 

Double  eagle  added  to  gold  coin 

Dover,  New  Hampshire,  goveniment  of. 

Draft  in  New  England 

Draft  ordered 

Draft  riots  in  New  York 

Draft  ordered 

Draluing-tiles  in  New  York 

Drayton,  W.  H.,  charge  to  jury 

Dred  Scott  decision  by  the  Sujircme 
Court 

Drinks,  intoxicating,  forbidden  in  Alidne, 

Drought  at  Plymouth 

Drowne,  or  Pemaquid  patent 

Drunkards,  common,  posted  in  Uliodo 
Island 

Drusius,  minlHtcr  at  Manhattan 

Dry-dock  in  Boston,  Massachusetts  .  .  . 

Dubuque,  Iowa,  settled 

Duck,  bounty  on,  in  Uhode  Island  .... 

Duck  manuiactiire 

,  Dudley  imprisoned  in  IMiode  Island  .   .   . 

Inidley,  Joseph,  appointed  Vico-Adiniriil, 

T»udley  Observatory  at  Albany 

Duel  of  Hamilton  and  Bl  I'r 

Du  Quesnc,  governor  of  New  Franco    .  . 

Dutcli  Itelorined  Church 

Dutcli  lleformed  Church  in  New  Amster- 
dam   

Dutch  forbidden  trade  with  Indians  in 
Khode  Island 

Dutch  Ueformcd  Church  chartered  in 
New  York 

Duties  on  exports  by  Now  .Jersey   .... 

Duties  repealed  In  New  Jersey 

Duties  ou  exp^^t8  in  New  .Jersey 

Duties,  Congress  asks  right  to  lay  .... 

Duties  increased 

Duties  raised 

Duties  on  imports  doubled 

Duties  ou  imports  increased 

Duties,  dlBorlminatiug,  reiK-aled  for  the 
Netherlands 

Duties  raised 

Duties  raised , 

Duties  on  imports  lessened 


688 

171 
170 

633 

167 

410 

6ti0 
4S 

170 
6.'J3 
621 

416 
41) 
2<J9 

4'J9 

177 

648 
485 
6:>7 
6(15 

083 

179 
420 
601 
061) 
I6«J 
589 
001 
f)9 
.3(i5 
031 
640 
042 
574 
341 

612 
002 

32 

44 

102 
100 
121 
418 
193 
449 
149 
109 

on 

494 

240 

30 

70 

97 

162 
184 
187 
227 
397 
462 
480 
614 
Mi 

642 
654 

500 

507  i 


Duties  to  be  paid  in  coin fi68 

l)uties  reduced (109 

Duties  InureaHcd gijo 

Duty  on  wine  in  Massachusetts ii 

Duty  on  Imports  by  Massachusetts  .   .  .  oi 

Duty  ou  slaves  imported  in  Virgiui:i .   .  .  2if 

Duty  on  iron  in  Maryland M7 

Duty,  import,  laid  by  Uhode  Iblnnd  ...  419 

Duty  ou  spirits 451 

Duty  on  spirits  protested  against    ....  431 

Duty,  addliiouaf,  laid 493 

East  New  Jersey,  nssemblv  of 130 

East  Jersey  purchased  b/  Quakers  ....  i;i7 

East  Jersey,  patent  for 140 

East  Jersey,  cuhtom-house  in 168 

East  Florida  creatt^l 259 

East  bank  of  Mississippi  taken  poRH(<ssiou 

of 5U0 

East  Florida  evacuated  by  the  .^^paiiianlf. .  5a) 

Easton,  Pennsylvania,  laid  out «t) 

Eastport,  Maine,  taken  by  British   .   .  .   .  6:i(i 

Ebenezer,  Georgia,  si-ttled iio 

Economical  assodation  formed  in  llalii- 

more 6.19 

Eden,  governor  of  Maryland,  his  conduct,  343 

Editorials  introduced  in  newspapers  ...  620 

Education,  free,  in  Pennsylvania,    ....  500 

Education  revival  in 5:!9 

Education,  American  . Journal  of .  ....  &M 

Education,  national  bureau  oF .667 

Education,  tlfth  report  of  commissio'ier  of  VHH 

Edwards,  Jonathan 199 

Eighth  administration 5t!6 

Eighth  census 618 

Eight  hours  made  a  day's  work 072 

Eight  hours,  strikes  fur  .........  (itlO 

Electors  to  designate  cimdidates 493 

Electors,  presidential,  day  for  choosing, 

fixed 593 

Eleventh  administration tioi 

Eliot,  John 114 

Eliot,  .Jared,  "  Essays  on  Husbandry  "  .  .  230 

ElizaU'thtown,  New  Jersey,  settletl  .  .  ,  lofl 

Elizabethtown,  New  Jersey,  colony  to  .  .  118 

Eiizabethtown,  paper-mill  in 201 

Elkins,  Jacob,  explores  Hudson  Uiver  .  .  ii 
Elliot,  J.  D.,  captures  vessels  on  Lake 

ii^rie 51C 

Elliot,  J.  D.,  voted  a  sword  by  Congress,  019 
Ellsworth,  Henry  L.,  first  commissioner 

of  patents 678 

Elmlra,  New  York,  settled 378 

Elmira  Female  College  chartered  ....  008 
El  Moliuo  del  Key,  battle  of,  fought ...  598 
Emancipated  slaves  to  be  sold  in  Virginia,  498 
Emancipation  allowed  by  Virginia  ....  407 
Emancipation  forbidden  in  North  Caro- 
lina     467 

Emancipation  proclamation 6:13 

Emancipation  proclamation  issued  .  .  .  .  C3S 

Embargo  laid  by  Congress 374 

Embargo  laid 460 

Embargo  laid 502 

Embargo,  act  supplementary  to  .   .   .    603, 504 

Embargo  enforcecf 500 

Embargo  repeale<l &u6 

Embargo  laid  bv  Congress 513 

Embargo,  supplement  to 513 

Emigration  to  Massachusetts 42 

Emigration  to  Massachusetts 44 

Emigration  into  MasHachuHctts    .....  46 

Emigration  from  Massachusetts 62 

Emigration  from  Massachusetts  to  Con- 
necticut     fit 

Emigration  to  New  England 67 

Emigrants  to  New  Netherlands  aided   .  .  03 

Enforcing  bill  passed  by  (Congress  ....  568 

England  Issues  letters  of  nmrquc 516 


INDEX. 


739 


tola, 


U09 

m 

isaohuBCttK (H 

MiisHacliiiscttH  , 
rtod  ill  Virt;!iii:i . 

^land 

f  Khoiltf  Ihliunl   . 

Bstort  njjiiiuBt    .   . 
il 


Vt 

387 
419 
451 

m 


isembly  of 130 

fd  by  Quiikers  ....  137 

-  ....  140 

....  168 


509 
CM 

5.ti 


lor 

I- house  ill 

I 

Sippi  tftkOll  pOSHCSHIOIl 

ted  by  tlu-Hpiiiiiiii''!"  . 

ia,  Iiud  out 

ten  by  British  .... 

Bottled !il6 

ition  forinod  iu  IJalii- 

STO 

Maryland,  hia  oondui't,  345 

;d  hi  newopapurs  ...  520 

Ponnsylvnnia,    ....  500 

n .  . W9 

in  .lourunl  of.  .  •  •.  •  5.S) 

1  bureau  of •0''? 

lort  of  comraissio'icr  of  (W8 

, m 

iou 6S« 

, , 618 

<i  day's  work tl72 

■8  for fiUO 

ite  candidates! M 

tial,  day  for  choosing, 

i>9o 
0«4 
114 
230 
100 
118 
•M 
id 


ration , 


ays  on  Husbandry  "  .  . 
w  JprBoy,  settled  .  .  . 
w  Jersey,  colony  to  .  . 

)er-mill  iu • 

lores  Hudson  Itiver  .  . 
tures  vessels  on  Lake 


510 


.  a  sword  by  Conj^rcgs,  516 
L.,  lirst  commissioner 
'. 578 

settled 378 

lej;e  chartered    ....  008 

battle  of,  fouRht ...   598 

to  be  sold  in  Virginia,  m 
wed  by  Virfjinia  ....  407 
)idden  iu  North  Caro- 

, 467 

lamation 6-^ 

slamation  issued  ....   035 
ougresH 374 

\ ::'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.  ^^ 

jlementary  to  .  .  .   503,  oM 

6u6 

Jougrcss 513 

lent  to 5'S 

sachusettB J- 

saehusetts « 

lassaehusetts    .....     45 

iVlassachuBCttH W 

Massaohusetts  to  Con- 


IV  Kntjland 

Netherlands  aided 
sed  by  Congress  .  . 
tersuf  luarquc  .  .  . 


fit 

67 

03 

608 

616 


England,  Queen  proclaim:;  ncntrnllf  y    .  .  fisi 

English  war-shin  fires  upon  vessel  ....  4tlO 

Knglisli  ofRcial  language  in  Urlcuu!)  .  .   .  510 

Kullstufcnts  for  »  year B-'tl 

KnllHtments  suRpeniled 480 

Kniistment,  term  of,  extended 5.! ! 

Knro'iuent  bill 01" 

Knterprise,  steamboat,   ascends    Missis- 

Blppi 53i1 

Eniracrated  articles I'JO 

Enumerati  d  articles,  copper  adde  I  to  .  .  104 

Enumerated  articles 2'-]S 

Envoy  returns  troni  England 503 

Kpidcmio  in  New  England H7 

Episcopal  church  iu  Maryland 173 

Episcopal  churcli,  corporate  character  re- 
pealed in  Virginia 479 

Episcopal  Churon  glebes  vacated  in  Vir- 
ginia    486 

Eric,  fort  built  at 241 

Erie,  Lake,  British  vessels  captured  on    .  616 

Erie,  Lake,  battle  of 622 

Erie,  Champlain,  and  Hudson  Canal  in 

Now  York 639 

Erie  (^anal  finished 550 

Eric  Hail  road  completed <XX> 

Eruktor  Amphibolis 404 

Essex,  the,  captures  whalers 522 

Essex,  the,  captured  by  the  Phoebe  ....  524 

Estates  equally  divided  in  North  Carolina  415 

Ether  first  used 696 

Evans,  Oliver,  asks  monopoly  of  steam- 
engine  434 

Evans,  Oliver,  steam-enjrine  built  liy  .  .  .  612 

Evansville,  Indiana,  settled 63S 

Evening  Post  in  New  York  city 486 

Exchange  on  England  below  par   ....  510 

Excise,  resolutions  against 4o3 

Excise,  resistance  to,  put  down 401 

Excise  repealed 486 

Execution  in  Plymouth 42 

Executive  committee  in  Greorgia 3'i8 

Exeter,  Now  Hampshire,  government  of,  (H 
Expedition  against  the  Indiaus  ....  57,  68 

Expedition  ag.iinst  the  Dutch 100 

Expedition  against  Port  Koyal 180 

Expedition  against  Canada 181 

Expedition  against  Canada  abandoned  .  .  181 

Expedition  against  West  Indies  defeiited,  224 

Expedition  against  Cuba 224 

Expedition  from  Havana  against  (jecn-gia 

and  Carolina 226 

Expedition  against  Louisburg 228 

Expedition  against  Canada  (ligb.'inded  .  .  230 
Expedition   by   the    French    to    Uoeky 

Mountains 234 

Expedition  against  Fort  Du  Quesne  .  .  .  245 
Expedition  against  the  forts  in  the  Bay 

ofFundy 247 

Expedition  against  Louisburg 249 

Expedition  from  Boston 339 

Exi)cdition  against  fort  on  the  Penobscot,  382 

Exjjedition  against  the  Indians :i8:) 

Expedition  against  the  Indians 448 

K.xpcdition  to  aid  New  Orleans 619 

Expedition   of  exploration   by    Colonel 

Fremont • 594 

Expedition  against  Cuba  forbidden    ...  001 

Expeditions,  military,  forbidden 82 

Expeditions  from  Charleston 390 

Expeditions  against  nations  at  peace  with 

the  Unitea  States  forbidden 542 

Expenditure  for  the  year 394 

Expensef,  national 477 

Exploring  expedition  sailed 683 

Exportation  by  laud  or  sou  forbidden   .  .  523 

Express,  special 512 

Express  business  begun 684 

Extraordinary    expenses,   appropriation 

for 498 

Extravagance  in   apparel  forbidden  la 

Massachusetts OS 


FactorloB,  children  working  In,  to  go  to 

school  in  Massachusetts 678 

Failures,  commercial 019 

Fair  in  New  Netherlands 72 

Fairs  in  New  Jersey l.'{9 

Fairs  in  Pennsylvania 146 

Fairmount  WHfjr-works  built  at  Philadel- 
phia    634 

Famine  in  Plymouth 31 

Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  built 226 

Farewell  address  of  Washington 412 

Formers'  Letters  published 275 

Farmers'  Weekly  Museum  published    .  .  454 

Farmers'  Exchange  Bank  in  Khode  Island  606 

Farmville,  Virf,'inia,  battle  of 654 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  settled  .  .  .  2.30 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  iiiiined  .  .   .  266 

Fayetteville,  North  Carolina,  oceiipied  .   .  0.53 

Federal  court  asked  for  by  Pennsylvania  .  403 

Federal  courts 441 

Federal  Republican   published   in  Balti- 
more    511 

Federalist  published 433 

Fees,  rate  of,  in  Maryland 287 

Felt  cloth  made  at  Norwalk,  Connecticut,  576 

Fenian  Society,  address  by 060 

Fenian  expedition 063 

Fenian  expedition  against  Canada  .  .  . ' .  081 

Fifteenth  amendment  submitted  to  states  676 

Fifteenth  amendment  ratified 681 

Fifteenth  administration 700 

Fifth  administration 564 

'ifth  report  of  commissioner  of  education  fi98 

Finance,  superintendent  of 397 

Finance,  committee  report  against  change 

in 662 

Finance,  centennial  board  of,  created  .  .  .  (5,>>6 

Financial  situation 3W 

Financial  condition  of  the  United  .States  .  416 

Financial  condition  of  the  United  Stales  .  418 

Financial  condition  reported 4:<8 

Fire-engine  In  New  Jersey 246 

Fire-arms  in  Connecticut 326 

Fire-arms,  improved  manufacture  of .  .  .  421 

Fire-arms  manufactured 474 

First  book  printed  in  America 16 

First  English  colony ,   .  19 

First  English  child  born  in  America  ...  19 

First  marri.ige  in  Virginia 23 

First  coinage  for  America 24 

First  bricks  in  Virginia 24 

First  vessel  built 2ii 

First  sermon  in  America 28 

First  free  school  in  America 80 

First  cotton  raised 30 

First  shipment  to  England 31 

First  settlement  of  New  llanip^liire  .  .  .  33 

First  laws  of  Virginia 34 

First  mill  In  Manhattan 36 

First  Dutch  Reformed  church 39 

First  orcliard  in  Massachusetts 43 

First  meeting  of  court  of  assistants  in 

Massacliusetts 43 

First  meeting  of  general  court  in  )liissa- 

chusctts 43 

First  tire  in  Boston 44 

First  vessel  built  In  Massachusett-t  ....  46 

First  mill  in  New  England 48 

First  sheep  in  Massachusetts 40 

First  school  in  New  York 60 

First  settlement  in  Connecticut 60 

First  representative  assembly  in  ?>ljissa- 

chusetts .  51 

First  saw-mill  in  America 52 

First  Baptist  church 60 

First  brick-house  in  Boston 62 

First  publication  in  United  States   ....  66 

First  general  court  in  Maine 67 

First  book  composed  in  United  States  .  .  69 

First  tavern  in  New  York  city 70 


11  il 

r 


«■! 


740 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


FlrRt  free  school  fn  Ilnrtford ,  77 

rirfit  riillin<|-mill  in  colonicH 77 

FirBt  (!ommcnct'nu'iit.  nt  Harvnnl  Collcijc,  77 

FirHt  mill  in  IViiDsvlvunin 80 

First  ciiBtiiiir  iiiaUc  in  coloiiiog 85 

First  cruiser  of  tlie  colonics 85 

First  rice  rnigcd 80 

First  bookHcller  in  oolonk'R U7 

First  forjjfc  In  United  .States 08 

First  bishop  of  Nuw  Fniuce 104 

First  wind-iniil. in  Uliodi>  iHlinid 114 

First  nssembly  in  Uliodo  Island IIU 

First  boolcbinder 1 10 

First  Ituplist  oliurch  in  lioston 110 

First  assembly  in  North  Carolina    ....  I'Jl 

First  troop  of  liorse  in  Uliodc  Island  .  .  .  1°^.! 

First  ussrmbly  in  New  .Jersey VJ> 

First  Huttlemunt  in  Sontli  Carolina  ....  IZ\ 

First  mill  in  New  .Forsoy Vi'.i 

First  church  of  Seventh  Day  IJaptists  .  .  I'Ji 

First  assembly  in  Sontli  Carol  iim    ....  128 

First  Kn^lish  court  in  rennsylvania  ...  131 

First  vessel  on  Lake  Ontario i^'i 

First  vessel  on  Lake  Erie in.'l 

First  assembly  in  New  Hampshire  .  ...  131 

First  vessel  hi  New  Jersey I'M 

First  settlement  in  Cnllfornia 130 

First  Friends' meetin;    'louseiii  l'Iiili>dol- 

phia 143 

First  meeting  of  council  of  New  Eiiffland,  145 
First  British  troops  in  Boston,  Mas.-iaeliu- 

sctts 145 

First  press  In  Philadelphia 140 

First  Episcopal  church  In  Boston  ....  148 

First  whaling  voyage  from  Nantucket .   .  151 
First  call  for  a  general  congress  of  the 

colonies 151 

First  newspaper  in  America  suppressed  .  152 
First  bills  of  credit  issued  by  Jlaissacliu- 

sctts 152 

First  paper-mill  in  America 158 

First  rice  planted  in  South  Carolina  .   .  .  102 

First  tannery  in  Newark,  Now  .lersey  .   .  100 

First  ascent  of  the  Mississippi 107 

First  settlement  in  Louisiana 107 

First  iron-furnace  iu  Plymouth 171 

First  bills  of  credit  in  Caroliiiii 172 

First  newspaper  in  Amerien 174 

First  presbytery  in  Pliiladelphia 177 

First  census  of  Khodc  island 178 

First  issue  of  bills  of  credit  by  New  York, 

New  Jersey,  and  Connecticut 179 

First  bills  of  credit  by  North  Carolina  .  .  184 
First  stone  quarry  at  Trenton,  New  Jer- 
sey      102 

First  convention  of  booksellers 100 

First  settlement  in  Vermont I'JO 

First  insurance  olllce 100 

First  newspaper  in  Maryland 20J 

First  royal  governor  in  Carolina 205 

First  printing-press  in  Virginia 203 

First  printi;ig-pre8s  in  Soutli  Carolina  .  .  204 

First  newspaper  in  Soutii  Carolina  ....  208 

First  whaling  voyage 213 

First  Freemasons'  lodge 214 

First  cotton  planted  in  Ueorgia 215 

Virst  silk  raised  in  Georgia 215 

First  newspaper  iu  Virginia 218 

First  bells  cast 218 

First  su«fnr-miil  in  Louisiana 2v.'5 

First  roriing-mill  in  Pennsylvania  ....  227 

First  "  Essays  on  Husbandry  " 2:!0 

First  silk  woven  in  Connecticut 231 

J'irst  muskets  made  in  the  country  ....  233 

First  tlieatrical  performance  in  Boston  .  .  237 

First  use  of  granite  for  building 230 

First  professional  actors 240 

First  asHeml>iy  in  Georgia 244 

First  bills  of  credit  In  Virginia 245 

First  sugar-inill  in  Louisiana 252 

First  medical  school  at  I'liiladeiphia  .  .  .  201 

First  fire-enginu ,271 


First  Methodist  society .273 

First  camp-moeting 276 

First  settlement  in  Tennessee ^n 

First  Hettleinent  in  Kentucky 282 

First  roval  instructions  adop  ^d 28(S 

l''irst  daily  paper 2H8 

First  steam-engine i>'J8 

First  nle  and  porter  made 310 

First  unval  conflict :i>n 

First  fleet  sailed .'Clu 

First  winiiowing-machine 395 

First  glass-works 3ue 

First  ship  to  China 411 

First  law-school  at  Litelillild 417 

I'^irst  newspaper  in  Maine 417 

First  American  play 423 

First   metallic    coinage   of    the    United 

States 431 

First  ilentist  in  the  United  States    ....  430 

J'irst  President  of  the  United  States  .  .  .  431) 

I'^irst  saw-mill  in  Ohio 43U 

First  wagon  to  the  West .140 

First  crop  of  Seulsland  cotton 440 

First  American  voyage  round  tlic  world  .  440 

First  furnace  west  oi'  Alleglianies    ....  448 

li'irst  furnace  in  Kentucky 451 

First  census 432 

l''irst  issue  from  mint 450 

First  Merino  sheep 459 

l-'irst  sowing-thread  of  cotton 4(10 

First  silver  coined 401 

First  copyright 46:) 

First  gold  coined 406 

First  use  of  screw  for  vessels    ......  460 

I'^lrst  national  vessel  on  Lake  Erie  ....  408 

First  mutual  insurance  company  in  Mus- 

sachusetts 408 

First  cast  iron  plough 470 

First  administration 4?1 

First  personal  encounter  in  Congre.'is    .  .  472 
First  high-pressure  steam-engitK;    ....  477 
First  meeting  of  Congress  at  Washing- 
ton      .482 

First  mowing-machine     491 

First  cargo  of  ice  exported 490 

First  nnthracite  coal  shipped 500 

First  newspaper  west  of  tlie  Mississippi  .  504 

First  newspaper  in  Indiana 505 

First  Western  steamboat 511 

First  stenni-engine  builder 512 

First  naval  battle  of  War  of  1812 615 

First  rolling-mill  In  Pittsburg 610 

First  stereotype  foundery SJO 

First  successful  daily  paper  in  Boston  .  .  630 
I'irst  time  spinning  and  weaving   were 

united 621 

First  time  •'  Tlie  Star-spangled  Banner  " 

was  sung 629 

First  flour  exported  from  Kocliester  ...  531 

First  religious  newspaper  published  .  .  .  631 

First  newspaper  in  Illinois 631 

First  steam  paper-mill  at  Pittsburg    ...  534 

First  steamboat  built  at  Cincinnati    ...  635 

First  deaf  and  dumb  asylum  at  ilnrtford  .  6'!9 

First  savings  bank  in  Baltimore 541 

First  steamer  launched  on  i^ake  Erie  ...  542 
First  exhibition  of  Meclianics'  Associa- 
tion in  Massachusetts 643 

First  lodge  of  Odd-Fcllows  instituted  .  .  646 
First  committee  on   agriculture  in  Con- 
gress       ...  649 

First  use  of  anthracite  In  iron-works  ...  649 

First  mill  built  in  Lowell,  Massachusetts,  561 
First  use  of  gas  iu  Boston,  Massaciiu- 

setts 651 

First  American  settlement  in  Texas  .  .  .  63i 

First  native  gold  coined  at  mint 654 

First  paper  sold  iuthe  streets  of  Boston,  635 

First  opera  troupe  in  New  York 5.i:I 

First  steamboat  on  Lake  Jlichigan     ...  557 

First  slate  quarry  opened 557 

First  spcclmeu  of  the  Moras  multiaaulis  .  558 


INDEX. 


741 


272 

278 

losRce !i79 

tucky •«! 

iiUoi)  .(1 'Jm 

. 288 

2'J8 

k' 310 

3« 

, aw 

111! 395 

, 31)6 

411 

■lilUlti 417 

no 417 

42a 

a   of    tlio    United 

4:n 

ted  Stilton    ....   430 
Jiiiti'il  States  .  .  .  4:i» 

4:» 

Jt •HO 

il  cotton 44(1 

round  the  worM  .   44!l 
.llp{j[liauic'rt    ....   448 

!ky 451 

. 452 

45fi 

459 

cotton 4(10 

4()l 

4fB 

4(lfl 

i'CBSOls     ......    4<'>(1 

II  Lake  Erie  .   .  .  .   4(i8 

3  coniPdny  in  Mns- 

.  .  , 408 

*       470 

; 471 

tor  in  Con^TC-ss  .  .  472 
L'iim-eni„'ini!  ....  477 
i<rrc88  at  VViisliin.i;- 

482 

401 

ktod  *. 49(1 

hipped SJ» 

ot  tiie  Slississippi  .   504 

diiinii •'05 

loat 511 

ilder 5U 

Vi\r  of  1812 5  5 

ittsbursj 9I5 

lory S-O 

paper  in  Boston  .  .  520 
and  wenvinsj   were 

521 

spangled  IJanncr" 

om  UoclicHter  ...  531 
iiper  publislicd  ...   531 

linols 631 

1  lit  rittsbursf  ...  534 
lit  ( :iiioiiinnti  ...  635 
gylum  at  lliirtfora  .   639 

Bnltimore 841 

d  on  Lake  Brio  .  .  .  542 
ileclianic»'   Associa- 

^l((g 643 

Hows  InBtitntcd  .  .  540 
agriculture  in  Con- 

in  iron-works  ...   549 
vcll.MaBsnclinwtta,  651 
Boston,  MasBiieliu- 

......'•   651 

mcilt  in  Texas  •  •  •   6M 

ed  at  mint 6a4 

e  streets  of  Boston,   5uJ 

New  York 55;! 

ikc  Mlciiigan     ...   557 

ned 5a7 

Morus  muUhaulis .   aaa 


First  lopomotlvp  built  at  West  Point    .  .  rm 

Kirst  omnituiH  in  New  York 6<i:i 

First  telesrope  put  up  by  Yali'  Collefjo  •  .  504 
First  Institution  for  tlie  uducution  of  tlie 

blind tm 

First  steamboat  at  ('lilca^o 600 

First  newspaper  sold  for  u  cent 5(10 

First  reaper  patented 60U 

First  successful  use  of  antliracite  coiil  in  a 

hot  blast 670 

First  table-cutlery  made  in  United  States,  671 

First  linen-niiil  in  Massaehusetts    ....  572 

First  bouse  in  San  Kraueisoo,  Callforniii  .  673 

First  drainiinj-tiies  In  New  York    ....  574 

First  observatory  built  at  Williams  College  570 

First  lelt-oloth  In  Connecticut 670 

First  use  of  screw  in  navigation 679 

First  use  of  anthracite  coal  in  making 

iron 579 

First  zinc  made  In  United  Statec 5S2 

First  steam  passage  over  the  Atlantic  .  .  582 

First  express  trip 6.S4 

First  wliite  settlement  at  San  Franciseo  .  5S4 

First  normal  school  in  Massachusetts  .   .  684 

First  war-ship  as  a  propeller 68(1 

First  exploration  by  Colonel  Fremont .  .  6S7 
First  liydropathic  establishnieut  iu  New 

York 600 

First  telegraph  line  built 6U0 

First  copper  mining  at  Lake  SU|ierior  .  .  591 

First  opera-house  iu  New  York 691 

First  use  of  ether 690 

First  school  for  idiots 599 

First  spirit-rapjiings 699 

First  woman's  sulfragc  national  conven- 
tion      002 

First  institution  for  the  co-educatiou  of 

the  sexes 003 

First  woman's  medical  college  at  I'liila.lel- 

phia OOt 

First  woman's  rights  journal (MH 

First  steam  fire-engine  in  (IJIncinnati  .   .  .  005 

First  thcatrie^d  Journal  published    ....  (100 

First  woman's  college 008 

First  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  ....  Oil 
First  experiments  with  Bessemer  process 

of  making  steel Oil 

First  steel  ritled  cannon 022 

First  premium  on  gold 027 

First  time  negroes  voted  in  Tennessee  .  .  (300 

First  narrow-gau'rc  railway 080 

First  train  througli  the  Hoosac  Tun'.icl  ,  090 
Fiscal  bank  of  the  United  States,  bill  for, 

vetoed 587 

Fislihi^,  sea (14 

Fitch,  John,  steamboat  on  Delaware  ,   .  .  430 

Five  Nations,  treaty  with  colonies  .  .  .  .  Kk) 

Five-cent  coins  issued 00 1 

Five  Forks,  Virginia,  battle  of 053 

Flags  used  in  army 32« 

Flag  of  United  (Jolonirs 338 

Flag  for  Massachusetts 342 

Flag  of  Tliirtecn  United  States 3ii3 

Flag,  national,  fashion  of,  prescribed  .   .  .  5i2 

Flag  of  the  Confederates 019 

Flax  in  Virginia 102 

Flax  in  New  Jersey 112 

Flax-rust  appeared 491 

Fleet,  French,  from  Brest 240 

Fleet  advised  by  Rhode  Island 329 

Fleet,  EugllBli,  off  Boston 378 

Fleet,  British,  captured 380 

Fleet,  French,  off  Georgia 384 

Fleet,  French,  at  Newport :.91 

Fleet,  French,  at  the  Chesapeako    ....  402 

Fleet  against  the  Aigerines 400 

Florida,  Ponce  do  Leon  lauds  in 12 

Florida,  name  of 12 

Florida,  French  colonjr  for 17 

Florida  given  the  Heminoles 170 

Florida,  Spanish  ii5,  attacked  from  Caro- 

Unu 176 


Florida  attacked  by  South  Carolina    ...  223 

Florida,  boundary  of 404 

Florida,  President  authorized  to  ta'..o  pos- 

Besidon  of 610 

Florida,  part  of,  joineil  to  Louisiana  .  .  .  613 
Florida,  part  of.  Joined  to  Mississippi  ter- 
ritory      614 

Florida,  invasion  of,  protested  against .   .  643 

Florida  ceded  to  the  United  States     ...  645 

Florida,  boundaries  of 646 

Florida,  act  for  the  settlement  of    ....  688 

Florida  adiuitted  to  the  tJuion 693 

F'lorida,  the,  captured 049 

Florida  abolishes  slavery 000 

Florida  admitted  to  representation  .  ,   .  .  072 

Flour  seized  In  New  York  city 165 

Flour  monopoly  repealed 101 

Flour,  monopoly  of,  in  Now  York  city  .  .  10(1 

Flour,  exportathin  of 424 

Flour,  lieenses  for  Its  transportation  .   .  .  604 

Flour  allowed  to  l)c  transported  to  Spain,  610 

Flour-mills,  improvements  in 370 

Floiir-milU  in  North  Carolina 401 

Fly-shuttle  in  Hhode  Island 430 

Foreign  courts,  sentinuMits  of 337 

Foreign  Affairs,  De()ai'tin(!nt  of  .    ....  402 

Foreign  relations,  report  on 437 

Forfeitures  under  uon-iiiipurtation  act  re- 
mitted   610 

Fort  Amsterdam  built 30 

Fort  Amsterdam,  exports  from 47 

Fort  in  Boston  harbor 61 

Fort  Amsterdam  burned 65 

Fort  Casimir  built 98 

Fort  (.'asiniir  taken 99 

Fort  Frontcnac  built 120 

Fort  St.  Louis  built 136 

l''ort  Uo!<alie  attacked  by  Indians    ....  203 

Fort  Du  Qiiesne  built 242 

Fort  at  Junction  of  the  Alleghany  and 

Monongaliela    .  .  .  ' 242 

Fort  William  Henry  built 247 

Fort    William     Henry     surrenders     to 

French 250 

Fort  Fronteniic  captured U62 

Fort  I)u  Quesno  desiirted 252 

Fort  Schuyler  built 252 

Fort  Pownall  built 262 

Fort  at  Niagara  captured 263 

Fort  Loudoun  captured 254 

Fort  Pitt  settled 20? 

Fort  William  and  Mary  dismantled  .  .  .  315 

I'Vrt  Sullivan,  attae''  on,  repulsed    ....  348 

Fort  Washington  (     'tured 367 

Fort  Lee  evacuated 357 

Fort  Kdwnrd  abandoned 306 

Fort  Schuyler  attacked 305 

Fort  George  captured 394 

Fort  Jefferson  attacked 398 

Fort  Michilimackinack  captured 614 

Fort  at  Detroit  surrendered 616 

Fort  Dearborn  attacked 616 

Fort  Harrison  attacked 610 

Fort  Madison  attacked 610 

Fort  Meigs  attacked 620 

Fort  George  evacuated  by  the  British  .  .  621 

Fort  Stevenson  att.aekcd 622 

Fort  Minims  captured 622 

Fort  Niagara  captured  by  British    ....  623 

Fort  at  Sandy  Creek  captured  by  British,  626 

l'''ort  Erie  captured 620 

Fort  Michilimackinack  attacked 626 

F'ort  Mackinaw  attacked 626 

Fort  Erie  assaulted -.  .  627 

Fort  McHonry  bombarded 528 

Fort  Bowyer  attacked 620 

Fort  Erie,  siege  of,  raised 620 

Fort  Eric  abandoned 630 

Fort  Bowyer  captured  by  the  British    .  .  531 

Fort  on  the  Appalachiuola  destroyed     .  .  630 
Fort  at  St.  Mark's  captured  by  General 

Jackson 642 


l«!i^ 


742 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Fort  naranonn  Rurrcndered MO 

Fort  Hiicllin;,' built 640 

Fort  I)oniu>  nttnok(>(l  by  IndlnnH 677 

Fort  Sumtor,  attack  on 020 

Fort  llntturiM  cnpturod OZi 

Fort  I'IckciiR  attiicki-d 03:) 

Fort  IJi'iiuro<;iird  unpturcd 024 

Fort  Walki-r  capturod 6H 

Fort  Honry  i«iirron<l"rud 025 

Fort  DonolRoii  Miirrondcred Olid 

Fort  I'ulnHkl  Hurrcndorcd 027 

Fort  Wafoipr,  slt-jjo  begun 037 

Fort  Ori'Ui,',  Hli-ge  bt'j;un 0:17 

Fort  Wiigiicr  atlai!ki"(l OJO 

Fort  I)q  HuBHy  cnpturod Ol:t 

Fort  I'illow  captured («» 

Fort  Mor^fan  captured 048 

Fort  (laiiK'R  Hurrendorod 048 

Fort  I'owcU  blown  up 048 

Fort  llarrisun  captured OiU 

Fort  Lyon,  Iniliuna  luaHancred  nt 05u 

Fort  McAllister  captured (UU 

Fort  KlRher,  attack  on 051 

Fort  FlBher  captured 05 1 

Fort  Steadmau  captured 05:t 

Fort  Ulakcly  captured (till 

Fort  Sumter,  flaj;  rcHtorod    u 055 

Fort  Lamed,  council  with  Indians  at    .  .  0O.S 

Foster,  Miles,  granted  lot 172 

Fourth  Rdminlstration 5117 

Fourteenth  administration 074 

Fourteenth  ainemlnient  adopted 00 1 

Fourteenth  amendment,  votes  of  HtutcH  on  0<"0 

Fourteenth  amendment  certlHed 073 

Fourteenth  amendment,  act  to  euforoc  .  .  iM 

Fractional  currency,  issue  of 047 

Frainingham,  Mass.,  normal  school  in  .  .  684 

France  granted  a  loan 377 

France,  cost  of  war  to 424 

Franco,  envoys  to  ....  » 470 

France,  failure  of  migslon  to 472 

France,  commerce  with,  suspendoil     .  .  .  474 

France,  envoys  to,  recalle.l 474 

France,  merchant  ships  to  defend  them- 
selves from 474 

France,  treaties  with,  void 476 

France,  ministers  to 477 

Fn>noe,  envoys  to 478 

Fniace,  treaty  with 480 

Fr  ince,  convention  with,  amended  ....  483 

Fihice,  treaty  with 561 

France  proposes  mediation    .......  0:)4 

Franciscan  friars  in  Mexico 14 

Franciscan  missionary  station  on  Penob- 
scot     86 

Francisco,  California,  captured 605 

Frank  Leslie's  Illustrated  Newspaper  in 

New  York 000 

Frankfort,  Pennsylvania,  mill  in     ....  100 

Franking  privilege  abolished 08i» 

Frankland,  government  of,  orifiuiized  .  .  410 

Frankland  asks  to  come  Into  Union    .  .  .  421 

Franklund,  elections  in 428 

Frankland,  collision  in 430 

Franklin,  James,  printer,  in  Boston  ...  184 

Franklin  stove  invented ZiS 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  testimony  on  bills  of 

credit 284 

Franklin  Institute  incorporated  in  Phila- 
delphia      563 

Franklin,  Sir  John,  expedition  in  search 

of 001 

Franklin,  S'r  John,  expedition  in  search 

Ol      .....•*.... .......  oUO 

Frazier's  Farm,  battle  of 020 

Frcderieton  iilundered  by  Kngllsh  sailors,  620 
Fredericksburg,  Virginia,  bombarded  .  .  034 
Free  colored  Inhabitants  petition  for  re- 
lief      479 

Free  banking  law  In  New  York 684 

Free  banking  law  in  New  York  revised   .  680 

Freedmeu,  status  of,  iu  Virginia 660 


Freedmon'a  bureau  orcatod    , 043 

Frrudmen's  Bank  establiithcd gjj) 

Freedmeu '«  bureau,  act  to  continue    ...  604 
Freedmon's  bureau,  act  for  oontlnuanci^  of  072 
Freedom  of  the  press  maintained  iu  Mas- 
sachusetts    loo 

Freedoms  ami  cxcuptloua  by  West  India 

Company 99 

Freeman's  oath  printed  in  AkaHsatilmsetts  06 

Freomon  admitted  in  Massachusetts  ...  44 

FreeraaHons,  tirst  lodge  of 214 

Free  schools  in  Maryland i(i> 

Free  schools  iu  Maryland I7j 

Free  school  in  Philadelpliiu 2^1:1 

Free  negroes  to  bo  sold  in  Kentucky  .  .  .  61H 

Free  trade  convention  at  Philadelphia .  .  &05 

Free  Soil  party 000 

Free-school  society  in  New  York    .  ,  .  .  W 

Kromont,  Colonel,  lirst  expedition  west  .  687 
Fremont,  Colonel,  second  exploration  of 

west 5110 

Fremont,  Colonel,  third  expedition  of  ex- 
ploration       SM 

Fremont,  command  of  western  Missouri  022 

Fremont,  General,  relieved C2U 

Kreucli  troops  to  Canada 14:) 

I'Viiucli,  peace  made  witli  the  Indians   .  .  171 

French  war  with  the  Indians 221 

French,  designs  of  the 241 

Fn'uch  Ueot  arrived :i7o 

Krench  fleet  to  Boston :i7fl 

French  conHuls,  their  exequaturs  threat- 
ened    4r)8 

French  armed  vessels  to  be  captured     .  .  475 

French  vessel  captured 476 

French  ships,  exclusion  of,  ended  ....  510 
French  ships,    tonnage     duties   on,   re- 

peat'Jd 552 

French  at  Vera  Cruz 021 

Freneh  repulsed  at  Puebla,  Mexico    .  .   .  028 

Frenchto  wu  plundered  by  English  saihirs  520 

Friction  matches,  patent  for 578 

Friends  of   National    Industry  iu    New 

York 547 

Frigate  cii'      red  by  Trlpolitans 4ul 

Fri^.ate  bin  ued  in  Tripoli 4;>1 

Frigates  ordered ;i:i7 

Frigates  launched  at  Providence,  Uhodu 

Island 34:> 

Frolic  captured  by  the  Wasp 517 

Frolic  captured  by  the  Orpheus   .  ^  ...  525 

Frontenac,  governor  of  Canada 150 

Frothingham,  David,  tried  lor  libel    .  .  .  47'J 

Fugitive  slave  law  passed  by  Congress    .  002 

Fugitive  slave  law  repealed Oiii 

Fugitives  from  service,  act  concerning  .  .  450 
Fuller,  Margaret,  publishes  "  Woman  in 

the  Nineteenth  Century  " 5W 

Fuller's  earth  in  Virginia  and  Maryland,  12:1 
Fulling-mill    in    Watertown,    Massachu- 
setts    108 

Fulling-mill  at  Dedham,  Massachusetts    .  1:I5 
Fulling-mill  nt  New  London,  Connecti- 
cut       158 

Fulling-mill  in  PenuRylvania 100 

Fulling-mill  in  New  Jersey 17:) 

Fulling-mill  in  New  London 183 

Fidton,  Uobert,  patent  for  steamboat  .  .  006 
Fulton,  ferry-boats  designed  by  him  .  .  .  511 
Fulton,  Uobert,  batteries  by,  ordered  .  .  524 
Funding  bill  passed  by  Congress  ....  440 
Funerals,  scarfs  forbidden  at,  iu  Massa- 
chusetts    197 

Funerals,  mourning  at 200 

Furloughs  granted  the  soldiers 411 

Furnace,  blast,  in  Adirondack  region    .  .  689 

Furs  shipped  from  Plymouth 32 

Gadsden  purchase  from  Mexico 005 

Gage,  General,  letter  of 268 


INDEX. 


743 


atcd 043     I 

llHliod e&3      I 

;  to  coutinuo  ,  .  ,  m\  I 
for  ooiitiiiunnci!  of  o;-^  I 
nalutuluud  ill  Miu-  I 

100      I 

OU8  by  VVuHt  India  I 

m     I 

in  Iuiii88auliuHvtt8     06      I 
IiiBHacliuHettg ...     44      I 

)  of 214      I 

,ud m      I 

lid 17u      I 

Ipliiu ZU      I 

1  in  Kuntuclcy  .  .  .  &i>i  I 
at  Fhiliidolphiu  .  .  Mifi      I 

uuu     I 

Now  York  .  .  .  .  4U7  I 
t  expedition  woHt  ,  0B7  I 
[>nd  uxplorutiou  of  I 

&U0 

d  expedition  of  ex- 

5W 

'  wutiteru  Missouri   Oii 

oved (>'^ 

da m 

itli  the  Indinns    .  .   171 

ndiaus 221      | 

1 241 

;i75 

:)70 

exenutiturB  tliruut- 

4.VJ 

to  be  wipturcd     .  .   475 

id ^76 

)n  of,  ended  ....  610 
ere     duties    on,    rc- 

552 

(124 

lebla,  Mexico    .  •   .   (-.28 
1  by  KuijliHlt  suiiors    620 

ant  for 078 

Industry  iu    Now 

547 

ripolitana 401 

)oll i>A 

^ :i:i7 

Providence,  Kliodo 

34:> 

Wiisp 617 

Orplieus    .  »  .  .  .   525 

iifCiinadii 150 

tried  lor  iibel     .   .   .    47tf 
w'd  by  (Jon^^ress    .   (i02 

uled OW 

net  concorniujj  .  .   456 
lishea  "  Woiuiiu  in 

itury" 5W 

niii  and  Miirylaud,    12:1 
rtown,    MuBsacliu- 

108 

T>,  MassacluiHCtta   .    i:)5 
London,   Counecti- 

. 168 

rlvnnia IW 

ersey 17.'l 

lOndon ISS 

for  steamboat  .  .  500 
signed  by  liiui .  .  .  Ml 
ies  by,  ordered  .  .  524 
r  Contjress  ....  440 
dden  at,  in  Massa- 

197 

200 

soldiers 411 

ondaolc  region    .  .   689 
moutii 32 

y, 

n  Mexico 606 

f 268 


QftM,  OcnernI,  p^overnor  of  Mntimeha- 

lotts 30a 

Qalcsburg,  Illinois,  Knox  Colli>g><  In     ,  .  fiol 
Onllaudet,  T.  II.,  principal  of  llrst  iisylum 

for  deaf  and  dumb OOO 

Galveston,    Tuxas,   HCttlvment   iit,    sup- 

prussed 640 

Oulveston,  Texas,  captured ai3 

Oalvcstoii  opened  to  c.oiiiinerco    .....  A.'Xt 

Galveston,  Texan,  Hurreudcred 657 

Garrison  of  Fort  Niagara  niaHsacrcl  .  .  .  ti£\ 

Gas  made  fk-om  wooil 487 

Gus,  first  use  of,  In    Iloitnii,   MuHKacliu- 

sctts 551 

Gaspec  captured 21X) 

Gaspee,  inquiry  in 2U0 

Gates  put  In  commund .'MM) 

Gazette,  London,  reprinted  In  Now  York  .  15:| 

Gazette,  llotitoii,  iiubliHiied IHU 

Gazette,  New  Yoric,  piib'.islied li»7 

Gazette,  Maryland,  pubilslied  at  Annap- 
olis      200 

Gazette,  Pennsylvania,  publlHhed  In  Pldl- 

ndelpliia 201 

Gazdte,  South  Carolina,  piibliHhe  I     ...  208 

Gazette,  Uhodu  Island,  published  in  New-  ' 

port 211 

Gazi'tte,  Ucrmantown,  published    ....  217 
Giuotto,  Virginia,  published  at  Williams- 
burg   218 

Ga:!ctto,  Maryland,  published   at    Balti- 
more   228 

Gazette.  Boston,  and  Weekly  Advertiser, 

published 241 

Gazette,  Connecticut,  published  In  New 

Haven 244 

Gazette,  Uostou,  or  Country  Gentleman, 

published 246 

Gazette,   North    Carolina,    published   In 

Newbern 24(1 

Gazette,  Now  Hampshire,  published   at 

Portsmouth 248 

Gazette,  South  Orolinn,  and  American 

General,  publislied  in  Charleston     .  .  261 

Gazette,  New  York,  iiiibliHhed 252 

Gazette,   Uoyal,  published  iu  New  York 

city 260 

Gazette,  Providence,  and  Country  Jour- 
nal, publislied 267 

Gazette,  Connecticut,  in  New  London  .  .  258 
Gazette,  Cape  Ki-ar,  and  Wilmington  Ad- 
vertiser, pjblishod 259 

Gazette,  and  Country  Journal  in  Charles- 
ton      271 

Gazette,  Virginia,  published 272 

Gazette,  Essex,  published  in  Salem,  Mas- 
sachusetts    270 

Gazette,  All)any,  published 280 

Gazette,  Salem,  and  Newlmry  and  M^irble- 

heaa  Advertiser,  published 304 

Gazette,  Constitutional,  nublish^'d  ....  320 

Gazette,  Newport,  piibliNlied 30:t 

Gazette,  New  Jersey,  .  'ipeared 370 

Gazette,  Salem,  and  G<!neral  Advertiser, 

published 300 

Gazette,  the  Vermont,  published  in  West- 
minster      307 

Gazette,  Falmouth,  published 417 

Gazette,  Hampshire,  published 425 

Gazette,  Kentucky,  published 4:i;J 

Gazette  of  the  United  States  puldished  .   .  442 

Gazette,  National,  published 451 

Gazette.  State,  published 452 

Gazette,  Knoxville,  published 454 

Gazette,  Washington,  pul)lished 4{">5 

Gazette,  Sclota,  published 400 

Gazette,  Porcupine's 469 

Gazette  published  in  Mobile KtO 

Gazette  published  in  Cincinnati 658 

Geary,  .lohn  W.,  governor  of  Kansas  .  .  010 

General  Fundamentals  at  Plymouth  ...  50 

General  Court  postponed  Indetluitely    .  .  311 


Goncrnl  Ponrt  lammoned  at  Sniom,  Mas- 
sachusetts    300 

General  law  for  compnnii'S  to  manufac- 
ture In  New  York 610 

General,  grade  of,  revived 006 

Genesee  Farmer  published  in  Koetcster, 

New  York 002 

Genet,  Citizen,  arrived 460 

Geuet,  his  recall  asked  for 460 

Geneva  (College  admits  women  t»  medical 

department HM 

Geological  survey  of  the  United  States    .  607 

Geological  survey  of  Maryland 672 

Geological  survey  of  N(!W  York 676 

Geological  survey  of  Georgia 576 

Geologlcil  survey  of  Kentucky 676 

Geological   survey  of  Pennsylvania  and 

New  Jersey 678 

Geological  survey  of  Virginia 678 

GeologiiNtI  reports  of  states 581 

Gt'ologieul  survey  of  IMiode  Island    .  .   .  68-4 

Geological  survey  of  New  Hampshire  .  .  686 

Geological  survey  of  Michigan 608 

Geology,  zoOlogy,  and  botany  of  Massa- 
chusetts, report  on 605 

George  III.  to  Parliament 202 

Georgetown  plundered  by  Kngllsli  sailors  620 

Georgia  charter  Issued 210 

Georgia,  colony  arrives  at 212 

Georgia,  first  silk  raised  exported  ....  210 

Georgia,  cotton  planted  in 216 

Georgia,  slavery  forbidden  iu 217 

Georgia,  conditions  for  settlement  of    .  .  217 

(leorgla,  Moravian  BCttlcinent  In     ....  217 

GiMrgia,  discontent  In 220 

Georgia,  a  pi  "sident  appointed  for  .  .  .   .  227 

Georgia,  8la\    ly  Introduced  into 2!H 

Georgia,  bounty  on  silk iHH 

Georgia,  sllk-eultnrc  in H'M 

G  >orgia,  population  of 240 

Georgia  surrendered  to  the  crown  .  .  .  .  240 

Georgia,  bills  of  credit  iu 245 

Georgia,  bills  of  c-redit  in 246 

Georgia  and  South  CaroMn'i  disjuite  .  .  .  24il 

Ge(<rgia  divided  into  parishes 252 

Georgia,  teaching  slaves  ibrl)iild('ii  iu    .  .  286 
Georgia,  Committee  of  CorreHi)oiideiico 

in 206 

Georgia  for  Independence ;H1 

Georgia  formed  a  constitution  ......  .301 

Georgia,  expedition  against 378 

Georgia  submitted 378 

Georgia,  royal  rule  restored 370 

Georgia,  militia  law  in 380 

Georgia  ratilled  ccnistitution 413 

Georgia  amends  constitution 411 

Georijla,  constitution  amended 4r6 

Georgia  ceded  claims  to  territory    ....  487 

Georgia,  report  on  cession  oi  land   ....  480 

Georgia,  Yazoo  claims  in 626 

Georgia,  British  troops  witlidrawii  from  .  532 

Georgia,  lands  in,  claimed  by  Indians    .  .  065 

Georgia  protests  against  tarilf 500 

Georgia  annexes  Indian  territory, to  the 

state 561 

Georgia,  missionaries  to  the  Indians  ar- 
rested in 605 

Georgia   disregards   the  decision  of  tlio 

Supreme  Court 500 

Georgia,  a  survey  of 676 

Georgia  abolishes  slavery 060 

Georgia  admitted  to  represontat  ion    .  .  .  072 

Georgia  admitted  to  representation    .  .  .  081 

Georgia,  vote  not  counted 688 

Georgia,  state  board  of  healtli  in 697 

(Jerman  emigration  to  the  ooioniea    ...  180 

German  Lutheran  church  in  Philadelphia  226 

(icrmaiitown,  Pennsylvania,  settled  .  .  .  142 
Germantown,   Pennsylvania,    newspaper 

In 221 

Gettysburg,  Pennsylvania,  battle  of  .  .  .  640 

Gettysburg,  monument  at 069 


:'( ' 


Wi' 


744 


ANNALS   OP  NORTH   AMERICA. 


Oldctlnfir*!  Joiihun,  conmtrrd  by  tlin  Hoiiho  &HH 

UiltMTt,  HIr  lliimplirvy,  putciit  to    ...  .  IH 
Ulllxirt,  Sir  lliiiiii>liri-y,  tuki'M  |>oH»uiiiloii 

of  NuwroiiiiilIuiKl IN 

OlllxTt,  llHrthuloiiiow,  arrives  at  Ameri- 
ca      20 

UlliiiHii,    (jiciit'ral,  kIvoii    (loparliiic-nt    of 

aoutli am 

tilrarU  ('()lli>(;e  op<>n(><l  In  I'liUadelplila  .  .  fiUH 

UlrlH,  IndiiKtrl'il  ooliool  for (IHI 

UI»HM  iiiado  III  MiiHHtii-huMctta (17 

UltiHH  iiiiide  III  MiWHiicliiiHi'tta 72 

UJHHH-liuuHe  III  I'oniiavlviiiilii \'.\\) 

UliiNK  iiiado  111  Nifw  York 211 

OliiMN  I'm'torv  III  New  ilt'rHi'y LMi) 

OIllltH  llllldtl  III  MllNHIlCllllHl'tt't IMO 

UliiMM-workH  III  New  lliiiniiiililrc 3Ut) 

QliiHH  Hindis  111  iNi>w  Yurk i'M 

ilUiM  iiiiiiUi  III  MuHHiii'liiiBctta 4:11 

UluHH  lufltory  In  Miiryliiiid 4-l(> 

UliiHHworkH  III  New  Yurk -ithi 

UliiHH-l'iiotory  III  IViiiiKylviiuia 4(H 

UliisH-wiiidow,  bounty  on 4U2 

OluHH  eoni|iiiiiy  ut  Ciiliibrld},'e,  MuKHachii- 

suttd,  lorinod M.'l 

Glen,  .Iiinicii,  ){ovuriior  oi'Houth  Carolina,  227 

Ulobc  piibliNliod  lit  WaHhIiiKton 6(l't 

GloucoHtcr  llred  on :i2U 

QodlVey,  Tlioiniiti,  liivontH  tlio  qiindriint    .  2U0 
Uold  tiiid  silver  a  Icirul  tender  in  Uliodc 

iKland 2fis 

Uold  coined 4(V1 

Gold  from  North  CaroUnii 4l^i 

Gold,  native,  coined  at  I'liUudelplilii  mint  554 

Gold,  premium  on 581 

Gold  iiiliieH  In  Virjriula fiti4 

Gold  dlHeovered  In  Calirornia 5U7 

Gold  coins,  double  eagle  and  dollar  added 

to 001 

Gold  In  Now  Columbia OH 

Gold  disuovercd  at  I'ike'B  I'eak,  Colorado,  OIU 

Gold  in  Nova  Scotia 020 

Gold,  sale  on  time  I'orbiddon 010 

Gold,  product  of  United  States 0»5 

Gorges,  Uobert,  ^niiit  to 3;) 

Gorj^cH,  Sir  Fei-dmando,  jjrant  to    ...  .  35 
Gosnold,  Bartholomew,  takes  colony  to 

Amuricii 20 

Gospel,  propagation  or,  ninon<i;  Indiiins    .  ^S 

Uosport  navy  yard  burned 021 

Gouch,  AVillia.ii,  governor  of  Virginia  .   .  200 
Gourges,  Doiuiuie  de,  aveiigen  his  coun- 
trymen    18 

Qovernmep.t,  a  new,  made  for  Massauhii- 

HCttB 143 

Government,  scheme  of,  proposed  by  Wil- 
liam I'eim 105 

Government  of  tlie  colonies,  plan  for     .  .  ICd) 

Government,  iilan  of,  for  tlie  eolouies    .  .  170 

Government  of  tlie  colonies,  plan  of   .  .  .  lu-l 

Governor  lor  all  New  Knglmid  iippoiiited,  141 

Governor's  Island  grunted  Wiiitlirop    .  .  48 
Governors  forbidden  to  show  letters  to 

assemblies 280 

Governors,  convention  of 033 

Grain  grown  in  Massiicluisetts 50 

Grain  made  u  legal  tender  in  Massiicliu- 

setts 70 

Graln-eutter  invented 401 

Grain-drill,  patent  for 680 

Gronby,  Connecticut,  coppers  Htrnck  in    .  220 
Grand  model  abandouca  uy  Carolina  pro- 
prietors      150 

Grand  Kapids,  Michigan,  settled 600 

Grand  Gulf  evacuated ('^Vi 

Grange,  National,  session  of. 003 

Grant  by  Plymouth  Company 40 

Grant  in  command  of  Mississippi  division  641 
Grants  by  Connecticut  coutirmed  by  I'cun- 

sylvania 420 

Great  Britain,  payment  to 488 

Great  Britain  pays  claims 401 


Great  Britain,  war  with,  doclarwl  by  Con- 

gre 614 

Great  Britain,  rharees  a^'ainst fii4 

Great  Morite  Shoe,  IndianN  ilofeated  at,liy 

Jauknon (^ 

Great  Falls  Manufacturing  Company  iu- 

ooruoi'iiied     6(0 

Great  western  croBBi.'a  tho  Atlantic  by 

sreuin 66-^ 

Greet,  Samuel,  printer m 

Green,  Samuel,  granted  liin<l lui 

Green,  Kamuei,  prints  Indljin  I'salins  .  ,  iix 
(■revn,  Bartholomew,  printer  in  Boston,  l&i 
(irucn  Bay  Intelllgeneer  pul)lished  .  .  ,  .  6ru 
Greenville, 'reiiiifSMee,  Mcu'gJin  defeated  nt  6H 
Groytown,  Nicaragua,  i)oinbariled  .  .  ,  ,  {jtij 
(ireytown,  Nieariigiiu,  General  W.  Walker 

surrenders  at OH 

Grijaivu..liian  de,  sails  for  Mexico  .   ...     12 

Grist-mill,  NewcARtlo .  .   lU'l 

(irist-mlll  tolls  in  Connecticut 10| 

Grist  mill  In  Iladley Ul 

Orlst-mlll  in  Newark,  Now  Jersey  .  ...   la 

(irlst-mill  In  New  York 4(U 

Grove,   Mary  8,,  lectures    on    woman's 

rights A8U 

Grovefon,  Virginia,  battle  at (112 

Guadalupe,  liiilaigo,  treaty  made  at .  .  .  AUH 

Guano  imported Alio 

(iiiano  imported ew 

Guerrero,  president  of  Mexico Ml 

Guerriere  captured  by  Constitution    .  .  .  filS 

Gulf  Stream  marked  on  charts 'M 

(iunboats  built liH 

(iunboats  ordered 4W 

Gunpowder,  export  forbidden ir4 

Gunsmith  sliops  in  Marvlaud 3:11 

Gun-stocks  in  New  York ZSI 

Guthrie,  8ainuel,  obtains  chloroibriu    .  .  (M 

H. 

Habeas  corpus  extended  to  Virginia  .  .  160 
Habeas  corpus  suspended  In  Massachu- 

setts ts 

Habeas  corpus  suspended 0.'il 

Halieas  corpus  suspended fii:|  I 

Habeas  corpus,  suspeiiHion  Justilled  .  .  .  (ttl 

Hal>eas  corpus  susnended (HI 

Habeas  corpus,  right  restored 0'<i 

Haddonlleld,  New  Jersey,  brick-liouso  in,   IM 

"  Hail  Columbia  "  (IrstTippeared 47J 

Hale,  Natlian,  hanged  as  a  spy 'Ml 

Hidfpenee  coined  by  Carolina Kil 

Halfpence  coined  by  Virgiuia 2W) 

Hall-pay  to  the  olfloers XU 

Halifax  settled l!'i 

Halifax,  bridewell  at kI 

Halifax,  ehamb<-r  of  commerce  at   .  .  .  .  Oo'il 

Halleck,  General,  in  command 6)t\ 

Hallett's  Point,  explosion  of  mine     .  .  .  (XM  | 
Hamilton,  James,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania      23^1 

Hamilton,  Oneida  Academy  founded  .  .  .  4651 
Hamnioncl,  George,  luluiKter  from  lOiig- 

land 4ol[ 

Hampton  Sidney  (^olb^go  founded  .  .  .  .   lUd  | 
Hampton,  Virgiuia,  plundered  ......&:£ 

Hampton  Uoads,  Merriinac  at C.ii| 

Hancock,  John,  president  of  Congress  .  •  .%i| 

Hanover,  Vcinont,  press  in 37.T 

Hanover  Court  House,  battle  at Caj 

Hanover  Junction,  Virginia,  battle  at   .  •  (Htl 

Harmonists  settled  in  Indiana SSI 

Harmony  Society  organized 4i)j| 

Harndeu,  W.  l'.,  begins   express  busi- 
ness   fii^B  H( 

Harper's  Ferry,  armory  at ^rjl  H< 

Harper's  Weekly  publiKiied 6121  H( 

Harper's  Ferry  captured  by  Jolui  Brown,  OUl  He 

Harper's  Ferry  burned 6^1  U( 

Harper's  Ferry  captured  . 61i|  Il( 


INDEX. 


746 


»,  rtocUmlby  Con- 
614 

iiv;>>l<i"t "* 

liiiiH  ilufcntfaut.hy 
bH 

xrluu  Comimiiy  lii- 
Mo 

.  the  AHiiutlo  by 
88i 

»1 

>l  IiukJ l(*l 

Iiitllaii  I'dulinn    .  .   101 
printer  lu  UoHton,   IM 

t'r  pul)llitlif<l  .   .  .  .   6ro 
M(>i-i;i>>>  tli'fuiitL'il  at  6M 
boinbiinlt'il    .   .  .  .   UW 
OeiuriilW.  Walker 
flU 

M  for  Mexico  ....     i'i 

m 

iiicotlcut IIH 

I  Nc*w*.1or»ey  ....  la 

i-k Iw 

luroB   on  woniau'H 

*** 

uttlo  at "•« 

tKMity  mailo  lit .  .  .  o'JH 

'!!!!!'.  i  •••  6*w 

>V  Mexico Ml 

f  Con»titutloii    .  .  .  f'15 
on  charts '*J 

]',['. Vfi 

rorbicltlon .'J* 

rlarylaml *-J| 

tiUus  cUlorolorm    .  .  OW 

H. 

ndod  to  Vlrtrlnln    •  •   IW 
ji-iidoU  hi  Ma»(tacliu- 


nik'd 

iided    ...••••• 

union  justillcd  .  .  . 

nded 

restored  ...••.• 
.  rsey,  brick-houBO  ni, 
rtit  ■Jippearcd 

d  as  a  Hi)y 

Carolina 

Vir"lui;i 


C.1I 
(HI 
(Wl 
(HI 
OH) 
IM 

ICil 


t 

comnuTce  at    .  .  .  . 

.  command 

)losion  of  mine     .  .  . 
.governor  of  Peunsyl- 


•.''5 

&:n 

CA) 

m 


Lcadcmy  founded  .  .  . 
uiiuister  from  hug- 



dU'^RO  founded  .  .  .  • 

,  pliintlered 

'  rrimau  at ' 

sident  of  Congress  . 

,  proHS  In  

lino,  battle  at  .... 
Virf?inia,  battle  at 


455 
431 

6; 

Oil 

:{;i 

ca 

,  (H) 


in  Indiauu ^ 

i-jjanized  .   .   •••••'' 
begins   exprees  bnsi- 

mory  at J'j 

)ublished "" 

jturcd  by  John  Hrown 

rned 

)turcd 


Idirrln,  It<>njnniln,  lii«iir»  firiit  nowdpnpc  1B3 
lliirrlHbiir;^',  I'ciinHvlv.iida,  NettliMl  .  .  .  .  ;^U 
lIurrJHiui,  (ieiicrul,  in  eonininnd  of  l-'ort 

Melu'H S.W 

KnrrlHon,  I'rcHldont,  dcnth  of Ml) 

llarrlHoii'H  I,andln){,  army  retire  to    .  .   .    W 

llnrtford,  (%>nn<'utlcut,  nettled (M 

lliirtlord,  eonvcntlou  ut ,    ilM 

llartri)nl  ecnivcntloii filiV 

liiirtlord  ccnivi'Mlion  met b^l 

llnrtford  Convention,   lllKtory    of,  piib- 

IImIkmI f.Vi 

Hartford  Tlmen  publlnlied ii:jU 

llnrtford  AKyliini  for  Deaf  and  Dumb    .   .    &']U 

Harvard  Oolle^'e  founded (M 

llatrher'H  Hull,  battle  at 05U 

llatolier'8  Knn,  battle  at U.Vi 

llatlli'ld,  Counectleut,  Krint  mill  in  .  ...  1U7 
llatH,  export  of,  forbidden  by  Parliament  'M) 
lliittern  In  llontoii,  MaHHaohunettii  ....    1*^6 

Ilavana,  Cuba,  captured 2AU 

llaverhiU  destruyod  by  Indians I7ti 

Havre  do  Grucu  plundered    by    Knglinh 

BnllorH 620 

llayni-,  Innae,  lian(;od 401 

llayno,  governor  of  Houtli  Ciirollnn,  rc- 

pMoH  to  I'reKldent'n  proclamation    .   .    6^7 
Hebrew  lmml)/riintn  to  Ithodu  Inland    .   .    'Sla 

lleleua  Herald  publinlieil 671 

lleU  Uate,  reef  at,  blown  up (UN) 

llemp  cultivated  in  MaiiHaeliuiiettti .    ...     71 

jleiiip  and  flax  In  Virginia 127 

llemp,  bounty  on 174 

Ueinu  and  Max  tuken  for  taxen  In  MasBii- 

cIlUBCttH 108 

Hemp,  bounty  on,  lu  I'cnnnylvania    ...    204 

Hemp  exported 2(H 

Hemp,  bounty  on.  In  New  .Jersey    ....    271 
llemjintead,  Long  Island,  meeting  of  dep- 
uties   117 

Hendrlckson,  Captain,  ex  ilores  coast    .   .     20 
llennepin  explores  the  I'pper  MinsiKiiippit    130 
Henry,  I'atrick,  resolutions  by,  iu  Vir- 
ginia lIoiiNu 200 

Herald,  Ameriean,  publinhud  in  liontou  .  40U 
Herald,  IVnnsylvania,  published    ....    421 

Herald  of  Freedom  published 4''S0 

Hessians  hired  for  America 3:U 

Hidalgo  y  Contilla  executed 611 

Hides  to  bo  kept  In  MasHaehusetts  ....     00 

Hides,  exj>ortation  forbidden 85 

Hides,  prices  regulated  in  ('onnecticiit  .   .    131 
Hides,  exportation  forbidden  lu  New  Jer- 
sey     131 

Hides  made  subject  to  duty  in  Slaryland  .  I'.iii 
Hides  exported  from  Charleston,  Koutli 

Caroltnu 244 

Hides  ordered  preserved 300 

Hides  taken  charge  of 307 

Higli-prenniiru  steam-engine 4)S0 

Hlstorit-al  Society  of  Massaolinnettn  .   .  .    440 
Hietorieal  society  formed  In  Xew  York    .    400 
Hitchcock,  Kdwaril,  Ikbucb  report  on  geol- 
ogy of  MaHsuchusetts 000 

Hoe,  K,  M.,  patents  revolving-press  .  .  .  507 
Holland  declure<l  war  against  England  .  .  31M> 
Uulland  recognizes  United  States  ....  404 
Holly  Springs,  Minnisslppi,  captured    .  .    0:14 

Holston  Hiver,  battle  at CIO 

Home  Department  created  ........    GOO 

Homestead  bill 0:11 

Homestead  bill,  provisions  extended  .  .  C<H 
Homoeopathic  Examiner  In  New  York  .  .  050 
Homceopathy  hitroduced  by  Ur.  Oram  .  .  500 
Homenpuu  Society  in  South  Carolina  .  .  005 
Hooker,  General,  given  army  of  I'otomao   030 

Hounac!  Tuiniel  completed 697 

Hopkins,  Commodore,  suspended  ....    302 

Hopkins,  Commodore,  dismissed 371 

Hops,  duty  on,  in  Pennsylvania 175 

Horn  combs,  maebinc  for  making  ....  473 
Uoruct  captures  the  I'cuguin 632 


Iloran-steitliiig  In  Rhode  Tdaiid 9UU 

ll(.ries,  epidemle  aiiiong^ IW7 

Hospital  at  (jueliec Jtf 

Hospital,  General,  In  MaNMaehuNtitlH  .  ,  ,   661 

HoHtiiltles,oeHHj|||on  proposed ;i74 

Hostilities,  MU'-peiinlon  ol,  proposed  ,  .  .  010 
Hostilities,  suspension  ul,  refused  ....  616 
House    of    Commons    ri'solveil    against 

maiiiifacturen  in  tlie  colonies lUO 

House  of  UepreHentatives  expel  reporters 

from  the  lloor 021 

House  of  Uepreneiitatives,  number  lixed  .  OOi 
House  resolven  to  abolish  slavt  ry  ....  Old 
llousu  renolven  to  Inipeaeh  tin!  I'rei'ideiit    0;i 

Houses  In  East  New  .lersey 14^ 

Houses  In  New  York  and  C<mneetli-iit  .  .  443 
Hounton,  Samuel,  president  of  Texas    .  ,    67(1 

How,  Wliilam,  weaver Urt 

Howe,  Ginerai,  nucc<>edn  Gagn :t2tt 

Howe,  Admiral,  oilers  panlon ;M8 

Howe,  Dr.  K.  (■.,  inntruetoruf  the  blind  .  60(1 
Howiand,  Jidiii,  one  of  the  AsMoelales  .  .  37 
Hudson,  ilendrlch,  explores  thi!  Hudson  .     2:i 

Hudson  Itlver,  name  of ^6 

Huds(m  Hiver  expioreil 1(H 

Hudson,  the  posts  on,  surrendered  .  .  .  .   308 

Hudson,  the,  frozen 302 

Hudson  Ol)servatory 083 

Huguenot  refugees  in  MassachnsettB  .  .  141 
Hull,  Wiiliain,  nurrendiTS  to  llrltlsh  .   .  .   615 

Hull  courtniartlalled 616 

Hull,  Isaac,  eommands  ConstltiitUni .  .  ,  615 
Hunter,  Uobert,  governor  of  New  York  .    180 

Hunter,  General,  order  revoked 028 

Hunter,  (ieneral,  drafts  negroes 037 

Huron,  Lake,  explored  by  Jenuits  .  ...  72 
Hussoy,  Gbed,  patents  lirnt  reaper  ....    600 

Huteblnsou,  Mrs.,  Iianlshed 68 

Hutchinson,  (lovernor,  letters  of  ....  206 
Hydropathic  UBtabUuhmeut  iu  New  York  .    600 


I. 

Ir^arlan  Community  nt  Corning,  Iowa   .  .  002 

Idaho  made  a  territory 0:17 

Idiots,  schools  for 000 

Iguala,  plan  of,  for  government  of  Mexi- 
co    650 

Illustrated  News  publislied  in  New  York,  OOl 

Illinois  made  a  territory 60(1 

Illinois,  iirnt  lutwspaper  in 031 

Illiuoin  Intelligencer  published 0:tl 

Illinois  becomes  a  state 042 

Illinois  admitted  to  tile  Union 543 

Illinois,  common-BCliool  system  organ- 
ized in 005 

Illinois  College  founded 001 

Illinois  accepts  Constitution 008 

Illinois  adopts  new  coiiNtitiition 0>->l 

Illinois,  railroad  commisniou  in OnI 

Impeaelimeut,  Senate  votes,  not  guilty  .  .  072 

Importation  by  foreign  vessels  limited    .  O-l-l  . 

Imports,  duties  on,  increased 042 

Imports,  duties  on,  redu(X'd (1*^7 

ImJMHt  bill  by  Congress 400 

ImiioHt  act  rejected  l)y  Kliodc  Island  .   .  .  414 
Imiirossmeut  ono    of    the  conditions  of 

peace 523 

Impressment  question,  commissioner.i  in- 
structed . 020 

Impressments,  agents  to  inveBtignte  .  .   .  405 
Imprisonment  for  debt  iibolislied  in  New 

York 606 

Incorporated  companies  forbidden  to  is- 
sue notes 508 

Independence  in  army .331 

ludopundcnce  of  Mexico  an<l  .South  Amur- 
lean  republics  recognized  by  Con- 
gress       651 

Indiana  Territory  created 480 

Indiana  bccoiues  a  statu 630 


746 


ANNALS  OF  NOETH  AMERICA. 


I->dlHnn,  geologlcnl  report  of 681 

Iii(]ianii|)oli!4  Buttlod 647 

Iiidiuniipolis,  Statu  Library  founded  at .  .  6Q5 

Iiidiiin  war 83 

Iiidiuu  Rollc<j^e  at  Cambridge 100 

Indian  I'Mnlma  priutud 101 

iiidiiin  wnrii 101 

Indiiin  war  in  Virn;inia I'M 

Indian  war  witli  Canada 140 

Indian  lliblu  prinl-Kl 143 

Indian  war  in  Soiitli  Carolina 186 

Indian  war  in  I^ouiHian- 218 

Indian  Ituruau  or<ranized 426 

Indiana,  ori<,'in  oinaino 0 

Indians,  HiavL'ry  of 12 

Iiulians,  treaty  with 20 

Indians  attacic  scttlumcnt  in  Vir<rinia    .  .  31 

Indians,  Joauit  iniHgiunn  among 48 

Indians,  sinall-pux  among 62 

IndldnH  begin  war 67 

Indiana  sold  as  slaves 68 

Indians,  treatment  of 68 

Indians  forced  to  p:iy  wampum 85 

Indians,  peaeo  with,  in  Virginia 86 

Indians  make  a  treaty 124 

Indians  allowed  to  testify  in  Itliodu  In- 
land    127 

Indians  sold  into  slavery 130 

Indians  made  slaves  in  Virginia ViS 

Indianb,  baptized,  churciies  of 147 

Indians  sent  t  J  galleys  in  Kraneo    ....  148 

Indians  make  peace  witli  the  L'reneh  .  .  .  148 

Indi  lUS  attack  Canada 160 

Indians  attack  liiTwiek,  Maine 161 

Indiana  attack  Sclienectady,  Now  York    .  151 

Indians,  expedition  against 106 

Inuians  sued  tor  peace 16:3 

Indians,  peace  made  with  the  French  .  .   ,  171 
Indians  hunted  vA\li  dogs  in  Councoti- 

cut 179 

Indians,  war  with  North  Carolina  ....  182 

Indians  sol  1  as  pi-ives 182 

Indians  conquen.l  by  an  expedition  from 

South  Cn-o'cia ia3 

Indians  i<old  as  slaves 183 

Indians  sold  as  slaves 201 

Indians  defeated  iu  Louisiana 204 

Indians  in  'Carolina  make  peace 205 

Indians,  wici'  vith  the  French 2;" 

Indians,  treaty  with 242 

Indians  m:i  .0  slaves  of 254 

Indians  attack  the  frontier 25U 

Indians  cede  land  south  of  the  Oliio  .  .  .  270 

Indians,  hostile,  in  Virginia 311 

Indians,  hostile,  in  Georgia 311 

Indians  l)egin  hostilities :)50 

Indians  ceded  land  in  'j'cnnesseo 3(K) 

Indians  desert  Itritish  army 'MU\ 

Indians  attai^ked 4U5 

Indians,  Christian,  massacred 405 

Indians  cede  land  to  (Jeorgia 400 

Indians  send  a  delegation 442 

Indians,  trade  with,  regulated 445 

Indians,  treaty  with 447 

Indians  begin  hostilities 457 

Indians  retuse  to  treat 458 

Indians  defeated 401 

Indians,  treaty  with 40:j 

Indians,  intercourse  with,  regulated  .   .  .  405 

Indians,  treaty  with 400 

Indians,  intercourse  with,  regulateil .  .   .  488 

Indians  cede  territory 488 

Indians  cede  territory 401 

Indians  cede  territory 41)5 

Indians  cede  territory 497 

Indians  cede  territory 408 

Indians  cede  territory 603 

Indiiius,  encounter  with 512 

Indians  taken  itito  pay  of  thegoviTnmunt  524 

Indians  represented  at  council 5:i:i 

IndhniB  cede  territory 5:10 

ludiaus  attack  piu'ty  ou  the  Appalauhicola  640 


Indians   cede  territory    to    \.uo    United 

States 640 

Indians  cede  territory ■   «...  543 

Indians  cede  territory 544 

IndiauH  ce.le  territory 644 

Indians  cede  territory 640 

Indiana  cede  territory  in  Illinois 547 

Indians    cede    territory    in    Georgia   to 

United  States 655 

Indians  cede  territory sjo 

Indians   in   Georgia   appeal    to    United 

States 60') 

Indi  ns  to  bo  moved  west  of  Misslsnippi .  so'j 
Indians  to  come  under  state  jurisdiciiun  .  6U2 

Indians  cede  territory 60;' 

Indians  refused  injunction    by   Supreme 

Court  against  (Jeorgia      601 

Indians,  missionaries  to,  arrested  in  Geor- 

gin 565 

Infiaus  driven  beyond  the  Mississippi.  ,  507 

Indians  of  Georgia  agree  to  move  we  ,t    .  574 

Indians  hostile 044 

Indians,  council  with,  at  Fort  Lamed      .  6<W 

Indians,  commission  to  make  peace  with  009 

Indians,  defeated  by  General  Custer  ...  074 

Indians,  int'?rconrse  with,  regulated  .  .  .  (^ 
India-rubber,     vulcanized,     iiatent     ior, 

granted 684 

Indigo,  wild,  planted  in  New  York    ...  ui 

Indigo,  bounty  on 232 

Indigo-seed  distributed  in  Soutli  Carolina  244 

Indigo  exported  from  South  Carolina  .  .  250 

Industrial  school  for  girls o-il 

Industries,  most  considerable 440 

Industry  in  Virginia ao 

Industry,  society   for   promotion  of,   in 

Uoaton 234 

Industry,  Society  for  Promotion  of,  cele- 
brates its  anniversary 341 

Industry,  Friends  of,  National,  in  New 

York 547 

luheritance,   law   of,   equal  division,  in 

Connecticut 201 

Inland  navigation  in  New  York 508 

Inland  transportation  forbidden &J3 

Inoculation  for  small-pox  introduced  in 

Boston im 

Inquisition  established  in  Mexico  ....  18 

Installation  of  Washington 456 

Instructions  sent  to    the    colonial  gov- 
ernors    212 

Instructions,  repeal  of,  asked  by  Massa- 
chusetts    212 

Instructions,  protest  against 288 

Instructions  to  South  Carolina 291 

Instructions  in  Georgia 292 

Instructions  in  Virginia 292 

Instnictions  to  (Joveruor  Gage 3()8 

Insurance  office,  first,  in  colonies    ....  196 

Insurance  convention  at  New  York    .  .  .  0S4 

Insurrection  in  Mexico 378 

Intelligencer,  Impartial,  published  ....  462 
Intercourse  of  Nova  Scotia  with  colonies 

forbidden 336 

Interest  paid  by  Plymouth  Colony  ....  :!9 

Interest  unpaiu  by  states 591 

Internal  improvements,  report  ou  ....  601 

Internal  taxes  re|)ealcd 6M 

Internal  improvements,  right  of  Congress 

to  vote  money  I'or 641 

Internal  improvements,   reports  on,   or- 
dered      642 

Internal  revenue,  act  for 029 

International  university  boat  race  ....  07? 

Iowa  College  at  Davenport  founded  .  .  .  6?6 

Iowa  admitted  to  the  Union 6911 

Iron-works  In  Virginia 27 

Iron-works  in  Virginia 30 

Iron,  export  forbidden  in  Virginia  ....  31 

Iron-works  in  Massachusetts 41 

Iron-works  iu  ^Massachusetts 80 

Iron-works  iu  Massucliusetts (3 


INDEX. 


747 


»ry   to    iiic    United 

640 

f 543 

v 5H 

y m 

y 6W 

y  in  iniiioiB U7 

ory    ill    UeorjTia  to 

/ 055 

y 560 

I   appeal    to    United 

.  . mi 

W08t  of  Mississippi .  fAl 
icr  state juiisilictiou.  5(!a 

•y 50i 

uiictiou    by   Supreme 

I'orgiu      6W 

'H  to,  arrested  in  Geor- 

505 

nd  the  Mississippi  .  .  507 
u'ree  to  uiovc  we  it    .  674 

", 644 

;ll,  at  Kort  Larn>-fl  .  OTkS 
n  to  inalco  peace  with  609 
y  General  Custer  ...  674 
•  with,  refjiilated  ...  084 
•aiiized,     parunt     lor, 

584 

;d  in  New  Yorlc    ...     i):J 

Vil 

ited  in  Soutli  Carolina  244 
jm  South  Caroiiua  .  .   250 

>r  girls ft"*! 

msidorable «0 

ia 30 

for   proinolion  of,   in 

23i 

'or  Promotion  of,  cele- 

fcrsai'v 241 

of,  National,  in  New 

.  ; 547 

of,   equal  division,  in 

.   .  . 204 

ill  New  Yorlt 508 

ion  forbiiltleii 623 

lall-pox  introduced  in 

192 

slied  in  Mexico  ....     18 

shiufjion 450 

to    the    colonial  (jov- 

il  of,'  asked  by  Massa- 

st  at^iiiust ■•iS8 

utli  Carolina 291 

r;j;ia '*« 

inia ~j^ 

vernor  Ga<|;e *» 

rst,  in  colonies    ....   190 
ion  at  New  York    ...   084 

-xico ,  •  •  •       ,1?, 

artial,  published  ....  46^ 

a  Scotia  with  colonies 

336 

lymouth  Colony  ....     '^ 

states S«l 

lents,  report  on  ....   oW 

alcd •   6W 

lentB,  right  of  Cou,t,'rc88 

for 641 

nenta,   reports  on,   or- 
6« 

act  for «:'^ 

ersity  boat  race  ....   W' 
avcnport  founded  .   .  .   M 

the  Union »»' 

hiia ^ 

jjinia f. 

(Iden  in  Vlifrio'i* .  •   •  •     J 

Hsachusetts '' 

ssnchusotts Z^ 

Bsucliusetts •" 


Iron-worka  in  Masgaohugettg 88 

Iron-works  at  New  Haven 100 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 1.30 

Iron  furnace  in  I'lymouth 171 

Iron-works  iu  Massachusettn 180 

Iron-works  iu  Maryland 100 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania . 101 

Iron-works  in  Virginia 107 

Iron-works  in  Delaware 108 

iron-works  in  Pennsylvunin 'ioz 

Iron-works  iu  Connecticut     ^16 

Iron- works  in  Khodc  Island.  ......  217 

Iron-works  in  I'eunsylva'iia 218 

Irun-works  in  Massachusetts 221 

Iron-works  in  New  York 222 

Iron-works  in  Now  Jersfiy 22d 

Iron-works,  operatives  not  taxed  iu  Vir- 

ijinia 2.3a 

Iron-mills  forbidden  in  the  colonics  .  .  .  2;30 

Ironworks  in  New  York 2;J8 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 260 

Irou-works  in  New  JerHey 273 

Iron-works  in  New  Jericy 283 

Iron-works  in  Maryland ;J50 

Iron,  duty  on,  in  Maryland 387 

Iron-works  in  New  Jersey 415 

Iron-works  in  Vermont 461 

Iron-works  in  Pennsylvania 474 

Iron-works  at  Mauch  Chunk 648 

Iron  for  railroads  free  of  duty SOC 

Iron  converted  to  steel 621 

hlaud  No.  10  surrendered .  .  627 

Israelites  in  Khode  Island '  .  .  141 

Itui  bide,  president  of  regency  in   Mexico  560 

Iturbide,  plan  of  {government  lor  Mexico  660 

Iturbide,  regent  of  Mexico .551 

Iturbide  proclaimed  einporor  of  Mexico  .  562 

Iturbide  abdicated  throne  of  Mexico  .   .  .  65:1 

luka,  MissiBsippi,  battle  at 033 


J, 

Jackson,  Andrew,  oommands  militia  .  .  .  610 
Jnckson,  General,  defeats  the  Creeks  at 

TaJIadega 52;} 

Jackson,  General,  defeats  Indians  at  Great 

Horse  Shoe 624 

Jackson,  General,  iu  command  at  New 

Orleans 630 

I  Jackson,  General,  takes  Pensacola  ....  530 
Jackson,  General,  fined  for  contempt  of 

court 5.32 

Jackson,  General,  given  command  ....  540 
Jackson,  General,  captures  an  Indian  vil- 
lage    541 

Jackson,   General,  executes  two  Indian 

traders 543 

Jackson,  General,  on  the  law  of  nations  .  543 
Jackson,  President,  warns  South  Carolina 

of  the  results  of  nullilioatioa    ....  607 

Jackson,  Mississippi,  captured 038 

Jackson,  Missis.dppi,  evacuated 010 

Jacksonville,  Florida,  captured 037 

Jails  refused  by  North  Carolina 440 

Jails,  use  of,  by  United  States,  forbidden 

by  Massachusetts 524 

Jalapa,  Jlexico,  captured 507 

Jamestown,  colony  at 22 

Jancsville,  Wisconsin,  settled      675 

Japan,  treaty  with UOU 

Japan,  embassy  from,  visits  United  States  017 

I  Jay,  John,  special  envoy  to  England     .   .  400 

I  Jefferson,  minister  to  France 418 

I  Ji'U'erson,  Thomas,  President 484 

I  Jefferson,  Thomas,  President 400 

I  Jcnninn^s.  Jonathan,  Hrst  state  governor 

of  Indiami 630 

I  Jersey  City,  pottery-works  at 637 

I  Jesuit  missionaries  on  Lake  Huron    ...  52 

[Jesuit  collei^e  at  Quebec 53 

iJeeuitmigBrons  attacked  by  Indians  ...  88 


.Tcsuit  mlRslonH loo 

Jesuit  seminary  at  Quebec 100 

Jesuits  explore  Lake  Huron 72 

Jesuits  forbidden  to  enter  Massachusetts 

and  New  York 170 

Jews  disfranchised  in  New  York 220 

Johnson,  Marmadukc,  printer 100 

Johnson,  Andrew,  takes  oath  as  Presi- 
dent    660 

Johnson,  President,  suggestiouB  in  mes- 
sage    074 

Johnston,   Gabriel,   governor   of  North 

Carolina 215 

Johnston,  William,  finds  salt  spring  by 

boring 617 

Johnston,  Professor,  "  Lectures  on  Ap- 
plication of   Chemistry    to    Ai,'rieul- 

ture" 500 

Johnston,  General,  surrenders Ci).> 

"  Join  or  die,"  motto  used     208 

Jonesborough,  battle  of 048 

Journal,  New  Kngland  Weekly,  published 

in  Uoaton 200 

Journal,  New  York  Weekly,  piiblislied    .  213 
Journal,  Connecticut,  anil    Ncv    Haven 

Post-boy,  publislicd 274 

Journal,  New  York,  or  Gener.il   Adver- 
tiser, published    274 

Journal,  Maryland,  and  Baltimore  Adver- 
tiser, published 29d 

Journn!,   K8s<  x,   and    Mcrrimiic    Packet. 

published 297 

Journal,  Continental,  published  in  lios- 

ton .345 

Journal,  New  Jersey,  pul)l!shod 372 

Journal,  American,  publislied  at  Provi- 
dence   . .380 

Jou'  nal  of  Commerce  published  in  New 

York 568 

Journal  of  Commerce  suspemled    ....  (HI 
Juarez  eonliscates    church    properly    in 

Mexico 010 

Juarez,  president  of  Mexico Oil) 

•Juarez,  dictator  of  Mexico 021 

.Juarez  died 087 

Judges  to  give  written  decisions  in  Con- 
necticut     414 

Judges  in  New  York  agree  not  to  issue 

injunction  i^aiiiNt  banks 013 

Judicial  system,  bill  to  amend 070 

.Judiciary  reorganized 4S4 

.Judiciary  act  repealed 480 

Judiciary  act  passed 487 

Juvenile  delinquents,  society  to  rcforin, 

iu  New  York 564 

K. 

Kansas  made  a  territory 000 

Kansas,  election  in CO? 

Kansas,  A.  II.  Uee*lcr,  governor  of    ...  (',07 

Kansas,  Wilson  Shannon,  governor  of .  .  (K)8 

Kansas,  constiaition  for,  accepted  ....  WJ 

Kansas  legislature  met OOU 

Kansas,  message   concerning    (liilicultics 

in TOO 

Kansas,  cominitteo  on  report,-* 0.0 

Kansas,  legittlature  of,  dispi'rwed  by  mili- 
tary    010 

Kansas,  free  state  legislature  met  at  To- 

pcka 612 

Kansas  legislature  mi't  at  Leconiptoii    .  .  012 

ICansas,  Topeka  legislature  met 013 

Kansas,  constitutional  convention  elected  013 
Kansas,  election  under  Lecomi>tou  con- 
stitution   614 

Kansas,  Leoompton  constitution  lor,  pre- 
pared      614 

Kansas,     constitution     for,     framed    at 

Leavenworth 015 

Kansas  admitted  couditlounlly  to  Union  .  OlS 


748 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


Kansas,  Lccompton  constitution  rejected 

by 616 

Kansns  ndmiticd  to  Union 010 

Kiinsna  ndmitii  women  to  practise  law  .  .  680 

Kiinsas,  Progressive  Community  in    .  .  .  683 

KoarHiinre  sinks  Alabama 646 

Keith,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Pennsyl- 
vania      187 

Kcnr.aw  Mountain,  battle  at 646 

Kennebec,  settlement  at  mouth  of  ...  .  22 

Kcntucliy,  first  settlers  in 282 

Kentuclcy,  Indian  war  in 405 

Kentucky  asks  to  form  a  new  state  ....  419 
Kentucky  separated  from  Virtjinia  ....  432 
Kentucky,  putitiou  referred  to  new  Con- 
gress       4^7 

Kentucky  separated  from  Virjjinia  ....  440 

Kentucky  admitted  to  tlio  Union 4'iO 

Kentucky,  constitution  of 453 

Kentucky,  cunstitution  in 478 

Kentucky,  free  nc^fjroes  to  be  sold  in  .   .  .  504 

Kentucky,  banks  in,  cbartereil 640 

Kentucky,  geolot^ical  survey  of 575 

Kerosene  oil,  factory  for,  in  Lons^  Island  .  006 

Kidd,  C'iptain,  orders  for  his  capture   .  •  105 

Kidd,  Captain,  arrested 108 

Kilpatrick,  raid  of 043 

King'  Ptiilip's  war 128 

King,  speech  to  Parliament 314 

King  issues  proclamation 330 

King  recommends  pardon 332 

King,  address  to,  in  Parliament 404 

King's  College,  Nova  iScotia,  founded    .  .  441 

Knox,  General,  Secretary  of  War    ....  418 
Kuox    College    at   Galcsburg,    Illinois, 

opened 481 

Knoxvilie  settled 442 

Knoxvillc,  'D.'nnessee,  occupied 640 

Knoxvilie,  Tennessee,  attacked 041 

Koszta,  Martin,  freed  as  an  American  citi- 
zen      605 


Xi. 

Labor,  bureau  of,  in  Massachusetts    .  .  .  079 

Labor  bureau  in  Pennsylvania 08S 

Labor,  bureau  of,  in  Connecticut 090 

Labrador,  Cabot  visits 10 

Laconia  granted 32 

Ladies'  Magazine  published  in  Boston  .  .  559 

Lafayette  arrived 305 

Lafayette  ■  lays  corner-stone   of   Bunker 

Hill  Monument 550 

La  Galissonniere,  governorof  New  France  231 

La  Jonquiere,  governor  of  New  France   .  2,'9 

Lake  Superior  explored 120 

Lake  Ontario,  first  vessel  ou 132 

Lake  George,  battle  of,  fougiit 247 

Lake  ICrie,  first  steamer  launched  on  .   .  .  543 

Lamar,  M.  B.,  president  of  Texas    ...  582 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  settled 188 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  congress  held 

at 227 

Land  allotted  in  Plymouth 35 

Land  divided  by  Mason  and  Gorges  ...  41 

Land  granted  by  tlie  Plymouth  Company  42 

Land  granted  by  Plymouth  Company  .  .  45 

Land  conveyed  by  Earl  of  Warwick   ...  40 

Land  deeded  by  Indians 01 

Land,  title  to 350 

Land  coded  by  Connecticut  accepted  by 

Congress 425 

Land  cessions  by  states  to  be  modi  lied  .  .  420 

Land,  sale  of,  to  Ohio  Company 432 

Land  question  in  Massachusetts 611 

Lands  granted  by  Pope 10 

Lands,  ceded,  to  be  made  states 392 

Lauds  ceded  by  Virginia  accepted  by  Con- 
gress   413 

Lands,  sule  of 453 

Lauds,  public,  specie  to  be  paid  for  them .  578 


Land*!,  public,  proceeds  of  sale  to  be  de- 
posited with  the  states 

Lands,  public,  granted  to  railroads    .  .  , 

Lands,  public,  given  for  colleges  ^  .  .  ,  . 

Land-omce  opened  in  Tennessee 

Land-offlees  opened 

Landtag  in  New  Amsterdam 

La  Salle  authorized  to  explore  the  Missls- 
sippi 

La  Salle  descends  the  Mississippi    .... 

La  Tour,  grant  of  Nova  Scotia 

Laurens  captured 

Lawrence,  Captain,  in  command  of  the 
Chesapeake 

Lawrence,  Major,  defends  Fort  Bowycr  , 

Lawrence,  Kansas,  Free  State  Hotel  burn- 
ed by  sheriff 

Lawrence,  Kansas,  sacked 

Law  soliool  opened  at  Litchfield,  Conueo- 
ticut 

Laws  of  Virginia  revised 

Laws  of  Plymouth 

Laws  of  Virginia  revised , 

Laws,  code  of,  in  Massachusetts 

Laws,  code  of,  in  Connecticut 

Laws  printed  in  Massachusetts 

Laws  of  Massachusetts  printed 

Laws  of  North  Carolina  revised 

Laws  of  colonies  to  receive  royal  assent  . 

Lawyers  in  Uhode  Island  forbidden  being 
deputies 

Lead  mine  in  Connecticut 

Lead  mines  discovered  in  Missouri    ,  .  . 

I.#ad  mines  opened  in  Missouri 

Lead  in  New  York  ...      . 

Lead  mines  in  Virginia 

Lead  mine  opened 

Lead  mines  worked 

Lead  mines  in  Iowa 

Leather,  sealers  of,  in  Massachusetts    .  . 

I^cather,  manufacture  regulated  in  Massa- 
chusetts   

Leather,  sealers  of,  at  New  Haven  .... 

Leather,  sealers  of,  at  Connecticut .... 

Leatlier  examined  In  Virginia 

Leather,  exportation  forbidden  in  Penn- 
sylvania   

Leavenwortli,  Colonel,  explores  the  west 

Leavenworth,  constitution  for  Kuusas, 
framed  at 

Lebanon,  Illinois,  McKendree  College  at 

Lecotnnte,  Judge,  charge  to  grand  jury 
in  Kansas 

Lectures  ou  application  of  cliemistry  to 
agriculture 

Ledger,  Pennsylvanii',  ,jublislu'd     ,  .  ,  . 

Ledger,  independent,  published  in  Bos- 
ton     

Ledger  published  in  Mobile 

Lee,  K,  K.,  put  in  command 

Lee,  General,  surrenders 

Legal  tender  act 

Legal  tender  act.  Supremo  Court  on  .  .  , 

Legislature  of  Kansas  dispersed  by  tlio 
military 

Lehigh  Coal  Company  formed 

Leisler,  Jacob,  assumes  the  government 
In  New  York 

Leisler  arrested  for  high  treason 

Leisler,  Jacob,  executed 

Lennox  public  library 

Leon,  Juan  Ponce  de,  lands  in  Florida  .  . 

Letters  of  marque  in  Knglanil 

Letters  of  marque  issued  by  Kiiglaiid    .  . 

Letters  of  marque,  Jefferson  Duvis  to 
issue     

Lewis  and  Clarke's  expedition  ...•.,, 

Lewistou,  on  the  Delaware,  settled    .  .  , 

Lewiston,  on  the  Delaware,  bombarded  . 

Lexington,  battle  of 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  settled 

Lexington,  block-house  at 


687 
610 
631 
360 
480 


ml 

10!    ^1 

Mi  ■ 

A'il  1 

4fi  ^1  1 

fiA  ^1 1 

NO  ^1 1 

91  ^II 

iH  ^1 1 

UO  ^1  1 

1'i.i  ^M  1 

185  ^1  1, 

^H  r 

tin  ^li. 

I'JI  ^t  1. 

lUI     H  l;l 

215  H  l.i 

244  H  l.i 

'27]  H 

;«K  H  l.i 

4  IN  Hl.i 

101  H  Lit 

101  H  l.il 

155  HlIv 

^■l.iv 

]~lHl.K 

bii  H 

615 
575 1 

S'jol 
3:i3l 


,fJO 


INDEX. 


749 


»d8  of  sale  to  bn  do- 

»tntt<g 587 

d  to  riillroi\(ls    •  .  .  610 
for  colk'-^es  <   ....  631 

I  TeunesxL-e 360 

480 

sterdnm 99 

,0  explore  the  Missls- 

131 

e  MioHissippi    ....   136 
sva  Scotiu 101 

m 

in  commmid  of  the 

621 

feuds  Fort  Howyer  .  kIS 
^ree State  Hotel  buni- 

flow 

sacked (HO 

It  Litchfield,  Conneo- 

417 

vised 46 

66 

trised 80 

assaeliuRetts 91 

mnectlcut 9i 

KBiichusctts 99 

etts  printed 125 

alina  reviwed 185 

receive  royal  assent  .   185 
Island  forbidden  being 

202 

■oticut * 

red  in  Missouri    .  .  .   I'JO 

in  Missouri 191 

.   .   . S15 

inia 2« 

271 

[ 368 

I lis 

in  Massachusetts    .  .    62 
ire  regulated  in  Masaii- 
n 

at  Now  Haven  ....   101 

at  Connecticut ....   101 

hi  Vir<finia 155 

on  forbidden  In  Tenu- 

173 

liicl,  explores  the  west  Si-J 
stitution  for    Ivansiis, 

615 

MeKendroe  Collei^'o  at  575 

charge  to  grand  jury 

Icationof  chemistry  to 

61)0 

nil',  liUblished     .  .  .  .  JB 
at,  published  in  ilos- 

374 

li  Mobile Ss? 

'oiiimaud *^ 

mlurs 654 

6i) 

upremo  Court  on  .  .  .  6S3 
nsas  dispersed  by  tlio 

610 

)auy  formed ^ 

muxes  the  government 

high  treason 154 

:rr:::::;;::^| 

do,  lands  hi  Florida  .  .  i- 

in  Knifland  ......  W 

issued  by  Knglaiid    .  .  olo| 
e,  Jefferson    Duvis  to 

expedition  ...•-..*» 
)elaware,  settled  .  .  .  « 
)olaware,  bombarded  .  » 
,f  ....•.*  '•"" 

ky,  settled t  S!6| 

lOuse  at  ...•••  ' 


Lexington,  Missouri,  captured C23 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  evacuated 032 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  taken 0:34 

Lexington,  Kentucky,  taken  by  Morgan  .  034 

Lexinuton,  Kentucky,  captured 045 

Libel,  law  of,  In  New  York 497 

Liberator  published  in  Boston 604 

IJberty  of  conscience  permitted 147 

Liberty  of  conscience  In  rennay  I  vania  .  .  lOtf 

Liberty  of  consrience  in  New  .Jersey  ...  171 

Liberty  of  conscience  in  North  Caro'lina   .  185 

IJberty  cents  coined 455 

Libraries,  township,  money  appropriated 

for,  by  New  York  anil  other  states  .  .  580 

Library,  (Congressional,  at  Wasliinyton  .  002 

Library,  Hoston  Public  City,  formed  ...  00:1 

Library,  Boston  Public,  opened 015 

Library,  Lennox  public OSO 

Licenses  to  sell  liquor  in  MassachusettR  .  58 

I.icuteiiant-g'eneral,  grade  revived  ....  012 

Liglit-liouHC  at  Cape  Henry 288 

Liglitning-rod,  invention  of 241 

Lime  made  in  Now  Knglaud 88 

Lime  in  Khode  Island 109 

I  Lime  in  Uliode  Island 119 

Lincoln,  President,  assassinated 655 

Linen,  premiums  for,  in  Massachusetts   .  71 

Linen  manufactory  In  New  York 179 

Linen  manufactured  in  Massachusetts  .   .  191 

Linen,  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  ...  193 

Linen,  bounty  on,  in  Maryland 209 

Linen-mill  at  Fall  Kiver,  MassachuRCtts  .  572 

LinBced  oil  made  In  New  York  ......  185 

Linseed  oil  in  Connecticut 189 

Liiiuor  selling  to  Indians 131 

Liquor  selling  to  Indians  prohibited  in 

Canada 133 

Liquor,  price  of,  fixed  by  Peunsyl vania    .  188 
I  Liquor,  price  and  quantity,  fixed  in  Si.'ioni 

County,  New  Jersey ;  .  .  203 

I  Liquors,  tax  on,  laid  in  Pennsylvania   .   .  142 

Liquors,  UBO  of,  prohibited  in  army    .  ,  .  541 

Litclilleld,  Connecticut,  law  school  at   .  .  417 

l.ittle  Kock,  Arkansas,  settled 518 

|Lire-oak  used  for  ships 230 

Liverpool,  Nova  Scotia,  settled 255 

[Livingston,  Kdwnrd,  prepares  code    for 

Louisiana 55 

[Loan  opened Sii 

loan  authorized ;i?l 

Loan  from  France 402 

Loan  by  France ,  .  408 

Loan  authorized 525 

Loan  authorized 632 

Loan  negotiated 5:J2 

Loan  autlioriz'- '  by  Congress 648 

I  Loan  authorizv.i  by  Congress 550 

[Loan  authorized  by  Congress 587 

[Loan  authorized 015 

iLoan  authorized 617 

[Loan  authorized 019 

■Loan  authorized 020 

iLoan,  national,  authorized 0'i2 

■loan  authorized (i:!(> 

iLoan  Aet,  supplement  to IH3 

!Uan  r.uthorized 647 

■Loan  authorized 053 

iLoan,  temporary,  cirtilicates  for 073 

ll/)an,  temporary,  eertilicates  redeemed    .  082 

iLoanofncn in  Pennsylvania 221 

iLoanofflce,  certifleates  authorized  ....  300 

iLocusts  111  Minnesota 09') 

Itadon  Company  chartered 21 

llondon  Company,  now  charter  to  ...  .  23 

iLonden  Company,  new  charter  to  ...  .  24 

ondon  (Company,  expenses  of 20 

ondon  Adventurers  sell  to  Associates    ,  37 

ondonderry.  New  Hampshire,  settled    .  189 

ong  Island  settled 35 

ohq;  Island  evacuated 412 

ougwortli,  Nicholas,  makes  wine  from 

native  grapes 659 


Lookingf-glassea  In  Phllnrtelphin 209 

Lookout  Mountain,  battle  of O'Jl 

Los  Angeles,  California,  captured  ....  595 

Lotteries  forbidden 30 

Lotteries  suppressed  in  Khode  Island   .   .  213 

Lottery  in  Uhode  Island 227 

Lottery  in  Baltimore 241 

Lottery  in  Khode  Island 265 

Lottery  established 305 

Louisburg,  at  Cajie  Breton,  built 191 

Louisbiirg  surrendered 237 

Louisiana  named 130 

Louisiana,  first  settlement  In 167 

Louisiana,  slavery  in 182 

Louisiana,  trade  with,  granted    to    An- 
thony Crozat 162 

Louisiana  relinquished  by  Crozat   ....  187 
Louisiana  granted  to  Company    of  the 

West 188 

Louisiana,  Indians  defeated  in 204 

Louisiana  surrendered  to  French  crown  .  211 

Louisiana,  Indian  war  in 218 

Loui«<:'.na,  bills  of  credit  In 218 

Louisiana,  sugar-mill  in 252 

Louisiana,  sugar  made  in 407 

Louisiana  ceded  to  France 481 

Louisiana  purchased 490 

Louisiana,  purchase  of,  ratified 491 

Louisiana  made  a  territory 490 

Louisiana  Courier  published 499 

Louisiana,  laws  of,  printed 5U5 

Louisiana  admitted  to  the  Union     ....  513 

Louisiana,  part  of  Florida  joined  to   .  .  .  613 

Louisiana  adopts  civil  code liM 

Louisiana,  constitution  for 59-4 

Louisiana,  slavery  abolished  in 043 

Louisiana,  state  convention  met 04:1 

Louisiana  abolishes  slavery 048 

Louisiana  admitted  to  representation    .   .  (i72 

Louisiana  asks  aid  from  military     ....  073 

Louisiana,  board  of  health  in    ......  083 

Louisiana,  vote  not  counted 688 

Louisiana,  collision  in 090 

Louisiana,  turbulent  In,  ordcn d  to  dis- 
perse      000 

Louisiana,  violence  in 6'.)6 

Louisiana,  military  rcpulato  le'iislatiire    .  (197 

.oulsiana,  action  of  President  apiiroved  698 

-ouisville,  Kentucky,  settled    ......  ;i72 

Louisville,  Kentucky,  named :!96 

Louisville  Journal  published 5(>4 

Lowell,  Massachusetts,  settled 551 

Lower  Canada,  population  of 614 

Lowndes,  of  Houth  Carolina,  introduced 

tarilT  bill 534 

Loyalists  defeated ;)94 

Loyalists  paid  for  indemnity  by  England  410 

Lygonia,  or  plough  patent 44 

Lynchburg,  Virginia,  settled 424 

Lynn,  Massachusetts,  shoes  made  in     .  .  235 


]VE. 

Mace,  Samuel,  visits  America 20 

Mi'Cli'llan,  G.  B.,  commander-in-chief  .   .  62:j 

SIcClellan  resigns 650 

SPKniry  militia  in  New  Orleans (i89 

McKendree  College  at  Leijaiion,  Illinois  .  5<5 
Machinery,  export  of,  forbidden  by  Penn- 
sylvania    430 

Madison,  James,  President 500 

Madison  made  capital  of  Wisconsin    .  .  .  670 
Madison,    Wisconsin,     State    University 

founded 602 

Magazine,  General,  IssU'.d 224 

Magazine,  American,  issued  .......  224 

Maji^azinc,  American,  publibhcd 285 

Mnlilstone,  boat  of,  burned 260 

Mail,  weekly,  from  Boston  to  Virginia    .  158 

Mall  from  New  York  once  a  week  ....  240 

Maine,  name  of 67 


760 


ANNALS  01'  NORTH  AMERICA. 


•Hi 

:l9l 
11 


Maine  grantod  to  Sir  F.  GnrgpcB 67 

Mtiiiio,  ^ovonitnciit  of 110 

Maine  uikIit  nutliorlty  of  MnsgncIiU8i-tta  .  12:2 

Maino  void  to  MiisHaoliusottH l.'iO 

MaiiK!  taken  poHHCssion  of  by  Massachu- 
setts    130 

Maine  surrendered  by  Massachusetts     .  .  HO 

Maine,  ownership  ot  pine  trees 187 

Maine,  lirst  newspaper  in 417 

Maine  independentof  Massachusetts  .  .  .  4'.>0 

Maine  admitted  to  the  Union &ti) 

Maine,  ffeoloH;ical  survey  of 577 

Maine,  geolotfieal  report  of 5Sl 

Maine,  use,  sale,  or  manufacture  of  spirits 

forbidden  in 002 

Malt,  duty  on,  in  Hoston 100 

Malt,  duty  on,  in  Alassacliusetta 127 

Mult-Iiousc  in   Tortli   Ainboy,  New  .fer- 

sey 142 

Malt-liouse  in  I'ennsylvnnia 144 

Malvern  Hill,  battle  of 6^ 

Manassas  Junction,  battle  nt 622 

Manassas  Junction  evacuated 027 

Manassas,  battle  at 0:i2 

Mancliestcr,  Now  Hampshire,  settled  .  .  i!05 

Manhattan,  fort  at 26 

Manliattan  Island  purcliased 30 

Manhattan,  condition  of 01 

Manhattan  Company  in  New  York     .  .  .  478 
Munn,  Horace,  president  of  Antiocli  Col- 
lege     003 

Manual  on  silk  culture  in  Massachusetts  .  605 
Manufacturlea    in  tlie  colonics    resolved 

against  by  House  of  Commons  .  .  ,  .  lUO 

Blanuiiicture  of  cloth  In  New  York  ....  176 
Muuufaeiurcs,  woollen,  in  the  colonics, 

forbidden 107 

Manufactures,  report  of,  In  the  colouios,  205 

Manufactures  in  the  colonies 259 

Manufactures,  Itritisli,  Imported 259 

Manufactures  i)romoted  by  Virginia  .  .  .  319 
Manufactures  promoted  in  North  Caro- 
lina      319 

Manufactures    encouraged     by    Pennsyl- 
vania      430 

Manufactures  aided  in  Pennsylvania  .  .  .  439 
Manufactures,  Society  for  tile  Promotion 

of,  in  New  England 650 

Manufactures,  Society  for  tiie  Promotion 

of,  in  Philadelphia 668 

Manufaeturers'    and     Farmers'   Journal 

published 648 

Manufacturing  companies  Incorporated  in 

New  York , 510 

Marblehead  incorporated !)2 

March  to  the  sea  ended 033 

Mariana  granted  to  John  Mason 31 

Marietta  settled 4:!0 

Marine  Society  ip  s«lem 272 

Market  in  lioston 61 

Marque,  letters    of,  issued  by   Kngland 

against  France 247 

Marque,  letters  of,  issued  by  Kngland  .  .  510 
Marcjuo,  letters    of,    Ibuncl  on  captured 

wlialers 522 

Marriage  performed  by  all  ministers  in 

Khode  Island 213 

Martha's  Vineyard  settled 77 

Martial  law  ..  Massaclnisetts 320 

Martial  law  In  Nova  Scotia 335 

Martial  law  in  Missouri 023 

Maryland  given  to  Lord  Baltimore    ...  47 

Maryland  named 47 

Maryland,  colonv  to 5U 

Maryland,  assenibly  in 65 

Maryland  assembly  refuses  the  proprie- 
tary's laws 62 

Maryland,  mint  in 06 

Maryland,  laws  of 73 

Maryland,  government  of  .  .  > 78 

Maryland,  records  of,  destroyed 81 

Maryluud,  martial  law  ia 86 


Maryland,  amnesty  In ^ 

Maryland,  government  of ,  o^ 

Maryland,  government  of my 

Maryland,  aflairs  of joj 

Maryland,  miut  In jy; 

Maryland,  tonnage  duty  In jon 

Maryland,  slavery  In ji^i 

Maryland,  oppoRitlon  to  duties  in    .  .  .  ,  nj 

Jluryland  proclaims  VViliianx  and  Miiry    .  150 
Maryland,  Church  ot  England  establlsluMl 

in 157 

Maryland  and  New  York ]C(i 

Maryland,  free  schools  in inj 

Maryland,  cloth  In lo) 

Marylan<l,  licenses  to  sell  liquor 107 

Maryland,  price  of  bcvr  in ifij 

Maryland,  Kpiscopal  church  in 17.) 

3Iaryland,  free  schools  in 175 

Maryland,  duty  on  rum \Hi 

Maryland  restored  to  Lord  Biiltimore   .  ,  isg 

Maryland,  slavery  in isfl 

Maryland,  assembly  In it^ 

Maryland,  iron-works  in 190 

Maryla  id,  schools  in iijs 

Maryland     forbids     Importations     from 

Pennsylvania igg 

Maryland,  printing-press  in luu 

Maryland,  poor  tanglit  gratis a« 

Maryland,  proprietor  in ill 

Maryland  Issues  bills  of  credit 211 

Maryland,  grist-mills  in 2.il 

Maryland  voted  aid  to  Virginia Hi 

Maryland  issues  bills  of  credit 24S 

Maryland,  mills  in 'Hi 

Maryland,  committee  of  correspondence 

in 290 

Maryland,  convention  In 'M 

Maryland  supports  Massachusetts  .   .  ,  ,  ;ilo 

Maryland  ncainst  Indepen  tencc 'M 

Maryland,  governor  ot,  flees ;h8 

Maryland  accepts  independence    .....  nil) 

Maryland  adopted  a  constitution     ....  367 

Maryland  quit-rents  abolished 3.^7 

Maryland  af^reed  to  confederation   ....  397 

Maryland,  Washington  College  in  ....  405 

Maryland  forbids  inqiortatiou  of  slaves   .  411 

Maryland  accepts  constitution 434 

Maryland  Institute  at  Uaitinuire 557 

Maryland  State  Library  at  Annapolis    .  .  658 

Maryland,  jjeological  survey  of 672 

Maryland  fi'ilsto  pay  interest. 5n8 

Maryland  resunuMi  payment .  000 

Maryland  abolishes  slavery 610 

Maryland,  new  constitution  for &19 

Maryland,  state  board  of  health  in  ...  .  C96 

Marysville,  Kentucky,  settled 417 

Mason  and  Dixon's  line  completed     ...  275 

Mason  and  Slidell  captured C24 

Mason  and  Slidell  surrendered 1)24 

Massachusetts  Itay,  colony  at 38 

Massachusetts  Uay,  charter  to  company 

of 40 

Massachusetts  authorities  appealed  to  .  .  72 

Massacliusetts,  protection  ol,  souglit    .  .  70 

Massaclnisetts  divided  Into  counties  ...  77 

Massachusetts  legislature  divided    ....  K 

Massachusetts,  code  of  laws  In 91 

Massachusetts,  goneral  court  of,  on  spin- 
ning    101 

MaBsacTiusetts,  general  court  of,  on  salt- 
making    101 

Massachusetta  general  court,  excuses  oi', 

for  executing  Quakers  '. 106 

Massachusetts  c^nsorsliip  of  the  press  .  .  108 

MusKachusctts  declaration  of  rights.  ...  108 
Maasachusetfs    charter    recognized     by 

Charles  II 110 

Massachusetts  censorship  of  the  press  .  .  llli 

Massachusetts,  shipping  in 118 

Massachusetts  general  court   refuses   to 

send  agents 110 

Massachusetts,  citizenship  in lU 


■'i: 


INDEX. 


761 


I 87 

It  of 90 

it  of 100 

10:t 

107 

uty  In 100 

Hi 

1  to  duties  in    ....  Hi 

VViiliamand  Miry    .  150 
Euiflmui  c'Htiitjli.<lu>(l 

157 

'ork IW 

l8  ill m 

Kit 

I  soil  liquor 107 

vr  in 1()7 

churcli  in 17.1 

iIh  iu 175 

im IM 

I  Lord  Bultinioro    .  .  Is6 

I m 

in 1S6 

8  iu I'JO 

1 IW 

importations      from 

. 195 

iross  in l'J9 

■lit  >'rati8 att 

riu :ill 

5  of  credit 'M 

8  in li.il 

to  Virginia 2H 

8  of  credit 24'^ 

2»,S 

>e  of  correspondence 

298 

)n  in 'W 

MaBaacliu.sptts  ....   :!15 

dcpen  leneo 'X^ 

of,  ilees ;!W 

dependence  .....  319 
constitution     ....  367 

abolished S!^? 

coufederntion  ....  397 
ton  Oolle-je  in  .  .  .  .  J05 
iportation  of  slaves   .  411 

institution ■)*) 

it  Baltiinoro 657 

iry  at  Annapolis    .  .  558 

il  survey  of 5"2 

y  interest. 6)iS 

layinent OOO 

slavery 0*1' 

titution  for &W 

rd  of  health  in  .  .  .  .  6D6 

Icy,  settled 417 

line  computed     .  .  .  Z75 

iptured 0^1 

irrendered li'^l 

colony  at 38 

charter  to  company 

....  40 
nrities  appealed  to  .  .  Ti 
ection  of,  soiifjlit  .  .  '6 
ed  into  counties  ...  77 
laturc  divided    ....     W 

of  laws  in 81 

ral  court  of,  on  spin- 

ral  court  of,  ou  snlt- 

raJ  court,  excuses  oi', 
lutccrB  '••■•••**   ' 
irshlp  of  the  press  .  .   108 
ration  of  rifjlits.  .  .  .  lOo 
rter    recojjnized     by 

)r8liipo'fihe  press.  .   116 

ping  ill "'' 

ral  court   refuses   to 

nsiiipin'  !!!...  iw 


^. 


MnsxachnRottB,  shipbuilding  in 121 

Mnssaehusetts  resists  acts  of  trade  .  .  .  .    l.ll 

Uiissachusetts,  cli:irteriiiodi(ied i:)7 

Massaehusetta,  cliarter  nnnuiled 141 

Mnssaehusetts  resumes  tlio  n^overnment  .  149 
Mussachusetts,  bills  of  credit  issued  by  .  152 
Mnssaehusetts,  charter  for.  issued  ....    15fl 

Massachusetts,  pine-trees  In 158 

MaHsacliuHetts,  weekly  mall  in 158 

MiissHchusetts  aslts  aid  from  the  colonies,  104 
Massacliusetts  forbids  Jesuits  from  coin- 

iui^  iu 170 

Massacliusetts  sends  an  expedition  against 

Acadie 178 

Massachusetts,  Indian  slaves  forbidileii  .  183 
Massachusetts,  Hank  of,  bills  of  credit  in,  184 
Mnssaehusetts,  Kaiik  of,  bills  of  credit  in,  187 
Massachusetts  maiiitnlns  the  freedom  of 

tlie  press 100 

Massachusetts,  taxes  paid  iu  produce  .  .  lUl 
MnssachusettH,  manufacture  uf  linen  in    .    11)1 

Mnssaehusetts,  bounty  on  linen li>3 

Mnssaehusetts  issues  fractional  currency     103 
Massachusetts  furnished  aid  by  Connec- 
ticut   105 

Massachusetts  sug^'^csts  a  convention  of 

the  colonics 106 

Massachusetts  receives  charter 100 

Massachusetts,  Kpiscopnliaus  allowed  to 

support  their  own  clerffy 200 

Massachusetts,  papcr-inilllft 201 

Massachusetts  issues  bills  of  credit    .  .  .    202 
Massachusetts,  Baptists  and  Quakers  al- 
lowed to  support  their  ministers  .   .  .   202 
Massachusetts,  dispute  with  the  j,'over- 

nor 201 

Massachusetts,  g-overnor  refuses  to  allow 

issue  of  bills  of  credit 208 

Massachusetts,  petitions  for  recall  of  in- 
structions    212 

Massachusetts,  petition  of,  refused  ....   213 
Massacliusetts  refuses  bills  of  llliode  Is- 
land    213 

Massachusetts,  banking  schemes  in,  for- 
bidden   223 

Massachusetts  issued  bills  of  credit  .  .  .  221 
Massachusetts  issues  bills  of  credit  .  .  .  228 
Massacliusetts  establishes  n  circulation  of 

coin 232 

Massachusetts,  arms  made  in 233 

Massachusetts,  specie  circulation  in  .  .  .  2:17 
Massachusetts  forbids  export  of  sheep  .  .  244 
Massachusetts,  gfolil  made  n  legal  tender  .  257 
Massachusetts  assembly  nsks  governor's 

removal 281 

Massachusetts,  slavery  abolished  in  .  .  .    283 
Massachusetts,  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 291 

Massachusetts,  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence in 206 

Massachusetts,  petition  dismissed  ....  300 
Mnssaehusetts,  slave-trade  suppressed  in,  300 
Massachusetts  assembly  adjourned    .  .  .    303 

Uiissacliiisetts,  feeling  in :i0S 

Massachusetts  consults  (Congress    ....    322 

Massachuselts  for  iudopeiideiice 343 

Massachusetts  sanctions  Declaration  .   .   ,    353 

Massachusetts  militia  dratted  in 305 

Massacliusetts  accepts  Constitution  .  .  .  380 
Mnssaehusetts,  slavery  abolished  in  .   .  .    402 

Hnssachusotts,  courts  in 405 

Mnssaehusetts  refuses  Congress 400 

Massachusetts,  premium  on  wolves  .  .  .  409 
Mnssaehusetts  cedes  land  to  the  United 

.States 416 

Massacliusetts    deeds    territory   to    the 

United  States 418 

Massacliusetts  courts  prevented  sifting  .  425 
Masaachusetts,  hahean  carpus  suspended  .  420 
Massachusetts  establishes  a  mint    ....    427 

Massachusetts  asks  aid 428 

Massachusetts  accepts  constitution    •  •  .   430 


Mnsnachufletts,  nocts  to  support  their  own 

ministers 611- 

Massachusetts,  land  question  in 611 

Mnssaehusetts  remonstrates  against  the 

war 622 

Massachur.ctts    forbids   use   of   Jails  to 

United  States 624 

Massachusetts  appoints  delegates  to  Hart- 
ford convention 629 

Massachusetts  Peace  Society  suggests  ar- 
bitration   533 

Massacliusetts,   association  of  mechanics 

in,  hold  an  exhibition 643 

Massachusetts,  constitution  for 548 

Massacliusetts,  sutfrairc  in 648 

Massachusetts  Ucneriil  Hospital 551 

Massachusetts,  report  on  geology,  zool- 
ogy, and  botany  of 605 

Massachusetts,  religious  liberty  in  ...  .  670 
Massachusetts,  railroad  commissioners  in  078 
Massacliusetts,  state  board  of  health  in   .    080 

Massacre  at  Boston 2^0 

Massacre  at  Wyoming 375 

Massacre  at  Frenchtown 519 

Matamoras  declared  blockaded 005 

Maximilian  accepts  rule  of  Mexico  ....  041 
Maxiniilinn  accepts  crown  of  Mexico   .  .    013 

Mnximilian  sliot 009 

Mayflower  brings  colony 29 

Meade,  General,  put  in  command    ....    039 

Mechanics  to  Virginia 22 

Mechanics' association  in  New  Mampsliire,  489 
Mechanics,  association  of,  iu   ^lassachu- 

setts 643 

Mechanics  Institute  in  Boston 558 

Meclmnius  Institute  in  New  York  ....  568 
Meehanicsviile,  Virginia,  battle  at  ...  .  629 
Mecklenburg  County  passes  resolutions  ,  324 
Medary,  Samuel,  governor  of  Kansas  .   .    616 

Mediation,  attempt  at   ...   - 3i"I 

Mediation  oifered  by  empress  of  Uussia  .    3';7 

Mediation  ofl'ered  by  Russia 520 

Slediatioii  proposed  by  Franco 034 

Mediation  by  France  declined 036 

Medical  school  at  rhiladelphia 261 

Medical  Kcpository  published 471 

Megapolenfs,  minister  at  Manhattan  .  .  .    100 

Memorial  to  colonies 313 

Memphis,  Tennessee,  settled 549 

Memphis  surrendered 628 

Meiiftoza,  Don  Antonio   de,  viceroy   of 

Mexico 16 

Mercantile  Library  in  New  York  ....  549 
Merchandise,  importation  lorbiddcu  ...  05 
Merchandise,    American,    permitted    in 

Ktighnid 505 

Merchants'  Bank  chartered 496 

Merchants  in  Boston  protest  against  the 

tarifl' 501 

Merchants  of  New  York  advise  measures 

for  relief 581 

Mercury,  American  Weekly,  published  in 

I'hiladelphia 189 

Mercury,  New  York,  published 236 

Mercury,  New  I'ort,  published 251 

Mercury,   Portsmouth,    and  Weekly   Ad- 
vertiser, publislied.  New  Hampshire  .    271 
Mercury,  Pennsylvania,  published  ....    :i.'i3 
Mercury,  Massachusetts,  published    .  .   .   454 

Merino  sheep  imported 459 

Merino  sheep  imported 507 

]\Ieriiio  slieej)  in  Massachusetts 508 

Merino,  Society  of,  Middle  States  ....    612 
Merrimac    Manufucturing  Company   or- 
ganized     651 

Merrimac  at  Hampton  Roads 026 

Meteorological  observations  instituted  by 

Smithsonian  Institute 003 

Methodist  society  at  Savannah,  Georgia  .   219 

Methodist  society  in  New  York 272 

Methodist  Episcopal  Chui-cli  organized  .  417 
Metric  systciu  authorized 665 


752 


ANNALS   OF   NORTH  AMERICA. 


Mexican  United  States  organized    ....  663 

Mexican  congress  protest 034 

Mexicans,  records  of lu 

Mexico  llrst  lioard  of VZ 

Mexico  surrenders 14 

Mexico,  inquisition  In IH 

Mexico  divided  into  provinceti 350 

Mexico,  viceroy  deposed 605 

Mexico,  population  of 601) 

Mexico,  insurrection  in SOU 

Mexico,  independence  of,  declared  ....  5^3 

Mexico  rei>els  a<,aiinst  Spain 6^16 

Mexico,  viceroy  deposed 650 

Mexico,  plan  of  government  by  Iturbiile,  660 
Mexico,  inilependencc  of,  recognized   by 

Congress 651 

Mexico,   republican  form  of  government 

guaraniecd 652 

Mexico,  llurbide  proclaimed  emperor  .   .  65'i 

Mexico,  cortes  met 662 

Mexico,  constitutiou  for,  framed 563 

Mexico,  slavery  abolished  in 654 

Mexico,  Spaniards  expelled  from    ....  55'J 

Mexico,  Guerrero  president  of 601 

Mexico,  Spaniards  invade 601 

Mexico,  Santa  Anna  president 670 

Mexico,  revolution  in 670 

Mexico,  congress  in 672 

Mexico,    message   on   her   treatment  of 

United  States 680 

Mexico,  liustanii'ute  president  of   ...   .  581 

Mexico,  war  against,  declared  by  Franco,  6'~3 

Mexico,  constitution  lor 500 

Mexico,  Santu  Anna  iiresident 600 

Mexico,  Herrora  made  president .  ....  501 

Mexico,  squadron  sent  to  coast  of  ...  .  693 

Mexico,  war  with,  proclaimed 504 

Mexico,  sale  of  church  property  ordered  .  6i)0 
Mexico,  city  ol',  reached  by  General  Scott,  6'.)7 

Mexico,  city  of,  captured 60S 

Mexico,  Herrera  president 509 

Mexico,  Gadsden  purchase  from 005 

Mexico,  (jarrera  president  of 007 

Mexico,  General  Comonfort  president  .   .  010 
Mexico,  church  property  coniiacated  by 

Juarez CIG 

Mexico,  Liberal  party  defeated  by  Mira- 

mou C17 

Mexico,  Juarez  president  of (119 

Mexico,  .Juarez  dictator  of 0,!1 

Mexico  suspends  payment  to  foreign  na- 
tions    022 

Mexico,  monarchy  for,  suggested  ....  026 

Mexico,  Frencli  army  In 6'!2 

Mexico,  French  army  march  for 0:M 

Mexico,  French  army  enters OiiJ 

Mexico,  Miiximilian  accepts  rule  of  .   .   .  041 
3Iexlco,  Monterey  made  seat  of  govern- 
ment       043 

Mexico,  attitude  of  United  States  to  .  .  .  050 

Mexico,  blockade  of  ports  void 005 

Mexico,  French  embark  from OOiS 

Mexico,  Juarez  president  of .  085 

Mexico,  Lerdo  de  Tejada  president     .   .   .  088 

Jlexico,  laws  of,  reform  in 002 

Miami  exportinj,'  company  formed  ....  401 

Micanopy,  Florida,  attacked  by  Indiana  .  677 

Michigan  surrendered  to  the  britisli  .  .   .  515 

Michigan  evacuated  by  the  Dritish  ....  522 

Michigan,  lands  annexed  to 541 

Michigan,  Lake,  llrst  steamboat  on    .  .  .  557 

Michigan  admitted  to  the  Union 570 

Michigan,  geological  survey  of 693 

Michigan  Agricultural  College  opened  .  .  013 

Micliigan,  fires  in 0.S5 

Michigan,  state  board  of  health  in  ...  .  090 

Middle  Creek,  Kentucky,  battle  at ...  .  024 

Middlesex  Canal  opened 490 

Mlddletown,    Wcsleyan    University    at, 

opened 505 

Mlddletown,  Connecticut,  girls'  industrial 

Bohool  at 681 


Milan,    (Sco  Derlin.) •  ...  513 

Military  departments  organized 340 

Military,  governor  to  cidl  on,  lu  Jlasaa- 

ehusctts 429 

Military,  condition  reported 4:17 

Militia,  volunteer,  in  Fennsylvauia    .  .  .   ^47 

Militia  enrolled  in  Virginia 317 

Militia  law  by  Congress 45) 

Militia  called  for 4;ii 

Militia,  quotas  called  from  the  states    .  ,   n)(i 

Milk,  patent  lor  condensing cii 

Mill  in  Albany 43 

Mill  in  Massuchusetts 41) 

Mill  In  Flymoutii- 41) 

Mill  in  Massaclmsetts 51 

Mill  in  Massachusetts hi 

iMill  in  Maryland 53 

Mill  in  I'lymouth 57 

Mill  in  Massachusetts fiy 

Mill  in  Kiiode  Island (U 

Mill  in  Maryland 05 

Mill  on  Governor's  Island 07 

Mill  in  Delaware 711 

Mill  at  Heaverwyck HI 

Mill  in  Maryland 88 

Mill  in  Connecticut 94 

Mill  in  Connecticut uu 

Mill  in  Maine loo 

Mill  in  Delaware 125 

Mill  in  Maine 120 

Mill  in  Massachusetts 120 

Mill  in  I'ennsylvania i:ia 

Mill  in  Newbury,  Massachusetts     ....   133 
Mill  in  Watertown,  Massachusetts    ...   13:1 

Mill  in  Pennsylvania IS) 

31111  in  West  Jersey 135 

Mill  at  Plymouth,  Massachusetts    ....   135 

Mill  in  Norwich,  Connecticut 135 

Mdl  in  Holjoken,  New  Jersey i:t8 

Mill  in  Piiiludelphia 141 

Mill  at  Perth  Araboy,  New  Jersey  ....   144 
Mill  in  Newbury,  Massachusetta    ....   145 

Mill  in  Groton,  Massachusetts UJ 

Mill  in  Waterbury,  Connecticut 157 

Mill  in  York,  Maine 157 

Mill  in  Boston,  Massachusetts 170 

Mill  in  New  London 182 

Jlill  In  New  London 1!» 

Mill  in  Wilmington,  Delaware 225 

Mill  in  New  York 43i) 

Mill  machinery  in  New  Hampshire    ...   440 

Mill  in  Pennsylvania 406 

Mill  Spring,  Kentucky,  battle  at 024 

Miller,    Colonel,    first    governor  of  Ar- 
kansas   647 

Miller,  E.  L.,  supervises  the  first  locomo- 
tive     803 

Millions  for  defence,  &e.,  origin  of     ...   472 

Mills  on  Manhattan 50 

Mills  in  Massachusetts 67 

31  ills  regulated  in  Massachusetts    ....     01 

Mills  in  Maine 77 

Mills  in  New  York St 

Mills  hi  Massachusetts 84 

Mills  in  Maine 127 

Mills  in  Delaware 121! 

Mills  in  Maine  taxed 138 

Mills  in  Pennsylvania M 

Mills  in  Maryland 221 

Mills  in  ISaltimore 2112 

Mills  in  Pennsylvania .  .   4:i4 

Mills  in  New  Jersey 4iifl 

Mills  in  New  Jersey 473 

Mill-stones  to  New  Kngland 38 

Milton,  Massachusetts,  paper-mill  in     .  .   201 

Minerva,  The,  published 458 

Mines  in  Massachusetts  granted S'J 

Mines,  discovery  of,  in  ("onnciiicut    ...     93 

Mines  on  Lake  Superior 21)1) 

Minister  to  Russia 402 

Minister  to  Great  Britain 417 

Minister  from  Spuiu 421 


1 


TNDEX. 


753 


613 

(if'anizort 340 

ciill  ou,  la  Itl:i!i:(»- 

429 

>ortcd 4:i7 

V'liniiylvHiiia    .  .  .  ^47 

jiuli* 317 

IB 4Vi 

...  4;u 

'rom  tlio  Htiitos    .  .   Tiirt 

uKiiisi on 

45 

4i) 

4« 

51 

52 

65 

67 

69 

(W 

M 

lanil 07 

79 

Ni 

88 

, W 

99 

100 

125 

120 

, 120 

1:12 

ssiichusotts     ....   IM 
tiissachusotts     ...   133 

113 

l;!5 

issuchusottrt    .  .  .  .   l:i5 

luecticut 135 

iv  Juraoy I'W 

141 

',  New  .IiTsoy  ....   144 
insuiihusott3     ....    145 

iiidiusetts 145 

ionnecticut 157 

157 

achiiaotts 170 

182 

199 

Delaware 225 

439 

w  Haiupshiro    ...  440 

408 

y,  battle  at 024 

it    (joveruor  of  Ar- 

547 

Isea  the  first  locomo- 

563 

&c.,  origin  of     ...   •172 

Ks.'.   '.'.'.   '..'.'•'•  67 

issacliusetts    ....  01 

77 

8:1 

ts        SI 

:.:....  1^7 

1'29 

'  ■     i;« 

lOO 

'   ■ 221 

'    '  2'I2 

''''.'.'.'.'•.•  ~y~^ 

....  4i'ifl 

'.  W.   ....■■  ii^- 

gland "^ 

tR,  paper-mill  iu     .  •  ~^\ 

heJ ■»?* 

tts  granted ";! 

in  (^onneiiicut    .  .  .  iki 

'": :::::::::  Z 

itain *'' 

421 


Ulnlfitcr  to  England 451 

M iiiJKter  to  France 400 

MlniRter  to  IOn<;lan<!  to  return 0O9 

Minister  from  Rngliind 510 

JliniHtors  to  Vir>,'iuia 77 

MiiiiHters'  law  of  settlement  in  Mnssacliu- 

Hctts 06 

MiniHters  in  Virginia 102 

Ministers    from    abroad    nrrcstod  ns  va- 
grants in  Conncetieut 220 

MinlHterB  in  MasHaeliusetts,  contributions 

to  support  of,  made  voluntary  ....  570 
Miuneapolis,  wire  suspension  bridge  over 

tlie  Mississippi Oil 

Minnesota  made  a  territory 001 

Minnesota  autliorized  to  form  a  state  gov- 

crun:cnt 612 

Minnesota  admitted  to  Union 016 

Minnesota,  Indian  massacre  In 031 

Minnesota,  flres  in 0K6 

Minnesota,  state  board  of  hcaltli  in   ...  000 

Minnesota,  locusts  iu CUd 

Mint  in  Maryland 06 

Mint  in  Maryland 108 

Mint  set  up  by  Vermont 410 

Mint  set  up  by  Connecticut 410 

Mint  established 427 

Mint  established  by  Masaaclmsetts    .  .  •  427 

Mintcstabiislied 452 

Mint,  stcnm-power  introduced 570 

Mint  laws,  a  code  of,  enacted 580 

Mint  at  San  Francisco,  Calii'ornia  ....  003 

Mint  laws  revised 088 

Mints  in  New  .Icrsey 423 

Mints  at  New  Orleans,  Cliariotte,  and  Dali- 

lonegn 572 

Minute-men  enrolled  In  Maspacliuaetts  .   .  317 

Miramon,  General,  President  of  Mexi>'0  .  010 

Miramon  defeats  Liberal  party  in  Mexico  017 

Miramon  besieged  Vera  (,'ruz 617 

Miramon  defeated  in  Mexico  by  I.iberal 

party 617 

Miscellany,  Exeter  Federal,  pnblistieil  .  .  443 
Misaionaries  arrested  in  Georijia  appeal  to 

Supreme  (^ourt 503 

Miasiouary  Kidge,  battle  of 041 

Misaiaaippi,  tlio,  discovered 120 

Mis^iaaippi  explored  by  Hennepin  ....  l;a 

Mississippi  descended  by  I, a  Salle  ....  130 

Miasisaippi  territory  created 472 

Mississippi  granted  an  assembly 480 

Mississippi  closed 480 

Missisaiiipi  territory,  claims  concerning  .  400 
Mississippi    territory,    part    of    Florida 

joined  to 614 

Mississippi  lands,  money  from  sale  of  .  .  626 

MiKsiasi|>pi  becomes  a  state    .......  &i8 

Mississippi  abolislies  slavery 050 

Mississippi,  conslitution  submitted  to  .   .  070 

Mississippi  admitted  to  representiition  .   .  081 
Mississippi,  disturbers  ordered  to  <iisj)(>rse  000 

Mississippi,  Soutli  Pass  of,  to  be  opened  .  007 

Mississippi  asks  aid  from  government .   .  008 

Missouri,  lead  mines  in,  discovered    .  .   .  100 

Missouri  Icud  mines  opened 101 

Missouri  Gazette 604 

Missouri,  name  given 614 

Missouri  Compromise 6-10 

Missouri  admitted  to  tlie  Union 640 

Missouri  Compromise  repealed 000 

Missouri,  western,  command  of,  by  Fre- 
mont       022 

Missouri,  martial  law  in 02:i 

Missouri  nbolisliea  slavery 040 

Missouri  abolishes  slavery O.")! 

Mobile  settled  by  Frencli 171 

Mobile,  fort  at,  talten  possession  oi    ,  .  .  520 

Mobile,  Alabama,  incorporated 647 

Mobile  surrendered , 054 

Modocs  executed 000 

Moieties  abolislied 005 

48 


Money  paid  Into  treasury  by  states  ...  420 
Money-order  uostnl  system  established    .    045 

Moniteur  publislied 401 

Monocacy  Kiver,  Maryland,  battle  of  .  ,  048 
Monroe,  James,  minister  to  France    .  .  .   400 

Montana  made  a  territory 043 

Monterey,  Mexijo,  captured 605 

Monterey,  seat  of  .Juarez' government .  .    04;J 

Montgomery,  Alabama,  settled 638 

Montgomery,  Alabama,  Confederate  con- 
gress at 610 

Montigny,  bishop  of  New  France    ....    104 

Montreal  named 16 

Montreal  made  a  missionary  station  ...     74 

Montreal  surrendered 254 

Monts,  Sieur  de,  granted  Acadio 21 

Monument  at  Gettysburg  to  soldiers  .  .  .  059 
Moore,  Sir  Henry,  on  niannfactories  .  .  27.'J 
Moravian  bretliren.  emigration  of  ...  .    231 

MoreloK,  .lose  Maria,  executed 533 

Morgan,  Justin,  foaled 450 

Morgan,  William,  diaappears 560 

Morgan,  John,  raid  of 020 

Morgan,  raid  in  Ghio 039 

Mormon  sect  founded 6(V( 

Mormons  settle  at  Nauvoo,  Illinois  .  583,685 
Mormon  temple  at  Nauvoo  begun  ....  680 
Mormons,  polygamy  establialicd  among  ,    601 

Mormons  driven  from  Nauvoo 503 

Mormons  settle  Salt  Lake  City 508 

Mormons  submitted  to  United  States  .  .  615 
Morning    Chronicle   published    in    New 

York 487 

Morning  Courier  published  in  New  York,  658 
Morocco  leather  made  in  Maasaclmsetts  .    286 

Morrill  tariil'  passed 017 

Morris,  Ucwis,  governor  of  New  .Jersey  .  2;;0 
Morris  and  Essex  Canal  chartered  ....   554 

Morris  Island  occupied 040 

Morse,  S.  K.,  edited  the  IJeoorder  ....  634 
Morse,  S.  F.  B.,  takes  out  caveat  for  tele- 

grapii , 581 

Morton  arrested :>0 

Morns  multicatilis,  ttrst  Bpccimcw  of .  .  .   668 

Mount  Wollaston,  settlement  nt 35 

Mountain  City,  Kocky  Mountain  Gold  Ke- 

portcr  publislu-d 016 

Mower  and  reaper  patented 588 

Mowers,  competition  of,  nt  Auburn   .  .   .    004 
Mulberry-trees  ordered  piantetl    in   Vir- 
ginia          .33 

Mnlberry-trces  in  Virginia 33 

Mulberry-trees,  bounty  on,  in  Massachu- 
setts   283 

Mumfordsvilie,  Kentuoky,  surrendered    .    0:>3 

JIunltions  of  war  pnrcliased 512 

Munitions  of  war  surrendered 050 

Murray,  John,  founder  of  UniverKalism  .  200 
Muscles  forbidden  to  be  used  for  lime  .  .    107 

Jluskets  made  in  Providence 3.35 

Mutiny  in  army 300 

Mutual  li'ire  Insurance  Company     ....   408 


Nail-machine  in  Massachusetts 427 

Nuil-niachine 402 

Nails  by  machinery 407 

Nails,  machine  for  making 473 

Nantucket,  whuie  fishery  begun  in     .   .  .  161 

Nantucket  robbed  of  vessels 380 

Nantucket  fo  remain  neutral 628 

Napoleon,  abdication  of 520 

Narragansett  territory  given   Rhode   Is- 
land    147 

Noshville  settled 381 

Nashville  Univrsity  founded 420 

Nashville  Union  puldished 573 

Nashville,  Tennessee,  occupied 025 

Nashville,  Tennessee,  battle  at 050 


764 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Kamau,  fort,  settlement 33 

NngRtiu  ocou|ilo(l 65 

Nntchuz,  MlHaiHHippI,  fort  iit 187 

Nntoliess  Oazottc  publiHlied 4K8 

Natohcz.  cxpe<lltlon  giitliui-H  at 010 

Natlonul  bank  crcHtuu -tuO 

Natiouiil  Iiitcllij^cnccr  publlshcil 481 

Nntioniil  Advociiic  publlitliuU 621 

Natioiiiil  bniik  cbartercd 01(5 

Natluiiiil  tlay^,  fashion  or,  proHcriboU  .  .  .  64v! 
National  Journnl  publlHlu'd  iii  VVuBliiug- 

ton 662 

Natiunnt  debt  oxtingiilHhcd 674 

National  Kra  publlBiicd  at  WnHhiu^^on    .   6U7 

National  debt 012 

National  Academy  of  Sciences  at  Waiili- 

in^on 637 

National  Uauk  Act 0  i7 

National  Hank  Act  amended 045 

National  debt,  maximum OOt 

National  debt,  act  to  roCund tttii 

National  bank  notea,  increase  of 082 

National  debt,  act  to  refund  amendod   .  .    08:t 

Natives  only  to  be  seamen 619 

Natural  history,  society  for,  in  Boston  .  61)0 
Naturalization,  Con^'resH  le;;islateH  on  .  .   444 

Naturnlizatiou  act  amended 402 

Naturalization  laws    . 474 

Naturalization  act  passed 487 

Naturalization,  time  for,  Icsaencd   ....   663 

Naurakeug,  colony  at 40 

Nautilus  captured  by  liritish  fleet  ....  615 
Nauvoo,  Illmois,  Mormons  settle  ut   .  683,  585 

Nauvoo,  Mormon  temple  at 680 

Naval  code  by  CongrcsH :i:S4 

Naval  conflict  of  thr  Chesapeake  ....  31K) 
Naval  enga<;omcnt  In  West  Indies  ....   404 

Naval  cnjjagcment  off  the  coast 611 

Naval  engagement  by  the  Wasp  and  the 

Frolic 617 

Naval  engagement  between  Constltiitioa 

and  Java 618 

Naval  engagement  between  Hornet  and 

Peacock 610 

Naval   engagement  between  the  Kuter- 

prisc  and  the  Boxer 522 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Kssex  and 

Phoebe 624 

Naval  force  of  United  States 524 

Naval   engagement  between  Frolic  and 

Orpheus 625 

Naval  engagement  between  Peacock  and 

Kpcrvier 626 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

lleindeer 620 

Naral  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

the  Avon 628 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Wasp  and 

the  Atlanta 528 

Naval  engagement  on  Lake  Champluiu  .  628 
Naval  engagement  on  Lake  Burgue  .  .  .  530 
Naval  engagement  between  the  President 

and  the  Endymiou 530 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Constitu- 
tion anclCyanc  and  Levant 532 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Hornet 

and  the  Penguin 632 

Naval  engagement  between  the  Peacock 

and  British  ship 633 

Naval  school  at  Annapolis,  Maryland  .  .   604 

Navigation,  inland  monopoly  of 473 

Navy  increased 476,  470 

Navy  vessels  sold 48-1 

Navy  increased 635 

Navy  yard  at  Gosport  burned 021 

Navv,  grade  of  admiral  created 065 

Neale,  Thomas,  post-routes  in  America  .    167 

Nebraska  made  a  territory 600 

Nebraska  forbids  slavery 010 

Nebraska  admitted  to  the  Union 600 

Nebraska,  storm  In 600 

Negroes'  vote  refused  by  Connecticut  .  .  600 


Nelson,  Thomas,  governor  of  Virginia  .  401 
Nethurlands,       (liscrimlnating       duties 

against,  repealed 540 

Neutral  Bhlps  to  be  seized  by  Knglaud  .  ,  6'io 

Neutrality  proclaimed -lai 

Neutrality  defined  by  Congress jCiO 

Neutrality,  violations  of,  torbiddeu   .  .  .  f)S',' 

Nevada  made  a  territory oiij 

Nevada  admitted  to  the  Union 0{-,o 

New  Amstel  named 102 

New  Amsterdam  attacked  by  Indians  .  .  luu 

New  Amsterdam  attacked  by  Indians  .  .  114 

New  Amsterdam,  convention  ut 114 

New  Amsterdam,  eloth  in 1^4 

New  Bedford  burned :)77 

New  Bedford  tfiven  a  charter tii 

New  Berne,  North  Carolina,  settled  .  .  .  lyi 
New   Brunswick,  New  Jersey,  Incorpo- 
rated       218 

New  Brunswick  made  separate  govern- 
ment    in 

New  Castle  settled if^ 

New  Castle  chartered laj 

New  Columbia,  gold  In oil 

New  ICngland,  name  of 25 

Now  England's  First  Fruits  piibliuhed     .  7j 
New  Kugland,  propositions  of  commiH- 

slon 117 

New  England,  plot  to  divide  the  Union  in  51:1 

New  England  Glass  Company  established  MS 

New  England  Farmer  published 552 

New  England,  nursery  lor  fruit-trees  In  .  655 

New  Franco  named 15 

New  France,  governor  of is 

New  France,  company  of,  dissolved  ...  lew 

New  France,  La  Jonquiere,  governor  of.  220 

New  Hampshire  named 41 

New  Hampshire  separated  from  Massa- 
chusetts    m 

New  Hampshire  petitions  for  Cranfleld's 

removal 142 

Now  Hampshire,  representatives  for    .  .  157 

New  Hampshire  issues  bills  of  credit   .  .  178 

New  Hampshire,  Bank  ot' bills  of  credit  in  187 
New  Hampshire,  sects  allowed  to  support 

their  own  clergy 20^1 

New  Hampshire,  suffrage  in 2OG 

New  Hampshire  Mercury  published  In    .  271 

New  Hampshire,  counties  in '£H 

New    Hampshire,    committee  of  corre- 
spondence la ZM 

New  Hampshire  consults  Congress    .  .  .  324 

New  Hampshire,  governor  retreats   ...  328 

New  Hampshire  against  independence  .  .  337 

Now  Hampshire,  constitution  of XiS 

New  Hampshire  accepts  independence  .  .  :)48 

New  Hampshire,  glass-works  In 3ua 

New  Hampshire,  census  in 407 

New  Hampshire  adopts  constitution  ...  409 
New  Hampshire,  remissioa  of  taxes  de- 
manded     426 

New  Hampshire  accepts  constitution    .  .  436 

New  Hampshire,  constitution  of 45''l 

New  Hampshire  legislature  changes  trus- 
tees of  Dartmouth  Coliege 5:15 

New  Hampshire,  appropriation  for  agri- 
culture and  manufactures 543 

New  Hampshire,  geological  survey  of  .  .  585 

New  Hampshire,  geological  survey  of  .  .  6i» 

New  Harmony  bought  by  Robert  Owen  .  661 

New  Haven  settled 69 

Now  Haven  government  organized    ...  63 

New  Haven,  iron-works  at 100 

New  Haven  appeals  against  Connecticut 

charter Ill 

New  Haven,  Yale  College  at ......  .  187 

New  Haven,  bells  made  at 218 

New  Hope  Church  Station,  Georgia,  bat- 
tle of    643 

New    Jersey   granted    to  Carteret    and 

Berkeley 116 

New  Jersey,  settlement  of 118 


INDEX. 


765 


mor  of  Virginia  .  401 
mliintlncr       dutloH 

612 

zed  by  Kn^limrt  •  •  6'Jfl 

45(1 

Doni{rcs» I(i0 

oC,  ibrbldilfU   .  .  .  5S'i 

ry <H(» 

0  Union MO 

m 

iked  by  Indinim  .  .  luo 

ikcU  by  Inillang  .  .  114 

vontiou  ut IH 

bin 1^4 

;!77 

chnrtiT ■i'rt 

iroliun,  Bottlod  ...   181 
w  Jersey,  Incorpo- 

,  .  .   . 218 

lo  sopnriiic  govern- 

.  .  . 411 

4fl 

Via 

In «11 

of -iS 

Kriiittf  published     .     75 
OBitlous  of  commiB- 

117 

)  divide  llio  Union  in  511 
Company  estiibHnlu'd   543 

r  published 552 

ry  lor  fruit-trees  in  .   555 

y'r  of'  '.'.'.'.'.''■  ■  .« 

,y  of,  dissolved  .   .  .  lOS 

nuierc,  governor  of.  220 

led •»! 

)iirfttod  from  Slassa- 

m 

i'tious  for  Cranlleld's 

142 

)re8cntatlve8  for  .  .  157 
108  bills  of  credit  .  .  178 
ik  of,  bills  of  credit  in  187 
ts  allowed  to  support 

201 

fragc  in i^M 

rcury  published  in    .   271 

intiesln a-Ji 

committee  of  corre- 

2W 

►suits  Congress  ...  324 
vcrnor  retreats  ...  328 
ilnst  Independence  .  .  337 

nstitution  of 3:i8 

pts  independence  .  .   ;J48 

IBS-works  in Svitf 

:isus  In *5^ 

)pts  constitution  ...  409 
emission  of  taxes  de- 

428 

icpt's  constitution    .  .  436 

nstitution  of 451 

Islature  changes  trus- 

^th  College K» 

jproprlation  for  ogri- 
nufaotures  ••••,••   2*5 
ological  survey  of  .  .  osa 
lological  survey  of  .  .  6i» 
'lit  by  Robert  Owen  .  551 

'     69 

ment  organized    ...    ^ 

orks  at •  :   ^"* 

B  against  Connecticut 

_.olle*geat 18J 

nade  at •'" 

Station,  Georgia,  bat- 

ted' to  Carteret    and 

110 

ncnto'f ^^ 


New  Jersey,  asuomblv  In 122 

New  Jersey,  HrHtiiilll  in l^'l 

New  .Jersey,  j)art  of,  boiiglit  by  Quakers  .  1:J8 

New  Jersey  iuriuiiily  divided 120 

Mew  Jersey,  irun-workH  in 130 

New  Jersey  claimed  by  Duke  of  York  .  .  1:I2 

New  Jersey  given  the  proprietors  ....  1:J4 

New  Jersey,  jjriuter  for KW 

New  Jersey  iorbids  export  of  bounls    .   .  1(11 

New  Jersey,  clotli  in 1(H 

New  Jersey,   Friends'  mcetlng-IiouHe  at 

Salem 108 

Now  Jersey,  Lord  Cornbury  governor  .   .  171 

New  Jersey,  assembly  in 171 

New  Jersey,  printing  in 172 

New  Jersey  ceded  to  tiie  crown 172 

Now  Jersey,  fulling-mill  in 17:t 

New  Jersey  petitioned  for  separate  gov- 
ernment    178 

New  Jersey  issues  bills  of  credit    ....  17l> 

New  Jersey,  duties  on  exports 184 

Now  Jersey,  duties  repealed 187 

Now  Jersey  copper  mine     , 100 

New  Jersey  issues  bills  of  credit    ....  102 
New  Jersey,  price  of  liquor  Hxei'  in  .  .  .  203 
New  Jersey  petitions  for  sepur.tte  gov- 
ernor      211 

New  Jersey,  governor  of,  appointed  ...  220 

New  Jersey,  ironworks  in 220 

New  Jersey,  duties  on  exports 227 

New  Jersey,  steam-engine  in 228 

New  Jersey,  proprietors  appeal  against 

assembly  of 231 

New  Jersey,  glass  factory  in 230 

New  Jersey,  Taws  of,  printed 2^17 

New  Jersey  assembly  replies  to  circular  .  200 

New  Jersey,  iron-works  in 273 

New  Jersey,  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 200 

New  Jersey  for  the  Congress 307 

New  Jersey  against  Independence  ....  3;W 

New  .Jersey  against  independeneo  ....  3M5 

New  Jersey  assembly  summoned    ....  345 

New  .Jersey  accepts  Independence  ....  :140 

New  Jersey  adopts  a  constitution  ....  361 

New  Jersey,  raid  in 377 

Now  Jersey,  iron-works  in 415 

New  Jersey,  minis  In 423 

New  .Jersey  charters  ennals 654 

New  Jersey,  geological  survey  of   ....  678 

New  Jersey,  general  railroad  law  in  .   .  .  088 
Now  Lights  building  churches  in  Conucc- 

ticut 227 

New  London,  Connecticut,  settled  ....  82 

New  I^ondon,  Connecticut,  fulling-mill  at,  168 

New  Liondon,  printing-press  at 170 

New  Ix>ndon,  convention  of  governors  at  170 

New  London,  congress  of  governors  at    .  181 

New  IvOndon,  grist-mill  in 182 

New  London,  fullin<;-r.iill  in 18:1 

New  Ijoudon,  sail-cloth  made  In 107 

New  Mexico  ceded  to  the  United  States  .  600 
New    Mexico   petitions    for     protection 

against  slavery GOO 

New  Mexico  made  a  territory 002 

Now  Mexico,  peonage  abolished  in    .  .  .  C07 

New  Netherland,  trade  of 25 

New  Netherlands,  cost  of  settlement  .   .  82 
New  Nothei  lands  surrendered  to  the  Kng- 

llBh 115 

New  Orleans  settled 188 

New  Orleans,  condition  of 105 

Now  Orleans,  deposit  in,  forbidden    .  .  .  489 

New  Orleans  received  from  France    .  .   .  402 

New  Orleans,  banks  of,  suspended  ....  525 

New  Orleans  threatened  by  the  Uritiah    .  STO 

New  Orleans,  second  attack  upon   ....  531 

New  Orleans,  tliird  attack  upon 531 

New  Orleans  I'ricea  Current  Issued    .  .  .  552 

New  Orleans  Bee  published 557 

New  Orleans,  mint  at 572 

New  Orleoas  Picayune  published   ....  570 


New  Orloonn  cnpturod (128 

New  Orleans,  state  convention  at    ...  .  (H3 

New  Orleans,  M'Enery  militia  in    ....  080 

New  Orleans,  disturbers  ordere<l  to  ills-  ' 

perse 000 

New  Testament  printed   In  Cambridge, 

Massnchusetts 107 

New  York  entered  by  Champlain    ....  23 

New  York,  privileges  granted  in     ....  24 

New  York,  priec  of  bricks  in 107 

Now  York,  wind  mill  in 100 

New  York  granted  l.'uko  of  York   ....  115 

New  York,  leligious  freedom  in 118 

New  York,  slavery  In 118 

New  York,  charter  of 119 

New  York  surrendered  to  the  Dutch     .  .  127 

New  York  restored  to  Knglanil 128 

New  York,  ass4-mbly  in 139 

Now  Y'ork  city,  monopoly  of  flour  ....  141 

New  York  city,  bakers  regulated     ....  140 

New  York,  assembly  in 165 

New  York,  flour  seized  in  .......  .  155 

New  York,  cliurchea  in 168 

New  York  laws  printed 100 

New  York,  monopoly  of  flour  repealed    .  101 

New  York,  British  soldiers  sent  to     .   .   .  101 

New  York  city,  progress  of 103 

New  York,  factions  in 170 

New  York  forbids  Jesuits  from  entering 

in 170 

New  York,  Lord  Cornbury  governor    .  .  171 
New  York  assembly  refuses  appropria- 
tions      173 

New    York,  disaenting  misHionaries  ac- 
quitted      178 

New  York  issuen  bills  of  credit 179 

New  York,  linen  manufactory  in 170 

New  Y'ork,  German  settlers  m 1(?0 

New  York,  insurrection  of  slaves  ....  182 

New  York  issues  bills  of  credit 184 

New  York,  linseed  oil  in 185 

New  York  bills  of  credit  issued 780 

New  York  Isbucs  bills  of  credit 188 

New    York   forbids    trading   with     the 

French 101 

New  York,  cenrius  in 200 

New  York,  glass  made  in 21 1 

New  Y'ork  city,  provision  for  the  poor  .  .  214 

New  York,  lead  in 215 

New  York,  rival  governors  in 217 

New  York  Issues  billB  of  credit 210 

New  York,  Jews  disrranehised 220 

New  York,  iron-works  in 222 

New  York,  gun-stocks  in 223 

New  York,  houses  in 233 

New  York  city,  lottery  in 2.35 

New  York,  iron-works  in 2^18 

New  York  voted  aid  to  Virginia 244 

New  York  city,  convention  of  governors  247 

New  York,  town  meetings  in 2.07 

New  York,  acts  of  assembly  printed  ...  203 

New  York,  Congress  met  at 208 

New  York,  paper  mill  in 277 

New  York,  committee  of  correspondence 

in 200 

New  York,  imports  to .S07 

New  York,  water-works  for 308 

New  York  consults  Congress 322 

New  York  against  iudepeudeiioe 330 

New  York  refuses  independence .340 

New  York  sanctions  Declaration     ....  351 

New  York  evacuated 353 

New  York  taken  by  British .154 

New  York,  fire  in   .  . :{54 

New  York  formed  a  consi It utiou     ....  303 

New  York,  slavery  in 367 

New  York  evacuated 386 

New  York  cedes  land  to  United  States  .  .  387 

New  York  ceiles  territory 309 

New  York  evacuated 412 

Now  York,  ship  from,  to  China 413 

New  York  accepts  the  Constitution   .  .  .  438 


756 


ANNALS   OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


New  York  rpnoiincon  rlnlm  over  Vermont, 

Now  York,  sliivury  nlxillMliod  In 

No\y    York,    apprupriution     for     publlo 

HcliooU 

New   York  luKlNlnture    rcNolvug    ai^iiiiiitt 

tt'rniH  propoHcd  lor  poiicc 

New  York,  bunk  of  Hiiviii}.'  »t 

New  York,  linprUoiuneut  for  debt  iibol- 

iHhcd     

New  York,  Blavory  nbollHhfd  In 

New  York,  Hocloty  for  tlio  onco'jniijfini'nt 

of  Auiorimn  mHiuif'iioturi'H 

New  York,  npproprlntlon  for  oounty  nj^ri- 

cultiiral  HOulutlcH 

New  York  bnnklD^-syHtem  ri'portt-d  "oiit- 

riij^couH " 

New  York,  society  for  the  prevention  of 

piiuperlHin 

New  York  Observer  published 

New  York,  Meronntlle  Library  in  ...  . 
Now  Y'ork  Uaslight  Co.  Incorporated    .  . 

New  York,  slavery  aljollBliod  in 

New   York  nbolishus  imprisonniont    for 

riet)t 

New  York  (ilobe  publlsliod 

New  York,  Croton  water  in 

New  York,  riot  in,  a<;nin8t  Abolitionists  . 

New  York  Herald  pnblisiiod 

New  York,  ufoolo^ical  survey  of 

New  Y'ork,  bread  riot  in 

New  York  Kxpross  pnl)lis)ied 

New  York,  free  bnnl{in<;  law  in 

New  York  free  banking;  law  revised  .  .  . 

New  Y'ork  Tribune  pul)lishod 

Now  Y'ork,  Astor  Place  riot  in 

New  York  Leflt,'or  pnblislied 

New  York  Times  published 

New  York  Clipper  published 

New  York  World  published 

New  Y'ork  Cleutral  I'ark 

New  Y'ork,  attempt  to  (ire 

New  York,  salvage  corps  ori^anized  in  .  . 

New  York,  suspension  bridM  at 

New  York  stock  exchanjje  closed  .... 
New  York,  court  of  arbitration  in  .  .  .  . 
New  York,  bill  for  specie  payments  in  .  . 

Newark,  New  Jersey,  settled 

Newark,  New  Jersey,  tannery  in     .... 

Newark  Advertiser  published 

Ncwbern,  houses  in 

Newbern,  North  Carolina,  battle  at  .  .  . 
Newberu,  Nortli  Carolina,  captured  .  .  . 
Newbold,     Charles,     invents     cast-iron 

plou<;h 

Newburyport  settled 

Newibundland,  settlement  in 

Newport,  Khodc  Island,  settled 

Newport,  danger  from  Indians 

Newport,  uprisinu;' in 

Newport,  Uritish  sliips  leave 

Newport  taken  possession  of 

Newport  relieved 

News-letters 

News-placard  printed  in  Hoston 

Newspapers  to  pay  postaj^e 

Newspapers  in  mourning  lor  Stamp  Act . 

Newspapers  in  the  colonies 

Newspapers  in  New  York 

Newspapers  in  foreign  Inngunges  in  the 

United  States 

Niagara  mentioned 

Niagara  mentioned  by  Hennepin 

Niagara,  fort  at 

Niagara  visited 

Niagara  visited  by  Charlevoix 

Niagara,  attack  on,  deferred 

Niagara,  railway  suspension  bridge  at .  . 
Niles'  Ilegister  publislied  in  Baltimore  .  . 

Ninety-Six,  siege  of 

Ninth  administration 

Ninth  Census 

Nitre  factory  in  Virginia  ...» 


448 

478 

617 
620 


638 


6.10 


630 

641 

<H1 
54H 
610 
&3.'i 
668 

606 
0(!7 
572 
572 
573 
575 
575 
577 
5H4 
5811 
687 
OOi 
6(« 
00.3 
006 
017 
010 
OoO 
009 
O'.K) 
091 
090 
097 
120 
100 
506 
408 
025 
025 

470 
5.'} 
10 

a3 

05 
207 
.3+1 
:i58 
370 
173 
118 
250 
270 
317 
358 

557 
88 
133 
147 
147 
191 
247 
007 
511 
401 
591 
6.'S2 
;i59 


Non-importation  league  fbrmed  In  ^orth 
('aruiniu  

Non  importation  league  formed  in  Vir- 
K'olii     

Nouimportiitlon  in  the  colonies 

Nou-hnportatlon  In  Virginia 

Non-lrnpurtation  accepted  by  Congress    , 

Non-importation  in  New  York 

Non-im|)ortat  ju  In  Virginia  ....... 

Non-iiuportatlon  act  in  force 

Non-importiitlon  tt(!t  revised . 

Nonimportation  act  repcidL'd 

Non  Intercourse  In  Maryland 

Non-intercourse  in  Uostou     

Non-intercourse  in  IVnusylvanla    .... 

Non-intercourse  in  Viiginiu 

Non-intercourse  act       

Non-intercourse  ended  by  ]iroobnnatiou  . 

Non-intercourse  act  repealed 

Norfolk  captured    .  ^ 

Norfolk  bombarded 

Norfolk,  Virginia,  occupli'tl 

Normal  school  system  in  MiiKHiichu.setts  . 

Normal  si-liool  in  Massachusetts 

Normal  school  in  Albany 

Normid  schools,  number  of 

Norrldgewock  destroyed 

Norriilgewock  )>lllaged 

North  Amerioan  Itevlew  published  .... 

North  Carolina,  assembly  in 

Nortli  Carulina  assembly 

North  Carolina,  (Jcrman  settlers  In    ... 

North  C'arolina,  In<lian  war  in 

North  Carolina  issues  bills  of  credit .  .  . 

North  Carolina,  laws  of,  revisetl 

North  Carolina  issues  bills  of  credit .  .  . 

North  Carolina  assembly  complains  of 
governor     

North  Carolina,  quit-rents  resisted    .  .  . 

North  Carolina  issued  bills  of  ercillt .   .  . 

North  Carolma,  dispute  concerning  quit- 
rents    

North  (Jarollna,  population  of 

North  Carolina,  dispute  witli  governor    . 

North  Carolina,  quit-rents  in 

North  (!aroliua,  paper-mill  in 

North  Carolina  non-importation  league,  . 

North  Carolina,  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 

North  Carolina  for  Congress 

Nortli  Carolina  desires  independence    .  . 

North  Carolina  against  independence    .  . 

North  Carolina  for  independence     .... 

North  Carolina  proclaimed  in  rebellion    . 

North  Carolina  adopted  a  constitution  .  . 

Nortli  Carolina  adopts  a  constitution    .  . 

North  (;aroliutt  and  Vlrgiida  boundary 
marked 

North  CaroUnn,  estates  equally  divided  in, 

Nortli  Carolina  ceded  territory 

North  Carolina,  duty  on  slaves 

North  Carolina,  act  of  oblivion 

North  Carolina  accepts  Constitution  .  .  . 

North  Carolina  cedes  territory  to  the 
United  States 

North  Carolina  refuses  jails  to  United 
States  

North  Carolina  protests  against  the  taiill', 

North  Carolina,  silver  mine  in 

North  Carolina,  reconstruction  of  ...  . 

North  ('aroiinn  abollshca  slavery    .... 

North  Carolina  admitteil  to  representation 

North  Carolina  asks  aid  from  military  .  . 

North,  Lord,  resigns !  .  . 

Northern  Pad  lie  Kailroad  chartered  .  .  . 

Northmen,  discovery  of  America   .... 

Northwest  territory,  ordinance  for  .... 

Northwest  territory  organized  ...... 

Norwich,  Connecticut,  settled 

Norwich,  Connecticut,  paper-mill  in  .  .  . 

Notes  forbidden  companies 

Notes,  treasury,  receivable  for  dues  .  .  . 


282 

283 

2H7 

am 

312 
3'3 
319 

607 
SlU 
612 
■Mi 

■m 

307 
501 
607 
6:t2 
:i:i4 
XVi 
O-iS 
5tH) 
OKI 
691 
0tl2 

m 

193 
5:i4 
121 
123 
181 
182 

m 

185 
201 

210 
217 
218 

210 

221 
2:!0 
2:13 
272 
2H2 

297 
30H 
3:10 
336 
341 
342 
:i65 
359 

382 
415 
415 
423 
439 
4.38 

443 

449 

5(11 
678 
(;.">8 

m) 

072 
673 
404 
081 
9 
432 
442 
IW 
280 
494 
623 


INDEX. 


757 


•mod  In  ?rorth 

282 

urniiHl  In  Vir- 
a83 

loiiloH V!H7 

til  ••••••   '  *VM 

liy  CuuL'reiiB    .  312 

ork 3'3 

111 3I« 

•CO (507 

Lul 5:0 

lud Bli 

iiul -M 

I    -m 

L-lvnnlii    ....  -Vf! 

iii :io7 

6Ul 

nroclaiiiiitlon  .  607 

lid M2 

:i;!4 

*« 

IMl «■■!'* 

MuHHIlcllUSOttH  .    [yW 
lUMOtlH tW 

6U1 

of t«« 

m 

1U3 

imblislictl ,  .  .  .   5:!4 
in Wl 

ia3 

HCttlCPK  ill     ...     181 

nir  lu 1*4 

Is  of  credit ...    184 

revined 185 

lU  of  (TC'dit .  .  .  •-iO) 
V    ooniwlidiis    of 

210 

ta  resistod  .  .  .  217 
lU  of  credit ...  218 
couoernlny;  quit- 

219 

Ion  of '221 

with  jfovernor    .    2:!0 

ts  In 2''3 

ill  In '-472 

liirtrttion  k'a;,nic,  .  2SJ 
ceoScorrospond- 

,  .  .   297 

ri'ss '^ 

ndi'pcndinice  .  .  :!:!0 
idepuudenco  .  .  3:iO 
ndcnco  ....  ">41 
liid  in  rebellion  .  342 
a  conHtitutiou  .  .  •'tft5 
constitution  .  .  35'J 
iririnl'i  boundary 

382 

qually  divided  In,   413 

nitory 415 

slaves 42' 

bllvlon 4;l'J 

onBtltntion  .  .   .   4.« 
territory  to   the 

jails  to   United 

, 449 

against  thotmifl",    5iil 

line  in 87** 

ruction  of  ...  .    '•  '8 

H  slavery    ....    <MW 

I  toreprescHtatioii    072 

from  military  .   .    073 

404 

,d  chartered  .  .   .    081 

America   ....       9 
linance  for  ••••*]":; 

anized 441. 

ettled IW 

aper-mill  In .  .  .   280 

lies f^ 

ble  for  dues  .  .  .   o2J 


Notes  to  be  cxohani^od  foi  bonds  ....  603 
Notes,  compouud  IntercMt,  act  lor  payment 

ot 007 

Nova  Scotin  (rraiited 31 

Novn  .Scotia  cimrtor  coiillrmiMl 36 

Nova  Scotlii  nHks  ai<l  from  .MaHHachuMettM,  237 

Nova  Seotlii,  custoni-liouse  in 273 

Novn  .Scotia,  rect^ptlon  ol'  circular  letter,  277 

Nova  Scotia,  troops  withdrawn  from    .  .  279 

Nova  Scotia,  Torli'S  settled  In 410 

Nova  ricotla,  llrst  settlement  lu  Sydney 

County 414 

Novn  .Si-otia,  (;old  In O'JO 

Nova  .Scotia  rejects  plan  of  confederation  0.'(3 

Novella,  Uenoral,  nt  head  of  .Mexico     .  .  060 

Nullilicatiou  In  South  Carolina 607 

Nulliilcatlon,  ttatcs   express   themselves 

concerning 607 

Nulllfleation  ordinance  repealed  by  .South 

Carolina 608 

Nursery  for  fruit-treus  in  New  £uirlaud,  666 

O. 

Oath  of  alleg[lanco  taken  In   Btagsachu- 

setts 133 

Oath  taken  by  royal  (jovernors 270 

Oath  of  alle>;iance  required 3iK) 

Observatory  In  riilladelnhia 269 

Observatory  built  at  VVlllianiK  College  .   .  570 

Observatory  at  Ann  Arbor,  .Michigan    .   .  007 

Observatory,  Dudley,  at  Albany "Oil 

Ocean  crossed  by  the  steamship  Savan- 
nah      640 

Odd-Kellows,  first  loilge  instituted  ....  540 
O'Oonoga,  (jcueral,   nuikes    treaty   with 

Iturbide 550 

Office,  tenure  of,  bill  to  regulate o;0 

Officers  appointed  by  Congress 340 

Officers  in  army  ask  for  pay 408 

Officers  of  army,  meeting  called  by  Wash- 
ington    40H 

Ogle,  governor  of  Maryland 2;tl 

Oglethorpe  made  treaty  with  Indlan,s    .   ,  221 

Oglethorpe  returns  to  Kngland 227 

Ohio  Company  granted  land 2:14 

Ohio  explored  . 239 

Ohio  Company,  sale  of  land 432 

Ohio,  first  saw-mill  in 439 

Ohio  made  a  state 488 

0)ilo  orgimized  as  a  state 4.^9 

Oliio,  geological  report  of 5S1 

Ohio  rejects  extension  of  sulTrage  ....  (MiH 

Oil  from  cotton-seed 477 

OluBtco,  Florida,  battle  at 012 

Oneida,  New  York,  community  at  ...  .  695 
Ontario,  Lake,  territory  on,  claimed  by 

English 191 

Ontario,  Lake,  first  American  vessel  on    .  473 

Oracle  of  Dauphin  pnblislied 451 

Orders  in  council  to  be  witlidrawn  ....  509 

Orders  in  council  revoked 614 

Ordinance  for  the  North  weat  territory  .  .  432 
Ordinance  of  1787,  Its  extension  west  of 

Mississippi  proposed 647 

Ordinaries  licensed  in  Virginia 122 

Oregon  question  settled  by  treaty  ....  595 

Oregon  accepts  a  constitution 012 

Oregon  admitted  to  Union 010 

Organ  made  in  Massachusetts 220 

Organ  made  In  Massachusetts 243 

Orleans  territory  to  form  state  constitu- 
tion     510 

Orleans,  the  first  western  steamboat .  .  .  511 

Orphan  house  in  Suvainiah 22-3 

Orrery  made  In  Philadelphia 270 

Osceola  captured 682 

Ostend  nuniifesto  issued 007 

Oswego,  New  York,  fort  at 200 

Oswego,  forts  at,  surrendered 248 

Oswego  destroyed  by  Itritish 625 


Otis,  .lames,  flrgnea  against  writs  of  as- 

sistauce 203 

Owen,  Robert,  starts  his  community  .   ,  .  65:1 

Ox  mil,  Virginia,  battle  at 0:12 

Oxy-liydroguu  blowpipe  Invented  ....  482 


Pnckenham  killed  at  New  Orleans  ....  6:11 
racket,  Norwich,  published  In  Connecti- 
cut    290 

racket,  Pennsylvania,  or  General  Adver- 
tiser, publlHlied 3".3 

I'acket,  New  York,  and  American  A<lver- 

tiser  published '.  .  .TIS 

Packets  oil  the  Ohio 401 

Paliie,    Thomas,    ofl'ered    a    passage    to 

United  .States 485 

Paint,  use  of,  in  Massachusetts 06 

I'aii'.ters'  colors  on  sale  in  lioston  ....  1N4 

Painting  portraits 201 

Palisade  built  at  Plymouth 31 

I'alisade  built  at  New  Ami-terdam  ....  7fl 

Palladiitin  pulilished 484 

Palo  Alto,  Imttle  of,  fought 697 

I'amphlets  against  taxation 202 

Panama,  congress  at,  of  represeiitntlves 

from  South  American  republics  .   .  .  .^57 

Panic,  commercial fibO 

Paiile,  commercial,  begins  in  New  York  .  013 

Panic,  commercial.  In  New  York 0,7 

Panic,  commercial 091 

Paper-hangings 271 

Paper  made  In  M.issachiisetts 210 

Paper-mill  In  Pennsylvania LW 

Pai>er-mill  in  Delaware In4 

Paper-mill  In  Kllzabetlitown,  New  Jersey  201 

Paper-mill  In  Milton,  MassachiiKCtts  ...  201 

Paper-mill  in  Pennsylvania 211 

Paper  mill  in  Rhode  IslaTid 271 

Paper-mill  in  North  Carolina 273 

Paper-mill  in  Now  York 277 

Paper-mill  In  Connecticut 280 

Paper-mill  in  Connecticut ::57 

I'aper-mlll  in  Pittsfield ::ki 

Paper-mill  in  New  York 450 

Paper-mills  In  colonies 2^5 

Paper-mills  ill  New  England 320 

Paper-mills  in  colonies 429 

Piiper-mills  established  by  Kranklin  .   .  .  4:15 

Paper-mills  in  Massaehusetta 407 

Paper  money  Issued  by  Massachusetts  .  .  153 

Paper,  scarcity  of,  in  colonies 233 

Paper,  scarcity  of 400 

Papineau,  L.  J.,  heads  rebellion  in  Can- 
ada       581 

Parchment  made  In  Philadelphia    ....  2'.»2 

Paredes,  President  of  Mexico 594 

Parish  vestries  in  Virginia  to  elect  their 

rectors 233 

Parker,  Henry,  president  of  Georgia    ,  .  230 
Parliament  regulated  the  currency     .  .   .  178 
Parliament  pays  colonies  expenses    .  .  .  2:^0 
Parliament     grants    colonies    their    ex- 
penses    248 

Parliament  renounced  right  to  tax  colo- 
nies      375 

Passamaquoddy  Itay,  islands  in 520 

Passport  system  introduced ()2:! 

Patent  law 455 

Patent-office  reorganized 578 

Patent-office  burned 578 

Patents  granted 4!H 

Patents,  standing  committee  on,  created,  581 

Patterson  founded 461 

Patterson,  Commodore,  disperses  settle- 
ment at  Hatavia  Hay 520 

Paulus  Mook  captured 383 

Pauperism,  society  for  the  prevention  of, 

at  New  York 641 

Fay  of  members  of  Congress  Increased   .  536 


768 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Pay  of  incmbcrB  of  Tonffrcii  fixed   .  .  .  MO 

Pnyinrnt  by  tli*;  iiliiti>H 4<M 

I'uymoiit    to    luroittufrs    iuhpoikIikI    by 

Mexico avi 

Pnymonta,  tpi'olo,  vutvd  by  C'oiit^roiii    .  .  OJA 

I'liyiiKiiitK  to  Iiiilliin* Mt) 

I'aynit-iitN,  Hptntit',  roNiiintMl {M7 

I'ttzoD,   Vinuc-iito,    a>'<!nt    from   SpiiiiUh- 

Ani«rl(!Uii  rupiiblirit tHO 

Poii  KIiI);l>,  ArkaiiHiiH,  biittlo  nt O'^O 

Puuboily,  (luortfc,  coiitrlbutcH  fuiiii  I'or  ud- 

iiuiitlon 000 

PoiitH-  niiiiU)  with  Aoiidlu M 

PiMicu  or  llydwiok KM 

Pcuou  b(>tw(>t>ii  Kii);luud,  nnd  Krnncu  and 

Spain 183 

Pcaru  niado  with  thu  Indiana UM 

Peai.u  iiiaclt>  with  IndlaiiH  in  Oarolluii     .   .  'MS 

Pcauu  mailo  with  Indianit ZUi 

IVnue,  an  cll'ort  for :ts:i 

Pcnoo,  liiHtriictionH  Tor -lot 

Peace,  ui'j^otlationa  tor 40(1 

Poaco  pmimhiariua  B?},Mied 407 

Pouoc     butwcun     K^^rland,    Bpnin,    und 

I'Vancc 408 

Pcnno,  ncwH  or.  In  Phlliiii iphia 4UU 

Peace  proelninii.'d  by 'J'.iifroHB 40D 

Peace  proolaimod 411 

Peace,  eontlrination  iiroolnimed 41.1 

Peace  with  Tripoli 4U0 

Peace,  propoHal  of,  ut  Annapolis,  Mary- 
land    52:1 

Peace,  commlH»lon.-V8  for,  ii;;nol-itcd  .  .  .  6'£i 

Peace  with  Creeks  ii>'i(V  by  ilac  iHon  .  .  .  624 

Peace  cominlasioiicrH  nwet  lit  (ihent  .  .   .  527 

Peace,  treaty  of,  Bl)fnod 5:iO 

Peace  belwi-en  lilextco  and  France  ....  5*1 

Pcac<!  UK'ctinjT  ill  Now  York 0;u 

Peace,  conl'erence  for 052 

Peace,  proclamiit'.on  of 002 

Peace  eBtiibllMhuient  of  army OOj 

Peace  conimitiHlon  witli  Imliana OOU 

Peace  couunisxionerH  niaxnaored 080 

Peach-Treu  Creek,  Gror;,'la,  battle  of    .   .  018 

Peacock  captured  by  the  Hornet 51U 

Peacock,  the,  captun^H  the  lOiiervler  .  .   .  525 

Peebles   Kariu,  battle  at 04U 

Peckskill,  stores  destrovcd  nt :)0:t 

P(-ina(|nid  captured  by  the  Indians  .  .  .  .  KV) 

Pembroke,  rcHolvcs  of 2!)1 

Pence  coined  by  Houtli  Carolina 105 

Pence  coined  by  SouMi  Carolina 214 

Peninsula  campniirn  bejrun 027 

Penitentiaries,    use    of,    granted    United 

States  by  Pennsylvauiii 624 

Penn,  William,  restored  to  autliority     .  .  101 
Penn,  William,  proposes  scheme  of  gov- 
ernment    105 

Penn,  William,  agent  of  Uhodc  Island  .   .  172 
Penn,   William,  tliveatencd    to    sell    the 

province 180 

Pennsylvania,  beer  brewed  in lUU 

Pennsylvania,    cinirter     of,    granted   to 

Penn     136 

PenuHylvnnia,  tirst  assembly  in i:i8 

Pennsylvania,  a  colouy  for i:i8 

Penusylvauhi,  fairs  in 140 

Pennsylvania,  ue^ro  slaves  in lOS 

Pcinisylvaniu,  fulling-mill  in Kit) 

Pennsylvania,  charter  for lOU 

Pennsylvania,  ussembly  for 101) 

Pennsylvania,  exportation  of  leather  for- 
bidden    173 

Pennsylvania,  assembly  of,  accuses  Penn  .  17a 
Pennsylvania,  ussembly  of,  complains  of 

governor 177 

Pennsylvania,  governor  settles  in  ...   .  1^0 

Pennsylvania  laws  printed 182 

Pennsylvania,  duty  laid  on  negroes  and 

Iiidiang 183 

Pennsylvania  issues  bills  of  credit  .  .  .   .  1D4 

Pennsylvania  isoues  bills  of  credit ....  1U> 


Pcnnaylvanin,  Iron-worki  in  .  < 202 

PcnnHylvanla  iHNues  bills  of  erodit .  ...  201 

PennNylvunIa,  piiiK>i^mili  in 211 

PenuHyivunia,  silk  In 21fi 

iVnuHylvunla,  rell)<;ioui  ft-eodom  In  ....  215 

Pennsylvania,  Iron-works  in 2IH 

Pennsylvania,  loan olUce  In Zii 

Pennsylvania,  typofounderv  In 'iU 

Pennsylvania  votes  money  for  tlio  king    .  225 

Pennsylvania,  rolling-mill  In 22W 

PeunsylvaulH,  secret  iustructiona  to  the 

governor 2ri0 

PcnnMylvanin,  .lames  Hamilton  governor,  Ztt 

PonnHylvanIa,  I>illi4  of  credit  in 241) 

Pennsylvania  complains  of  secret  instruo- 

tions 249 

Pennsylvania,  proprietary  estates  taxed  .  2j2 
Pennsylvania,  riglit   to  tax    proprietary 

estates  supported 265 

Pennsylvania  petitions  for  royal  govern- 
ment     ....  203 

Pennsylvania   Packet,  or  General  Adver- 

tlM'T,  published 2K8 

Pennsylvania,  proclamation  in ICII 

Pennsylvania  against  Independeuco    ,  .  .  :i:i:i 
reunsylvauia  refuses  to    recall    instruc- 

tions  to  dele;^'iites 3'13 

Pennsylvania  accepts  Independi-nco    .  .  .  !Mfl 

Pennsylvania  accepts  hulepen<lenco    .  .  ,  ;U8 

Pennsylvania  adopted  a  constitution  .  .  .  :i54 

Pennsylvania,  new  government  organized,  :t62 

Pennsylvania  abollslies  slavery 3b0 

Penhsylvania,  quIt-rentN  veste<l  in  state   .  :\Ki 

Peunsylvania  abolishes  slavery 3)iO 

Pennsylvania  forbids  export  of  mnchln- 

eiy 430 

Pennsylvania  buys  territory 4:tS 

Pennsylvania  accepts  a  uonstltutlon    .  .  .  447 

Pennsylvania,  resistance  In,  to  taxes    .  .  478 

Pennsylvania  charters  specie-paying  banks,  524 
Pennsylvania  grants  use  of  Jails  to  United 

States 524 

Pennsylvania  incorporates  railroad  com- 
pany    652 

Pennsylvania  promotes  culture  of  silk  .  .  SIHl 

Pennsylvania  u'^ends  constitution  ....  575 

Pennsylvania  charters  bank 575 

Pennsylvania,  geological  survey  of  ,  .  ,  578 
Pennsylvania  adopts  common-school  sys- 
tem   5S3 

Pennsylvania  falls  to  pay  interest  .  ,  .  .  5mh 

Pennsylvania  resumed  jiayment 5U2 

Pennsylvania,  labor  bureau  in 08S 

Penobscot,  post  on,  captured  by  French    .  54 
Pensacola,  Florida,    lort   erected  at,    by 

Spaniards 103 

Pensacola  taken  possession  of  by  Span- 
iards    105 

Pensacola  ca|>tured I'M 

Pensacola,  ISritish  troops  at 527 

Pensacola  taken  possession  of 5:iO 

Peiisacola  cajjtured  by  (Joueral  .Jackson   .  543 
Pensacola,  restoration  to  Spain  ofl'ered  .   .  543 
Pensacola,  seizure  of,  disapproved  by  Con- 
gress       545 

Pensions  voted  to  the  soldiers  of  the  llevo- 

iutlon 641 

Peonage  abolished  in  New  Jlexico  ....  007 
"  People,  God  save  the,"  first  use  of  .  333,  339 

IVquot  war  began 67 

Perfectionists  settle  at  Oneida,  Now  York,  605 

Periodicals,  number  of 0?*0 

Perkins  Institute  for  the  ISIind  in  Uoston,  500 

I'erote,  castle  of,  captured 5U? 

Perry,  Oliver  11.,  gains  battle  of  Luko 

Krie 522 

Perry  ville.  Kentucky,  battle  of 033 

Pertli  Amboy,  New  Jersey,  mult-house 

in 142 

Petersburg,  Virginia,  attacked 045 

Petersburg,  Virginia,  iiivesteci 046 

Petersburg,  Virginia,  assault  on 648 


INDEX. 


769 


[■  in . 202 

■  of  orodit .  .  .  .  V(M 
Mil 211 

-m 

rrvuilom  In  .  .  .  .  21iS 

[S  lu -^IH 

}  In •ai 

(lory  In '£U 

i-y  for  the  klut;    .  za 

111  In zei 

Htructlona  to  tlio 

230 

ntnlltoii  ({ovoruur,  ^l 

■edit  in 24V 

I  of  Hucrot  Instrtifl- 

,  .  .  .   24«.t 

ry  cHtaton  tnxoil  .   'ia 

tiix    \iroiirletiiry 

203 

for  royul  ^jovcrn- 

....   203 

>i-auuoriil  Advor- 

288 

tlou  III %)1 

dL>iR-ii(J<'ncu  ...  333 
0    reuHll    iimtruc- 

3'J3 

dopondciico  .  .  .  34fl 
iiU'lK'udcnco  .  .  ,  318 
oDiiHtitution  .  .  .  :i54 
riimuiit  or<,ninlzcd,  302 

Hliivcry 3sO 

K  v(-Hto(l  In  Btiite   .   3Ki 

Hliivnry 3>M 

ixport  of  niitclilu- 

430 

itory 4:i8 

uoiiHtitutlon  ...  4^7 
ji>  In,  to  tiixos  .  .  478 
pL'cie-pnylni,'l)nuk»,  H'H 
oof  JiilU  to  United 

524 

itOB  rnllroad  com- 

,   .   . 552 

culture  of  Bilk  .  .  500 
DiiHtltutiou  ....   575 

ttiiilc 575 

al  Hurvcy  of  .  .  .  678 
niiiioii-si'liool  sys- 

BKi 

ly  intercut  .  .  .  .   58H 

iiiymeiit 602 

rciui  ill OSS 

lured  by  French    .     54 
rt   erected  ut,    by 
103 

iiiion  of  by  Span- 

105 

VM 

)s  ut 0'.'7 

)U  of 5:iO 

lU'ral  .lucknon   .   543 

0  .Spain  oflered  .  .   643 

snpprovod  by  Con- 
645 

Idlers  of  the  Uevo- 

641 

w  Jlexico ....   (107 

'  lirst  use  of  .  333,  330 
57 

)ueida,  New  York,  505 

■^ Of« 

Uliiid  in  UoBton,  600 

ed 607 

B  buttle  of  Luke 
622 

ittleof 033 

;rBey,  mult  house 
"^      142 

tucked 645 

vested 046 

suult  on 648 


Petition  to  the  kinor 3i.> 

retitiou  to  ■uiponil  ordinance  of  1787    .  .  4US 

retltlona  for  abolition  ufNiavrry 464 

Petroleum  obtalneil  in  I'ciiiiHylvaiilii .   .  .  604 
rotrol(!um  obtained  at  TItuavillo,  I'viin- 

lylvanltt 010 

]>otroUMiin,borliieiifor OIH 

I'lilliidelplila  Nettled IMU 

I'liiliidi'IphIa,  prIiillng'preitBlii 140 

I'liiludelpliiu,  Hizuof MS 

I'liijadtlplila,  piiblio  hl(,'h-Ht'hool  In    ...  148 

riiifiidi'lpliia,  wa;;en  in 106 

I'liiliiilelpliia,  charter  for 100 

riillndelplila,  Bhlppin^  of IH) 

I>hll;i<l('lphla  Mercury  |>iiblli<lied ISU 

I'lliludelpllia,  liiiHeed  exported 2U3 

riiibKlelphiu  Mbrary  or||uuized aw 

riiiladelphla,  lottery  in 231 

i'lillailcltiliiii  Academy ZV\ 

rillliidelplihi  iloNpltuI 2X1 

I'biludelphin,  Hhippliit;  of 2:13 

riiilndelpliia,  sllk-lilaturu  in 2.'iO 

Philadelphia,  iuIIIh  in 264 

riiiladelplilii  Company 270 

i'iiiladelphla,  nieeliiiLr  in,  on  tea 200 

1-hiludelpIila  thanks  UoHtoii 207 

riiiladelphla,  eonveiition  at 300 

I'liiladelpliia  captured ,'1U>> 

riiiludelphlii  for  Union .'H5 

I'hila<lelphia  ovacunted 375 

riillailclphla,  convention  In,  on  currency  .  3^7 

riiiladeiphia,  tyiiefoundery  in 417 

riiiladelphla,  cIlHpenHary  In 418 

rililailelphia,  Mtai^es  from 407 

riiiladeiphia    Falrinount    SVuter    WorkH 

built 6:)4 

rhiladelplila,  Savlnj,'  Fund  Society  at    .  .  633 
riiiladelphla,  Hociety  for  the  I'romotion 

of  I'ublic  Kcoiiumy  in 630 

riiil  iilelplila,    Franklin    Institute    iucor- 

ited 663 

Phil  .  i  ■Iphin,  Girnrd  Collcffe  opened  in  .  .  50s 

Philadelphia  banks  suspended Oi:i 

Philadelphia,  ciMiteimial  exposition  at .  .  (Km' 

PhilanthroplBt  published  at  Cincinnati  .   .  571 

Philip  killed 120 

Phipps,  Sir  William,  cxpeditiou  ugniiiHt 

(.atindu 152 

Plill)ps,  Sir  W.,  dispute  with  Uhodu    Is- 
land    150 

Phipps,  Sir  William,  governor  of  Massa- 

chusettB 150 

Phipps,  jifovernor,  summoned  to  England,  101 

Phosphate,  .South  Carolina Os" 

Pinnol'ortein  l'hiin<lelphla 310 

Pianoforte  hi  Philiidelphia 418 

Picolatu,  fort  of,  captured 221 

PictOD,  Nova  Scotia,  settled 270 

PIcton  made  a  free  port 5.i0 

Pictures  for  tlio  capitol  ordered 5:i-< 

Pierce,  Iticliard,  printer  in  Hoston  ....  141 
Pierce,  lilchnrd,  prints  first  newspaiier  in 

America 152 

Pike's  Peak,  Colorado,  gold  discovereil  at,  010 

Pilgrims,  comptict  of 20 

Pillory  in  IJoston 4piO 

Piue-ti'ces  reserved    for    tlie    public    In 

Massachusetts 122 

Pine-trees  in  Massacliiisetts 158 

Pine-triL's  protetrted  by  a  penalty    ....  iHl 

Pinnace  built  at  Plymouth 30 

Pipes,  tobacco,  price  of I'M 

Pirates  tried  and  executed 103 

Pirates  executed 188 

Pirates  executed 180 

Pitch,  bounty  on 173 

Pitt,  William,  on  the  Stamp  .\ct 273 

Pittsburg  claimed  by  Virginia 208 

Pittsburg  laid  out 413 

Pittsburg,  flrst  steamboat  built  at  ....  611 

Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania,  rolling-miU  in  .  510 

Pittsburg,  price  of  salt  at 617 


PittRburif,  iitoiim  pap«r-Pilll  In S94 

PIttsburtf,  Pennsylvniiin,  convention  ft-oin 

(Vt-e  states  hi 000 

Pittsburg  I juidhiif,  bottle  nt 027 

Plan  of  action 30:1 

Plan  of  campaign -101 

Plan  of  campaign  nrrnnged 40.5 

Plasfer-mlll  In  Now  York 401 

Plattsburg  stores  burned  by  the  Hrltlsh    .  OTJ 

I'luy  represented  In  Hostoil 237 

Play,  (Irst  Aiiierlwin 4'';| 

Plays,  ropyrlglit  law  extended  to   ...  .  000 

Plough  in  MassacliuHetlH 60 

Plough,  wooden,  dcscriplinn  of tXU 

Plougti,  small,  Introduced  In  IllinolH    .  .  63:1 
Plough,  steam,  iralns  premium  at  ftilr  iit 

Freeport,  lllllioiH ,    .  olfl 

Ploughing  in  Saleii* (U 

Ploughs  patented 4uO 

Plough  tloy  publlshe<l  III  Albany    ....  601 

Plymonlh  Company  chiirti'i-ed lel 

Plymouth    Colony,    expedition    t-j    New 

Kiigland 20 

Plymouth  Colony  set  out 28 

Plymouth  Company  supert-edc'il 28 

Plymouth  Colony,  deeil  of  land 31 

Plymouth,  land  of,  conveved 32 

Plymouth  purchases  land 32 

Plymouth,  population  of 34 

Plymoiitli  Council  divii'es  by  lot 36 

I'lymouth  Council  grantj  hiuil  in  Massn- 

chusetts 30 

Plymouth  Colony,  trade  of,  purchased  .  .  .37 
Plymouth  (Colony  obtains  a  puleiit  ,   ...  41 
Plymoutli,  governor  lined  for  not  accept- 
ing olflce 48 

Plymoutli  (Company  divide  their  territory,  61 

Plymouth,  charter  given  to  freemen  ...  72 
Plymouth  Colony,  sale  of  their  tract  at 

mouth  of  tlie  Kennebec 101 

Piynuiuth  laws  printed 127 

Point  Comfort,  fort  at 44 

Polheuius,  minister  at  Long  Island  ...  lul 

I  olice,  Mi^tropolitan,  in  New  York     .  .  .  014 

I'oiitgravi  ascends  the  St.  Lawrence  ...  20 
Poor,  provision  made  for,  iu  New  York 

city 214 

Pope  appoints  apostolic  vicar 425 

Pope,  General,  not  entitled  to  mercy  .  .  .  031 

Poiie,  General,  retreats (KJi 

I'opular  uprisings  la  the  colonies    ....  207 

Population  of  colonies Vii 

Population  oftlie  1,'iilted  States 447 

Porcelahi  made  at  Jersey  City 537 

Port  Folio  published 48(1 

Port  Gibson,  Mississipiii,  battle  of     ...  0::>8 

Port  Hudson,  assault  on O.'b 

Port  Hudson,  attack  on (KV.t 

Port  Hudson  surrendered 010 

Port  Itoyal,  supplies  for 17 

Port  Royal,  colony  at 22 

Port  Royal  captured .38 

Port  Royal  recaptured  by  the  French    .  .  155 

Port  Royal  surrendered IhO 

Port  Royal,  an  expedition  iigninst  ....  lf-0 

Portland,  Maine,  settled 4« 

Portland,  Maine,  incorporated 424 

Portland,  Maine,  great  lire  in (;04 

Ports  of  Spain  ojieued  to  trade 2t5 

Ports  in  Hritish  posseBsions  opened   to 

Aiiiericau  vessels 642 

Ports  closed  to  Rritish  colonial  vessels    .  642 
Ports  closed  to  ISritish  vessels  from  West 

Indies 549 

Ports  opened  to  Hritish  ships  from  colo- 
nial ports 552 

Ports  free  to  Hritish  colonial  vessels     .  .  50:j 

Ports,  southern,  blockaded 020 

Ports,  southern,  opened 057 

Ports  of   United  Stales  opened  to  oora- 

tnercc 050 

PortBiuouth,  New  Hampshire,  'settled  .  .  33 


Y60 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


FortBinouth,  Rhode  iRlnnd,  settled    ...  00 

Portsmouth,  wind-mill  fur 107 

Portsmouth,  Now  ilumpshirc,  Fort  Wil- 

linin  and  Mary  dismnntloi'.      315 

Portsmouth,  New  Hampshire,  di.-stroyed,  331 

Portsmouth,  Virginia,  navy-ynrd  at  .  .  .  35< 

Post,  New  Yorlt  lOveniMff,  publisiu'd  .  .  .  229 

Post,  Ponnsylvania  Evonhij,',  pub'.islied    .  3;W 

Post  published  in  PittsbUDj 40C 

Post,    convention   to    imj-.-ove,    between 

En-;lnnd  and  United  btutos 000 

PoRtai^o,  rates  of 168 

Postiige,  rate  of,  reduced 693 

Posta<;c  stamps  for  rurrenoy 0:.0 

Postal  service  orjijanized 328 

Postal  communication  cloned  with  Confed- 
eracy       021 

Postal  money-order  system  ostablinhed    .  0-15 

Post- Hoy,  lioHton  Weekly,  publislied    .  .  210 

Postmaster  jreneral  appointed 1S)3 

Post-oflice,  British  'system  extended  to 

America 180 

Post-ofllco  orjfaniaod 453 

Potatoes,  Irisli,  inti'oduced 18i) 

Potomac,  army  of,  MiClellan  in  command  022 

Potomac,  army  of,  in  Wilderness    ....  044 

Pottery  in  New  Netherlands 98 

Pottery  in  New  Jersey 26! 

Pottery  at  Baltimore 2(W 

Pottery-works  at  Jersey  City &(? 

Poughkeepsle,  New  York,  settled  ....  151 
Poughkeepsie,  Vassar  College  at     ....  021 
Pound  sterling  rated  for  customs  by  Con- 
gress       687 

Powder  made  in  Massachusetts    .  .   ,   ,  .  64 

Powder,  export  forbidden  from  England,  312 

Powder  in  Connecticut ;j59 

Powder-mill    at    Dorchester,    Massacliu- 

setts 135 

Powder-mill  in  Connecticut ;i;t7 

Powder-mills  in  Pennsylvatua 3:15 

Powder-mills  in  New  York 369 

Prairie  du  Chien  established 625 

Prairie  uu  Chien  captured  by  Canadians  .  o23 

Prairie  Grove,  Arkansas,  battle  at  ...   .  034 

Prairies,  timber-growing  on (i'.M) 

Premium  on  coin 527 

Premium  ou  gold 027 

Premiums  for  saltpetre 3;16 

Presbyterian    Church    on     abolition    of 

slavery 437 

Presbyterian  Churohj  union  of 07" 

PresUlent,  election  ot,  regulated 453 

President  inaugurated 484 

President,  the,   lired  into  by   the  .little 

Jlolt 511 

President  authorized  to  sell  stv-?k  ....  519 
President,  the,  captured   by   the    Endy- 

mion , 630 

President,  day  for  choosing  electors  lixecl,  593 

President,  House  resolves  to  impeach  .   .  071 

Prcsi'ie'.tial  levees  discontinued 484 

Press,  censorship  of,  in  Massachusetts     .  1(J8 

Press  censorship  in  Massachusetts  .  ...  110 

Press,  censorship  of,  in  Jlassachusetts  .  .  122 

Press  in  Hanover,  Vermont 372 

Press,  Associated,  in  New  York 000 

Price  of  tobacco  in  Virginia 20 

Price  of  bricks  in  Plymouth 77 

I'rlces,  scale  of,  lixed 371 

Prices  in  Providence 370 

Prices  in  Rhode  Island o-'O 

Prices  Current,  Boston,  published  ....  4(14 

Prices,  reduction  of 545 

Prices  in  Pittsburg,  Pennsylvania  ....  600 

Prices  Current  in  Cincinnati 672 

Prince,  Thomas,  one  of  the  Associates  .   .  37 

Prince  of  Wales  visits  United  States     .   .  017 

Princeton  College  formed 2;i0 

Pring,  Martin,  arrives  at  America  ....  20 

Print  emblematic  of  Stamp  Act 271 

Printing  prohibited  in  the  colonies  ....  144 


Printing  in  New  Jersey 172 

Printing-press  in  Marsachusctts flo 

Printing-press  to  New  England loi 

Printing-press  for  Massachusetts    ....  107 

Printing-prcMS  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  ^\>^ 

Printing-press  forbidden  in  Virghiia  ...  Ho 

Printing-press  forbidden  in  New  York  .  .  H:) 

Printing-press  in  Philadelphia 14« 

Printing-press  at  New  Liondon,  Connecti- 
cut.  1711 

Printing-press  at  Annapolis,  Maryland    .  luu 

Printing-press  in  Virginia 203 

Printing-press  In  Charleston,  South  Caro- 
lina     m 

I'rintingpress  in  Annapolis,  Maryland    .  m 
Printing-press  iu  Woodbridge,  New  Jer- 
sey       2)7 

Printing  press  in  Wilmington,  Delaware,  260 

Printing  press  in  Uliode  Island 257 

Printing-press  at  Savannah,  (ieorgia  .   .  .  iiail 

Printing-press  for  Canada :i!0 

Prison  hulks  lu  New  York  Bay ."iu'i 

Prisoners  exchanged  with  French  in  Can- 
ada      170 

Prisoners  to  be  sent  to  England  for  trial,  2-0 

Prisoners,  exchange  of 'M 

Prisoners,  embarkation  of,  suspcmled  .  .  371 

Prisoners  sent  to  V'irginia 377 

Prisoners  of  war  discharged 525 

I'risoners  di8charo;cd (Hi 

Prisoners  released tioS 

Prisoners,  southern,  released ('53 

Private  bills  introduced  in  Congroaa   .   .  .  uUS 

Privateer,  French,  seized 457 

Privateers  authorized  by  Cnngreso    .  .   .  ills 

Privateers  authorized  by  Massucliusctts  .  3)4 

Privateers,  success  of 3(H 

Privateers,  French  captures  by 4011 

I'rivateers,  Confederate,  to  be  treated  as 

pirates CJO 

Privileges    in     British     possessions     in 

America  not  secured   by  treaty  .   .   .  5M 

Privy  Council  ou  action  ol  Congress  .  .   .  .ilii 

Prizes  captured i'M 

Proclannition  of  pardon ;iiW 

Procl-mation  against  resistance    to   the 

excise 451 

Proclamation  against  foreign  iuvasio'.i  .  .  4.W 

Proclamation  against  t'enian  exjiedition  .  i'ii] 

Property,  bill  to  conllscate I>;1 

Property,  conliscation  act  lor (i:ii 

I'roprietary  rule  ceased  lu  Delaware  .   .   .  .'!2(J 

Proprietors  relinii|uisli  Carolina 20:) 

I'rotestants,  French,  surrender  (Quebec    .  37 
Protestants,  French,  sell  Quebec  to  Catho- 
lics       37 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  settled  ....  50 
Providence,  llliode  Island,  printing-press 

in 257 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  passes  resolu- 
tions   267 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,    votes  for  a 

congress 30^ 

Providence,  Rhode  Island,  man  whipped 

publicly  in 581 

Provident  Institution  for  Savings  at  Bos- 
ton       5'Mi 

Provincial  congress  in  Massachusetts  .  .  311 

Provision  for  soldiers  recommended  .  .  ,  :>><\ 

Provision  lor  generals :t'.i2 

Provisions  of  pence    ...........  407 

Prussia,  treaty  will' 4'JI 

IValms  published '.i:i 

Psalms  i)rinted  in  Indian 1711 

Public  debt  to  be  funded 413 

Public  debt,  appropriation  lor 4^7 

Public  debt 512 

Public  debt  of  the  United  Stales 51S 

Public  debt,  amount  of 589 

Public  debt 000 

Public  debt 002 

Public  debt 01' 


INDEX. 


761 


y 172 

BftCllUHOttS (W 

■  Euglmul 101 

B8;lcUll8L'ttB      ....  10? 

toil,  Mii8s;u'liU8L'tts,  m 

lea  ill  Vir^tiniii ...  1*) 

leu  in  Ni'w  Yoik  .  .  HI 

ladelpliia ,.  m 

t  London,  Couiiecfi 


mpolis,  Miirylanrt   . 

giuisi 

rlcston.SoutliCaro- 

inpolis,  Muryland    . 
oabriUtJc,  New  Jor- 

fm'iii'j,'to"'  nelawaro, 

Kit'  Islimd 

annuli,  (ieov};ia  .   .  . 
,Qacla 


179 

m 

m 

m 

217 
i!55 
■JSI 

;i.!0 


Yorlc  Buy 

witli  Kreiich  in  Van- 


3u'l 


17fi 


■^liiia  . 
iharged 
I    .   .  . 


to  En-rliiiid  for  tf""''  ~"^ 

of   .  r :i«l 

ion  oC,  suspended  .   .   'Ul 

Ml 

('(5S 

released •'53 

501 
■157 
;!is 
a;  I 
:w 


sed  in  Cons:r'"^-^s 

!ized 

d  by  Contjreso  .  .  . 
d  by  MiiBsacliuBCtts  . 

3f 

aptui-ea  by 

•ate,  to  be  treated  as 

;i8li  poBsessions  iu 
luued  by  treaty  .  .  . 
lion  of  Contjress  .  .  . 

don •  • 

8t  resistance   to   tlic 


020 

:iUi 
m 


it  foreit,'U  invasion  .  . 
V'eniiin  expedition  . 

liscate 

311  act  I'or 

ised  iu  Delaware  .  .  . 
sli  Carolina 

,  surrender  (Quebec     . 

sell  Quebec  to  Catlio- 


Island,  settled  .... 
Island,  piintiut?-pre8S 

island,  passes  resolu- 
I'sl'aiidi  votes  for  a 
Island,' man  whipped 

on  for  Saviufjs  at  ISos- 

in  Massnoliusetts  ,  . 
■rs  reconnnendeil  •  .  . 
•als 


451 
4.W 

■m 

37 

37 
50 

257 


267 


mi 


581 

5;w 

311 

:iSl 
wn 
■407 
4'Jl 


ndian 17'J 

nded -H;^  ■ 

riatioii  lor 4^^' 

512 

United  Stntos 

it  of 


Piiblio  debt 619 

Tiiblic  debt , 019 

Public  debt 000 

Public  debt,  statement  of 071) 

Public  lands  surveyed 405 

Public  lands,  sales  on  credit  abolished  .   .  651 

Public  Bchools  in  New  York 402 

Public  schools,  appropriation  for,  in  New 

York     517 

Public  schools,  Ie<;islution  mjfsjesteU  for  .  OitS 

Publichoiiso  in  HoHton 52 

Public  spinnin^'-Hchool  in  Boston  ....  219 
Public  admitted  to  house  of  Masaacliu- 

setts 272 

Public  buildinjfs  burned 527 

Public  distress,  report  on,    in    Penusyl- 

vaiiia 548 

Pulilic  Leilyer  published  in  Piiiladelpliia,  670 

Public  City  Library  at  ISoston  formed  .  .  003 

Puebia,  Alexico,  French  repulsed  at  .  .  .  <iiS 

Piiebia  surrendered 038 

Purrysbur-f  settled  ■ 205 

Purrysburg,  colony  to 214 


Q. 

Qaadrant  invented 205 

Quakers,  laws  a;^iiiiist 102 

Quiikers,  laws  aL'ainst,  in  Massacliusetts  .  103 

(iuiikcrs  lianged 104 

Quakers  executed  in  Massachusetts  ...  100 

Quakers  in  Virginia 112 

Quakers  purchase  part  of  New  Jersey  .  .  128 
Quakers,  sclioo^  established  by,  iu  Phila- 
delphia      140 

Quakers'  meeting-house  in  Salem,  New 

Jersey 108 

Quakers,  laws  against,  in  Connecticut,  de- 
clared void 170 

Quakers  forbidden  to  ufiirin  in  Penusyl- 

vania 185 

Quakers  forbidden  to  afhrm  in  New  Jer- 
sey       187 

Quakers  iu  Massachusetts  allowed  to  pay 

taxes  to  their  own  ministers 202 

Quakers  in  South  Carolina 237 

Quakers  advocate  peace 3:11 

Quakers  put  in  prison 300 

Quakers  executed  for  treason 377 

Quakers  enianeipalo  tiieir  slaves 4 15 

Quakers  petition  concerning  slavery  .  .   .  444 
Quarantine  buildings  destroyed  by  mob  at 

Castletoii,  Now  York 003 

Quarantine   buildings  burned  on  Staten 

Island 014 

Quebec  settled 23 

Quebec  passes  to  the  Hundred  Associates  37 

Quebec  captured 40 

Quebec,  Jesii't  college  at . 53 

Quebec,  IJrsuline  convent  in 69 

Quebec,  hospital  in 59 

Quebec,  Jesuit  seminary 10l> 

Quebec,  population  of 202 

Quebec  surrendered 253 

Quebec  attacked 264 

Quebec,  province  of,  created 269 

Quebec,  attt  jiassed 300 

Quebec,  attack  on 337 

Quebec,  convention  of  delegates  at     ...  04') 

Queenstown  Heights,  battle  of 610 

Queratano,  Mexico,  siege  of 008 

Quit-rent  in  Virginia 26 

Quit-rents  objecti-d  to  in  New  Jersey  .  .   .  123 

Quit-rentri  in  New  Jersey 120 

Quit-rents,  collection  resigtcd  iu  North 

Carolina 217 

Quit-rti.ts  abolished  in  Maryland  ....  387 

Otio  warranto,  writ  of,  against  Virginia  .  34 

Quotas  of  colonies  lixcd 100 

Quotas  asse'ised  by  Congress 308 

Quotas  of  the  states  appointed 414 


R. 

KagB  purchased  In  Boston 285 

Uags  in  Massachusetts .'!<J5 

Uiileigh,  Sir  Walter,  >,harter  to 18 

Kuleigli,  Sir  Walter,  assigns  his  patent    .  li, 
Kallroad  company  incorporated  in  Penn- 
sylvania    552 

Railroad,  Hudson  and  Mohawk,  chartered 

by  New  York 557 

Railroad  at  Quincy,  Massachusetts    .  .   .  558 

Railroad,  Maucli  Cliunk,  built 558 

Railroad,  Baltimore  and  Ohio,  chartered  .  55S 

Uailroad,  South  Carolina,  chartered  .   .  .  559 

Railroad,  Boston  and  Lowell,  chartered  .  503 
Railroad  from  New  Orleans  to  Lake  Pont- 

chartrain 50:1 

Railroad,   Beaver   Meadow,  uses  coal  as 

fuel 677 

Railroad,  Erie,  completed 000 

Railroad  route  to  th'  Paciiic  surveyed  .   .  004 
Railroad,  Ui'aiid  Trunk,  from  Quebec  to 

Toronto,  Canada 611 

Railroud  ConimisHioncrs,  board  iu  Mas- 
sachusetts    078 

Railroad,  general  law  in  New  Jersey     .  ,  6?« 

Railroads  advocated  by  John  Stevens  .   .  517 

Railroads,  iron  for,  free  of  duty 500 

Railroads  in  the  United  States 508 

Railroads,  public  lands  granted  to  .  .  .   .  0  0 

Railway,  narrow-gauge Oho 

Rambouillet  Decree  by  France 508 

Ratliffe,  John,  bookbinder 117 

Rattlesnake  captured  by  British 520 

Raynond,  Mississippi,  battle  of 038 

Read,  J.,  patents  reaper  and  mower  .  ,   .  5(-8 

Reaper  and  mower  patented 5ti8 

Reaper-machine  patented 509 

Reapers,  trial  of,  at  Buffalo 699 

Reajiers,  competition  of 003 

Reapers  and  mowers,  coinpetitiou  of,  at 

Syracuse 012 

Reapers,  competition  of,  at  Auburn,  New 

York 004 

Reasons  given  for  withdrawing  the  de- 
posits from  the  Bank  by  secretaiy  of 

treasury 570 

Rebellion  in  Albemarle,  Carolina    ....  132 

Receipts  of  the  United  States 483 

Reconstruction  bill 0!7 

Reconstruction  of  Nortli  Carolina  ....  OiS 

Reconstruction  of  Arkansas  recognized  .  000 

Reconstruction  Act,  supplement  to    ...  (XW 

Reconstructiou,  act  siipplcinentiiry  to   .   .  009 
Recorder,  the,  published  in  Chillicothe, 

Ohio 531 

Recorder  published  in  liostou 5:4 

Red  River,  settlement  on 184 

Recder,   A.  IL,  governor  of  Kansas,  re- 
moved    008 

Reeve,  Tapping,  opens  first  law-uchool,  417 

Reform,  laws  ot;  iu  Mexico 092 

Refugees  supported  in  Nova  Scotia    .  .  .  332 
Regicide  judges  take  refuge  in  Mar-L-achu- 

setts 106 

Regiments,  six,  raised  in  Connecticut  .  .  321 
Register    iniblislied    iu    Raleigli,    Nortli 

Carolina 477 

Register  publislied  in  Mobile 551 

Regulars,  twenty  regiments,  to  be  en- 
listed      319 

Regulating  act  passed 301 

Regulating  act  received  in  Boston  ....  302 

Regulators  iu  North  Carolina 2hi7 

Regulators  in  South  Carolina 287 

Regulctors  executed 288 

Rcj^iilators  appeased 289 

Religious  liberty  in  Massachusetts  .  ...  40 
Rellijious  disputes    forbidden    in  Mary- 

liiiid 03 

Religious  liberty  in  Rhode  Ishind  ....  08 

Religious  freedom  Iu  Rhode  Ibluud    ...  70 


:'4 


762 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


m 


Religious  liberty  petitioned  for  in  Massa- 

cliusetts  .  .' 87 

Rcli<,'ioug  liberty  in  Maryland 80,  DO 

Kelijriuug  freedom  in  New  York 112 

Kelii^ious  freedom  in  Uhode  iHlnnd    .  .  .  i:'J 

Koliff ions  freedom  in  New  York lid 

Keligious  tolerution  in  Pennsylvania    .  .  139 
Uclijjious  dispute  between  Qaakers  and 

■••■■•Kiiliu  140 

Iicli;i;iou8  toleration  in  MnssnchuaottH  .  ,  163 

Jteli;;ious  toleration  in  Virginia 106 

Keli^'ious  liberty  in  Connecticut 104 

Reli^^ioua  condition  of  Louisiana    ....  107 

Kclii^ious  liberty  in  Georgia 210 

Koligious  freedom  in  Pennsylvania   ...  215 

Reli^'ious  liberty  in  MaHsachuKCtts  .  .  .  .  410 

Religious  freedom  act  in  Virginia  ....  422 

Religious  revival 484 

Religious  liberty  suit  in  MassacliusettH   .  407 

Religious  freedom  in  Connecticut  ....  044 

Religious  liberty  in  New  Uumpalilrc  .  .  .  547 

Religious  liberty  in  Massachusetts    .  .  .  570 

Religious  lilx'ity  in  California 001 

Remonstrance  against  the  war  by  Massa- 
chusetts    522 

Rensseliierwyck,  government  of 01 

Iteparation  for  the  Chesapeake  accepted,  512 

Repertory  publislicd  in  lioston 488 

Report  on  condition  of  the  colonies  .  .  .  205 

Report  on  silk  printed  by  Congress   .  .  .  560 
Reporter  published  iu  Lexington,  Iten- 

tucky 407 

Reporter:!  in  Congresc 440 

Reporters  given  seats  in  the  House   .  .  .  485 
Reporters   expelled    from  the   floor   of 

House 521 

Represeutatiun  inaugurated  .in  Virginia,  27 

Representation  iu  Plymouth  . 04 

Representation,  ratios  of,  tlxed UU2 

Representatives  ibr  New  Hampshire    .  .  15? 
Itepublic  published  in  Washington    .  .  .  000 
Republican  lorn  of  government  guaran- 
teed to  Mexico 652 

Republican  party,  origin  of UOd 

Requisition  in  coin  on  the  states    ....  307 

Requisition  made  by  Congress 4,!1 

Resuca  de  la  Palmn,  battle  of,  fought .  .  .  507 

Resacii,  Georgia,  battle  of 044 

Resolutions  adopted  by  burgesses  of  Vir- 

giuia 280 

Resolutions  sent  to  states  by  Congress    .  4>6 

Itestrictious  on  commerce 112 

Retaliation  act  of  Congress :t80 

Retaliation  authorized 470 

Retaliation,  President  autiiorized  to  prac- 
tise      610 

Revenue  acts  enlbrced  in  Rliode  Island    .  Ii5d 

Revenue  acts  passed  by  Parliament    .  .  .  273 
Revenue  surplus  to   be  deposited  with 

states 677 

Revere,  Paul,  engraver 271 

Revolutiou  in  Suutii  Carolina 100 

Revulutlun  in  fjouth  Carolina  conllrmcd  .  102 

Revolutionary  soldiers,  act  for  relief  of, .  04 1 

Revolver.  Colt's,  patented 074 

Rhode  Island,  name  of 00 

Rhode  Island,  towns  in,  Uiiited 08 

Rliode  Island,  name  of 81 

Rhode  Islai^d,  government  of,  forbidden  .  83 

Rhodo  Islaud  government  organized  ...  87 
Rhode  Island  asks  to  be  one  C  L';;ited 

Colonies 80 

Rhndi!  Island  agents  to  Kngland 05 

Rhode  Island  united  under  charter    ...  07 

Rhode  Islaud,  two  assemblies  in 08 

Rhode  Island,  government  of 00 

Rhode  Island  on  Quakers 102,  103 

Rhode  island,  wampum  a  legal  tender  .  .  108 

Rhode  Islanil,  lime  iu im 

Rhode  Island,  charter  of Ill 

Rhode  leluud  charter  received Ill 


Rhode  Island,  wind-mill  in 114 

Rhode  Island,  llrst  assembly  in ng 

Rliodj  Island  assembly,  pay  of  members,   120 

Rhode  Islaud  assembly  divided 122 

Rhode  Island  passes  a  bankrupt  law  .  .  .   132 

Rhode  Island,  Israiditcs  in 141 

Rhode  Isi'tnd  humbly  petitions 145 

Rhode  Island,  suffrage  in 1-15 

Rhode  Island,  charter  of,  concealed  .  .  .  i>}7 
Rhode  Island  resumes  tiie  ciiarter  ....    149 

Rhode  Island  charter  valid    . 159 

Rhode  Inland  assembly  divided 103 

Rhode  Island,  violations  of  acts  of  trade,   lot) 
Rhode  Island,  command   of  militin  re- 
fused  172 

Rhode  Island,  Penn  agent  of 172 

Rhode  Island  issues  bills  of  credit .  ...    \;s 

Rhode  Island,  first  census  in 173 

Rhode  Island  redeems  bills  of  credit  .  .  181 
Rhode  Islaud  creates  bank   of  bills  of 

credit 185 

Rhode  Island  creates  a  bank  of  bills  of 

credit 193 

Rhode  Islaud,  common  drunkards  posted 

in 192 

Rhode  Island,  bounty  on  duck 193 

Rhode  Island,  right  of  suffrage  in  ...  .  190 
Rhode  Island,  tearing  the  bills  of  credit  to 

make  change  forbidden 197 

Rhode  Island  bank  of  bills  of  credit  cre- 
ated    201 

Rhode  Island,  lawyers  forbidden  being 

deputies 203 

Rhode  Island,  census  in 20;') 

Rhode  Island,  bounty  on  wolves 211 

Rhode  Island  creates  bank  of  bills   of 

credit 213 

Rhode  Island  suppresses  private  lotteries,   213 
Rhode  Island,  bills  of,  refused  by  Massa- 
chusetts   213 

Rhode  Island,  marriage  performed  by  all 

ministers .213 

Rliode  Island,  bounty  ou  Iwars 216 

R'lode  Island,  mills  in,  regulated    ....   216 

Rliode 'ilaud,  iron- works  in 217 

Rhodo  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 222 

Rhode  Island,  bank  of  bills  of  credit  cre- 
ated   227 

Rhodo  Island,  lottery  in 227 

Rhode  Island  returns  enslaved  Spaniards,   2'."9 

Ilhode  Island  laws  printed 2:)0 

Rhode  Island  bills  of  cr(>dit  burned  ...   234 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  iu 2'I6 

Rliode  Islaud,  bills  of  credit  in 238 

Rhode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 248 

Rhode  Island,  lottery  iu 25i 

Riiodc  Island,  theatricals  prohibited  in  .  267 
Rhode  Island  protests  against  Sugar  Act,   211! 

Rliode  Island  assembly  resolves 267 

Rhode  Island  stamp  distributer  resigned,  270 
Rhode  Island,  bankruptcy  law  in  ....  288 
Rliode  Islaud  repealed  bankruptcy  law     .   290 

Itliode  Island,  horse-stealing  in 200 

Rhode  Island,  committee  of  correspond- 
ence in 291 

Rhode  Island  abolishes  slavery 'W 

Rhode  Island,  census  in 302 

Rhode  Islaud  slave-trade  abolished    .  .  .   3(M 

Rhode  Island  for  independence .34'^ 

Rhode  Islaud  sanctions  the  Deslanition  .  352 
Rhode  Island  forbids  state  bills  of  credit,   374 

Rliode  Island,  scarcity  in 378 

Rhode  Island  suT'-ing  for  food 379 

Rliode  Island  relieve!  from  tax  .....  371) 
Rhode  Islaud,  sale  of  slaves  lorbidden  ,  .   3(>5 

Rliode  Island,  bills  of  credit  in 3111 

Rhode  Island  refuses  Congress 4U0 

Rhode  Island  lays  a  tariff 4UJ 

Rliodo  Island,  arf  w/<i>rcm  duties  by  ...  411 
Rhode  Island  paHHCH  cojiyriglit  law  ...  412 
Rhode  Islaud  rejects  Impost  Act 411 


INDEX. 


763 


lillin IH 

gembly  in 116 

y,  pay  of  membi-rs,  120 

y  divided 122 

I  bankrupt  law  ...  132 

es  in HI 

petitions 145 

e  in »5 

•  of,  concoalod   .  .  .  M7 

s,  tlic  Bliarter  ....  149 

valid 159 

ly  divided 103 

ons  of  acts  of  triidc,  IfliJ 
luud    of   militia  re- 

172 

iceut  of 172 

uillsof  credit.  . 
jiisus  in  .... 
18  bills  of  credit 
!8  bank    of   bills 


of 


IB  a  bank  of  billfl  of 
on  drunkards  posted 


178 
178 

m 

185 
192 


192 
193 
196 


rers  forbidden  being 


8  m 

y  on  \vo\ve8 
C8  bank   of 


bills   of 


y  on  duck  

of  suffrage  in  ...  . 
Ttlie  bills  of  credit  to 

bidden 107 

3{  bills  of  credit  cre- 
201 

203 

211 

213 
213 

213 

213 

;y  on  bears 216 

in,  regulated    .   .   .  .   21« 

vorks  in 217 

of  credit  in 222 

of  bills  of  credit  ere- 

227 

l-y  lu .   227 

enslaved  Spaniards,   2-'9 

ii.tcd 2:!0 

if  credit  burned   ...    234 
f  credit  in 2.')6 


sses  private  lotteries, 
of,  refused  by  Mussa- 

lage  performed  by  all 


of  credit  in 

>f  credit  ia 

y  in 

icals  proliihited  in    . 
H  against  Su^jar  Act, 

Ijly  resolves 

(iistributer  resisneil, 
iiptcy  law  in  .  .  .  . 
1  bankruptcy  law     . 

-Ht<'alint;  in 

iiittee  of  corrcspond- 


lu's  slavery    .... 

i»  in 

trade  abolished  .  . 
dependence  .... 
ons  the  Declaration 
Is  state  bills  ol  eredit,  374 
.  .  378 
.  .  37K 
,  .  .   37'J 


238 
218 
255 
267 
202 
267 
270 
288 
290 
290 

294 
2W 
302 
304 
34'i 
352 


lity  in 

ing  for  food  .  .  .  . 
e«!  from  tax  .  .  .  . 
Df  slaves  iorbiddeu 
of  credit  in  ... 
.>8  Cony;resB    ... 

tariff 

ilorcm  duties  by  . 
s  eoityriglit  law  . 
9  Impost  Aet .  .  . 


3)<5 
3D1 
400 
W 
411 
41:! 
4U 


Rhode  Island,  Rlnvery  abolished  in    .  .  •  416 

Rliode  Island  lays  import  duty 419 

Kliode  Island,  tariff  laid 420 

Kliodc  Island  accords  tariff  to  Congress  .   422 

KJiode  Island  forbids  slave-trade 4:i4 

Bliodc  Island  avoided  by  VVashingtou  .  .   443 
Rlicde  Island  considers  the  Constitution  .   443 
Rhode  Island  accepts  Constitution  .  .  .  .   445 
Rhode  Island  appoints  delegates  to  Hurt- 
ford  convention 630 

Rhode  Island,  geological  survey  of  .  .  .  584 
liltode  Island  accepts  Constitution  ....   StiU 

Rhode  Island  laws  revised 012 

Rice  raised  in  Virginia 80 

Rice  made  an  "  enumerated  "  article  ...    175 
Rice  made  a  legal  tender  In  South  Caro- 
lina     104 

Rich  assessed  for  poor  in  New  Orleans    .   C'U 

Richmond,  Virginia,  settled 2'.'5 

Richmond  burned 300 

Richmond  evacuated .   400 

Richmund  Inquirer  published 404 

Richmond,  Kentucky,  battle  at 032 

Richmond,  Virginia,  evacuated 054 

Rifled  cannon,  steel,  made 022 

Riifht  of  suffrage  in  Pennsylvania  ....  100 
Rl;j;ht  of  suffrage  in  Rhode  Island  ....    190 

Right  of  suffrage  in  Connecticut 644 

Rio  Grande,  army  ordered  to  lelt  bank  of,    604 

Riot  act  in  Massachusetts 420 

Riot  against  Abolitionists  in  New  York  .   672 

Riots,  draft,  in  New  York 040 

Ronds,  appropriations  for 400 

Itoanoke,  landed  at 18 

Roanoke  colony  lost 10 

Roanoke  colony  returns 19 

Roanoke,  second  colony  at 10 

Rosnoke  Island,  colony  at 19 

Roanoke  Island,  battle  at 026 

Robinson,  Charles,  governor  of  Kansas  .  600 
Robinson,  governor  of  Kansas,  arrested 

for  treason 600 

Robinson,    ijovcrnor    of    Kansas,    nolle 

prosequi  entered  on  his  case  ....    613 
Roche,  Marquis  de  la,  commission  to  con- 
quer Canada  .  .       10 

Rochester,  New  York,  mill  at 507 

Rochester  settled 508 

Rochester,    New    York,    first   flour   ex- 
ported   531 

Rocky    Mountain    Gold    Itcporter    pub- 
lished at   Mountain  City 010 

Rogers,     Moses,    commands    steanisliip 

Savannah 647 

Rolling-mill  in  Pennsylvania 229 

Rome,  Georgia,  captured 014 

Hope  made  in   Clmrlestown,  Massachu- 
setts   108 

Rope-walk  in  Koston 76 

Rope-walk  in  New  York  city ISO 

Rose.  lOriiestine  I..,  lectures 675 

Rosecrans,  General,  given  army  of  iveii- 

tucky 634 

Rosccrans,  General,  drives   Coiifediratc 

government  from  Tennossee 041 

Rosccrans,  General,  relieved 641 

Rowley,  Massachusetts,  settled 02 

Royal  commission  for  New  Kngland  re- 
ported   140 

Royal  instructions  adopted 280 

Kuin,  duty  on,  in  Maryland lt^5 

Ruiusi'ian  Society  formed 430 

Runisey,  .lames.  (See  Steamboat) ....  414 
Hush,    Uiehard,   Bccuros    the    legacy    of 

Smithson 683 

Russell's  Echo  )>ubllshed  in  Maine  ....  473 
Russell,  John,  makes  tirst  table-cutlery  .  671 
Russia,  Empress  of,  offers  mediation  .  .  .  397 
Russia  and  United  States,  treaty  between,  663 
Rutger'H     College,     iu     New     .Jersey, 

Ibunded 288 

Rye  raised  in  Massachusetts 49 


Sabine  Cross  Roads,  battle  at 643 

Saokctt's  Harbor  attacked 521 

Saco,  Maine,  attacked  by  Indians   ....    128 

Sa"  Harbor,  stores  destroyed  at 303 

San-cloth  made  in  New  London 197 

Sail-cloth,  a  bounty  on,  in  Massachusetts  108 
Sail-cloth,  l<:n<;lisli-inade,  ordered  ....    229 

Sail  duck  in  Massachusetts 430 

Sailors,  shipwrecked,  house  for 402 

St.  Albans,  Vermont,  raid  at 610 

St.  Albans,  raiders,  claim  for,  .ibaudoned  054 
St.  Augustine,  Ponce  dc  Leon  lands  at  .  12 
St.  Augustine,  expedition  against  ....  172 
St.  Augustine,  expedition  against   ....    .377 

St.  Domingo,  agent  sent  to 540 

St.  John's  captured 84 

St.  John's  captured 322 

St.  John's  captured .332 

St.  John's  College,  Maryland,  founded    .    415 
St.  John's,  name  changed  to  Prince  Ed- 
ward's Island 470 

St.  Juan  d'Ullott  captured  by  French  fleet   683 

St.  Louis  given  its  name 258 

St.  Louis  attacked 398 

St.  Louis,  circulation  in 494 

St.  Ivouis,  deepest  artesian  well  in  the 

world 600 

St.  Louis,  bridge  over  the  Mississippi  at .    OOtt 

St.  Mark's  College  founded 609 

St.  Mary's  threatened 55 

Salary  paid  by  crown 292 

Salary  grab,  act  for 689 

Salary  grab  repealed 603 

Salaries  in  Ithode  Island 102 

Salem,  Massachusetts,  settlement  at .  .  .     38 

Salem,  New  Jersey,  settled 129 

Salem,  general  court    of  Massa;!hU8ett8 

called  at 202 

Salt,  price  of.  in  Albany 44 

Salt  exported  f/om  Virginia 50 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 67 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 71 

Salt  made  in  Delaware 77 

Salt  In  Massachufictts 80 

Salt  in  Massachusetts 80 

Salt  springs  in  New  York 09 

Salt,  duty  on,  in  New  Amsterdam  ....     99 

Salt,  price  in  Delaware 106 

Salt  in  New  Netherlands 108 

Salt  made  in  Massachusetts 124 

Salt  and  wine  were  made  hubji.'ct  to  act  of 

10(i3 200 

Salt  in  Connecticut 229 

Salt,  Tortudas,  not  to  bo  used 25:j 

Salt,  the  supply  of 363 

Salt,  duty  on,  repealed 502 

Salt  springs  found  by  boring 617 

Salt,  supply  of,  for  the  Northwest ....  617 
Salt  Lake  City  settled  by  Mormons    .   .  .    698 

Salt-making  in  Virginia 27 

Sali;-tiiaklug  in  Massachusetts 39 

Salt-making  in  Massachusetts 371 

Salt-works  in  Virginia 44 

Salt-works  in  Massachusetts 97 

Salt-works  at  New  Amstel 103 

Salt-works  In  Pennsylvania .   413 

Salt-works  in  New  York 434 

Salt-works  lu  New  York 403 

Saltonstall,  Gordon,  governor  of  Connec- 
ticut   178 

Saltpetre  to  be  made  iu  Massachusetts  .  74 
Saltpetre,  premium  on  In,  Maryland  .  .  .  337 
Salvage  coi jjh  organized  in  New  York  .  .    009 

Sandemauians  at  Ito.iton 260 

San  Francisco  named 673 

San  I'Vuncisco,  flrst  house  iu 673 

San  Francisco,  mint  at     603 

San  Luisdc  Potosi,  Juarez  retreats  from    642 
Santa    Anna   lieads   an    insurrection    in 
Mexico .602 


764 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


Santa  Anna  captures  Spanish  army    .  .  .  5G1 

Saiitii  Anna  president  of  Mexico     ....  51)0 

Santa  Anna  dcponcrl 51)1 

Santa  Anna  banisheii  from  Mexico     .  .  .  6'.)2 

Santa  Anna  president  of  Mexico     ....  50i) 

Santa  Anna  banished 50'J 

Santa  Anna  president  of  Mexico     ....  (105 

Santa  Anna  abdicates  in  Mexico 007 

Saratoga  attaclced  by  Ind.'mH 'XiS 

Sava<je'K  station,  Vir<;inia.  battle  at  .  .  .  OJi) 

Savannah,  Geor<^ia,  scttlca 212 

Savaiinali,  colony  at 218 

Savnnnali,  Georgia,  Methodist  society  at  219 

Savannah,  orphan  liouse  in 22:) 

Savannah,  Georgia,  printing-press  at    .  .  259 

Savaniiali  captured     :)7S 

Savannali  assaulted 385 

Savainiaii,  expedition  to 386 

Savannali,  battle  near 4:i5 

Savannah  evacuated 4u6 

Savannah  occupied 651 

Savannali,  peace  resolutions  at G51 

Saving  fund  society  at  l'liiladeli>1iia   .  .  .  536 

Saw-mill  in  Delaware 10 

Saw  mill  to  New  England 38 

Sawmill  in  Maine 62 

Saw-mill  at  Scituatc I(i2 

Saw-mill  in  Connecticut 121 

Saw-mill  in  New  York 461 

Saw-mills  in  Maine 137 

Saws  made     487 

Saybrook  platform  approved  bv  Connec- 
ticut   ■ 178 

Scalps,  Indian,  premium  for,  in  Carolina  254 

Schenectady,  New  York,  settled 107 

Sclienectady,  New  York,  attacked  by  In- 
dians      151 

Scholicld,  John  M.,  nominated  8:?cret«ry 

of  war 071 

School  in  Massachusetts 61 

School  in  Newport,  Khode  Island  ....  08 

Schools  in  Massachusetts 92 

Schools  in  Maryland 195 

Scliool  fund  in  New  York 496 

Schools  to  teach  culture  of  silk  in  Penn- 
sylvania    560 

Schools,  lands  in  Michigan  reserved  ior  .  679 

Schools  for  idiots 509 

Sciota  Gazette  published 489 

Scituate,  saw-mill  ut 102 

Scituate,    Massachusetts,    plundered    by 

Itritish 526 

Scott,  VVinflcld,  at  battle  of  Chippeway  .  526 

Scott,  General,  enters  Jalapa 697 

Scott,  General,  captures  city  of  Mexico    .  698 

"  Scourge  of  Aristocracy  "  published     .  .  467 

Screw  propeller 6(il 

Sea  Island  cotton  in  South  Carolina  .  .  .  4:15 

Sea  Island  cotton,  crop  of 446 

Sea-coast  towns  prepare  to  defend  them- 
selves      528 

Seal  of  United  States 406 

Sealed  ballots  in  election 6:) 

Seamen,  regulated  by  Congress 445 

Seamen,  act  for  the  benefit  of 4r5 

Seamen,  impressed,  restored 512 

Seamen,  impressed,  returned  to  the  Ches- 
apeake    6.„ 

Seamen,  impressed,  cases  of 516 

Seamen,  only  Americans  to  be  employed 

as 519 

Secession    ordinance   passed    by    South 

Carolina 61S 

Secession  ordinances  passed  by  states  .  .  (US 

Sccessiouville,  bjittle  at 029 

Second  administration  . 468 

Second  administration 483 

Sects  allowed  to  support  their  own  clergy 

in  Coimecticut  and  New  Hampshire  .  203 
Sects  allowed  to  support  their  own  min- 
isters in  Massachusetts 611 

Securities  of  United  States  free  of  tax  .  .  047 


Sedition  act,  trials  under 

Sedition  act,  resolutions  against 

Selectmen  in  Massachusetts 

Selectmen,  term  tirpt  used 

Selma,  Alabama,  captured 

Seminary,  Transylvania,  incorporate:! .  . 

Seminole  war  ended  . 

Seminole  war  began 

Seminole  war  ended 

Seminole  war,  cost  of 

Seminoles  given  Florida 

Senate,  sessions  to  be  public 

Senate,  proceedings  made  public 

Senate  expels  a  member 

Senate  censures  president  for  removhig 
the  deposits 

Senate  "  expunges  "  resolution  of  censure 
on  President      

Senate  committee  reported  favorably  to 
bank 

Senate  elect  Vice-President 

Somite  adopts  slavery  amendment  .... 

Seneca  Falls,  Now  York,  woman's  rights 
meeting  at . 

Separatists  settle  in  Ohio    .  

Servants,  indentured,  set  fre     

Servants,  indentured,  made  free,  on  enlist- 
ment, in  Pennsylvania 

Servitude,  involuntary,  abolished  in 
Uhodc  Island , 

Seventh  administration 

Seven  Pines,  battle  at 

Sewing-machine  patented 

Sewing-machine,  patent  for 

Sewing-machines  patented 

Sliaker  society 

Shakers,  sect  of,  founded 

Shannon,  the,  captures  the  Chesapeake    . 

Shays,  Daniel,  insurrection  in  Massachu- 
setts   

Shays'  insurrection  suppressed 

Slieop  in  Massachusetts 

Sheep  exempted  from  taxation  in  Con- 
necticut    

Sheep,  pasturage  for,  in  Connecticut .   .  . 

Sheep,  export  of,  forbidden 

Sheep-raising,  order  concerning 

Shenandoah  Valley,  Confederates  in  .   .  . 

Sheridan,  General,  removed 

Sherman,  General,  sets  out  from  Vieks- 
burg 

Sherman,  General,  begins  Atlanta  cam- 
paign     

Sherman  begins  his  march 

Sherman,  march  through  Carolinas   .   .  . 

Sherman,  General,  ends  march  to  the  si'i 

Shiloh,  battle  at 

Ship  built  at  Marblchead 

Ship  from  New  York  to  China 

Ship-carpenter  in  Plymouth 

Sliip-builders  incorpoialed  In  Massacliu- 
setts  

Ship-building  in  Conneetieut 

Sliip  building  in  New  Kiigiaiid 

Ship-building  in  Massaeliusetts 

Shipping  to  New  England  prohibited    .  . 

Shipping  encouraged  in  KnglanJ    .... 

Shipping  in  Massachusetts 

Shiiipiiig  of  Piiiladelphia 

Shipping,  inerease  of,  complained  of .  .  . 

Shijiping  in  Connecticut 

Ships  to  Massachusetts 

Ships  built  at  Hoston 

Ships  of  Hhodc  Island  and  North  Caro- 
lina exempted  from  duty 

Shirley,  William,  governor  of  Massachu- 
setts   

Shoe-pegs  invented 

Shoes,  prices  of 

Shoes,  price  of,  regulated  by  ithode  Island 

Shoes  made  in  Lynn,  Massachusetts  .  .  . 

Shop  iu  Boston 


476 
47(i 
to 
87 
Col 
410 
64:| 


Dial 
&i; 

in;  I 

419 1 
•ijj  I 
4;o 

571 
671 

571 

681 

ml 

m\ 

S'i'Ji 

m 

223 

97 
578 
CiS 
M 
58!) 
5W 
at 
X 
5,'l 

438 
la 
M 

lOO 

m 

2H 

I'rHJ 


Sil 
Sill 


(ji 
1 


lilt 
iiii 

'in' 

'ir 

iirl 
« 
'i\l 
iixl 
lilt 
l.n 
Ill- 
lav 
I 
lav 
l;.v 
l;iv 
lav 
lav 
lav 
lav 


Uv 


M 


lav( 
av( 


1V( 

av( 

lav( 


INDEX. 


765 


inder     4761 

tiouH  against 476  ] 

chusctts 

>t  UHUd 

ilitui-ed 

^miia,  incorpoiMti?;! . 

1 

1 


«5 

87 

OJI I 
410 1 
54;| 

5:5 

5s;  I 
m\ 

i:ii  I 

449 1 
45'jl 


of 

loridii 

bo  publi;; 

i  niiulo  public  .  .  . 

mber 4,0 

residoiit  for  ri'inovin;,' 

5711 

»  rcBolutlou  of  censure 

reported*  favorably  to 

President 

ery  amendment  .... 
Yorlc,  woman's  ri^jlits 

in  Ohio 

•ed,  set  frc>        

eJ.made  frtc.on  enllst- 

aylvania  

iintary,     abolished     in 


571 

571 1 
581 1 

&13 

S'JOl 
5:fj| 
4?  I 

ml 

07 1 
•ation 5781 

oat fm 

latented 5'<7I 

patent  for 6Si)l 

patented 5iW| 

,.,,., 45'i 

'onnded ^'^l 

itures  the  Chesapeake    .  6:!1| 
jurrectioa  iu  Massaehu- 

4281 

4.sl 
4^1 


)n  s\ippres8ed 

lUsettH 

from  taxation  in  ("on 


Ml 
for,  ill  Connecticut .  .  .   w| 

forbidden 2H| 

er  concerning lif- 

!y,  Confederates  iu  .  .  .  Wi 

"   removed K0| 

sets  out  from  Vielcs- 

612 


ll,  begins  Atlanta  caui- 

lis  march 

tlirough  Carolinas   .   .  . 
1,  ends  march  to  the  Si'.i 

Ijlchoad 

oik  to  China 

Plymouth 

orpoiated  in  Massachu- 


>< 


onnecticut 

w  Kugiand 

Massachusetts 

Kngland  prohibited    .  . 
_ed  in  Kngland     .... 

iichusctts 

ulelphia 

of,  compUiined  ol  .  .  ■ 

eeticut 

UBCttS 

ton •  ■  •  • 

sland  and  North  (  aro- 

.1  from  duty 

governor  of  Massaohu- 


ed 


gulated  by  Khodo  Island 
run,  Massachusetts  .  .  . 


« Shorthorn  Herd-Book"  published    .  . 

Short-horn  cattle,  sale  of 

Short,  Thomas,  printer  at  New  London  . 

siireve,  U.  M.,  breaks  up  monopoly  of 
river  navigation 

ShurtlcfT  College,  Alt''    U'hiois,  begun  . 

Shutc,  Samuel,  govei..          *■   iVIassuchu- 
setts 

Sidney  made  a  free  port 

Signal  Service  Bureau,  meteorological  ob- 
servations given  to     

Sfenal  Service  stations  at  light-houses  .  . 

Silk  raising  in  Virginia 

Isilic,  culture  of,  iu  New  Netlierlands  .  .  . 

Isillc  culture  in  Virginia 

Silk  culture  in  Louisiana 

Silk  iu  Pennsylvania 

Silk,  bounty  iu  Georgia  for  reeling     .   ,  , 

Silk  free  ot  duty  from  Georgia  and  Car- 
olina   

Silk  filature  in  Philadelphia 

$ilk  culture  in  Georgia 

Silk  from  South  Carolina 

Silk  lilaturo  at  Savannah 

Silk  culture,  experiments  on,  by  President 
Stiles 

Silk  iu  Newport,  Rhode  Island 

Silk-throwsters 

Silk  Hlature  in  South  Carolina 

Silk  factory  in  Boston 

|Silk,  premium  for  piece  of,  in  Pennsyl- 
vania  

ISilk,  premiums  on 

pk  machinery,  export  forbidden  in  Kng- 
Innd 

[Silk,  premium  on.  In  Connecticut    .... 

Silk  manufacture  iu  Connecticut 

ISilk  raising  in  Connecticut 

ISilk,  report  on,  printed  by  Congress  .   .  . 

|Silk  culture,  premiums  by   a   society   in 
I'eunsylvania 

ISilk  culture,  manual  on,  iu    Massachu- 
setts   

I,  culture  of,  promoted  by  Pennsyl- 
vania     

ilk,  bounty  on,  in  Massacjiusetts,  Maine, 
and  New  Jersey 

iilk,  report  to  ( Jonufross  on  culture  of  .  . 

iilk,  bounty  on,  in  Pennsylvania  .  .... 

iilk,  national  society  organized  at  Balti- 
more      

Silver  mine  in  North  Carolina  opened  .  . 

Simsbury,    Connecticut,     copper    mines 
worked    

finking  fund,  appropriation  for 

^ir  Edmund  Audros,  his  goverumcut  in 
New  Kngland 

iiriuH  crosses  the  Atlantic  by  steam  .  .  . 

|ix  Nations,  treaty  with 

Sixth  administration 

iiicth  Massachusetts  mobbed  In  I'altimorc 

[late  quarries  in  the  United  States     .  .   . 

flavc  trade  to  West  Indies  begun   .... 

trade  thrown  open     

ivo  trade,  bill  to  suppress,  in  Massacliu- 

setts  

ive  trade  suppressed  in  Massachusetts 
trade  abolished  in  Iluode  Island  .  . 
lave  trade  forbidden  by  lihode  Island    . 

re  trade  prohibited 

r'c  trade  proliibited 

live  trade  abolished  by  Congress  .... 

JVC  trade  suppressed 

ivc  trade  in  District  of  Columbia  abol- 

ixhed     

.  fugitive,  law  passed  by  Congress  . 

|l«vi'  laws  in  Kansas 

lave  law,  fugitive,  repealed 

tiv<Ty  in  Virginia 

Iiivcry  in  New  York 

[livery  iu  Maryland     

pvcry  in  Virginia 


595 

mi 

iru 

530 
675 

187 
500 

603 
080 
28 
103 
11!) 
UH 
210 
•iU 

234 
230 
23(i 
240 
251 

251 
251 
271 
273 
28C 

280 

2U2 

305 

4(19 
435 
440 
659 


600 
565 
500 


577 

582 
582 


583 
578 


llavi 


177 
537 

145 
58-J 
415 
5r,0 
iWI 
557 
17 
237 

270 

300 
304 
434 
489 
500 
54  :i 
545 

()0i 

mi 

008 
010 
27 
87 
113 
121 


Slavery  of  Indians 130 

Slavery  In  Virginia 137 

Slavery  in  Virginia 176 

Slavery  of  the'  Indians     182 

Slavery  insurrection  in  New  York  ....  i82 

Slavery  In  Louisiana 182 

Slavery  in  South  Carolina 182 

Slavery  Ibrbldden  in  Georgia 217 

Slavery  introduced  into  Georgia 234 

Slavery  in  South  Carolina 237 

Slavery  abolished  In  Massachusetts    .  .  .  283 

Slavery,  Lord  Manslleld's  decision  ....  290 

Slavery  abolished  in  Uhodc  Island     .   .  .  299 

Slavery  in  Ithode  Island 332 

Slavery  abolished  In  Pennsylvnida     .   .   .  380 

Slavery  abolished  in  Pennsylvania     .  .  •  3S0 

Slavery  abolished  in  Massachusetts  .   .  .  402 

Slavery  abolished  in  Connecticut     ....  415 

Slavery  abolished  in  Rhode  Island  ....  415 
Slavery,  Presbyterian  Church  on  abull- 

tio..  of 437 

Slavery,  Quakers'  petition  concerning  .  .  444 

Slavery,  Congress  resolves  concerning     .  444 

Slavery,  petitions  for  its  abolition  ....  454 

Slavery,  convention  for  the  abolition  of  .  459 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 478 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  .Jersey    ....  493 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 638 

Slavery,  laws  concerning,  in  Mississippi .  533 
Slavery,  meetings  against  its  introduction 

west  of  the  Mississippi 647 

Slavery  west  of  the  Mississippi,  states 

voting  its  prohibition ,  543 

Slavery  abolished  iu  Mexico 554 

Slavery  abolished  in  New  York 558 

Slavery,  petition  for  the  abolition  of,  from 

District  of  Columbia 600 

Slavery,    Governor  JIcDufBe,   of    South 

Carolina,  on 674 

Slavery,  Congress  resolved  it  had  no  au- 
thority to  interfere  with 676 

Slavery  in  Diotrict  of  Columbia,  petitions 

for  its  abolition 676 

Slavery,  petitions  for  its  abolition  In  Dis- 
trict of  Columbia  to  be  laid  on  table  .  583 
Slavery,  resolutions  by  .loshua  Giddings  588 
Slavery,  abolltloik  of,  advocated  by  Cas- 

sius  M.  Clay 603 

Slavery,    petition     from    New    Mexico 

against.  In  that  territory 600 

Slavery,  President  Pierce  hopes  it  is  set- 
tled      605 

Slavery,  societies  to  prevent,  and  to  aid 

its  introduction  into  Kansas 000 

Slavery,  Dred  Scott  decision  by  Supreme 

Court 012 

Slavery,  laws  on,  in  Lecompton  constitu- 
tion    014 

Slavery  forbidden  in  Nebraska 619 

Slavery  abolished  in  Distrlctof  Columbia  027 

Slavery  abolished  by  Cherokee  nation  .   .  (130 

Slavery  abolished  by  Missouri ......  040 

Slavery  abolished  in  Louisiana 6-13 

Slavery  abolished  by  Maryland 040 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  resolved  by  House  .  040 

Slavery  abolislii'il  iu  Louisiana 048 

Slavery  abolished  in  Missouri C51 

Slavery,  amendment    abolishing,   in  the 

House 653 

Slavery  abolished  by  Mississippi    ....  0.")9 

Slavery  abolished  by  South  Carolina  .  .  .  059 

Shivery  abolished  by  Alabama ()59 

Slavery  abolislieil  by  (Jeorgla 000 

Slavery  abolished  by  North  Carolina    .   .  600 

Slavery,  abolition  of,  ofhcially  annonnced  009 

Slavery  abolished  by  Klorlda (liiO 

Slavery  abolished  by  Texas 0ii2 

Slavery  abolished  by  V'Irginia 077 

Slaves  Imported  into  New  York 37 

Slaves  in  Pennsylvania 108 

Slaves  to  be  landed  yearly 18;i 

Slaves,  duty  on,  forbidden 211 


766 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


SlavoB,  InBurrcction  In  Now  York  city  .  224 
SliiveB  not  to  be  tnuglit  In  Gt'orfjia  .  .  .  '.'85 
Slaves  In  North  Cnroliiia  frood  only  with 

coiisont  of  county  court 3(i3 

BlnvoH  LMillatcd  In  Khodc  lAlnnd :i71 

Slaves  forbltlden  imported  hi  Virghda  .  .   371 

Slaves  set  freo  In  Massachuaotts 372 

Slaves,  importation  forbiililen  by  Mary- 
land   411 

Slaves,  duty  on,  In  North  Carolina  ....    423 

Slaves  emaninpatcd  by  (Quakers 435 

Slaves  contraband  of  war 021 

Slaves,  fufjitivc,  army  not  to  rostoro  .  .  .   027 
Slaves   armed    by  tfio  Confederate  con- 
gress  063 

Slaves,  condition ,of,  defined OoO 

Sloop     Liberty     seized     at     Nowi)ort, 

Itliode  Island 278 

Sloop  Liberty  sunk 282 

Sloops  of  war  ordered 518 

Small-pox  in  Uhode  Island 153 

Small-pox  in  Masaachuactts U)i 

Smith,  .John,  cxplorinj?  voyajjo 25 

Smith,  Mormon  loader,  klllod  by  a  mob   .   501 

Smithaon,  James,  leaves  Icg^acy 583 

Smithsonian  Institution  founded    ....   583 

SmitliRonian  Institute  founded 61)0 

Smithsonian  Institute,  library  burned  .  .  Ool 
Society  Library  at  New  York  founded  .  .  243 
Society  for  promotion   of  arts  at  New 

York  city 260 

Society   to   encourage   manufactures    iu 

New  York 271 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  agriculture  .  417 
Society   for   encouragement   of   arts    in 

I'ennsylvania 428 

Society  for  promoting  useful  arts  ....  455 
Society  for  encouraging  manufactures  .  .  501 
Society  of  mechanics  in  Connecticut .  .  .  602 
Society  for  tlie  prevention  of  pauperism 

at  New  York 530 

Society  for  the  encouragement  of  Ameri- 
can manufactures  in  New  York    .  .  .   539 
Society  for  the  promotion  of  public  econ- 
omy in  Philadelphia 539 

Society  for  tlie  prevention  of  pauperism 

in  New  York 541 

Society  to   reform  juvenile   delinquents 

formed  in  New  York 654 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  manufac- 
tures in  Now  England 560 

Society  for  the  promotion  of  manufac- 
tures in  Philadelphia 658 

Society  to  pro-^ote  silk  culture  in  Penn- 
sylvania offer  premiums 500 

Society  for  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Ani- 
mals   052 

Soldiers  from  England  arrived 248 

Soldiers  to  be  clothed  by  colonies   ....   348 

Soldiers,  treasury  notes  to 410 

Soldiers  demand  their  pay 411 

Soldiers,  furlou":h»  granted  to 411 

Soldiers  of  the  iVevolution,  act  for  relieCof  541 
Soraervllle,  Kentucky,  battle  at  ....  .   037 

Son,  double  share  of  eldest 204 

Sons  of  Liberty,  origin  of  term 2(H 

Sons  of  Liberty 270 

Soto,  Ferdinand  dc,  visits  Florida  ....     16 

Soup-kitchena  in  the  chief  cities 504 

South  America,  commissioners  to  ...  .  540 
South  American  republics,  independeuco 

of,  recognized  by  Congress 551 

South  Moun'uiu,  Maryland,  battle  at    .  .    032 

South,  relief  for  the  destitute  iu 668 

Soutli,  report  on  condition  of 68(1 

Southampton,  Long  Island,  settled  ...  69 
Southern  department,  Gates  in  comn\and  391 
"Southern   Agriculturist"  published  in 

Charleston     669 

Southern  porta  blockaded 620 

South  Carolina,  first  aettlerauut  in  ...  .  123 
South  Carolina,  assembly  ia 128 


South  Carolina,  cotton  and  indlgfo  thcro  ,  lag  | 

South  Ctirollun,  machines  In 155 

South  t^nroliiia,  cotton  in i;i  j 

South  Carolina,  Church  of  England  os- 

tabliahod  iu 177  I 

South  Carolina,  slave  code  ia 1^^  j 

Soutli  Carolina  creates  a  bank  of  bills  uf 

credit is2  { 

South  Carolina,  expedition   against  tlic 

Indians isj  I 

South  Carolina,  Indian  war  in nsj 

South  Carolina,  billa  of  credit isij  | 

South  Carolina,  parislics  made  election 

diMtriets  

South  Carolina,  appeals  against  propri- 
etors  187] 

South  Carolina  declared  the  proprietary 

rights  Ibrfeited loo  | 

South  Carolina,  revolution  confirmed  ,  .  ivil 
Soutli  Carolina,  rice  a  legal  tender  iu  ..  m\ 
South  Carolina  forbldilen  bills  of  credit  ,   IW I 

South  Carolina  coins  pence ins  I 

South  Carolina,  salt-making  encouri-fed  .  lusl 
South   Curohna   council   vetoes  bill!<  of 

credit 1991 

South  Carolina  planters   refused  to  pay 

taxes 200| 

South  Carolina,  condition  of 'iOil 

South  Carolina,  priutinir-press  in    ....  201 1 

Soutli  Carolina,  cotton  In :>08| 

South  Carolina,  bills  of  credit  issued    ,  .  '.Ml 

Soutli  Carolina  coined  pence 'iH\ 

South  Carolina  demands  return  of  run- 
away slaves 2301 

South  Carolina,  cotton  in 2:^11 

South  Carolina  attacks  Florida 'iihi 

South  Carolina  exports  indigo  .....  2:!0l 
Soutli  Carolina  cotton  shipped  to  England  ZMI 

South  Carolina,  Quakers  in ^ijl 

South  Carolina,  slave  code  revised  .  .  ,  .  2-" 

South  Carolina  exports  indigo 'isol 

Soutli  Carolina  electa  delegates 2tii)l 

South  Carolina,  silk  filature  in 27:!| 

South  Carolina  refuses  quarters  for  troops  2631 
South  Carolina,  committee  of  correspoad- 

encc  in 2931 

South  Carolina  for  Congress     3(Ki| 

South  Carolina  fosters  manufactures     .  .  X]jM 
Soutli  Carolina  ugaiuHt  independence    .  .  .'i4o| 
Soutli  Carolina  sanctions  declaration     . 
South  Carolina  constitution  amended    .  .  3Ti\ 
South  Carolina   assumes  tax  of  Uhodc 

Island Z\ 

South  Carolina,  copyright  law  in  ....  41o| 
South  Carolina,  law  classing  actora  as 

vagrants 4311 

South  Carolina  accepts  constitution  ,  .  .  im 

South  Carolina,  constitution  of -1^ 

Soutli  Carolina  forbids  emancipation     .  .  isil 

Soutli  Carolina  College  founded in 

South   Carolina   repeals   prohibition   of 

Stave  trade 491 

Sout'i  Carolina  protests  against  the  tariff  oiiU 

Soutli  Carolina,  nulliflcati'on  in 5i)n 

South  Carolina  repeals  uullifieatiou  ordi- 
nance     

South  Carolina  passes  the  secession  ordi- 
nance     Oil 

Soutli  Carolina  abolishes  slavery  ....  658 
South  Carolina  admitted  to  repreaentation  6Tt 
South  Carolina,  bands  ordered  to  disperse  CSa 
Sovereigns  of  Industry  organized .  .  .  .  C9'l 
Spain    protests    against    cruisers  from 

United  States o^] 

Spain,  treaty  with 

Spaniards   refuse  demand   for  runawny 

slaves 

Spaniards,  enslaved,  returned  by  Uhode 

Island 

Spaniards  evacuate  East  Florida i>'^ 

Spaniards  expelled  from  Mexico  .  .  .  •  3o| 
Spaniards  invade  Mexico 


INDEX. 


767 


on  nnrt  Indigo  tlioro  .  138 

lilncg  in 155 

oil  in 171 1 

urch  of  Eiif^liiud  c«- 

177  I 

0  code  la 182  I 

fes  a  bank  of  bills  of 

182  I 

podition   iitjiiiiist  tlic 

ISJI 

inn  war  in 1k5 

i  of  crt'dit Istf  I 

.i-IhIicb  mude  cluction 

180 1 

pcnU  ngninst  proprl- 

187  I 

larcd  tlie  propriituiy 

ml 

olution  conlirmcrt  .  .  Vn  I 
■  n  Ipjfiil  timder  in  .  .  l'.H:| 
iddou  bllU  of  cri'dit  .   IW 

a  ponce 1'''5 1 

;-niiiking  encounijji'd  .  I'JSJ 
luucil   vetoes  billa  of 

lOOl 

nters   refused  to  pay 

200j 

iditionof '^wl 

iitintf-prcsB  in    .  .  .  .  2W I 

ton'u -m] 

Is  of  credit  issued    .  .  '^1 

lod  pence ^H  | 

inandg  return  of  run- 

2201 

[ton  in 2211 

icks  Florida 2i1| 

wrts  Inditjo .....  2:!0l 
ton  sliipped  to  Kngland  232| 

takers  in 2:i7| 

ive  code  revised  ....  2.'17l 

jorts  indigo 25i)I 

ots  deleiifates 2i>iil 

k  tilaturo  in 27:ij 

^8C8  quarters  for  troops  2s5| 
nmittee  of  correspond-      I 

2951 

Congress     

ters  manufactures     .  .  S:t5l 
dnwt  indcpondcuce    .  .  3401 
ictions  declaration     . 
stitution  amended    .  .  372 
jBumca  tux  of   Uliodo 

37^ 

pyriglit  law  in  ....  4151 
iw  classing  actors   as 

43H 

epts  constitution  .  .  .  4Hi| 

nstitution  of 443 

bids  emancipation    .  .  4SU 

liege  foundod 4Stl 

epeals   prohibition   of 

(tests  against  tlic  tariff  oiifl 

Uiflcation  in m 

)ealB  uullilication  oral- 

ses  the  secession  ordi- 

CIS 

)li8hcs  slavery  •  •  •  •  ^j 
itted  to  representation  67| 
ids  ordered  to  disperse  Cs| 
ustry  organized .... 
gainst    cruisers  from 

demand*  for  ruuaway 

i',  returned  by  Kliode 

East  Florid'a  •••••.- 
from  Mexico  ....  "I 
lexico 


Spanish  possessions,  foreigners  forbidden 

to  visit 160 

Spnnisli  ports  opened  to  trade 286 

SpauiNh  American  republics,  petition  re- 
fused       640 

Spanisli  army  invading  Mexico  captured 

by  Santa  Anna 601 

SpaniNli  fort  evacuated Ooi 

Specie  circulation  in  Mnssnchusctts    .  .  .  V!.'17 

Specie  payments  suspended  in  England    .  610 

Specie  in  banks 613 

Specie    payments    suspended   in    I'liiia- 

deiplii.i 6a7 

Specie  payments  voted  by  Congrcss  .  .  .  6.'15 

Specie  payments  resumed 637 

Specie  circular  issued  by  treasury  ....  578 

Specie  circular  repealed 682 

Specie    payments    suspended   in    I'liila- 

delpliia 686 

Speeii;    payments    suspended   in    I'liilu- 

delplda 580 

Specie  payments  suspended 013 

Specie  payments  suspended 624 

Specie  payments,  act  for  resumption  of    ,  097 

Specie  payments,  bill  for,  in  New  York    .  0U8 
Spinning   ordered    by  general    court   of 

Massnehusetts 102 

Spinning-jenny  in  Philadelphia 324 

Spluning-jcnny  in  Providence 429 

Spinning-machines  in  Massachusetts  .  .  .  424 

Spinning-school  in  Boston,  Massaciiusetis  209 

Spinning-school  in  lioston 210 

Spiuning-school  in  MassnchuscttB  ....  257 

Spinning-schools  estublished 191 

Spinning-schools  in  Masoachusctts    ...  241 
Spirit  or   tlic  Times  published  in  New 

York 604 

Spirit-rapping,  first  manifestation  uf .  .  .  500 

Spirits,  (luty  on,  in  Virginia,  repealed  .  .  195 

Spirits  forbidden  in  Maiue 002 

Spottsylvaniii,  battle  of 044 

Springlield,  Massachusetts,  settled  .  ...  5.3 

Springfield  Kepublicnn  published    ....  698 

Sprin-flield,  Missouri,  battle  of 0:t0 

Spy,  Massachusetts,  publislied  in  Boston,  280 
Spy,  Western,  published   at   Hamilton, 

Ohio 477 

Stage-coach  between  Halifax  and  Annap- 
olis      600 

Stages  between  Boston  and  New  York  .  .  211 

Stages  from  IJost'in  to  Newport 218 

Stamp  Act  resoh  M  on  in  Parliament   .  .  200 

Stimip  Act  imposed 26:} 

Stamp  Act  repealed 272 

Standish,  Miles,  one  of  the  Associates  .  .  37 

Stanton,  E.  M.,  secretary  of  war 624 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  resignation  requested  070 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  report  on  removal  of  070 

Stanton,  Edwin  M.,  Senate  sustahiR  .  .  .  670 

Stnutou,  Edwin  M.,  retires  from  ofHce  .  .  072 

Stjir,  Eastern,  published  . 4C0 

'Star-spangled  Banner"  first  sung     .  .  .  529 

Star  of  tlie  West  fired  on 619 

State  bills  received  for  loan  certificates    .  302 

State  debts  assumed  by  United  States  .  .  444 

State  Bank  In  New  York 400 

State  library  formed  at  Indianapolis  .  .  .  655 

Slate  library  at  Annapolis,  Maryland    .  .  658 
State  laws  extended  in  Georgia  to  Indian 

territory 501 

State  prisoners  released IXH 

States  called  on  for  quotas 384 

States  called  on  for  quotas 3^0 

States  appealed  to 389 

States  ai)iK>aled  to  for  quotas 380 

States  to  modify  their  cessions  of  land    .  420 

States  accepted  the  t'mistitution 431 

States  express  opinions  concerning  nulli- 

tlcation 607 

States,  insurrectionary,  governments  for  600 

Stat^'n  Island,  British  army  in 391 

Steam  uavlgatlon,  monopoly  of 400 


Stenm  ferry-bonts  designed  by  Fulton  ..511 

Steam  ferryboat  in  New  York 621 

Steam  paper-mill,  first,  at  Pittsbnra:  .  .  .  634 
Steam  introduced  into  the  mint  at  I'hila- 

delphia 675 

Steam  firc-engino  In  Cincinnati 00.5 

Steamboat  on  the  Potomac 422 

Steamboat  on  the  Delaware 424 

Steamboat  on  Delaware  by  Jolni  Fitch  .  .  4:;0 

Sti-'am  boat  on  the  Potomac 4.'j5 

Steamboat,  first  western 6U 

Steamboat    Enterprise    ascends    JMIsHis- 

sippi snn 

Steamboats,  number  of 611 

Steam-engine  in  New  Jersey 228 

Steam-engine  iu  Philadelphia 208 

Steam-engine,  model  of 424 

Steam-engine,  Idgh -pressure 477 

Steam-engine,  higli-pressuro 485 

Steam-engine  for  boat 402 

Steam-engines  built  by  Oliver  Evans    .  .  512 

Steame.-  launched  at  Cincinnati 640 

Steamers,  line  of,  to  England 001 

Steam-paelcet 443 

Steam-plough  patented 010 

Steam-propeller  built 49i 

Steamsiiip  Savannah  crosses  the  ocean  .   .  540 
Steel,  lirst  experiments  witii   Bessemer 

process  of  making Oil 

Steel,  iron  made  into 021 

Steel  rifled  omnon  made 022 

Stcel-makiug,  monopoly  of,  in  Connecti- 
cut       201 

Stevens,  .John,  udvocntes  railways  ....  517 
Stevens,  John,  contracts  to  build  railroad 

in  Pennsylvania 562 

Stiles,  President,  on  silk  culture 251 

Stone  Kiver,  Tennessee,  battle  of  ...  .  Kli 

Stone  liiver,  second  battle  of 0;55 

Stonington  settled 92 

Stouington,  Connecticut,  bombarded  by 

British  fleet 527 

Stony  Point  captured 382 

Strangers  not  to  be  entertained  in  Massa- 
chusetts    58 

Straw  bonnets  braided 473 

Strickland,  William,   engineer    of  Dela- 
ware breakwater 501 

Strikes  for  eiydit  hours 000 

Stuyvesnnt,   Petrus,   governor   of  New 

Amsterdam £0 

Stuyvesant  issues  proclamation   against 

conventicles 101 

Stuyvesant  against  Quakers lol 

Sub-treasury  organized 58.J 

Sub-treasury  repealed i"iS7 

Sub-treasury  re-established 6'J5,  590 

Suflfolk   County,  Massachusetts,   resolu- 
tions by oil 

Sufiblk  Bank  system  introduced 551 

Suffrage,  law  of,  in  Virginia 103 

Suffrage  in  Virginia 124 

Suffrage  in  Pennsylvania 139 

Suffrage  in  Khode  Island 145 

Suffrage,  right  of,  in  New  Jersey    ....  171 

Suffrage  in  Vermont 420 

Suffrage,  woman's,  first  national  conven- 
tion      002 

Suffrage,  restrictions  on,  in  the  states    .  .  Oiil 

Suffrage,  right  of,  in  Distiict  of  Columbia  005 

Suffrage  in  tiio  territories  regulated   .   .  .  OliO 

Suffrage  in  Ohio,  extj-nsion  of,  rejected    .  008 

Sufl'rage  granted  to  woioon  In  Wyoming  .  0.S0 

Suffrage  granted  to  women  in  Utaii  .  .  .  (i80 

Sugar  made  iu  Louisiana 407 

Suits  of  ejectment 2SU 

Suits  against  the  states 458 

Summary,  New  Loudon,  published  ....  251 
Sumner,   Charles,   assaulted    iu    Senate 

chamber 600 

Sun  published  iu  Now  York .508 

Suaauy  Courier  publislied  in  New  York  .  566 


768 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTH  AMERICA. 


Sunday  Momlns'  News  publUlicd  In  New 

York 666 

Sunday  Murnin^  Atlim  published  lii  New 

York     683 

Superintendont  of  ilniiiioo :<1)7 

Superior  court  iu  Conneelicut IS'i 

Suppllen  from  Now  HiimpHliin- :t20 

Supplier  called  for  from  the  HtiitcH  ....  .T88 

SupplieH,  t-mbozzlers  to  bo  shot 302 

SupplicH  called  fur .1<.):| 

Supplies  HOlzed  ibr  uhc 0^11 

Supremo   court  in    Pennsylvania   cntab- 

llshed 177 

Supremo  Court  declines  an  opinion  ....  457 
Supremo  Court,  chief  Justice  appointed  .  .  484 
Supreme    court    dccldoB    cose    of   Dart- 
mouth CoUoire 636 

Supreme  court  aocidea  against  steamboat 

monopoly 636 

Supreme  Court  refuses  Indians  an  injunc- 
tion     504 

Supreme  Court  decides  against  Georgia  .  506 

Supremo  Court,  Drod  Scott  decision  by  .  012 

Supremo  (Jourt  regulated 004 

Surplus   revenue   to    be  deposited  with 

states 577 

Surveyors  of  ship-building "1 

Suspension  bridge  over  tlie  Ohio 007 

Susquehanna  Comnany 258 

Swanzey  attacked  by  Indians 128 

Sweden,  treaty  with 414 

Synaj'ogue  in  Newport,  Khode  Island  .  ,  268 

Synod  in  Massachusetts 58 

Synod  in  Now  England 8S 

Synod  in  Massaciiusetts 134 

Synod  asked  for  in  Boston I'.)7 

Synod,  Presbyterian 201 

Synod,  Presbyterian,  met 27Q 

Syracuse  settled 434 

Syracuse,   competition   of  mowers    and 

reapiTS  at 012 

Syreu  captured  by  the  Uritish 620 


T. 

Tack-making  machine  invented fil7 

Tactics,  uniform  system,  introduced  .  .  .  373 

Talladega,  Creeks  defeated  at 623 

Taney,   Koger    B.,   made    secretary    of 

treasury 609 

Tanners  prohibited  In  Now  York    ....  130 

Tapia,  Ciiristoval  de,  sent  from  Spain    .  .  14 

Tariff  imposed  by  Rhode  Island 408 

Tarilf  accorded  to  Congress   by   Rhode 

Island 422 

Tariff  imposed  by  Virginia 4:J5 

Tariff  passed 442 

Tariff  bill  passed 534 

Tariff  revised 554 

Tariff  protested  against  by  Georgia    .   .  .  500 

TariO"  act  passed,  raising  duties 500 

Tariff,  Virginia  protests  against 561 

Tariff,  North  Carolina  protests  ngniuKt     .  501 

Tariff,  Alabama  protests  against 501 

Tariff,  South  Carolina  protests  against  .  601 
Tariff,    merchants    in     Boston    protest 

nj^ainst 601 

Tarilf  convention  in  New  York 605 

Tariff  bill  passed,  reducing  duties  ....  608 

Tariff  passed,  raising  duties 588 

Tariff  act  for  revenue  passed 595 

Tariff,  Morrill,  passed 617 

Taunton,  Massachusetts,  settled 00 

Taylor,  Zachary,  defends  Kort  Harrison  .  516 
Taylor,    General,    captures     Monterey, 

Mexico 5!t6 

Taylor,  President,  died 601 

Tax  on  liquor  in  New  York 82 

Tax  on  beer  resisted  in  New  York  ....  84 

Tax  on  imports  partly  repealed 286 

Taxation,  protest  agaiust,  at  Boston  .  .  .  261 


Taxation  of  aalarieii 280 

Taxation  recommended  by  Congress    .  .  309 

Taxation,  internal,  reduced ngi 

Taxation  of  churcli  property  recommend- 
ed    009 

Taxes  to  be   laid  by  assembly  of  Vir- 
ginia    48 

Taxes  |)iiid  in  produce i:^) 

Taxes  paid  in  produce  In  Massnehusetts  lui 

Taxes  allotted  among  the  stales 370 

Taxes,  rendssion  of,  demanded  in  New 

Hampshire 4',>o 

Taxes,  internal,  repealed C4o 

Tea  to  bo  exported 21H 

Tea  to  the  coloides '^5 

Tea  arrives  at  Boston 21>6 

T(.'a  destroyed  in  Boston iv7 

Tea,  consignees  of.  In  Boston 21)0 

Tea  not  to  bo  landed  in  Ni'w  York  ....  '.".K) 

Teanot  to  bo  landed  In  ClunicNliin  .  ...  21)9 

Tea  in  Boston  s]>oken  of  by  king    ....  300 
Tea  sent   back  from   Po;tsniouth,  New 

Hampshire 300 

Tea  arrived  at  Annapolis,  Maryland  .   .  .  311 

Tea,  duty  on,  rejiealed 086 

Teachers  In  Massachusetts tj6 

Tecumseh  killed ,.  ...  522 

Telegraph,   American   KlectroMa'gnelic, 

caveat  for,  issued 581 

Telegraph,  appropriation    for,  by  Con- 
gress     '.  .  .  580 

Telegraph,  experimental  line  (inished  .  .  5!i0 

Telegraph  cable,  aid  for  laying 009 

Telegrapli,  ocean,  despatches  received  by  (113 

Telegrai)h,  Atlantic,  laid (J(i3 

Telegra|)hic  despatches  seized 021 

Temporary  loan  certilloates  issued  ....  (1/3 

Tender,  legal,  act.  Supremo  Court  on    .  .  6)^3 

Tennessee,  first  settlement  in 279 

Tennessee,  constitution  of 401 

Tentiessee  admitted  to  Uiuon 405 

Tennessee  restored  to  Union 004 

Ten\iessee,  suffrage  in CM 

Tenih  administration 000 

Tenure  of  civil  offices,  bill  to  regulate  .  .  007 

Tenure  of  office,  bill  to  regulate Oro 

Territories,  sulfrago  in,  regulated   ....  000 
Territory  on  the  Lakes  granted  by  the  In- 
dians       199 

Territory  between  the  Ohio  and  Tennes- 
see       279 

Territory  disputed  by  New  York  and  Mas- 
sachusetts decided  427 

Territory  from  France  divided 492 

Territory  of  Jlichigan  organized    ....  498 

Territory  of  Orleans  organized 496 

Territory  of  Orleans  to  form  state  consti- 
tution    510 

Territory  ceded  by  Indians 630 

Territory  of  Mississippi  divided 538 

Texas,  military  posts  m 195 

Texas  rebels  against  Spain Klj 

Texas,  first  American  settlement  iu  .  .  .  552 

Texas   declares  independence  of  Mexico  578 
Texas,  independence   of,  recognized   by 

Senate m 

Texas  ainiexcd  to  United  States 5'JJ 

Texas,  annexation  of,  protested  against  5!)'t 

Texas,  annexation  of,  completed  .....  S!i3 

Texas  accepts  terms  of  annexation   .  .  .  59) 
Texas,  military  force  stationed  on  bonier 

of 5W 

Texas,  boundaries  of,  settled OU'.' 

Texas,  Confederates  in,  surrender  ....  0"i7 

Texas  abolishes  slavery i'iii 

Texas,  constitution  submitted  to o;C 

Texas  admitted  to  representation  ....  O"! 

Thanksgivinff  appointed 43 

Theatre,  the  Boston,  opened 45') 

Theatres  opened  in  various  towns  ....  240 

Theatres  opened 4!.'U 

Theatricals  forbidden  in  Peuusylvania  .  ,  42^1 


INDEX. 


769 


289 

by  Congic98    .  .  309 

ci'd fiSl 

nerty  repomtnenrt- 

. 099 

HBsembly   of  Vlr- 
46 

m 

In  Miissiifliusc'tta  191 

IC  HtllU'H 379 

U-iiiiiiiddl  ill  New 

•I.'O 

•a Ma 

■i'A 

-m 

2% 

11 -w 

toHtun 2U9 

New  Yi)ik  ....  TO) 
Cliiirli'Hli>ii  ....  aw 
if  by  kill!,'  ....  300 
l»o:t8iiioutli,  Now 

300 

lis,  Maryland  ...   311 

OSO 

ett8 SO 

62a 

KlcctroMaJjnL'tio, 

581 

ion    for,  by   Cou- 

•.  .  .   589 

;al  linn  fmislicil  .  .   5!K) 

r  laying 009 

atclies  received  by   (')13 

id 'i<'5 

9  seized Ov'l 

cutes  iHtiiu'd  ....   ii73 
reiue  Court  on    .  .   Cf3 

ncnt  in 279 

n  of ■lOl 

I  Union •!<'« 

Union 6<H 

cm 

()00 

bill  to  ri'tjruhite  .  .  Oii? 

)  regulate Or() 

I,  regulated  .  .  .   .   00(i 

I  granted  by  the  In- 

........   199 

Ohio  and  Tenncs- 

279 

low  York  and  Mas- 

4'27 

divided 49- 

organized    ....   490 

■^lUiized 490 

b  I'orm  state  eoiisti- 

510 

ians 830 

B)i  divided 538 

"n lltt 

pain •''■tj 

settlement  In  .  .  .  55'i 
udence  ol'  Mexico  578 
of,  recognized   by 

680 

ed  States 59- 

protested  agiilnst   59! 

ompleted 593 

"  annexation  .  •  .  591 
tationed  on  border 

591 

ottlcd mi 

surrender  ....   '>•>' 

y •«« 

niittcd  to l>"0 

■esentiitiou  ....   0»1 

<1 43 

enod 451 

ions  towns  ....  240 

n  Penusylviinla  .  .  42:J 


TheatricAlipermittedin  Fennaytvanla.  .  442 

Theodolite  inveated 217 

Theological  Seminary  at  Andover  ....  604 

Tlilrdadnilnlatratlon SOS 

Thirteenth  adminlatration 017 

'I'honiug,  Ueueral,  glveo  uommnnd  .  ...  Mi 
TliriH!  lower  counties  on  the  Delaware  dlg- 

oontentcd 148 

Thr(«  southern   oounties    acceded   from 

Pennsylvania 19.3 

TIconderoga  nttncked 261 

TicondtTOgii  surrendered 263 

Ticonderoga  surrenders 322 

Tii!onderogn  evacuati^d 304 

Ticonderoga  attacked 364 

Ticonderoga  besieged 307 

Tide-mill  in  Connecticut 2U8 

Tlinbur-growing  on  the  prairleg 690 

Timber-growing  on  prairies,  act  for  .  .  .  003 

Time  Piece  published Hi8 

Tni-ware  made  in  Connecticut 286 

Tippecanoe,  battle  of 612 

Title  disputed  between  New  Hampshire 

and  MaHsacbuHCtts 200 

Title  to  land 350 

Titles  to  western  lands  in  Pennsylvania  446 
Thusville,  Pennsylvania,  petroleum  ob- 
tained at 616 

Tobacco,  spade  used  in  culture  of  ...  .  24 

Tobacco  in  Virginia 26 

Tobacco,  culture  of,  restricted 34 

Tobacco,  its  culture  forbidden 41 

Tobacco,  public  use  forbidden 48 

Tobacco  the  currency  of  Maryland    ...  62 

Tobacco,  ci'.rrency  in  Virginia 66 

Tobacco,    1   ' '  stint  "   in    Virgiuia   peti- 
tioned tor 137 

Toleration  demanded  in  Massachusetts   .  IM 

Tonnage  duty  by  Congress 446 

Topekn,  Kansas,  convention  at 008 

Tories  disarmea 316 

Tories  to  be  disarmed 318 

Tories'  estates  confiscated  in  Rhode  Is- 
land    332 

Tories  placed  under  inspection .348 

Tories,  sale  of  estates  of 382 

Tories  and  Indians  defeated 3M 

Tories  settled  in  Nova  Scotia 410 

Tories'  property  conliscated  . 402 

Toronto,  Upper  Canada,  captured  ....  620 

Torpedoes 370 

Torpedoes,  reward  promised  inventors  of  518 

Town  jurisdiction  in  Connecticut   ....  64 

Town  jurisdiction  in  Plymouth       ....  04 

Town  meetings  in  Now  York 257 

Towns  regulated  in  Massachusetts    ...  66 

Towns  suomit  to  Massachusetts 72 

Townsend,  (Charles,  speech  in  Parliament  272 
Trade    between    New    Amsterdam   and 

Plymouth 36 

Trade  witli  rebellious  coiouics  forbidden  .  93 

Trade-sale  of  books 488 

Trnde-dollar  created 6«i 

Trades  incorporateil  in  Massachusetts  .  .  88 

Trades  Incorporated  by  Philadelphia    .  .  180 

Trading-house  on  the  (Connecticut ....  50 

Trading-post  rifled 48 

Trading-station  rifled 60 

Trains,  fast  mail     699 

Transit  of  Venus  observed  at  Providence  282 

Transportation,  cost  of 416 

Transportation,  report  of  committeo  on  .  694 

Transylvania  sends  delegate  to  (Congress  XiO 

Transylvania  Seminary  incorporated    .  .  410 

Treason,  act  deflulug 476 

Treasurers  appoInU^  by  Congress  ....  .329 

Treasury,  committee  for *J9 

Treasury  reports  to  Congress 381 

Treasury  Board  reorganized .38:) 

Treasury,  payments  from 40:i 

Treasury  notes  to  soldiers 410 

Treasury  Board 414 

49 


Trmsury,  money  paid  in  by  states  ....  429 

Treasury  IX>partmeut  organized 442 

Treasury  notes  Issued  by  Cougiess     .  .  .  614 

Treasury  notes  issued 619 

Treasury  notes  Issued 526 

Treasury  notes  funded 6'1'i 

Treasury  notes  transferable 632 

Treasury  notes  Issued  as  a  currency  .  .  .  632 

Treasury  notes  Issued 6ifi 

Treasury  notes  to  be  received  in  payment  (tfi 

Treasury  not^s  Issued 586 

Treasury  notes  issued 61^,  590 

Treasury  notes  Issued 014 

Treasury  notes  issued 618 

Treasury  notes  receivable  for  dues  ....  623 

Treasury  notes,  Issue  authorized  ....  651 
Treasury  notes,  converslou  extended  to 

banks 673 

Treaties  witli  France 371 

Treaties  with  Frai>"",  news  of 374 

Treaties  with  the  Indians 422 

Treaty  of  colonies  witli  Five  Nations    .  .  ItiO 

Treaty  with  Indians  by  Oirlcthorpe  .  •  .  221 

Treaty  ofpeaee  at  Aix-lu-Chapellc  .  .  .  .  2.32 

Treaty  with  the  Indians 260 

Treaty  of  Kontidnebleau 267 

Treaty  signed  at  Paris 411 

Treaty  of  peace  received 412. 

Treaty  ratified  by  Congress 412 

Treaty  with  Sweden 414 

Treaty  with  Six  Nations 415 

Treaty  with  the  Indians 417 

Treaty  with  Prussia 421 

Treaty  with  Algiers  purchased 469 

Treaty  with  England  printed 40.1 

Treaty  with  England  ratified 463 

Treaty  with  Spain 4U4 

Treaty,  correspondence   concerning,    re- 

f\i8ed 404 

Treaty  with  France 4^0 

Treaty  of  peace  signed 6:t0 

Treaty  of  peace  arrives  at  New  York  .  .  .  631 

Treaty  of  peace,  terms  of 6:11 

Treaty  of  peace  ratified 631 

Treaty  of  peace  with  Algiers 6.'i3 

Treaty  made  with  Spain 544 

Treaty  with  England  ratified 646 

Treaty  between  Spain  and  Mexico  ....  660 
Treaty  between  France   and  the  United 

States 661 

Treaty  between  Russia  and  the  United 

States 653 

Treaty  between  Great   Britain   and    the 

United  States 669 

Treaty  between  Mexico  and  the  United 

States 664 

Treaty  between  France  and   the  United 

Stjites 606 

Treaty  between  Russia  and  United  States,  600 

Treaty  iM'tween  Mexico  and  Texas  ....  677 

Treaty  with  Mexico 680 

Treaty  between  Mexico  and  the  United 

States 690 

Treaty  with  Texas  refused  by  Senate  .  .  6I>0 
Treaty  with  Texas  made  by  Secretary  of 

State 590 

Treaty  between  England  and  the  United 

States 595 

Treaty  of  peace   between    Mexico   and 

United  States 698 

Treaty  between  Great  Britain  imd  United 

States '01 

Treaty  with  Japan 606 

Treaty  of  reciprocity  with  Great  Britain,  600 

Treaty,  reciprocity,  ratified 607 

Treaty  between  China  and  United  States  610 

Treaty  between  Japan  and  United  States  010 

Trent  boarded  by  Captain  Wilkes  ....  024 

Trenton,  New  Jersey,  settled 133 

Trenton,  New  Jersey,  stone  quarry  opened  192 

Trenton,  congress  at 416 

Trespass  Act  void  in  New  York 420 


X70 


ANNALS  OF  NOBTU  AMEBICA. 


Tri-coekadn,  Frenchmen  to  wear VSJ 

Trinity  Church,  New  York  citjr IflB 

Trinity  Culleiru,  iit  Hartford,  chartered  .  063 

Tripoli,  squHoron  for 488 

Troop*  from  HAlll'ax  arrived  iu  Boston    .  !M0 

TroopM  Rent  to  lioaton 3(B 

TroopH  rained  by   Miusnohuiietts   ....  8aO 

Troops  ciillcd  out  to  aid  MiiRaachuietta  .  4M 
Troup,    ;,'(>vernur  of   Georgia,  threateuB 

vtolcuoo ^ 6M 

Troy,  ttrHt  house  In i28B 

True  Inspiration  Cong^c^ratlon  Mettled  .  .  087 
True  Anieriiiau  publiHhud  in  Lexlnffton, 

Kentucky OM 

Trumbull,  John,  pictures  by 038 

Tryun,  Uuveriior,  palace  for 276 

Turf  >liii;iizliK- published 041 

Turnpilie  road  built 403,400 

Turnpike  from  Cumberland  to  Whcellnjf, 

appropriation  for >  .  04ft 

Tweed,  William  M.,  arrested (MO 

Tweed,  W.  M,.  found  guilty Wfi 

Twelfth  adminiHtrutlou 611 

Twenty-cent  pieces  coined 697 

Type-foHudery  in  Germantown 222 

Type-foundery  In  lioston 279 

Type-foundcry  In  Onuncotlcut 283 

Type-fouudery  iu  I'liiladelphia SiO 

Type-fouudery  Iu  I'iiiladclphia 417 

Type-foundery  in  New  York 463 

Type-revolving  preas  patented OW 

T7. 

Una  published  at  Providence 604 

UnadlUa  destroyed 377 

Unionof  the  colonies  suggested 164 

Union  of  colonies  8ug^[ested 184 

Union  Colle<'c  fuundc-d iOi 

Union,  disHolutiuii  of,  threatened    ....  610 

Union,  plot  to  divide.  In  New  Kngfland  .  .  013 
Union    Theological    Seminary   in    New 

York 076 

Union  i'iioiflc  Railroad 630 

Union  riiclHo  Railroad  completed   ....  676 

UnitarianiHm  founded 492 

United  colonics  of  New  England 78 

United  colonies,  war  with  Indians  ....  83 

United  colonies,  message  to  Quebec  ...  89 
United  colonics  of  New  England  flt  out  a 

cruiser 101 

United  Colonies,  the  Thirteen 330 

United  StaU's  of  America  suggested  .  .  .  349 
United  States  frigate  captures    Macedo- 
nian    017 

United  States  Bank  organized &.ia 

United  States  exploring  expedition  sailed  683 

Uuited  States  notes  receivuuie  for  duties  .  025 

United  States  notes,  issue  of 6:10 

United  States  notes,  limit  of ot7 

United  Stater  notes,  amount  fixed  ....  696 

Universalism,  founder  of 299 

Universalist  Magazine  published    ....  046 

University  in  Mexico 17 

University  of  Pennsylvania 23:i 

University  of  Maryland  founded 415 

University  of  Georgia  organized 417 

University,  Nashville,  founded 420 

University  of  Vermont 450 

University  of  Virginia  opened 056 

University,   Wesleyan,   at    Middletown, 

opened 0A5 

Upper  Canada,  population  of 014 

Upper  Alton.  Illinois,  Shurtleff  College  at  67^ 

Usher,  Hezckluh,  bookseller 07 

Usher,  II.,  printer 125 

Utah  made  u  territory 601 

Utah  grants  suffrage  to  women .680 

Utica,  New  York,  settled 252 

Utica  settled 461 

Utrecht  treaty  signed 1S3 


V. 

Vaoolnation  introdnced    •<•••!»*.  88D 

Vsocinatlon  advocated •  •  •  •  .  477 

Vaccination  practised 482 

Valley  Forge,  army  In  winter-qaartera  at  370 

Van  Buren,  Arkansas,  captured 03t 

Van  Rensselaer  wounded  at  Queenstown 

HeiKhtn 516 

Vane,  Sir  Henry,  governor  of  Mnssachn- 

aetts 56 

Vaasiir  College  at  Poughkeepslo g^i 

Vandreull  de  Cavagual,  governor  of  New 

France 249 

Venus,  transit  observed  at  Providence  .  .   'i«i 

Vera  Cruz,  Cortez  lands  at u 

Vera  Cruz,  (charter  to 26 

Vera  Cruz  captured SU7 

Vera  Cruz  besieged  by  Mirumon ni7 

Vera  Cruz  captured 024 

Vera  (Jruz,  French  embark  from (MM 

Vermont  seeks  to  enter  the  Unton  ....  304 
Vermont  applies  for  admission  to  Union  .  4V1 

Vermont  claims  admission wi 

Vermont,  iron  mine  iu 418 

Vermont,  mint  Iu 41U 

Ver-nunt  constitution  amended 4'^ 

Vermont,  suffrage  In 4M 

Vermont  ratllles  constitution 450 

Vermont  admitted  to  Union 460 

Vermont  amends  her  constitution  ....  673 

Verplanck's  Point  captured m 

Verplanuk's  I'olnt      ..cuated 385 

Verrazzanl  visits  America 15 

VespucliiH,  Amerlcus,  voyages  of  ...  .     11 

Vessel  I      It  In  Massachusetts 49 

Vessel  built  in  Massitchusutta 71 

Vessel  captured  by  Rhode  Island    ....   32(1 

Vessels  in  Pennsylvania 139 

Vessels,  American,  lawful  captures  ...  461) 
Vessels  built  by  voluntary  subscriptions  474 
Vessels  in  Connecticut  lUvcr  burned  by 

British 635 

Vesta,  first  steamboat  at  Cincinnati   ...  635 

Vestries  established  in  Virginia 75 

Vestries,  election  of.  In  Virginia (H 

Vicar,  apostolic,  appointed  by  Popo  ...  425 
Vice-admiraliy  courts  In  colmiies  .  .  .  .  IM 
Vice-President  elected  by  Siuute    ....   581 

Vioksburg  bombarded m 

Vicksburg,  siege  of,  abandoned 0:15 

Vicksburg  assaulted im 

Vicksburg  invested &M 

Vicksburg  surrendered 610 

Vicksburg,   disturbers   ordered    to   dis- 
perse     606 

Victoria,  Guadalupe,  heads  an  insurrec- 
tion in  Mexico 552 

Vincennes,  Indiana,  settled  by  French  .  .    171 

Vlneennea  captured 379 

Vines  planted  on  the  Delaware 74 

Vines  planted  in  New  York 74 

Vines  planted  In  South  Carolina 128 

Vineyard  in  Virginia 27 

Virginia,  origin  of  name 19 

Virginia,  Instruction  for  government  of  .     22 

Virginia,  population  of 23 

Virginia,  supplies  to 24 

Virginia,  accessions  to 28 

Virginia,  written  constitution  for  ...  .  29 
Virginia  Company,  records  seized  ....  'it 
Virginia,  proclamation  concerning     ...     35 

Virginia,  condition  of 3'l 

Virginia  divided  into  counties 52 

Virginia,  population  and  trade  of  ...  .  09 
Virginia,  monopolizers  denounced  ....     72 

Virginia,  Indian  war 81 

Virginia,  description  of 90 

Virginia,  Puritan  church  in 91 

Virginia,  right  to  impress  men  conlirmed  92 
Virginia,  right  of  suffrage  to  freemen  .  .  103 
Virginia,  mulberry  trees  iu 193 


INDEX. 


771 


no 

, 477 

4H2 

.vintcr-quartcra  nt  :)70 

Rutured KH 

id  Ht  Quc«n*town 

516 

uor  of  Mnssachn- 

66 

[likcepslo Oil 

uoveriiur  of  New 

'iW 

I  nt  Frovidviice  .  .  Wi 

)ikt la 

26 

5U7 

Mlrnmon 017 

6H 

tiirk  rrom (MM 

'  the  Union  .  .  .  .  3M 
mUsiou  to  Uuiou  .  4VI 

itou 4U1 

418 

41U 

imeudod 4'JU 

iiH 

tutiou 451) 

Inion 460 

onHtitution  ....  673 

.tired -Itsi 

Mated 386 

-ion 16 

voyages  of  ...  .     11 

liusotts 49 

liusutts 71 

ude  lalaud    ....  3'.>il 

ill 139 

rful  captures  ...  469 
itary  siibgcriptions  474 
it  Uivcr  burned  by 

625 

st  Cincinnati   ...  635 

Virginia 75 

I  Virginia »1 

uted  by  Popo  ...  425 
in  oolonicB    ....   lU 

by  Stuute    ....  581 
029 

Mndoned 0:|5 

638 

6:W 

I WO 

I   ordered   to   dis- 
690 

^eads  an  insurrec- 
552 

ttled  by  Frencii .  .   171 
3-9 

}elaware 74 

Yorlc 74 

I  Carolina 12H 

27 

be 19 

)r  jjovernment  of  .     22 

r ^ 

24 

, 28 

titiition  for   ...  .  2it 

yords  seized  ....  32 

iiODcerniug     ...  35 

,,...  S"! 

ounties ^ 

id  trade  of   ...  .  O'-" 

1  denounced ....  72 

81 

f 90 

chin »> 

088  men  coniirraed  92 

■agre  to  freemen  .  .  103 

68  in 1U3 


Virginia,  Uwi  of 104 

VIriftnta,  nHncmblx  •■«amet  command  .  .    100 
VlrtrtnlH,  le|flilatur«  of,  eneoarafflna'  In- 

du«try no 

VIrtflnia,  lawR  of m 

Vtr);lnla,  Uuiilcert  tn 113 

VIrtjinlH,  ilavery  in 131 

VirulnlH  aaiitifned  to  Culpepper  ftnd  Ar- 
lington     J27 

Virginia,  Raoon'a  tnaurreotioa l!W 

Virginia,  slavery  In 137 

Virginia  encouragoH  indUHtry 138 

Virginia  encourutfi-s  raanufaotorPH  ....    14S 

Virginia  aHsembly  dlsBolved 144 

Virginia,  (tlamnteut  In 14H 

Virginia  proclaims  William  and  Mary  .  .    14« 

Virginia,  college  chartered  In 154 

Virginia,  pu8t-offlrc  esUblished  In  ...  .    168 

Virginia  alda  New  "York loa 

Virginia,  maiiul'acturo  of  cloth  opposed 

In ite 

Virginia,  ImportH  of ine 

Virginia,  College  of  William  and  Mary    .    160 

Virginia,  roligioim  toleration  In iflo 

Virginia  given  the  liarl  of  Orkney  ....    170 

Virginia  lawH  rcvlfied ijrfl 

Virginia,  slavery  in 175 

Virginia  laws  repeated  by  proclamation  .    187 

Virgluia  rejiouiH  duty  on  spirits 1U6 

Virginia  lays  duty  on  Bplrita 190 

Virginia  printing-presB 203 

Virginia  laws  pri.lod aaj 

Virginia  vestrfes  to  elect  their  rectors  .  .    233 

Virginia,  cattle  in 235 

Virginia,  laws  of,  declared  void 2;«> 

Virginia  complains  of  Ibes  for  land  grants   242 
Virginia  asks  aid  from  neiglibortng  col- 
onics     242 

Virginia,  lead  mines  In 244 

Virginia,  iirst  bilk  of  credit  in 246 

Virginia,  duty  on  slaves 264 

Virginia  burgcHses  adopt  resolutions    .  .   2«0 

Virginia,  slave  trade  In 202 

Virginia,  committee  of  eorrpspondeuce  In   2»3 

Virginia  advises  manufactures 307 

Virginia  committee,  address  of 322 

Virginia  asks  the  governor  to  return    .  .   327 

Virginia  for  ind<'pendence 341,  342 

Virginia  for  iudopen<lence 343 

Virginia,  new  government  of 347 

Virginia,  bill  of  rights  of 347 

Virginia  divides  counties 860 

Virginia  constitution  revised 357 

Virginia,  Import  of  slayes  forbidden    .  .   371 

Virginia  rallied  In 381 

Virginia   and  North  Carolina  boundary 

marked 382 

Virginia,  bounties  In     304 

Virginia  cedes  territory 305 

Virginia  aHsembly,  members  captured  .  .   400 

Virginia  allowed  emancipation     407 

Virginia  forbids  formiu";  new  states  .  .  .  421 
Virgluia  considers  the  formation  of  Ken- 
tucky     422 

Virginia,  religious  freedom  art  in   ....   422 
Virginia  sends  delegates  to  convention    .   427 

Virginia  Imposes  a  tarlif 435 

Virginia  acceptn  constitution 437 

Virginia  acts  declared  void 455 

Virginia  laws  repealed  concerning  Episoo- 

pui  ciiurcli 479 

Virginia  protests  against  the  tariff ....   521 
Virginia     le^slature    resolves    against 

terms  proposed  for  peace 630 

Virginia   cliurtera   the  Chesapeake  and 

Uhio  Canal 553 

Virginia  requc>st8  South  Carolina  to  re- 
peal nulllflcation  ordinance  .....  607 

Virginia,  geoloijical  survey  of 678 

Virginia,  conHtitution  submitted  to    .  .  .  074 

Virginia  aboilHlies  slavery 677 

Virginia  admitted  to  repreieatatlon  ...  680 


Vlrjrfnla,  state  board  of  health  in  ....  008 

Virginia,  Social  Freedom  Community  lu  .  OIW 

Volunteer  system  abandoned 619 

Volunteers,  call  for 020 

VoluntiH'rs  called  for Ml 

Volunteers  called  for flM 

Volunteers,  colored,  payment  tn  owner* 

of,  suspended OOO 

Vote,  electoral,  counted  by  Congrcis    .  .  075 

Vote,  electoral,  counted OtN 


WadswoKh,  Captain  Joseph,  conceals  the 

charter 147 

Wnges  fixed  In  MaNsachusetts 43 

Wages  regulatetl  iti  MaHHaolniHetts     ...  4V 

Wages,  regulation  of.  In  Massachusetta    .  09 

Wagi'H,  rateof.  In  New  York 84 

Wages  In  New  Jersey 134 

Wages  in  New  Jersey I4ii 

Wages  in  Philadelphia 148 

Waldo  patent  In  Massaehusetts fill 

Walker,  Joseph,  Invents  slioo-pcgs    .  .  .  542 
Walker,  Williain,  surrenders   at   Urey- 

town,  Nicaragua 014 

Wampum   not   receivable    for   taxes  lu 

Massachusetts 05 

War  with  the  Intlians 101 

War  between  England  and  France  and 

Spain 171 

War  declared  with  France  by  England  .  .  248 

War  declared  witli  Spain 250 

War  between  England  and  France ....  873 

War  declared  tictweeu  Spain  and  Kffgland  382 

War  declared  against  England  by  lloliaDd  3M 

Wot  declared  by  Algiers     421 

War  declared  against  Great  lirituin    .  .  .  514 

War  declared  by  France  against  Mexico  .  683 

War  with  Mexico  proclaimed 694 

Warships,  Frencli  and  English,  excluded  608 
Wareham,  Massachusetts,  plundered  by 

British 520 

Warehouse  bill  passed 6M 

Warren,  Admiral,  declares  coaat  block- 
aded    524 

Warwick,  Rhode  Island,  settled 78 

Warwick  surrenders  to  Massachusetts  .  .  79 
Washington   lu    command    of    Virginia 

forces  .  .  .  ; 248 

Wanhlngton  to  aid  Boston 307 

Washington,  George,  elected  eommander- 

in-«hief 326 

Washln^on  takes  command 327 

Washington's  Hie  guard 347 

WuBliiugton  has  the  decUration  read  to 

the  army 361 

Washington  la  Trenton 368 

Washington  at  Wilmington 300 

Washington  at  White  Plains 37S 

Washington  College  founded 405 

Wasiiittgton,  farewell  address 412 

Washington  returns  his  commission  to 

Congress 412 

WaKluugton  elected  President 439 

Washington  tukea  oath  of  office 441 

WaHliington,  its  site  selected 450 

WaKhington's  second  term 454 

Wasiiington,  buildings  at 400 

Washington's  farewell  address 407 

Washington  mitde  lieutenant-general    .  .  470 

Washington  died 47i> 

Washington  Federalist  published   ....  482 

Washln^ou,  municipal  gorernment  for  .  488 

Wasiiington  captured 527 

Washington,  American  Colonization  So- 
ciety at 637 

Washington,  Columbian  Institute  at .  .  .  537 
Washington,  National  Journal  published 

in 552 

Wasbiugtoa  Union  published  .  .  .  .  .  .  OVA 


772 


ANNALS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


WMhIngton  territory  orettad 006 

WaihlaKton,  review  of  urmloi  at    •  •  •  .  008 

WanhlitKton  Treaty  ratldcd AM 

Waiip,  tlic,  oapturci  the  Krollo 51/ 

Waap,  tlic,  capture*  the  Heliuleur    ....  i'M 

Waiip,  tlio,  captures  the  Avon fi'ja 

Waap,  the,  oapturen  the  Atalanta    .  .  .  .  (U8 

Watchea  made  br  machinery (114 

Watchman  and  Kefloctor  published     ...  MS 

Watcrbury,  Connecticut,  settled i3!t 

Wntorbury,  Connecticut,  mill  In 107 

Watertowii,  Massaohuootts,  aeooud  fUll- 

In);  mill  built  at KV 

Water  introdueed  Into  Boston  ....  -    .  t9i 

Waterworks  for  New  York  city Wi 

Wutor-works  for  Hoston .■  •  000 

Woarlnj{  In  Virginia 110 

Webster,    Daniel,    Arst    speech   In   Con- 
gress       02A 

Webster'a  Dictionary  published 000 

Weekly  Kchearsat  published  In  Boston, 

Maasr  '     '»tta 208 

Welifhta               aures,  report  concerning^  038 
Wei^rhts  I             tsurea,  metric  system  au- 

tnoriz          000 

Weldon  Kii..road,  attack  on 010 

Weldoii  Kailrond  CAptured 018 

Wellesley  Colle^  opened 000 

Wentworth,  I)cnnln)(,  governor  of  New 

Hampshire 224 

Wesleyiiu     University    at    Middletown 

opened OOS 

West,  price  of  salt  in 018 

West,  the,  explored  by  Colonel  Leaven- 
worth    040 

West  Florida  created 20tf 

West  India  Company  chartered 27 

Wewt  India  Company  take  posaesalon  of 

the  Delaware 101 

West  India  produce,  duty  laid  on    ....  214 
West  ludies,  ports  of,  opened  to  Ameri- 
can veHsels 040 

West  Jersey  fj^ranted  to  the  proprietors,  i:iO 

West  I'oint  bought  by  United  States    .  .  447 
West  Point,  professorships  established 

at  ... 013 

West  Point  Bopportcd  by  private  oontrl- 

butiono       528 

West  Vlr-         Tor  the  Union 0>l 

West  Vli             dmltted  to  Union   ....  0.15 

Western                llshcd 488 

Weymoui...,         rge,  arrives  at  America  liil 

Whalers,  Britntti,  captured  by  the  Essex  022 
Wheeling  turnpike  to  Cumberland,  ap- 

propriiition  for 545 

Whit,'  published  In  Richmond 007 

Whi);  published  at  Klizabethton,  Tennea- 

aee .  . 080 

Whippin^r  abolished  In  the  army 013 

Whipping;,  public,  iu  Uhode  Island    ...  081 

Whipping  ou  shipboard  abolished  ....  002 

Whippin-r-post  In  Boston 492 

Whlokey  Ucbcliton 401 

White  House,  Virginia,  raid  at 020 

Whittcmore,   Amos,   inventa    card    ma- 
chine   . 470 

Wilderness,  battles  of 044 

Wilkes,  Commodore,  commanda  explor- 
ing expedition 583 

William  and  Mary  proclaimed  through 

Now  England 140 

Williams,  Roger,  banished 04 

Williams  College  founded 455 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  settled 40 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  college  of.   ...  106 

Williamsburg,  Virginia,  battle  at   ....  028 

Willis,  Nathaniel,  printed  The  Recorder  034 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  settled 210 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  shipping  in  .  .  .  223 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  mill  In 220 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  captured   ....  307 

Wilmington,  Delaware,  shipping  in   ...  440 


Wilmington,  Delawars,  Society  for  Pro- 
motmg  American  Manufaotures 
formed  In 5,ig 

Wllniot  proviso giX) 

Wilson,  ilenrv,  died 6ilV 

Wilson's  Oeek,  battle  of (m 

Winchester,  Virginia,  bnttlo  at (fj!j 

Wincliestcr,  Virginia,  battle  at o^ 

Winchester,  Vlr|rlnla,  battle  at 6.19 

Winchester,  battle  at 0*8 

WInd-ralll  In  New  York no 

Wind  mill  in  Rhode  Island lu 

Wind-mill  iu  Boston 2U 

Winder,  Ueneral,  in  command  of  tenth 

diatrict 620 

Window-glass,  New  Jersey 400 

Window-glass  iu  Pennsylvania 4«)2 

Windsor,  Connecticut,  srttlod 60 

Wine  ft-om  native  grapes  In  Virginia.  .  .     '.^i 

Wine  sent  n-om  Virginia 31 

Wine  In  Virginia 88 

Wine  made  in  Illinois 2H5 

Wine  made  in  Pennsylvania 4N7 

Wine  made  In  Cincinnati 65U 

Wlnnowlng-machlno  in  New  York  ....  .tHu 
Winslow,  Edward,  agent  to  England    .  .     at 
WInslow,  Edward,  one  of  the  Associates     37 
Winslow,  Kdwara,  governor  of  Plym- 
outh  40 

WInthrop,  John,  governor  of  Massachu- 

aetta 42 

WInthrop,  John t)l 

Wire-drawing  in  Massachusetts Vm 

Wire  made  in  (/'onneotiout 3.11 

Wisoonsiu  admitted  to  the  Union  .  .  .  .  &M 
Wisconsin,  State  University  founded  at 

Madison (102 

Wisconsin,  fires  in 6tS5 

Witchcraft,  execution  for uo 

Witchcraft,  execution  for IKt 

Witchcraft,  trials  for,  in  Massachusetts  .  150 
Witchcraft  perHccution  denounced  ....    108 

Wives  sunt  to  Virginia .to 

VTolves,  premium  on,  In  Rhode  Island  .  .     7(1 
Wolves,  Dounty  on.  In  Massachusetts  .  .     8U 
Wolves,  bounty  on,  iu  Rhode  Isliuid    .  ,   211 
Wolves,  premium  on,  in  Massnchusetts  .   407 
Woman's  riglits  meeting  at  Seneca  Falls  5tf9 
Woman's  aunrage  convention  at  Worccs- 
tor  •••••••«••••••••••  Ov<B 

Womau'a  suffrage  convention  at  Syra- 
cuse ..•••   t. ..........   003 

Woman's  suffrage,  argument  for 080 

Woman's  suffruge,  memorial  to  Congress  082 
Women  sold  as  wives  in  Virginia  ....  27 
Women  admitted  to  medical  department 

of  Geneva  College 598 

Women,  rights  to  hold  property  in  Cali- 
fornia  001 

Women  admitted  to  practice  law  In  Kan- 
sas   080 

Women  suffrage  In  Wyoming (380 

Women,  suffrage  granted  in  Utah  .  .  .  .   ()80 

Women,  Wellesley  College  for 01>9 

Wool,  exportation  forbidden  by  Massa- 
chusetts   vm 

Woollen  cloth,  manufactory  of 455 

Woolwich,  Maine,  settled 105 

Woolwich,  Maine,  attacked  by  Indians  1-8 
Worcester,  MiissachuBCtts,  settled  ....  K'O 
Worcester,  Massachusetts,  settled  ....  141 
Worccstei',  Massachusetts,  settled  ....    18:t 

World  suppressed 0.'!9 

World,  New  York,  suspended  ......   C41 

Wright,  Frances,  emancipates  slaves  at 

Memphis .  .  .   5G0 

Writ   of  quo  warranto   issued    against 

Carolina 144 

Writs,    quo   warranto,    Issued    against 
Rhode  Island,  Connecticut.  East  and 
West  Jersey,  and  Maryland  .....    143 
Writs  of  assititauce  grouted  .......255 


INDEX. 


re,  Socletjr  for  Pro- 
Mn  Manuraoturci 
(W8 

m 

'  ', m 

>  Of fti.1 

,  bnttio  at flw 

,  battle  Mt 0:a 

,  battle  at 0.19 

• ft« 

I""*  •  .• no 

laland 114 

command  of  tenth 

„ B'.HJ 

Jersey 406 

iiNylvanU 4i)2 

i,  nettled 50 

pua  In  Virginia  ...  2i 

nia 31 

88 

rlvania 4),7 

lati t>6\) 

In  New  York  ....  3113 

:ont  to  Eni;lun(l   .  ,  32 

10  of  the  AsBOclatcs  37 
{overnor  of  I'lym- 

40 

irnor  of  Maiiaohu- 

« 

•  • n 

lachusetta 1'^ 

lout xn 

>  the  Union  ....  CM 
veralty  founded  nt 

m 

Ot» 

for uo 

for m 

In  MaBaachusettH  .  150 

I  denounced ....  108 

t ,'M 

in  Rhode  Island  .  .  70 

Masaachusetta .  .  m 

I  Rhode  Ittlnnd    .  .  211 

in  MasanchuRCttH  .  407 

in^  at  Seneca  Falla  51)9 
vention  at  Worcca- 

602 

aventlon   at  Syra- 

603 

ument  for 680 

norlal  to  Congreaa  683 

n  Virginia  ....  a? 
ledioal  department 

608 

d  property  in  Cull- 

601 

'actioe  law  in  Kan- 

680 

omlng 680 

»d  in  Utah  ....  080 

llcge  for 6int 

bidden   by  MaHsn- 

r,'8 

etory  of   .....  455 

led 105 

acted  by  Indiana  1J8 

!ttB,  settled  ....  I'JO 

;tt8,  settled  ....  141 

!ttg,  settled ....  18:1 

6:!9 

ipended 641 

nclpates  staves  at 

5C0 

'o   issued    asruinst 

141 

>,    issued    against 
nccticut,  East  and 

Iiiryland  .....  143 

uted  .......  2aS 


Wyoming  under  Connecticut    .  . 
Wyomng,  Jurisdiction  of.  decided 


773 


3W 
407 


Wyoming  land-titles  secured.  .  .  *  '  *  "   ItS 

Wyom  ng  Territory  orguniaeU  .  .  .  .  fw? 

ling  grants  suffrage  to  women  .  ,  '.  m 


yiv, 


V. 

Yul.  Cojjogc,  f'onneotlout,  (bunded  .  .       inn 
Yale  Co  I.-h:,.  named  .......  S 

\Mlo  Co  lego  puts  up  first  tolesoopo  !  .'  '   a04 
\Ma.ooolalmHprovl<ledfor.  .  .      .  ^ 

J«ow  fever  in  I'hiladeiphia    .  \m 

YeilowHtone  I'ark  ;ct  aside*  .'  !  .'  .*  "  *  '   SS2 

iork,M«lne,mlUin    .  .  .  .  \  .  .  \  \  \  T7 


York,  Upper  Canada,  captured sim 

a'o":.':vr^rt:;jf.'^.'''rr!  ••••••  ^ 

Young's  I'oint  oooupied  .  .  .  .'  .'  ."  .*  .*  .*  gJJ 


Zeniicr,  .John 
York 


Z. 

IVter,  trial  fbr  libel  In  Now 


Zinc  made  it  Waihin'gton  .'  .*  .  .'  .*  '  '  "  rllll 
/no,  manufacture  of.ln  Now  .Jersey     \  '   (JS 

^'"  Mo'irvL?.'":''.  ^•*^'' '«'«""»-'  Of  Z 


